Journal articles: 'Monococcum'

1

Noweiska, Aleksandra, Roksana Bobrowska, and Michał Tomasz Kwiatek. "Structural Polymorphisms of Chromosome 3Am Containing Lr63 Leaf Rust Resistance Loci Reflect the Geographical Distribution of Triticum monococcum L. and Related Diploid Wheats." Agriculture 12, no. 7 (July 5, 2022): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12070966.

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Wheat is one of the world’s crucial staple food crops. In turn, einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.) is considered a wild relative of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and can be used as a source of agronomically important genes for breeding purposes. Cultivated T. monococcum subsp. monococcum originated from T. monococcum subsp. aegilopoides (syn. T. boeticum). For the better utilization of valuable genes from these species, it is crucial to discern the genetic diversity at their cytological and molecular levels. Here, we used a fluorescence in situ hybridization toolbox and molecular markers linked to the leaf rust resistance gene Lr63 (located on the short arm of the 3Am chromosome—3AmS) to track the polymorphisms between T. monococcum subsp. monococcum, T. boeticum and T. urartu (A-genome donor for hexaploid wheat) accessions, which were collected in different regions of Europe, Asia, and Africa. We distinguished three groups of accessions based on polymorphisms of cytomolecular and leaf rust resistance gene Lr63 markers. We observed that the cultivated forms of T. monococcum revealed additional marker signals, which are characteristic for genomic alternations induced by the domestication process. Based on the structural analysis of the 3AmS chromosome arm, we concluded that the polymorphisms were induced by geographical dispersion and could be related to adaptation to local environmental conditions.

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Demir, M. K., A. Ünver, D. Arslan, G. Üçok, F. Terlemez, and S. Türker. "Characterisation of einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum) wheat oil." Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 7, no. 5 (August 17, 2015): 707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/qas2014.0469.

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Dyck, P. L., and P. Bartoš. "Attempted transfer of leaf rust resistance from Triticum monococcum and durum wheat to hexaploid wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 733–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-131.

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An attempt was made to transfer leaf rust resistance from diploid Triticum monococcum, an autotetraploid of the T. monococcum accession, and durum cultivars Medora and Stewart to hexaploid wheat cultivars Thatcher and RL6058 (Lr34). A single gene for leaf rust resistance which was the same as Lr33 (RL6057) was transferred from the durum cultivars to hexaploid wheat. The gene transferred in crosses involving autotetraploid T. monococcum was also Lr33, but since Lr33 is on chromosome 1B, it was probably not from T. monococcum. This gene was not the same as the T. monococcum-derived gene in RL6137 (Tc*6/TMR5-J14-12-24). Using RL6058 (Lr34) as the recurrent parent appeared to facilitate the interspecific transfer of resistance since resistance was expressed in the first backcross generation involving RL6058 but not Thatcher. Key words: leaf rust resistance, wheat, Triticum aestivum

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Dubcovsky, Jorge, Ming-Cheng Luo, Gan-Yuan Zhong, Ronda Bransteitter, Amrita Desai, Andrzej Kilian, Andris Kleinhofs, and Jan Dvořák. "Genetic Map of Diploid Wheat, Triticum monococcum L., and Its Comparison With Maps of Hordeum vulgare L." Genetics 143, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 983–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/143.2.983.

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Abstract A genetic map of diploid wheat, Triticum monococcum L., involving 335 markers, including RFLP DNA markers, isozymes, seed storage proteins, rRNA, and morphological loci, is reported. T. monococcum and barley linkage groups are remarkably conserved. They differ by a reciprocal translocation involving the long arms of chromosomes 4 and 5, and paracentric inversions in the long arm of chromosomes 1 and 4; the latter is in a segment of chromosome arm 4L translocated to 5L in T. monococcum. The order of the markers in the inverted segments in the T. monococcum genome is the same as in the B and D genomes of T. aestivum L. The T. monococcum map differs from the barley maps in the distribution of recombination within chromosomes. The major 5s rRNA loci were mapped on the short arms of T. monococcum chromosomes 1 and 5 and the long arms of barley chromosomes 2 and 3. Since these chromosome arms are colinear, the major 5s rRNA loci must be subjected to positional changes in the evolving Triticeae genome that do not perturb chromosome colinearity. The positional changes of the major 5s rRNA loci in Triticeae genomes are analogous to those of the 18S5.8S26S rRNA loci.

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Hidalgo, Alyssa, Andrea Brandolini, Carlo Pompei, and Roberta Piscozzi. "Carotenoids and tocols of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum L.)." Journal of Cereal Science 44, no. 2 (September 2006): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2006.06.002.

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Rouse, M. N., and Y. Jin. "Stem Rust Resistance in A-Genome Diploid Relatives of Wheat." Plant Disease 95, no. 8 (August 2011): 941–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-10-0260.

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Wheat stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, has been effectively controlled through the use of genetic resistance. P. graminis f. sp. tritici race TTKSK (Ug99) possesses virulence to many resistance genes that have been used in wheat breeding worldwide. One strategy to aid breeders in developing resistant cultivars is to utilize resistance genes transferred from wild relatives to wheat. Stem rust resistance genes have previously been introgressed from Triticum monococcum to wheat. In order to identify additional resistance genes, we screened 1,061 accessions of T. monococcum and 205 accessions of T. urartu against race TTKSK and four additional P. graminis f. sp. tritici races: TTTTF, TRTTF, QFCSC, and MCCFC. A high frequency of the accessions (78.7% of T. monococcum and 93.0% of T. urartu) were resistant to P. graminis f. sp. tritici race TTKSK, with infection types ranging from 0 to 2+. Among these resistant accessions, 55 T. monococcum accessions (6.4% of the total) were also resistant to the other four races. Associations of resistance in T. monococcum germplasm to different races indicated the presence of genes conferring resistance to multiple races. Comparing the observed infection type patterns to the expected patterns of known genes indicated that previously uncharacterized genes for resistance to race TTKSK exist in both T. monococcum and T. urartu.

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Kuluev, Azat R., Rustam T. Matnijazov, Bulat R. Kuluev, and Alexey V. Chemeris. "A molecular genetic research of the Triticum sinskajae A. Filat. et Kurk. by RAPD analysis and by comparing the nucleotide sequences of the variable intergenic region of the petN-trnC-GCA chloroplast genome and intron of the histone H3.2 gene." Ecological genetics 16, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen16153-59.

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Background. Triticum sinskajae A. Filat. et Kurk. was discovered in the early 70th in the last century at the regular reproduction in the Central Asian and Dagestan VIR-stations of T. monococcum samples. Materials and methods. The objects of the study were 4 species of diploid wheat — Triticum urartu Thum. ex Gandil. (lines k-62477, k-62465), Triticum monococcum L. (lines k-20970, k-39471), Triticum boeoticum Boiss. (lines k-59161, k-28132, k-40118) and Triticum sinskajae A. Filat. et Kurk. (line k-48993). Results. We found differences between T. sinskajaeand T. monococcum in the variable region of the histone gene H3.2, and the RAPD analysis showed the presence of unique polymorphic loci in T. sinskajae. Conclusion. In gene ral, T. boeoticum, T. monococcum, and T. sinskajae are most likely to be closely related species of diploid wheat, whereas T. urartu is quite significantly different from them.

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Kerby, K., J. Kuspira, and B. L. Jones. "Biochemical data bearing on the relationship between the genome of Triticum urartu and the A and B genomes of the polyploid wheats." Genome 30, no. 4 (August 1, 1988): 576–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-097.

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To determine whether the Triticum urartu genome is more closely related to the A or B genome of the polyploid wheats, the amino acid sequence of its purothionin was compared to the amino acid sequences of the purothionins in Triticum monococcum, Triticum turgidum, and Triticum aestivum. The residue sequence of the purothionin from T. urartu differs by five and six amino acid substitutions respectively from the α1 and α2 forms coded for by genes in the B and D genomes, and is identical to the β form specified by a gene in the A genome. Therefore, the T. urartu purothionin is either coded by a gene in the A genome or a chromosome set highly homologous to it. The results demonstrate that at least a portion of the T. urartu and T. monococcum genomes is homologous and probably identical. A variety of other studies have also shown that T. urartu is very closely related to T. monococcum and, in all likelihood, also possesses the A genome. Therefore, it could be argued that either T. urartu and T. monococcum are the same species or that T. urartu rather than T. monococcum is the source of the A genome in T. turgidum and T. aestivum. Except for Johnson's results, our data and that of others suggest a revised origin of polyploid wheats. Specifically, the list of six putative B genome donor species is reduced to five, all members of the Sitopsis section of the genus Aegilops.Key words: Triticum monococcum, Triticum urartu, polyploid wheats, genomes A and B, purothionins.

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9

Wang, Xiu-Ying, Chang-Shui Wang, Jian Ma, Ji-Rui Wang, Ya-Xi Liu, Peng-Fei Qi, Wei Li, et al. "Characterization of genes encoding Starch Branching Enzyme I from Triticum monococcum and its diploid wheat relatives." Biologia 70, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): 1193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biolog-2015-0134.

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Abstract The Starch Branching Enzyme I (SBEI) gene plays an important role in amylopectin synthesis. Here, we isolated and characterized the full-length cDNA and DNA sequences of SBEI gene from diploid Triticeae species, Triticum monococcum, T. urartu, Aegilopsspeltoides, and Ae. tauschii. Then we predicted its protein structure, analyzed its evolutionary relationship with other species, and explored its expression patterns using real-time quantitative PCR. The SBEI cDNA includes a 2,490-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 829 amino acids. The genomic DNA of SBEI is 5,526-bp in length, containes fourteen exons and thirteen introns, and shares a similar structure with its homologous genes from other cereal plants. Sequence similarity ranging from 70.50% to 98.02% in exons and from 15.50% to 83.63% in introns was detected. Results of phylogenetic tree based on the deduced amino acid sequences from T. monococcum and other plants indicated that T. monococcum SBEI is more closely related to T. boeoticum and T. urartu. Expression analysis revealed that T. monococcum SBEI and AGPase genes were highly expressed in the seeds at middle developmental stage. This is the first report on characterization of the SBEI gene in T. monococcum. These results could be used to explore the roles of this enzyme in amylopectin synthesis.

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10

Kóczán-Manninger, Katalin, and Katalin Badak-Kerti. "Investigations into Flour Mixes of Triticum Monococcum and Triticum Spelta." Hungarian Journal of Industry and Chemistry 46, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hjic-2018-0020.

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Abstract Bread samples were made using flour mixes of Triticum monococcum (Tr. monococcum) and Triticum spelta (Tr. spelta). They were tested for their rheological behaviour over the first 3 days of storage at room temperature, and for their characteristics based on a Hungarian Standard. Parameters were set such as the volume of the baked product, baking loss, crumb characteristics and elasticity of crumbs. The behaviour of flour from einkorn wheat is different to that of Tr. spelta. The properties of the tested flour mixes measured by a farinograph show that Tr. spelta produces an acceptable dough, on the other hand, the dough of Tr. monococcum develops quickly but is very unstable so weakens within minutes of being kneaded. This also suggests that doughs composed of einkorn wheat flour require a different type of kneading than those of Tr. spelta (or Tr. aestivum, also referred to as common wheat) flours. Breads composed of Tr. spelta were comparable with those made with Tr. aestivum, the crumb elasticity was above 90 % on the day of baking, which indicates high quality. The Tr. monococcum breads, however, were of low grade: the volume of the breads decreased by increasing the ratio of Tr. monococcum to Tr. spelta and the elasticity reduced to unacceptable levels (less than 60 %). It should be mentioned that the grading was based on breads made purely from Tr. aestivum flours.

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11

Volante, Andrea, Volkan Arif Yilmaz, Alyssa Hidalgo, and Andrea Brandolini. "Morpho-physiological and qualitative variation of domesticated einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum)." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 67, no. 6 (March 29, 2020): 1493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-020-00923-6.

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12

Brandolini, Andrea, Mara Lucisano, Manuela Mariotti, and Alyssa Hidalgo. "A study on the quality of einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) pasta." Journal of Cereal Science 82 (July 2018): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2018.05.010.

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13

Castagna, R., B. Borghi, N. Di Fonzo, M. Heun, and F. Salamini. "Yield and related traits of einkorn (T. monococcum ssp. monococcum) in different environments." European Journal of Agronomy 4, no. 3 (1995): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1161-0301(14)80038-5.

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14

Li, Z. L., H. Y. Li, G. Chen, X. J. Liu, C. L. Kou, S. Z. Ning, Z. W. Yuan, M. Hao, D. C. Liu, and L. Q. Zhang. "Molecular characterization of seven novel Glu-A1mx alleles from Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum." Cereal Research Communications 45, no. 4 (December 2017): 647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/0806.45.2017.038.

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Taddei, Federica, Laura Gazza, Salvatore Conti, Vera Muccilli, Salvatore Foti, and Norberto Edgar Pogna. "Starch-bound 2S proteins and kernel texture in einkorn, Triticum monococcum ssp monococcum." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 119, no. 7 (August 5, 2009): 1205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-009-1121-3.

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Megyeri, M., P. Mikó, I. Molnár, and G. Kovács. "Development of synthetic amphiploids based on Triticum turgidum × T. Monococcum crosses to improve the adaptability of cereals." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 59, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.59.2011.3.11.

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Cultivated einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) is an excellent source of resistance against several wheat diseases and quality parameters. Semi-dwarf einkorn lines with good crossability were identified in order to produce Triticum turgidum × T. monococcum synthetic amphiploids. Two combinations were used to develop the amphiploids: durum × einkorn and emmer × einkorn.After the genome duplication of F1 seeds, highly fertile amphiploids were developed. The AuBAm genome structure of the progenies was confirmed by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH).Lines derived from durum × einkorn and emmer × einkorn crosses were studied for agronomic performance, disease resistance and genetic variability. Both amphiploid combinations showed excellent resistance against certain wheat diseases (leaf rust, powdery mildew), but not against fusarium. The durum-based synthetic amphiploid lines showed a higher level of phenotypic diversity. The newly produced T. turgidum × T. monococcum synthetic hexaploids are promising genetic resources for wheat breeding. Selected durum × einkorn lines are currently used in bread wheat improvement to transfer the useful properties of einkorn into cultivated hexaploid wheat via ‘bridge-crossing’.

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Kovács, G. "Estimation of pollen viability in einkorn (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) accessions of different geographical origin." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 51, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.51.2003.4.5.

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In the present experiment the pollen viability of einkorn accessions of different origin was tested using four vital dyes (TTC, Baker's procedure, MTT and FDA) to determine the potential of the dyes to differentiate fresh living pollen from pollen heated for 12 hours at 80ºC (killed pollen). It was found that two of the four dyes previously employed to determine pollen viability also stained killed pollen in the case of several einkorn accessions, while FDA and MTT did not. It is thus suggested that the two latter should be used to test einkorn pollen viability, since they do not normally stain either killed or aborted pollen grains.

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Bonnot, Titouan, Emmanuelle Bancel, David Alvarez, Marlène Davanture, Julie Boudet, Marie Pailloux, Michel Zivy, Catherine Ravel, and Pierre Martre. "Grain subproteome responses to nitrogen and sulfur supply in diploid wheat Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum." Plant Journal 91, no. 5 (July 31, 2017): 894–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13615.

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Volante, Andrea, Volkan Arif Yilmaz, Alyssa Hidalgo, and Andrea Brandolini. "Correction to: Morpho-physiological and qualitative variation of domesticated einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum)." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 67, no. 6 (April 9, 2020): 1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-020-00931-6.

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Brandolini, Andrea, Alyssa Hidalgo, and Salvatore Moscaritolo. "Chemical composition and pasting properties of einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum) whole meal flour." Journal of Cereal Science 47, no. 3 (May 2008): 599–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2007.07.005.

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Brandolini, Andrea, Alyssa Hidalgo, Luca Plizzari, and Daniela Erba. "Impact of genetic and environmental factors on einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum) polysaccharides." Journal of Cereal Science 53, no. 1 (January 2011): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2010.09.008.

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22

Hidalgo, Alyssa, and Andrea Brandolini. "Protein, ash, lutein and tocols distribution in einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum) seed fractions." Food Chemistry 107, no. 1 (March 2008): 444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.009.

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23

Chen, Shisheng, Joshua Hegarty, Tao Shen, Lei Hua, Hongna Li, Jing Luo, Hongyu Li, Shengsheng Bai, Chaozhong Zhang, and Jorge Dubcovsky. "Stripe rust resistance gene Yr34 (synonym Yr48) is located within a distal translocation of Triticum monococcum chromosome 5AmL into common wheat." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 134, no. 7 (March 31, 2021): 2197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-021-03816-z.

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AbstractKey messageThe stripe rust resistance geneYr34 was transferred to polyploid wheat chromosome 5AL from T. monococcumand has been used for over two centuries.Wheat stripe (or yellow) rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is currently among the most damaging fungal diseases of wheat worldwide. In this study, we report that the stripe rust resistance gene Yr34 (synonym Yr48) is located within a distal segment of the cultivated Triticum monococcum subsp. monococcum chromosome 5AmL translocated to chromosome 5AL in polyploid wheat. The diploid wheat species Triticum monococcum (genome AmAm) is closely related to T. urartu (donor of the A genome to polyploid wheat) and has good levels of resistance against the stripe rust pathogen. When present in hexaploid wheat, the T. monococcum Yr34 resistance gene confers a moderate level of resistance against virulent Pst races present in California and the virulent Chinese race CYR34. In a survey of 1,442 common wheat genotypes, we identified 5AmL translocations of fourteen different lengths in 17.5% of the accessions, with higher frequencies in Europe than in other continents. The old European wheat variety “Mediterranean” was identified as a putative source of this translocation, suggesting that Yr34 has been used for over 200 years. Finally, we designed diagnostic CAPS and sequenced-based markers that will be useful to accelerate the deployment of Yr34 in wheat breeding programs to improve resistance to this devastating pathogen.

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Zorovski, Plamen, Vladislav Popov, and Tonya Georgieva. "Growth and Development of Triticum Monococcum L., Triticum Dicoccum Sch. and Triticum Spelta L. in Organic Farming Conditions." Contemporary Agriculture 67, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2018-0007.

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Summary During the 2014-2016 period in Agroecological Center at the Agricultural University - Plovdiv, Bulgaria growth and development of three species of wheat in terms of organic farming had been tracked in order to return the species in the crop rotation, maintenance of biodiversity and receiving of cleaner and healthy products from organic farms. The three species of wheat Triticum monococcum L., Triticum dicoccum Sch, and Triticum spelta L., differ between its rate of growth, development, general and productive tillering. In tillering phase the plants reached 12,3 cm of height for Triticum monococcum L., 15,7 cm for Triticum spelta L. and 19,4 cm for Triticum dicoccum Sch. Triticum monococcum L. and Triticum dicoccum Sch, reached ear formation phase 5 days earlier than Triticum spelta L. The interfacial period of stem elongation - ear formation in them, was about 21 days compared to 25 days for Triticum spelta L.. From ear formation to full maturity inter-phase periods were shorter in Triticum dicoccum Sch., which specifies the species as an early mature (6 days earlier) compared to the other two. After phenophase of stem elongation plants were growing the most intensive and in full ripeness reached a height of 94 cm in Triticum monococcum L., 81,5 cm in Triticum dicoccum Sch. and 82,5 cm in Triticum spelta L.

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Bocz, Ernő. "Beginning of a New Era in Hungarian Crop Production." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 9 (December 10, 2002): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/9/3566.

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The examination of Triticum monococcum, which was observed on an ancient region, and its ancient quality made me develop a new quality analysis system.The Triticum Monococcum frames the new standard of this ancient quality.The quality of diploidea – tetraploidea – hexaploidea series, which was arisen by the wheat poliploidization, gradually decreased. The quality of diploidea species diffuse around the standard.The micronutrient content of tetraploid species gradually decrease, the hexaploid species and the Triticum Aestuvum micronutrient content 20-70% less than the ancient quality’s.

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Dvorak, Jan, Patrick E. McGuire, and Brandt Cassidy. "Apparent sources of the A genomes of wheats inferred from polymorphism in abundance and restriction fragment length of repeated nucleotide sequences." Genome 30, no. 5 (October 1, 1988): 680–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-115.

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Four hundred random DNA fragment clones of wild diploid wheat Triticum monococcum ssp. aegilopoides (syn. T. baeoticum) were screened for clones of repeated nucleotide sequences. Seven DNA fragments were isolated that were more abundant by one order of magnitude or more in the genome of diploid T. monococcum ssp. aegilopoides (genome A) than in the genome of diploid Triticum speltoides (genome BS). These clones were then used to determine which of the two wild diploid wheats, T. m. ssp. aegilopoides or T. urartu, was the ancestor of domesticated diploid wheat T. m. ssp. monococcum, wild tetraploid wheats T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides and T. timopheevii ssp. araraticum, domesticated tetraploid wheat T. turgidum, and hexaploid bread wheat T. aestivum. Three of the seven cloned repeated nucleotide sequences differentiated the genome of T. m. ssp. aegilopoides from that of T. urartu in repeated sequence abundance, restriction fragment length polymorphism, or both. The same distinctions were observed between the A genome of T. m. ssp. aegilopoides and the A genomes of polyploid wheats. From this it was concluded that the species from which T. m. ssp. monococcum was domesticated was T. m. ssp. aegilopoides but that the A genomes of the polyploid wheats are equivalent to that of T. urartu. The results presented here demonstrate the utility of polymorphism in repeated nucleotide sequences in the investigation of the origin of genomes in polyploid plants.Key words: RFLP, Triticum, wheat phylogeny.

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Kim, Nam-Soo, J. Kuspira, K. Armstrong, and R. Bhambhani. "Genetic and cytogenetic analyses of the A genome of Triticum monococcum. VIII. Localization of rDNAs and characterization of 5S rRNA genes." Genome 36, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g93-011.

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In situ hybridization with [3H]dCTP labelled pScT7 (5S rDNA) and pTa80 (18S + 26S rDNA) indicated that both hybridized to the terminal regions of two pairs of chromosomes in Triticum monococcum. When the hybridization was performed with a mixture of both probes, only two pairs of chromosome arms were labelled, which suggested that the loci of both genes were located in juxtaposition to one another. Both probes labelled one pair of sites more heavily than the other. Southern analysis of 5S with BamHI-digested DNA from 12 accessions of T. monococcum (including T. urartu) produced two superimposed ladders of approximate sizes of 500 and 330 bp, which differ from T. aestivum in which 500- and 420-bp ladders were found. The 500-bp ladder is derived from chromosome 5A (5SDna-A2) and the 330-bp ladder from chromosome 1A (5SDna-A1). The recognition site for SstI was present in the long spacer region but absent in the short spacer as in T. aestivum; however, unlike T. aestivum, there were HaeIII (GGCC) and HindIII (AAGCTT) recognition sites in the short spacer region. The TaqI recognition sites (TCGA) in the long and short spacer regions are probably more highly methylated in T. monococcum than in T. aestivum. The results have implications regarding the evolutionary changes that occurred in the A genome of the hexaploid compared with the diploid.Key words: Triticum monococcum, 5S rDNA, 18S + 26S rDNA, in situ hybridization, Southern hybridization, restriction fragments, methylation.

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Saponaro, C., N. E. Pogna, R. Castagna, M. Pasquini, P. Cacciatori, and R. Redaelli. "Allelic variation at the Gli-A1m, Gli-A2m and Glu-A1m loci and breadmaking quality in diploid wheat Triticum monococcum." Genetical Research 66, no. 2 (October 1995): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300034479.

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SummaryFifty-six accessions of Triticum monococcum and one accession each of T. beoticum and T. sinskajae were analysed for their storage protein compositions and breadmaking quality as determined by the SDS-sedimentation test. In total 30 different alleles at the Glu-A1m locus coding for high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), 25 alleles at the Gli-A1m locus coding for ω- and γ-gliadins and 45 alleles at the Gli-A2m locus controlling the synthesis of α/β-gliadins were detected. Most accessions contained one x-type and one y-type HMW-GS and two genotypes were null for both types of subunits. Two polypeptides within the mobility range of HMW-GS in SDS-PAGE were shown to be ω-type gliadins encoded by genes on the short arm of chromosome 1 A. T. sinskajae and several ‘monococcum’ accessions were shown to share the same alleles at Gli-A1m, Gli-A2m and Glu-A1m, confirming sinskajae as a subspecies of T. monococcum. The SDS-sedimentation volumes of most accessions were very low (11–35 ml), a few accessions showing mean sedimentation volumes as high as 90–93 ml. Through the comparison between biotypes occurring in some accessions of ‘monococcum’, good bread-making quality was found to be associated with the presence of alleles y, c and i at the Gli-A1m locus. All accessions were resistant to leaf rust and rich in protein (≥ 16·5%), and most of them showed resistance to powdery mildew.

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Kuspira, J., R. N. Bhambhani, R. S. Sadasivaiah, and D. Hayden. "Genetic and cytogenetic analyses of the A genome of Triticum monococcum. III. Cytology, breeding behavior, fertility, and morphology of autotriploids." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28, no. 5 (October 1, 1986): 867–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g86-121.

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Mature triploid seed from reciprocal (2n = 4x × 2n = 2x) crosses in Triticum monococcum was minute and shrivelled because of endosperm collapse and therefore failed to germinate. This necessitated the excision of embryos from successful pollinations and their growth in vitro to ensure subsequent germination so as to obtain viable and vigorous autotriploids. A comparison of these triploids with their diploid and tetraploid progenitors revealed that cell size, kernel weight, and pistil size increased with an increase in ploidy level. However, unlike other species, optimum expression was observed in these triploids for plant height, tillering, size of spikes, number of spikelets/spike, and leaf size. Earliness, althoughenhanced in tetraploids relative to diploids, was delayed in the triploids. Mean numbers of univalents, bivalents, and trivalents per microsporocyte were 2.65, 2.60, and 4.38, respectively. Only chains (93.5%), which formed V-shaped metaphase I (MI) configurations, frying pan (5.0%), and Y-shaped (1.5%) trivalent associations occurred. On the average, two reciprocal exchanges occurred per bivalent and trivalent. Trivalents corriented randomly at MI. At anaphase I, all sets of three homologues segreated randomly to the two poles, lagging univalents always divided equationally, and only meiocytes with such chromosomes formed micronuclei. The reasons for similarities and differences in meiotic behaviour of T. monococcum triploids with those of other species are discussed. Confirmation of the conclusions drawn with respect to the cytology of the triploids was obtained from similar cytological observations with primary single trisomics. These triploids produced euploids, primary single trisomics as well as some double and triple trisomics all of which differed phenotypically from diploids. Triticum monococcum, like most diploid species, is highly intolerant of aneuploidy. Possible reasons for the differences in levels of tolerance of aneuploidy in species like T. monococcum and those like Petunia hybrida, which are highly tolerant of aneuploidy, are discussed. Pollen fertility was high and seed fertility was very low. Reasons for the latter as well as the high fertility in species that are highly tolerant of aneuploidy and allotriploids are discussed.Key words: Triticum monococcum, autotriploid, trisomic, cytology, breeding behavior, fertility, morphology.

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Huertas-García, Ana B., Laura Castellano, Carlos Guzmán, and Juan B. Alvarez. "Potential Use of Wild Einkorn Wheat for Wheat Grain Quality Improvement: Evaluation and Characterization of Glu-1, Wx and Ha Loci." Agronomy 11, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050816.

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Wild einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. aegilopoides (Link) Thell.) is a diploid wheat species from the Near East that has been classified as an ancestor of the first cultivated wheat (einkorn; T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum). Its genome (Am), although it is not the donor of the A genome in polyploid wheat, shows high similarity to the Au genome. An important characteristic for wheat improvement is grain quality, which is associated with three components of the wheat grain: endosperm storage proteins (gluten properties), starch synthases (starch characteristics) and puroindolines (grain hardness). In the current study, these grain quality traits were studied in one collection of wild einkorn with the objective of evaluating its variability with respect to these three traits. The combined use of protein and DNA analyses allows detecting numerous variants for each one of the following genes: six for Ax, seven for Ay, eight for Wx, four for Gsp-1, two for Pina and three for Pinb. The high variability presence in this species suggests its potential as a source of novel alleles that could be used in modern wheat breeding.

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Dvořák, Jan, Pantaleo di Terlizzi, Hong-Bin Zhang, and Paolo Resta. "The evolution of polyploid wheats: identification of the A genome donor species." Genome 36, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g93-004.

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Cytogenetic work has shown that the tetraploid wheats, Triticum turgidum and T. timopheevii, and the hexaploid wheat T. aestivum have one pair of A genomes, whereas hexaploid T. zhukovskyi has two. Variation in 16 repeated nucleotide sequences was used to identify sources of the A genomes. The A genomes of T. turgidum, T. timopheevii, and T. aestivum were shown to be contributed by T. urartu. Little divergence in the repeated nucleotide sequences was detected in the A genomes of these species from the genome of T. urartu. In T. zhukovskyi one A genome was contributed by T. urartu and the other was contributed by T. monococcum. It is concluded that T. zhukovskyi originated from hybridization of T. timopheevii with T. monococcum. The repeated nucleotide sequence profiles in the A genomes of T. zhukovskyi showed reduced correspondence with those in the genomes of both ancestral species, T. urartu and T. monococcum. This differentiation is attributed to heterogenetic chromosome pairing and segregation among chromosomes of the two A genomes in T. zhukovskyi.Key words: phylogeny, Triticum, Aegilops, repeated nucleotide sequences.

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Briggs, Jordan, Shisheng Chen, Wenjun Zhang, Sarah Nelson, Jorge Dubcovsky, and Matthew N. Rouse. "Mapping of SrTm4, a Recessive Stem Rust Resistance Gene from Diploid Wheat Effective to Ug99." Phytopathology® 105, no. 10 (October 2015): 1347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-12-14-0382-r.

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Race TTKSK (or Ug99) of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, the causal agent of wheat stem rust, is a serious threat to wheat production worldwide. Diploid wheat, Triticum monococcum (genome Am), has been utilized previously for the introgression of stem rust resistance genes Sr21, Sr22, and Sr35. Multipathotype seedling tests of biparental populations demonstrated that T. monococcum accession PI 306540 collected in Romania contains a recessive resistance gene effective to all P. graminis f. sp. tritici races screened, including race TTKSK. We will refer to this gene as SrTm4, which is the fourth stem rust resistance gene characterized from T. monococcum. Using two mapping populations derived from crosses of PI 272557 × PI 306540 and G3116 × PI 306540, we mapped SrTm4 on chromosome arm 2AmL within a 2.1 cM interval flanked by sequence-tagged markers BQ461276 and DR732348, which corresponds to a 240-kb region in Brachypodium chromosome 5. The eight microsatellite and nine sequence-tagged markers linked to SrTm4 will facilitate the introgression and accelerate the deployment of SrTm4-mediated Ug99 resistance in wheat breeding programs.

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RELINA, Liana, Oleh SUPRUN, Roman BOHUSLAVSKYI, Liudmyla VECHERSKA, Olha ANTSYFEROVA, Nina ILCHENKO, Valeriia KOLOMATSKA, and Liubov KOBYZEVA. "FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF GRAIN OF EINKORN AND ITS RELATIVES." Contribuţii Botanice 57 (December 30, 2022): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/contrib.bot.57.9.

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Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) has a number of benefits attributed to the quality of its grain. Nevertheless, einkorn oil is little studied. Given a renewed interest in this crop, the purpose of the study was to investigate the lipid contents and fatty acid composition of oil from diploid wheat grain. Oil was extracted from dried whole wheat kernels by Soxhlet procedure. Fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. The oil yield from the diploid wheat grain varied from 2.830.27% dry basis in Triticum monococcum var. sofianum Stranski to 4.460.49% in Triticum sinskayae A.Filat. et Kurk. Six major fatty acids were detected in all the wheat species under investigation. They are ranked in order of decreasing levels as follows: linoleic > oleic > palmitic > linolenic > stearic > palmitoleic. Ploidy doubling brought no significant alterations in fatty acid composition of T. monococcum grain. T. monococcum var. sofianum had the most beneficial unsaturated/saturated ratio (5.3) and the lowest the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 (9:1). Triticum boeoticum Boiss. (wild progenitor of einkorn) was inferior to domestic diploid wheat in terms of unsaturated fatty acid amounts, despite the very high total oil content (4.190.48%). As wheat oil is used in the cosmetics industry and given the surprisingly high oil yields from the diploid wheat grain, the collection accessions are worth considering through the lens of this trend in wheat products. However, none of the studied accessions can be recommended as breakthrough advantageous because of the ratios of omega-6/omega-3 of not lower than 9:1.

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Keçeli, Alaettin. "Siyez (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) Popülasyonlarının Biyoaktif, Antioksidan Özellikleri ve Organik Tarımda Kullanımı Üzerine Bir Derleme." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 12 (December 14, 2019): 2111. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i12.2111-2120.2833.

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In addition to having the most cultivation area and production in the world, cereals are irreplaceable in agriculture and in our life with being a basic food material. Wheat, which ranks first in terms of sowing area, is also an origin of our country and has been a basic food raw material since the beginning of history. Besides, wheat contains starch, protein, phytochemical and antioxidant substances which have an important role in human nutrition. As agricultural fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides have negative effects on the environment and human health, the interest in organic agriculture is increasing. The suspicion that pesticide, synthetic fertilizer and growth regulator residues can lead to cancer and other health problems in humans has led the researchers to focus their attention to improve of production methods that will prevent these disadvantages. Research has shown that the most reliable method of production is called Organic or Ecological or Biological Agriculture method. For these reasons, organic agriculture practices in the world have increased in the last 15 years. New breeding varieties selected in high-yielding traditional farming conditions do not sufficiently adapt to organic farming conditions. Readily available existing varieties due to yet correspond to new breeding for organic farming conditions not only yield when used in organic farming but also that they contain proteins and other useful in amounts of vitamins components also occurs a decrease. Cultivation of local varieties is becoming more attractive instead of already cultivated in marginal areas and stable yield values. For this purpose, local varieties produced in restricted regions of our country are the most suitable candidates for both breeding and organic production since they are well adapted to the regions where they are located.

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Zaharieva, Maria, and Philippe Monneveux. "Cultivated einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum): the long life of a founder crop of agriculture." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 61, no. 3 (January 30, 2014): 677–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-014-0084-7.

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36

Giambanelli, Elisa, Federico Ferioli, and L. Filippo D'Antuono. "The fate of bioactive compounds during traditional preparation of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum) bulgur." Journal of Cereal Science 91 (January 2020): 102890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102890.

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37

Li, Zenglin, Hongyu Li, Gang Chen, Chunlan Kou, Shunzong Ning, Zhongwei Yuan, Qi Jiang, Youliang Zheng, Dengcai Liu, and Lianquan Zhang. "Characterization of a novel y-type HMW-GS with eight cysteine residues from Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum." Gene 573, no. 1 (November 2015): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2015.07.040.

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38

Waines, J. G., B. Ehdaie, and D. Barnhart. "Variability in Triticum and Aegilops species for seed characteristics." Genome 29, no. 1 (February 1, 1987): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g87-007.

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Seventy-seven accessions of 2x, 4x, and 6x wild, primitive, and modern domesticates of wheat, Aegilops longissima, and Ae. tauschii were assayed for seed weight, protein content, and lysine content. In general, there was more variation between taxa than within taxa in 2x and 4x but not in 6x for seed weight and protein content. Within taxa variation was greater than that between taxa for lysine content. The primitive and wild wheat and Aegilops accessions had significantly lower seed weight than modern 4x and 6x wheats. Mean 1000 seed weight varied from 6.90 to 42.62 g over all accessions. The modern 4x and 6x wheats and Ae. tauschii had lower mean protein and lysine contents than the primitive and wild wheats and Ae. longissima. Mean protein and lysine content for species ranged from 17 to 29% and from 3.9 to 6.2 μg/mg, respectively. Within species variation for lysine content was was highest in T. turgidum var. dicoccoides, T. monococcum var. boeoticum, and T. turgidum var. durum. The lowest mean lysine content belonged to Ae. tauschii, T. aestivum var. aestivum, T. aestivum var. spelta, and T. turgidum var. durum. Correlation between seed weight and protein content was not significant for any species. A significant negative correlation between seed weight and lysine content was found in T. aestivum var. aestivum, T. timopheevii var. araraticum, T. monococcum var. monococcum, and T. monococcum var. boeticum. A significant positive correlation between protein and lysine content was observed in T. aestivum var. aestivum. Lines with high adjusted lysine content/protein were identified in all species except in T. aestivum var. spelta and Ae. tauschii. Key words: seed characteristics, Triticum, Aegilops.

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Kiss, Z., S. Kovcás, and A. Nyakas. "MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL INVESTIGATION OF WATER STRESSED TRITICUM SPECIES." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 48, no. 4 (January 1, 2001): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.48.2000.4.1.

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The purpose of the experiment was to observe the influence of previous, repeated water stress cycles on the response of Triticum monococcum L. and Triticum spelta L. to a subsequent, challenge water stress. The plants were grown in pots, in a growth chamber. Treated plants underwent two water stress cycles, while control plants were kept well watered. In the subsequent challenge water stress cycle both control and treated plants experienced water deficiency. The growth of treated Triticum monococcum plants was 32.9% higher than the growth of control plants in the challenge water stress cycle. There was no difference between the growth of treated and control Triticum spelta plants in the challenge water stress cycle. The leaf-blade/leaf-sheath ratio decreased in the case of both Triticum species as the number of water stress cycles increased. In the case of Triticum monococcum, the number of stomata in the middle part of the leaf-blade was significantly higher (18.7%) in treated plants than in control plants. In the case of Triticum spelta, the number of stomata in the middle part of the leaf-blade was also higher (5.2%) in treated plants than in control plants.

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Friebe, B., N. S. Kim, J. Kuspira, and B. S. Gill. "Genetic and cytogenetic analyses of the A genome of Triticum monococcum. VI. Production and identification of primary trisomics using the C-banding technique." Genome 33, no. 4 (August 1, 1990): 542–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g90-081.

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Cytogenetic studies in Triticum monococcum (2n = 2x = 14) are nonexistent. To initiate such investigations in this species, a series of primary trisomics was generated from autotriploids derived from crosses between induced autotetraploids and diploids. All trisomics differed phenotypically from their diploid progenitors. Only two of the seven possible primary trisomic types produced distinct morphological features on the basis of which they could be distinguished. The chromosomes in the karyotype were morphologically very similar and could not be unequivocally identified using standard techniques. Therefore, C-banding was used to identify the chromosomes and trisomics of this species. Ag–NOR staining and in situ hybridization, using rDNA probes, were used to substantiate these identifications. A comparison of the C-banding patterns of the chromosomes of T. monococcum with those of the A genome in Triticum aestivum permitted identification of five of its chromosomes, viz., 1A, 2A, 3A, 5A, and 7A. The two remaining chromosomes possessed C-banding patterns that were not equivalent to those of any of the chromosomes in the A genome of the polyploid wheats. When one of these undesignated chromosomes from T. monococcum var. boeoticum was substituted for chromosome 4A of Triticum turgidum, it compensated well phenotypically and therefore genetically for the loss of this chromosome in the recipient species. Because this T. monococcum chromosome appeared to be homoeologous to the group 4 chromosomes of polyploid wheats, it was designated 4A. By the process of elimination the second undesignated chromosome in T. monococcum must be 6A. Analysis of the trisomics obtained led to the following conclusions. (i) Trisomics for chromosome 3A were not found among the trisomic lines analyzed cytologically. (ii) Primary trisomics for chromosomes 2A, 4A, 6A, and 7A were positively identified. (iii) Trisomics for the SAT chromosomes 1A and 5A were positively identified in some cases and not in others because of polymorphism in the telomeric C-band of the short arm of chromosome 1A. (iv) Trisomics for chromosome 7A were identified on the basis of their distinct phenotype, viz., the small narrow heads and small narrow leaves. Because rRNA hybridizes lightly to nucleolus organizer regions on chromosome 1A and heavily to nucleolus organizer regions on chromosome 5A, our results indicate that trisomics in line 50 carry chromosome 1A in triple dose and trisomics in lines 28 and 51 carry chromosome 5A in triplicate. Variable hybridization of the rDNA probe to nucleolus organizer regions on chromosomes in triple dose in lines 7, 20, and 28 precluded the identification of the extra chromosome in these lines. Cytogenetic methods for unequivocally identifying trisomics for chromosomes 1A and 5A are discussed. Thus six of the series of primary trisomics have been identified. Telotrisomic lines are also being produced.Key words: Triticum monococcum, trisomics, C-banding, Ag-NOR staining, in situ hybridization, rDNA probes, plant morphology.

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Adhikari, Laxman, John Raupp, Shuangye Wu, Duane Wilson, Byron Evers, Dal-Hoe Koo, Narinder Singh, Bernd Friebe, and Jesse Poland. "Genetic characterization and curation of diploid A-genome wheat species." Plant Physiology 188, no. 4 (February 3, 2022): 2101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiac006.

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Abstract A-genome diploid wheats represent the earliest domesticated and cultivated wheat species in the Fertile Crescent and include the donor of the wheat A sub-genome. The A-genome species encompass the cultivated einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum), wild einkorn (T. monococcum L. subsp. aegilopoides (Link) Thell.), and Triticum urartu. We evaluated the collection of 930 accessions in the Wheat Genetics Resource Center (WGRC) using genotyping by sequencing and identified 13,860 curated single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Genomic analysis detected misclassified and genetically identical (>99%) accessions, with most of the identical accessions originating from the same or nearby locations. About 56% (n = 520) of the WGRC A-genome species collections were genetically identical, supporting the need for genomic characterization for effective curation and maintenance of these collections. Population structure analysis confirmed the morphology-based classifications of the accessions and reflected the species geographic distributions. We also showed that T. urartu is the closest A-genome diploid to the A-subgenome in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through phylogenetic analysis. Population analysis within the wild einkorn group showed three genetically distinct clusters, which corresponded with wild einkorn races α, β, and γ described previously. The T. monococcum genome-wide FST scan identified candidate genomic regions harboring a domestication selection signature at the Non-brittle rachis 1 (Btr1) locus on the short arm of chromosome 3Am at ∼70 Mb. We established an A-genome core set (79 accessions) based on allelic diversity, geographical distribution, and available phenotypic data. The individual species core set maintained at least 79% of allelic variants in the A-genome collection and constituted a valuable genetic resource to improve wheat and domesticated einkorn in breeding programs.

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Skorokhodov, M. Yu, and R. L. Bohuslavskyi. "The effect of hulls on longevity of hulled wheats seeds in the conditions of accelerated aging." Genetičnì resursi roslin (Plant Genetic Resources), no. 25 (2019): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36814/pgr.2019.25.12.

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The Aim is to determine effect of hulls presence on hulled wheats seeds on their longevity. Results and discussion. In representatives of hulled wheat species T. monococcum, T. dicoccum cv. Polba 3 and T. spelta cv. Frankenkorn, the seeds with removed hulls had in the control and experimental variants higher germination energy and germination level than the seeds in hulls. In the control variant, the positive reaction to the removal of hulls from the seeds in diploid species T. monococcum was more significant (germination energy and germination level increased respectively by 22% and 13%), than the samples of polyploid species T. dicoccum and T. spelta (increase by 3% – 10%). Under accelerated aging, on the contrary, removal of the hulls had a stronger positive effect in the polyploid species (the increase was from 21.7% to 34.0%) than on the diploid species (the increase was by 2% and 12%). Removing the hulls from the grains of the hulled wheats accessions ambiguously affected the length of the primary roots and leaves. In the control variant, in T. monococcum, length of the primary roots in the dehulled seeds did not change compared to the undehulled seeds; in the emmer and spelt it decreased. Under the conditions of accelerated aging, removal of the hulls affected the length of the primary roots in einkorn negatively, in the emmer and spelt – there was no impact. In most cases, removal of hulls had a positive effect on the primary leaf length, with the exception of the emmer variety Polba 3 in the control – decrease by 1,5%). The possible connection of this phenomenon with the presence of inhibitors in wheat hulls established by researchers is discussed. Conclusions. In the representatives of hulled wheat species T. monococcum, T. dicoccum Polba 3 and T. spelta Frankenkorn, the seeds freed from hulls are more longevous than the seeds in hulls.

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Gianfrani, Carmen, Mariatonia Maglio, Vera Rotondi Aufiero, Alessandra Camarca, Immacolata Vocca, Gaetano Iaquinto, Nicola Giardullo, et al. "Immunogenicity of monococcum wheat in celiac patients." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 96, no. 6 (November 7, 2012): 1339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.040485.

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ÜNLÜ, Ercan Selçuk, Sara BATAW, Didem ASLAN ŞEN, Yunus ŞAHİN, and Nusret ZENCİRCİ. "Identification of conserved miRNA molecules in einkorn wheat ( Triticum monococcum subsp. monococcum ) by using small RNA sequencing analysis." TURKISH JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY 42, no. 6 (December 10, 2018): 527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/biy-1802-3.

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45

Hidalgo, Alyssa, Andrea Brandolini, and Laura Gazza. "Influence of steaming treatment on chemical and technological characteristics of einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) wholemeal flour." Food Chemistry 111, no. 3 (December 2008): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.017.

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46

Megyeri, M., A. Farkas, M. Varga, G. Kovács, M. Molnár-Láng, and I. Molnár. "Karyotypic analysis of Triticum monococcum using standard repetitive DNA probes and simple sequence repeats." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.60.2012.2.1.

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Triticum monococcum represents an important source of useful genes and alleles that it would be desirable to use in wheat breeding programmes. The well-defined landmarks on the Am chromosomes could accelerate the targeted introgression of T. monococcum chromatin into the wheat genome.Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using the repetitive DNA probes pSc119.2, Afa family and pTa71 showed that the pSc119.2 probe was not suitable for the identification of Am chromosomes. In contrast, the whole set of Am chromosomes (especially chromosomes 1, 4, 5 and 7) could be discriminated based on the hybridization pattern of pTa71 and Afa family. In situ hybridization with microsatellite motifs (GAA, CAG, AAC and AGG) proved that SSRs represent additional landmarks for the identification of Am chromosomes. The most promising SSR probes were the GAA and CAG motifs, which clearly discriminated the 6Am chromosome and, when used in combination with the Afa family and pTa71 probes, allowed the whole set of Am chromosomes to be reliably identified.In conclusion, fluorescence in situ hybridization using the repetitive DNA probes Afa family and pTa71, combined with SSR probes, makes it possible to identify the Am chromosomes of T. monococcum and to discriminate them from Au chromosomes in the polyploid wheat background.

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Lijavetzky, D., G. Muzzi, T. Wicker, B. Keller, R. Wing, and J. Dubcovsky. "Construction and characterization of a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library for the A genome of wheat." Genome 42, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 1176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-076.

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A genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of the A genome of wheat has been constructed. Triticum monococcum accession DV92 was selected for this purpose because it is a cultivated diploid wheat and one of the parental lines used in the construction of a saturated genetic map. Leaves from this accession were used to isolate high-molecular-weight DNA from nuclei. This DNA was partially digested with restriction enzyme Hind III, subjected to double size selection, electroeluted and cloned into the pINDIGO451 BAC vector. The library consists of 276 480 clones with an average insert size of 115 kb. Excluding the 1.33% of empty clones and 0.14% of clones with chloroplast DNA, the coverage of this library is 5.6 genome equivalents. With this genome coverage the probability of having any DNA sequence represented in this library is higher than 99.6%. Clones were sorted in 720 384-well plates and blotted onto 15 high-density filters. High-density filters were screened with several single or low-copy clones and five positive BAC clones were selected for further analysis. Since most of the T. monococcum BAC ends included repetitive sequences, a modification was introduced into the classical end-isolation procedure to select low copy sequences for chromosome walking.Key words: bacterial artificial chromosome, BAC library, Triticum monococcum, wheat.

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Bai, D., D. R. Knott, and J. M. Zale. "The inheritance of leaf and stem rust resistance in Triticum monococcum L." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-069.

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Resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici Rob. ex Desm.) is common in Triticum monococcum L. For example, the 49 accessions in the University of Saskatchewan collection all gave a fleck reaction to leaf rust race CBB. To obtain some indication of whether they all carried the same gene, a set of diallel crosses was made among five of the accessions and three extra crosses were made between two additional accessions and two in the diallel set. The 13 F2 populations involving a total of seven accessions were tested with LR CBB and no segregation for susceptible seedlings occurred. Thus, the seven T. monococcum accessions all carried at least one gene in common. To determine the number of genes involved in leaf rust resistance, four crosses were made between a highly resistant accession, TM157 (IT 0;), and four moderately resistant ones (IT 2−). The F2 populations segregated for two independent dominant genes, one conditioning a fleck reaction and one a type 2 reaction. All seven highly resistant accessions must carry the first gene. Two of the T. monococcum accessions were resistant to stem rust (P. graminisf. sp. tritici Eriks. & Henn.) SR TMH. They proved to carry single genes for resistance, Sr22 in TM65 and Sr35 in TM157. Key words: Wheat, leaf rust, stem rust, inheritance

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Migui, S. M., and R. J. Lamb. "Seedling and adult plant resistance to Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Triticum monococcum (Poaceae), an ancestor of wheat." Bulletin of Entomological Research 94, no. 1 (February 2004): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2003278.

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AbstractCereal aphids are important pests of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. and Triticum durum Desf. Crop resistance is a desirable method for managing cereal aphids in central North America, where the dominant crop, spring-sown wheat, has a low value per unit area. A diploid ancestor of wheat, Triticum monococcum L., is reported to be partially resistant to Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), the most damaging cereal aphid in the region. To identify potential sources of resistance, 42 accessions of T. monococcum and three cultivated wheats were infested with aphids, seedlings for six days and adult plants for 21 days. Overall resistance was estimated by the biomass loss of foliage and spikes in relation to uninfested control plants. Antibiosis was estimated by the gain in biomass of aphids during infestation, and tolerance was estimated as a biomass conversion ratio, overall resistance divided by antibiosis. A few T. monococcum accessions exhibited partial resistance. No relationship was found between seedling and adult plant resistance: the former exhibited primarily antibiosis and the latter primarily tolerance. Two accessions with antibiosis reduced aphid biomass by 60% compared with commercial wheats. Tolerance was correlated with growth potential, and was useful only in accessions with high growth potential. Four accessions exhibited tolerance levels at least 30% greater than commercial wheats. Highly susceptible accessions also were identified, which would be useful for investigating the inheritance of antibiosis and tolerance.

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Salmanowicz, Bolesław, Monika Langner, Halina Wiśniewska, Barbara Apolinarska, Michał Kwiatek, and Lidia Błaszczyk. "Molecular, Physicochemical and Rheological Characteristics of Introgressive Triticale/Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum Lines with Wheat 1D/1A Chromosome Substitution." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14, no. 8 (July 26, 2013): 15595–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms140815595.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Monococcum'

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