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Journal articles on the topic 'Monodehydroascorbate reductase'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 January 2025

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1

Jia, Dongfeng, Huan Gao, Yanqun He, Guanglian Liao, Liting Lin, Chunhui Huang, and Xiaobiao Xu. "Kiwifruit Monodehydroascorbate Reductase 3 Gene Negatively Regulates the Accumulation of Ascorbic Acid in Fruit of Transgenic Tomato Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 24 (December 6, 2023): 17182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417182.

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Ascorbic acid is a potent antioxidant and a crucial nutrient for plants and animals. The accumulation of ascorbic acid in plants is controlled by its biosynthesis, recycling, and degradation. Monodehydroascorbate reductase is deeply involved in the ascorbic acid cycle; however, the mechanism of monodehydroascorbate reductase genes in regulating kiwifruit ascorbic acid accumulation remains unclear. Here, we identified seven monodehydroascorbate reductase genes in the genome of kiwifruit (Actinidia eriantha) and they were designated as AeMDHAR1 to AeMDHAR7, following their genome identifiers. We found that the relative expression level of AeMDHAR3 in fruit continued to decline during development. The over-expression of kiwifruit AeMDHAR3 in tomato plants improved monodehydroascorbate reductase activity, and, unexpectedly, ascorbic acid content decreased significantly in the fruit of the transgenic tomato lines. Ascorbate peroxidase activity also increased significantly in the transgenic lines. In addition, a total of 1781 differentially expressed genes were identified via transcriptomic analysis. Three kinds of ontologies were identified, and 106 KEGG pathways were significantly enriched for these differently expressed genes. Expression verification via quantitative real-time PCR analysis confirmed the reliability of the RNA-seq data. Furthermore, APX3, belonging to the ascorbate and aldarate metabolism pathway, was identified as a key candidate gene that may be primarily responsible for the decrease in ascorbic acid concentration in transgenic tomato fruits. The present study provides novel evidence to support the feedback regulation of ascorbic acid accumulation in the fruit of kiwifruit.

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2

Johnston, E. J., E. L. Rylott, E. Beynon, A. Lorenz, V. Chechik, and N. C. Bruce. "Monodehydroascorbate reductase mediates TNT toxicity in plants." Science 349, no. 6252 (September 3, 2015): 1072–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aab3472.

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3

Yoon, Seo-Kyung, Eung-Jun Park, Eun-Kyung Bae, Young-Im Choi, Joon-Hyeok Kim, and Hyoshin Lee. "Isolation and characterization of a monodehydroascorbate reductase gene in poplar (Populus alba × P. glandulosa)." Journal of Plant Biotechnology 41, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5010/jpb.2014.41.4.194.

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4

Maynard, Daniel, Vijay Kumar, Jens Spro�, and Karl-Josef Dietz. "12-Oxophytodienoic Acid Reductase 3 (OPR3) Functions as NADPH-Dependent α,β-Ketoalkene Reductase in Detoxification and Monodehydroascorbate Reductase in Redox Homeostasis." Plant and Cell Physiology 61, no. 3 (December 13, 2019): 584–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcz226.

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Abstract Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) 12-oxophytodienoic acid reductase isoform 3 (OPR3) is involved in the synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) by reducing the α,β-unsaturated double bond of the cyclopentenone moiety in 12-oxophytodienoic acid (12-OPDA). Recent research revealed that JA synthesis is not strictly dependent on the peroxisomal OPR3. The ability of OPR3 to reduce trinitrotoluene suggests that the old yellow enzyme homolog OPR3 has additional functions. Here, we show that OPR3 catalyzes the reduction of a wide spectrum of electrophilic species that share a reactivity toward the major redox buffers glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate (ASC). Furthermore, we show that 12-OPDA reacts with ASC to form an ASC-12-OPDA adduct, but in addition OPR3 has the ability to regenerate ASC from monodehydroascorbate. The presented data characterize OPR3 as a bifunctional enzyme with NADPH-dependent α,β-ketoalkene double-bond reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase activities (MDHAR). opr3 mutants showed a slightly less-reduced ASC pool in leaves in line with the MDHAR activity of OPR3 in vitro. These functions link redox homeostasis as mediated by ASC and GSH with OPR3 activity and metabolism of reactive electrophilic species.

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5

Sakihama, Yasuko, Jun'ichi Mano, Satoshi Sano, Kozi Asada, and Hideo Yamasaki. "Reduction of Phenoxyl Radicals Mediated by Monodehydroascorbate Reductase." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 279, no. 3 (December 2000): 949–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2000.4053.

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6

Zelinová, V., B. Bočová, J. Huttová, I. Mistrík, and L. Tamás. "Impact of cadmium and hydrogen peroxide on ascorbate-glutathione recycling enzymes in barley root." Plant, Soil and Environment 59, No. 2 (January 15, 2013): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/517/2012-pse.

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We analyse the effect of Cd and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> short-term treatments on the activity of ascorbate-glutathione recycling enzymes in barley root tip. Even a short transient exposure of barley roots to low 15 µmol Cd concentration caused a marked approximately 70% root growth inhibition. Higher Cd concentrations caused root growth cessation during the first 6 h after short-term Cd treatment. Similarly, a marked root growth inhibition was also detected after the short-term exposure of barley seedlings to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Our results indicate that root ascorbate pool is more sensitive to Cd treatment than glutathione pool. Rapid activation of dehydroascorbate reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase is the important component of stress response to the Cd-induced alterations in barley root tips. H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> is probably involved in the Cd-induced activation of monodehydroascorbate reductase, but it is not involved in the Cd-induced increase of dehydroascorbate reductase activity.

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7

Lederer, Barbara, Oliver Carsten Knörzer, and Peter Böger. "Differential Gene Expression in Plants Stressed by the Peroxidizing Herbicide Oxyfluorfen§." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 54, no. 9-10 (October 1, 1999): 764–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1999-9-1024.

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The response of plants to the peroxidizing herbicide oxyfluorfen was investigated. The action of this p-nitrodiphenyl ether is based on inhibition of plastidic protoporphyrinogen oxidase, which leads to accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the cytosol yielding reactive oxygen species by light activation. The induction of activities of antioxidative enzymes was followed in Nicotiana tabacum plants, var. BelW3. Glutathione reductase activity was elevated by 75% compared to control, monodehydroascorbate reductase by 65% and glutathione 5-transferase by 110% . The mRNA of ascorbate peroxidase and catalase isoform 2 was induced, the catalase isoform 1 was reduced. These findings were confirmed and supported by measuring enzymatic activity changes in photoheterotrophically grown soybean (Glycine max) suspension cultures. To find a possible involvement of compounds regulating oxidative stress response, we investigated the influence of salicylic acid and BTH (benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole- 7-carbothioic acid 5-methylester), both inducers of pathogen defense, on soybean cell suspension cultures. The specific activities of glutathione reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione 5-transferase increased strongly, comparable to oxyfluorfen treatment. Both compounds protected the cells against oxyfluorfen-induced lipid peroxidation and alleviated the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX

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8

Begara-Morales, Juan C., Beatriz Sánchez-Calvo, Mounira Chaki, Capilla Mata-Pérez, Raquel Valderrama, María N. Padilla, Javier López-Jaramillo, Francisco Luque, Francisco J. Corpas, and Juan B. Barroso. "Differential molecular response of monodehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase by nitration andS-nitrosylation." Journal of Experimental Botany 66, no. 19 (June 25, 2015): 5983–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv306.

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9

Kang, Sang-Jae. "Response of Monodehydroascorbate Reductase in Lettuce Leaves Subjected to Low Temperature Stress." Journal of Life Science 21, no. 3 (March 30, 2011): 368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/jls.2011.21.3.368.

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10

Hakam, Nadia, and Jean-Pierre Simon. "Protective system against photoreduced species of dioxygen in two populations of the C4 grass Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass; Poaceae) originating from contrasting climatic regions." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-033.

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The comparative effects of cold treatments upon the activities of five enzymes responsible for the elimination or reduction of toxic oxygen species were analyzed in two ecotypes of the C4 grass weed species Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. from sites of contrasting climates in Quebec and Mississippi. Specific activities of the enzymes extracted from 4-week-old plants were measured daily for 10 consecutive days upon exposure to 14 °C light (L): 8 °C dark (D) and compared with those of corresponding control plants acclimated at 26 °C L: 20 °C D. Activities of superoxide dismutase were not substantially modified by the cold treatment. Activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase, expressed as percentages of the activities of control plants, increased significantly during the cold-treatment period and were significantly higher in Mississippi plants. Activities of glutathione reductase from Mississippi plants increased up to 200% during the cold-treatment period, while those from Quebec plants remained similar to those of corresponding control plants. The pattern of activity of ascorbate peroxidase in Mississippi plants was erratic but was reduced to about 50% that of Quebec plants during the last 2 days of the cold treatment, while in Quebec plants, ascorbate peroxidase activity was more constant over time and remained similar to control plants over the entire cold-treatment period. Dehydroascorbate reductase was the enzyme most affected by the cold treatment but, while the enzyme extracted from Mississippi plants was completely deactivated by day 4, residual activities were still recorded for the Quebec enzyme by day 9 of the cold-treatment period. The ascorbate contents of cold-acclimated Quebec plants were significantly higher than those of Mississippi plants with higher and similar values, respectively, when compared with control plants throughout the cold-temperature treatment. The glutathione content and reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione ratios were significantly higher in cold-treated Mississippi plants compared with Quebec plants, although values in Quebec plants were never below those of control plants. The complex pattern of modifications in the activities of the oxygen-scavenging enzymes extracted from Quebec and Mississippi plants suggests that both weak adaptive and acclimatory processes are at play to counter, at least in part, the potential photoinhibitory effects imposed by the cold temperature treatment. Modifications of an acclimatory nature, which may benefit the enzyme performance of both Quebec and Mississippi plants, are shown by monodehydroascorbate reductase and, in particular, glutathione reductase, while higher ascorbate reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities in Quebec plants subjected to the cold-photoinhibitory treatment at the end of the treatment period would suggest that these enzymes may have been modified by natural selection to perform under cooler climatic conditions more likely to be associated with this cold-adapted ecotype. Key words: photoinhibition, cold temperatures, enzyme activities, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase, Echinochloa crus-galli, barnyard grass.

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11

Hossain, M. A., and K. Asada. "Monodehydroascorbate reductase from cucumber is a flavin adenine dinucleotide enzyme." Journal of Biological Chemistry 260, no. 24 (October 1985): 12920–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38813-0.

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12

SANO, Satoshi, Satoru TAO, Yuko ENDO, Tomomi INABA, M. Anwar HOSSAIN, Chikahiro MIYAKE, Michinori MATSUO, Hideyuki AOKI, Kozi ASADA, and Kazumi SAITO. "Purification and cDNA Cloning of Chloroplastic Monodehydroascorbate Reductase from Spinach." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 69, no. 4 (January 2005): 762–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.69.762.

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13

Dalton, David A., Lorene Langeberg, and Michael Robbins. "Purification and characterization of monodehydroascorbate reductase from soybean root nodules." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 292, no. 1 (January 1992): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(92)90080-g.

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14

Yemelyanov, V. V., E. G. Prikaziuk, V. V. Lastochkin, O. M. Aresheva, and T. V. Chirkova. "Ascorbate-glutathione cycle in wheat and rice seedlings under anoxia and subsequent reaeration." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 28, no. 1 (March 2, 2024): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-24-06.

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The most important part of the plant antioxidant system is the ascorbate-glutathione cycle (AGC), the activity of which is observed upon exposure to a range of stressors, including lack of O2, and oxidative stress occurring immediately after the restoration of oxygen access, hereafter termed reaeration or post-anoxia. The operation of the AGC (enzymes and low-molecular components) in wheat (Triticum aestivum, cv. Leningradka, non-resistant to hypoxia) and rice (Oryza sativa, cv. Liman, resistant) seedlings after 24 h anoxia and 1 h or 24 h reaeration was studied. Significant accumulation of oxidized forms of ascorbate and glutathione was revealed in the non-resistant plant (wheat) after 24 h of anoxia and reaeration, indicating the development of oxidative stress. In the resistant plant (rice), reduced forms of these antioxidants prevailed both in normoxia and under stress, which may indicate their intensive reduction. In wheat, the activities of ascorbate peroxidase and dehydroascorbate reductase in shoots, and monodehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase in roots decreased under anoxia and reaeration. The activity of antioxidant enzymes was maintained in rice under lack of oxygen (ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase) and increased during post-anoxia (AGC reductases). Anoxia stimulated accumulation of mRNA of the organellar ascorbate peroxidase genes OsAPX3, OsAPX5 in shoots, and OsAPX3-5 and OsAPX7 in roots. At post-anoxia, the contribution of the OsAPX1 and OsAPX2 genes encoding the cytosolic forms of the enzyme increased in the whole plant, and so did that of the OsAPX8 gene for the plastid form of the enzyme. The accumulation of mRNA of the genes OsMDAR2 and OsMDAR4 encoding peroxisomal and cytosolic monodehydroascorbate reductase as well as the OsGR2 and OsGR3 for cytosolic and organellar glutathione reductase was activated during reaeration in shoots and roots. In most cases, O2 deficiency activated the genes encoding the peroxisomal, plastid, and mitochondrial forms of the enzymes, and upon reaeration, an enhanced activity of the genes encoding the cytoplasmic forms was observed. Taken together, the inactivation of AGC enzymes was revealed in wheat seedlings during anoxia and subsequent reaeration, which disrupted the effective operation of the cycle and triggered the accumulation of oxidized forms of ascorbate and glutathione. In rice, anoxia led to the maintenance of the activity of AGC enzymes, and reaeration stimulated it, including at the level of gene expression, which ensured the effective operation of AGC.

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15

Wollenweber-Ratzer, B., and R. M. M. Crawford. "Enzymatic defence against post-anoxic injury in higher plants." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 102 (1994): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000014378.

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SynopsisPlants tolerant of long-term flooding and oxygen deprivation in their perennating organs such as rhizomes and tubers are able to avoid the deleterious effects of anoxia and minimise the dangers of re-entry to air by reactions with antioxidants such as ascorbic acid and glutathione. In processes of detoxification of oxygen radicals, ascorbic acid is oxidised to dehydroascorbic acid and reduced glutathione to oxidised glutathione. Through the action of enzymes such as monodehydroascorbate reductase (MR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione and ascorbic acid may be regenerated to maintain sufficient levels of antioxidants within the tissue in order to quench oxygen radicals.

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16

Sano, Satoshi, You-Na Kang, Hiroko Shigemizu, Nobuhiko Morishita, Hye-Jin Yoon, Kazumi Saito, Kozi Asada, and Bunzo Mikami. "Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of monodehydroascorbate radical reductase from cucumber." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 60, no. 8 (July 21, 2004): 1498–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0907444904014684.

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17

Murthy, S. S., and B. A. Zilinskas. "Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding pea monodehydroascorbate reductase." Journal of Biological Chemistry 269, no. 49 (December 1994): 31129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47399-1.

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18

Sudan, Jebi, Bhawana Negi, and Sandeep Arora. "Oxidative stress induced expression of monodehydroascorbate reductase gene in Eleusine coracana." Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 21, no. 4 (October 2015): 551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12298-015-0327-x.

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19

Kingston-Smith, A. H. "Overexpression of Mn-superoxide dismutase in maize leaves leads to increased monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase activities." Journal of Experimental Botany 51, no. 352 (November 1, 2000): 1867–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/51.352.1867.

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20

Yin, Lina, Shiwen Wang, Amin Elsadig Eltayeb, Md Imtiaz Uddin, Yoko Yamamoto, Wataru Tsuji, Yuichi Takeuchi, and Kiyoshi Tanaka. "Overexpression of dehydroascorbate reductase, but not monodehydroascorbate reductase, confers tolerance to aluminum stress in transgenic tobacco." Planta 231, no. 3 (December 4, 2009): 609–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-009-1075-3.

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21

S, Pradeesh, and Swapna T. S. "ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN LEAVES OF SESBANIA GRANDIFLORA (L.) PERS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v11i1.7132.

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Objective: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidants present in Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. belongs to the family Fabaceae.Methods: Fresh samples were used for the analysis of antioxidants such as total phenol, carotenoids, Vitamin-A, Vitamin-C, Vitamin-E, peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase by standard estimation methods.Results: Present studies revealed that this wild leafy plant has numerous antioxidant factors that destroying the free radicals that damage the cells.Conclusion: S. grandiflora contain many enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and could be a good source of dietary antioxidants which play an important role in the prevention of diseases associated with oxidative stress.

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22

S, Pradeesh, and Swapna T. S. "ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN LEAVES OF SESBANIA GRANDIFLORA (L.) PERS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i1.7132.

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Objective: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidants present in Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. belongs to the family Fabaceae.Methods: Fresh samples were used for the analysis of antioxidants such as total phenol, carotenoids, Vitamin-A, Vitamin-C, Vitamin-E, peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase by standard estimation methods.Results: Present studies revealed that this wild leafy plant has numerous antioxidant factors that destroying the free radicals that damage the cells.Conclusion: S. grandiflora contain many enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and could be a good source of dietary antioxidants which play an important role in the prevention of diseases associated with oxidative stress.

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23

Sano, Satoshi, Chikahiro Miyake, Bunzo Mikami, and Kozi Asada. "Molecular Characterization of Monodehydroascorbate Radical Reductase from Cucumber Highly Expressed inEscherichia coli." Journal of Biological Chemistry 270, no. 36 (September 8, 1995): 21354–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.36.21354.

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24

Lisenbee, Cayle S., Matthew J. Lingard, and Richard N. Trelease. "Arabidopsis peroxisomes possess functionally redundant membrane and matrix isoforms of monodehydroascorbate reductase." Plant Journal 43, no. 6 (August 17, 2005): 900–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313x.2005.02503.x.

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25

Do, Hackwon, Il-Sup Kim, Young-Saeng Kim, Sun-Young Shin, Jin-Ju Kim, Ji-Eun Mok, Seong-Im Park, et al. "Purification, characterization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of monodehydroascorbate reductase fromOryza sativaL.japonica." Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications 70, no. 9 (August 27, 2014): 1244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053230x14015908.

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Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR; EC 1.6.5.4) is a key enzyme in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification system of plants. The participation of MDHAR in ascorbate (AsA) recycling in the ascorbate–glutathione cycle is important in the acquired tolerance of crop plants to abiotic environmental stresses. Thus, MDHAR represents a strategic target protein for the improvement of crop yields. Although physiological studies have intensively characterized MDHAR, a structure-based functional analysis is not available. Here, a cytosolic MDHAR (OsMDHAR) derived fromOryza sativaL.japonicawas expressed usingEscherichia colistrain NiCo21 (DE3) and purified. The purified OsMDHAR showed specific enzyme activity (approximately 380 U per milligram of protein) and was crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method at pH 8.0 and 298 K. The crystal diffracted to 1.9 Å resolution and contained one molecule in the asymmetric unit (the Matthews coefficientVMis 1.98 Å3 Da−1, corresponding to a solvent content of 38.06%) in space groupP41212 with unit-cell parametersa=b= 81.89,c= 120.4 Å. The phase of the OsMDHAR structure was resolved by the molecular-replacement method using a ferredoxin reductase fromAcidovoraxsp. strain KKS102 (PDB entry 4h4q) as a model.

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26

Park, Ae Kyung, Il-Sup Kim, Hackwon Do, Hyun Kim, Woong Choi, Seung-Woo Jo, Seung Chul Shin, Jun Hyuck Lee, Ho-Sung Yoon, and Han-Woo Kim. "Characterization and Structural Determination of Cold-Adapted Monodehydroascorbate Reductase, MDHAR, from the Antarctic Hairgrass Deschampsia Antarctica." Crystals 9, no. 10 (October 18, 2019): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9100537.

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Ascorbic acid (AsA) is an abundant component of plants and acts as a strong and active antioxidant. In order to maintain the antioxidative capacity of AsA, the rapid regeneration of AsA is regulated by dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR). To understand how MDHAR functions under extreme temperature conditions, this study characterized its biochemical properties and determined the crystal structure of MDHAR from the Antarctic hairgrass Deschampsia antarctica (DaMDHAR) at 2.2 Å resolution. This allowed for a structural comparison with the mesophilic MDHAR from Oryza sativa L. japonica (OsMDHAR). In the functional analysis, yeast cells expressing DaMDHAR were tolerant to freezing and thawing cycles. It is possible that the expression of DaMDHAR in yeast enhanced the tolerance for ROS-induced abiotic stress.

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27

Zhou*, Rui, Lailiang Cheng, and Abhaya Dandekar. "Antisense Inhibition of Sorbitol Synthesis Leads to Changes in the Activity of the Antioxidant System in Apple Leaves." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 887E—887. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.887e.

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Sorbitol is the primary photosynthetic end product in the leaves of many tree fruit species in the Rosaceae family, but its physiological role remains unclear. In this study, we determined the effect of decreased sorbitol synthesis on the antioxidant system that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) in apple leaves. Sorbitol synthesis was decreased in apple leaves by antisense inhibition of aldose-6-phosphate reductase activity. Dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase, and catalase (CAT) activities increased in the leaves of the transgenic plants with decreased sorbitol synthesis, whereas superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, NADH dependent and NADPH dependent monodehydroascorbate reductase activity did not show significant changes. Ascorbate and glutathione concentrations were higher in leaves of the transgenic plants compared with the control. The effect of decreased sorbitol synthesis on the antioxidant enzyme activity was dependent on leaf developmental stages. Larger changes in the enzyme activities of CAT, DHAR, and GR were observed in the old leaves than in the young leaves. These results suggest that sorbitol may play a role in ROS scavenging in apple leaves.

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28

Zhao, Tian Hong, Jun Li Wang, Yan Wang, and Ying Cao. "Effects of Antioxidant Enzymes of Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle in Soybean (Glycine Max) Leaves Exposed to Ozone." Advanced Materials Research 204-210 (February 2011): 672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.204-210.672.

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Open-top chambers (OTCs) were used to investigate the mechanism of antioxidant enzymes to eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) of plants under troposphere O3stress. The results indicated that, compared to control, the O3concentration of 80±10 nL·L-1and 110±10 nL·L-1induced an increase on malondialdehyde (MDA) content and a decrease on superoxide anion (O2)production rate and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content during the whole growth stage. Simultaneity, it showed a trend of increasing in earlier stage and decreasing in later stage of the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR), while the dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activity was increased in earlier period, decreased in middle periods and then increased in later period compared to control, respectively. The results show that elevated O3concentration accelerates ROS metabolism rates, reduces the efficiency of antioxidant enzymes that can not tolerate oxidative damage caused by elevated O3concentration, which represents injured affects to soybean.

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29

Hossain, Zahed, Abul Kalam Azad Mandal, Subodh Kumar Datta, and Amal K. Biswas. "Isolation of a NaCl-tolerant mutant of Chrysanthemum morifolium by gamma radiation: in vitro mutagenesis and selection by salt stress." Functional Plant Biology 33, no. 1 (2006): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp05149.

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A stable NaCl-tolerant mutant (R1) of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat has been developed by in vitro mutagenesis with gamma radiation (5 gray; Gy). Salt tolerance was evaluated by the capacity of the plant to maintain both flower quality and yield under NaCl stress. Enhanced salt tolerance of the R1 mutant was attributed to increased activities of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR), and to reduced membrane damage, higher relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll and carotenoids contents. RAPD analysis revealed two polymorphic bands (956 and 1093 bp) for the R1 mutant that might be considered as specific RAPD markers associated with salt tolerance. Better performance of the R1 progeny under identical salinity stress conditions, even in the second year, confirmed the genetic stability of the induced salt tolerance character. The R1 mutant developed by gamma ray treatment can be considered a salt-tolerant mutant showing all the positive characteristics of tolerance to NaCl stress.

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30

LÓPEZ-HUERTAS, Eduardo, Francisco J. CORPAS, Luisa M. SANDALIO, and Luis A. DEL RÍO. "Characterization of membrane polypeptides from pea leaf peroxisomes involved in superoxide radical generation." Biochemical Journal 337, no. 3 (January 25, 1999): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3370531.

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The production of superoxide radicals (O2-•) and the activities of ferricyanide reductase and cytochrome c reductase were investigated in peroxisomal membranes from pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaves using NADH and NADPH as electron donors. The generation of O2-• by peroxisomal membranes was also assayed in native polyacrylamide gels using an in situ staining method with NitroBlue Tetrazolium (NBT). When peroxisomal membranes were assayed under native conditions using NADH or NADPH as inducer, two different O2-•-dependent Formazan Blue bands were detected. Analysis by SDS/PAGE of these bands demonstrated that the NADH-induced NBT reduction band contained several polypeptides (PMP32, PMP61, PMP56 and PMP18, where PMP is peroxisomal membrane polypeptide and the number indicates molecular mass in kDa), while the NADPH-induced band was due exclusively to PMP29. PMP32 and PMP29 were purified by preparative SDS/PAGE and electroelution. Reconstituted PMP29 showed cytochrome c reductase activity and O2-• production, and used NADPH specifically as electron donor. PMP32, however, had ferricyanide reductase and cytochrome c reductase activities, and was also able to generate O2-• with NADH as electron donor, whereas NADPH was not effective as an inducer. The reductase activities of, and O2-• production by, PMP32 were inhibited by quinacrine. Polyclonal antibodies against cucumber monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) recognized PMP32, and this polypeptide is likely to correspond to the MDHAR reported previously in pea leaf peroxisomal membranes.

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Shigeoka, S., R. Yasumoto, T. Onishi, Y. Nakano, and S. Kitaoka. "Properties of Monodehydroascorbate Reductase and Dehydroascorbate Reductase and Their Participation in the Regeneration of Ascorbate in Euglena gracilis." Microbiology 133, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-133-2-227.

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32

Vadassery, Jyothilakshmi, Swati Tripathi, Ram Prasad, Ajit Varma, and Ralf Oelmüller. "Monodehydroascorbate reductase 2 and dehydroascorbate reductase 5 are crucial for a mutualistic interaction between Piriformospora indica and Arabidopsis." Journal of Plant Physiology 166, no. 12 (August 2009): 1263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2008.12.016.

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33

Hou, Wen-Chi, Hsien-Jung Chen, and Yaw-Huei Lin. "Dioscorins, the major tuber storage proteins of yam (Dioscorea batatas Decne), with dehydroascorbate reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase activities." Plant Science 149, no. 2 (December 1999): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(99)00152-1.

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34

Kobayashi, Kazuo, Seiichi Tagawa, Satoshi Sano, and Kozi Asada. "A Direct Demonstration of the Catalytic Action of Monodehydroascorbate Reductase by Pulse Radiolysis." Journal of Biological Chemistry 270, no. 46 (November 17, 1995): 27551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.46.27551.

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35

Kavitha, Kumaresan, Balasundaram Usha, Suja George, Gayatri Venkataraman, and Ajay Parida. "Molecular Characterization of a Salt‐Inducible Monodehydroascorbate Reductase from the Halophyte Avicennia marina." International Journal of Plant Sciences 171, no. 5 (June 2010): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/651946.

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36

Leterrier, Marina, Francisco J. Corpas, Juan B. Barroso, Luisa M. Sandalio, and Luis A. del Río. "Peroxisomal Monodehydroascorbate Reductase. Genomic Clone Characterization and Functional Analysis under Environmental Stress Conditions." Plant Physiology 138, no. 4 (July 29, 2005): 2111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.105.066225.

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37

Rajput, Vishnu D., Harish, Rupesh Kumar Singh, Krishan K. Verma, Lav Sharma, Francisco Roberto Quiroz-Figueroa, Mukesh Meena, et al. "Recent Developments in Enzymatic Antioxidant Defence Mechanism in Plants with Special Reference to Abiotic Stress." Biology 10, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10040267.

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The stationary life of plants has led to the evolution of a complex gridded antioxidant defence system constituting numerous enzymatic components, playing a crucial role in overcoming various stress conditions. Mainly, these plant enzymes are superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferases (GST), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), which work as part of the antioxidant defence system. These enzymes together form a complex set of mechanisms to minimise, buffer, and scavenge the reactive oxygen species (ROS) efficiently. The present review is aimed at articulating the current understanding of each of these enzymatic components, with special attention on the role of each enzyme in response to the various environmental, especially abiotic stresses, their molecular characterisation, and reaction mechanisms. The role of the enzymatic defence system for plant health and development, their significance, and cross-talk mechanisms are discussed in detail. Additionally, the application of antioxidant enzymes in developing stress-tolerant transgenic plants are also discussed.

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38

Li, Mingjun, Xuesen Chen, Pingping Wang, and Fengwang Ma. "Ascorbic Acid Accumulation and Expression of Genes Involved in Its Biosynthesis and Recycling in Developing Apple Fruit." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 136, no. 4 (July 2011): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.136.4.231.

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The objective of this study was to investigate ascorbic acid (AsA) accumulation, mRNA expression of genes involved in AsA biosynthesis as well as recycling, activity of key enzymes, and the relationship of them to AsA levels during the development of apple fruit (Malus ×domestica cv. Gala). AsA concentration, which mainly depends on biosynthesis, was the highest in young fruit post-anthesis and then decreased steadily toward maturation. However, AsA continued to accumulate over time because of the increase in fruit mass. Transcript levels of guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-L-galactose phosphorylase, GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase, D-galacturonate reductase, and the post-transcriptionally regulated L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase were not correlated with AsA accumulation in apple. In contrast, patterns of expression for L-galactose dehydrogenase, L-galactose-1-phosphate phosphatase, and GDP-mannose-3′,5′-epimerase showed a pattern of change similar to that of AsA accumulation. Although activities and expression levels of monodehydroascorbate reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase in fruit, which had less capacity for AsA recycling, were much lower than in leaves, they were not clearly correlated with AsA level during fruit development.

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39

Zhang, Yong Bao. "Role of ASC-GSH Metabolism in Trifolium Repens L." Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (September 2011): 815–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.815.

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In order to elucidate the role of ascorbate-glutathione (ASC-GSH) cycle to drought stress, the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the levels of molecules involved in the ASC-GSH metabolism were studied in Trifolium repens seedlings subjected to polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water deficit. Compared to the control, the contents of ascorbate (ASC), dehydroascorbate (DHA) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) increased in PEG-treated seedlings, whereas the glutathione (GSH) content kept constant during the drought period. Further more, the values of ASC/DHA and GSH/GSSG ratios decreased in the presence of PEG. Except for that of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) were upregulated during water deficit, and the increases of APX and DHAR activities were much higher than that of GR activity. These data indicated that fluctuations of the ASC-GSH metabolism resulted from PEG may have a positive effect on drought stress mitigation in T. repens, and the antioxidant protection in ASC-GSH cycle can be attributed mainly to ASC, APX and DHAR.

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40

Kantakhoo, Jirarat, and Yoshihiro Imahori. "Antioxidative Responses to Pre-Storage Hot Water Treatment of Red Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Fruit during Cold Storage." Foods 10, no. 12 (December 6, 2021): 3031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10123031.

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The effects of hot water treatments on antioxidant responses in red sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit during cold storage were investigated. Red sweet pepper fruits were treated with hot water at 55 °C for 1 (HWT-1 min), 3 (HWT-3 min), and 5 min (HWT-5 min) and stored at 10 °C for 4 weeks. The results indicated that HWT-1 min fruit showed less development of chilling injury (CI), electrolyte leakage, and weight loss. Excessive hot water treatment (3 and 5 min) caused cellular damage. Moreover, HWT-1 min slowed the production of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde and promoted the ascorbate and glutathione contents for the duration of cold storage as compared to HWT-3 min, HWT-5 min, and control. HWT-1 min enhanced the ascorbate-glutathione cycle associated with ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase, but it was less effective in simulating catalase activity. Thus, HWT-1 min could induce CI tolerance in red sweet pepper fruit by activating the ascorbate-glutathione cycle via the increased activity of related enzymes and the enhanced antioxidant level.

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41

Hou, Yuanyuan, Ziying Li, Yonghua Zheng, and Peng Jin. "Effects of CaCl2 Treatment Alleviates Chilling Injury of Loquat Fruit (Eribotrya japonica) by Modulating ROS Homeostasis." Foods 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2021): 1662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10071662.

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The effects of calcium chloride (CaCl2) treatment on chilling injury (CI), reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, and ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle in loquat fruit at 1 °C storage for 35 d were investigated. The results indicated that CaCl2 treatment remarkably suppressed the increase in browning index and firmness as well as the decrease in extractable juice rate. CaCl2 treatment also decreased the production of superoxide radical (O2•−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, but increased the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical (OH•) scavenging ability, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and their gene expressions. Moreover, compared to the control loquat fruit, CaCl2-treated fruit maintained higher contents of AsA, GSH, higher levels of activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and expressions of EjAPX, EjGR, EjMDHAR, and EjDHAR, but exhibited lower glutathione disulfide (GSSG) content. These results suggested that CaCl2 treatment alleviated CI in loquat fruit through enhancing antioxidant enzymes activities and AsA-GSH cycle system to quench ROS.

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42

Pritchard, Seth G., Zhenlin Ju, Edzard van Santen, Jiansheng Qiu, David B. Weaver, Stephen A. Prior, and Hugo H. Rogers. "The influence of elevated CO2 on the activities of antioxidative enzymes in two soybean genotypes." Functional Plant Biology 27, no. 11 (2000): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp99206.

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The effects of elevated compared to current atmospheric CO2 concentration (720 and 365 L L –1 , respectively) on antioxidative enzymatic activities of two soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) genotypes (R and S) grown in open-top field chambers were investigated. Enzymatic activities of leaves collected 40, 47, 54 and 61 d after planting were measured. Elevated CO2 significantly decreased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APOD, EC 1.11.1.7), gluta-thione peroxidase (GPOD, EC 1.11.1.9) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) in both genotypes. The activi-ties of dehydroascorbate reductase (DAR, EC 1.8.5.1) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR, EC 1.1.5.4.) increased in genotype S, but decreased in genotype R under elevated CO2. Elevated CO2 decreased rubisco activity and rubisco, chlorophyll, carotenoids and total soluble protein contents in both genotypes. Results indicate that constitutive antioxidative enzymatic activities may decrease in a high-CO2 world. Significant CO2 ¥ genotype interactions, however, suggest that there may be key genotypic differences in response patterns, potentially conferring differential resistance to biotic and abiotic stress.

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43

Shin, Sun-Young, Myung-Hee Kim, Yul-Ho Kim, Hyang-Mi Park, and Ho-Sung Yoon. "Co-expression of monodehydroascorbate reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase from Brassica rapa effectively confers tolerance to freezing-induced oxidative stress." Molecules and Cells 36, no. 4 (October 2013): 304–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10059-013-0071-4.

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44

Hausladen, Alfred, and Karl Josef Kunert. "Effects of artificially enhanced levels of ascorbate and glutathione on the enzymes monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase in spinach (Spinacia oleracea)." Physiologia Plantarum 79, no. 2 (June 1990): 384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1990.tb06757.x.

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45

Hausladen, Alfred, and Karl Josef Kunert. "Effects of artificially enhanced levels of ascorbate and glutathione on the enzymes monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase in spinach (Spinacia oleracea)." Physiologia Plantarum 79, no. 2 (June 1990): 384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1990.790225.x.

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46

Hideg, Éva, Eva Rosenqvist, Gyula Váradi, Janet Bornman, and Éva Vincze. "A comparison of UV-B induced stress responses in three barley cultivars." Functional Plant Biology 33, no. 1 (2006): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp05085.

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In order to investigate the role of potential genotypic differences in three economically important barley cultivars, experiments were carried out to determine the influence of supplemental ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280–320 nm) radiation on reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant activity and photosynthesis. Greenhouse-grown barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars ‘Cork’, ‘Prestige’ and ‘Golden Promise’ showed different responses to supplemental 280–320 nm (UV-B) representing 100, 138 and 238% levels of ambient biologically active UV-B radiation, respectively. Among the three cultivars studied, cv. Golden Promise was the most tolerant to UV-B, cv. Prestige was slightly more sensitive than cv. Cork. A comparison with the other two cultivars showed that under supplemental UV-B, Golden Promise leaves (i) retained a higher quantum yield of photosynthesis under photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm) corresponding to growth conditions; (ii) had the smallest decrease in both electron transport rate and non-photochemical quenching under high PAR; (iii) contained less oxidized ascorbate [measured as dehydroascorbate or electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) detectable monodehydroascorbate radicals] than either Cork or Prestige. Under the highest UV-B level applied, Golden Promise leaves maintained the same activity of both monodehydroascorbate-reductase (MDAR) and ascorbate-peroxidase (APX) enzymes, as untreated controls, while MDAR markedly decreased in the other two cultivars and APX slightly increased in cv. Prestige. These features, together with the observation of directly EPR-trappable free radicals and the light-independent accumulation of monodehydroascorbate radicals in Cork and Prestige but not in Golden Promise leaves under high UV-B suggest that Golden Promise plants suffered less oxidative stress than the two other cultivars.

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47

Yeh, Hui-Ling, Tsen-Hung Lin, Chi-Chih Chen, Tian-Xing Cheng, Hsin-Yang Chang, and Tse-Min Lee. "Monodehydroascorbate Reductase Plays a Role in the Tolerance of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to Photooxidative Stress." Plant and Cell Physiology 60, no. 10 (June 14, 2019): 2167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcz110.

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Abstract Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR; EC 1.6.5.4) is one of the key enzymes in the conversion of oxidized ascorbate (AsA) back to reduced AsA in plants. This study investigated the role of MDAR in the tolerance of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii P.A. Dangeard to photooxidative stress by overexpression and downregulation of the CrMDAR1 gene. For overexpression of CrMDAR1 driven by a HSP70A:RBCS2 fusion promoter, the cells survived under very high-intensity light stress (VHL, 1,800 μmolï¿½m−2ï¿½s−1), while the survival of CC-400 and vector only control (vector without insert) cells decreased for 1.5 h under VHL stress. VHL increased lipid peroxidation of CC-400 but did not alter lipid peroxidation in CrMDAR1 overexpression lines. Additionally, overexpression of CrMDAR1 showed an increase in viability, CrMDAR1 transcript abundance, enzyme activity and the AsA: dehydroascorbate (DHA) ratio. Next, MDAR was downregulated to examine the essential role of MDAR under high light condition (HL, 1,400 μmolï¿½m−2ï¿½s−1). The CrMDAR1 knockdown amiRNA line exhibited a low MDAR transcript abundance and enzyme activity and the survival decreased under HL conditions. Additionally, HL illumination decreased CrMDAR1 transcript abundance, enzyme activity and AsA:DHA ratio of CrMDAR1-downregulation amiRNA lines. Methyl viologen (an O2ï¿½− generator), H2O2 and NaCl treatment could induce an increase in CrMDAR1 transcript level. It represents reactive oxygen species are one of the factor inducing CrMDAR1 gene expression. In conclusion, MDAR plays a role in the tolerance of Chlamydomonas cells to photooxidative stress.

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Carter, Clay J., and Robert W. Thornburg. "Tobacco Nectarin III is a Bifunctional Enzyme with Monodehydroascorbate Reductase and Carbonic Anhydrase Activities." Plant Molecular Biology 54, no. 3 (February 2004): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:plan.0000036373.84579.13.

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49

Sultana, Shahanaz, Choy-Yuen Khew, Md Mahbub Morshed, Parameswari Namasivayam, Suhaimi Napis, and Chai-Ling Ho. "Overexpression of monodehydroascorbate reductase from a mangrove plant (AeMDHAR) confers salt tolerance on rice." Journal of Plant Physiology 169, no. 3 (February 2012): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2011.09.004.

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50

Alharby, Hesham F., Kamrun Nahar, Hassan S. Al-Zahrani, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, and Mirza Hasanuzzaman. "Enhancing Salt Tolerance in Soybean by Exogenous Boron: Intrinsic Study of the Ascorbate-Glutathione and Glyoxalase Pathways." Plants 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 2085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102085.

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Boron (B) performs physiological functions in higher plants as an essential micronutrient, but its protective role in salt stress is poorly understood. Soybean (Glycine max L.) is planted widely throughout the world, and salinity has adverse effects on its physiology. Here, the role of B (1 mM boric acid) in salt stress was studied by subjecting soybean plants to two levels of salt stress: mild (75 mM NaCl) and severe (150 mM NaCl). Exogenous B relieved oxidative stress by enhancing antioxidant defense system components, such as ascorbate (AsA) levels, AsA/dehydroascorbate ratios, glutathione (GSH) levels, the GSH and glutathione disulfide ratios, and ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and dehydroascorbate reductase activities. B also enhanced the methylglyoxal detoxification process by upregulation of the components of the glyoxalase system in salt-stressed plants. Overall, B supplementation enhanced antioxidant defense and glyoxalase system components to alleviate oxidative stress and MG toxicity induced by salt stress. B also improved the physiology of salt-affected soybean plants.

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