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Journal articles on the topic 'Monkeys'
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1
Lariman, Abinda Muchlas Barru, and Dijan Sunar Rukmi. "Distribution of Proboscis Monkeys (Nasalis Larvatus Wurmb, 1787) in Forest Fragmentation Area, Tunan River, Waru District, East Kalimantan, Indonesia." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 06, no. 07 (2022): 602–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2022.6736.
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The proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb, 1787) is an endemic primate of the island of Borneo that is protected and threatened with extinction. Deforestation is the biggest threat to proboscis monkeys because it destroys the ideal habitat for proboscis monkeys. The proboscis monkey’s habitat includes various types of forest such as wetland forest, peat forest, heath forest, rubber forest, and mangrove forest associated with water. The Tunan River is one of the proboscis monkey’s habitats outside the conservation area in the form of a forest that is fragmented apart by roads, residential areas, plantations, and ponds. Meanwhile, the spread of proboscis monkeys in the Tunan river forest fragmentation area, Waru District, North Penajam Paser Regency, East Kalimantan has never been reported so that a study is needed to determine its distribution. This research was started from January to February 2022. The data was collected using the boat survey method, namely observation by using a boat. The results obtained were twenty-four proboscis monkey distribution points based on direct observation. The distribution pattern of proboscis monkeys tends to be random in the fragmentation area and is found more in the upstream than downstream areas due to habitat conditions and the presence of forage trees that support the proboscis monkey population. Therefore, to preserve the proboscis monkey, it is necessary to provide information to the surrounding community by protecting the proboscis monkey habitat
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Ilman, Ahmad Barkah, and J. C. Heldiansyah. "REDESAIN TAMAN WISATA ALAM PULAU BAKUT." JURNAL TUGAS AKHIR MAHASISWA LANTING 13, no. 1 (March 13, 2024): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jtamlanting.v13i1.2468.
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Nature tourism park is a designation for landscapes that are protected through long-term planning, sustainable use and agriculture. These precious landscapes are preserved in their current state and promoted for tourism purposes. In the Bakut Island Nature Park, there are several groups of proboscis monkeys spread across the island, which are known as their natural habitat. Currently, the proboscis monkey, which is endemic to the island of Kalimantan, has received an endangered status after experiencing a population decline caused by the loss of the proboscis monkey's natural habitat. Currently, Bakut Island is one of the natural proboscis monkey conservation locations, but there is a natural tourism park that openly shows human activity at that location. This can affect the activity of proboscis monkeys in their survival. Responding to this, it is felt necessary to redesign the TWA which uses a concept that creates a relationship between humans and proboscis monkeys without directly involving the proboscis monkeys with the concept of Camouflage Architecture which hides human activity from the proboscis monkey's view and Biophilic Architecture in efforts to heal nature.
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Joiner, Wilsaan M., James Cavanaugh, Edmond J. FitzGibbon, and Robert H. Wurtz. "Corollary discharge contributes to perceived eye location in monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 10 (November 15, 2013): 2402–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00362.2013.
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Despite saccades changing the image on the retina several times per second, we still perceive a stable visual world. A possible mechanism underlying this stability is that an internal retinotopic map is updated with each saccade, with the location of objects being compared before and after the saccade. Psychophysical experiments have shown that humans derive such location information from a corollary discharge (CD) accompanying saccades. Such a CD has been identified in the monkey brain in a circuit extending from superior colliculus to frontal cortex. There is a missing piece, however. Perceptual localization is established only in humans and the CD circuit only in monkeys. We therefore extended measurement of perceptual localization to the monkey by adapting the target displacement detection task developed in humans. During saccades to targets, the target disappeared and then reappeared, sometimes at a different location. The monkeys reported the displacement direction. Detections of displacement were similar in monkeys and humans, but enhanced detection of displacement from blanking the target at the end of the saccade was observed only in humans, not in monkeys. Saccade amplitude varied across trials, but the monkey's estimates of target location did not follow that variation, indicating that eye location depended on an internal CD rather than external visual information. We conclude that monkeys use a CD to determine their new eye location after each saccade, just as humans do.
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Masataka, Nobuo, and Kazuo Fujita. "Vocal Learning of Japanese and Rhesus Monkeys." Behaviour 109, no. 3-4 (1989): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853989x00222.
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AbstractForaging vocalizations given by Japanese and rhesus momkeys reared by their biological mothers differed from each other in a single parameter. Calls made by a Japanese monkey fostered by a rhesus female were dissimilar to those of conspecifics reared by their biological mothers, but similar to those of rhesus monkeys reared by their biological mothers, and the vocalizations given by rhesus monkeys fostered by Japanese monkey mothers were dissimilar to those of conspecifics reared by their biological mothers, but similar to those of Japanese monkeys reared by their biological mothers. Playback experiments revealed that both Japanese and rhesus monkeys distinguished between the calls of Japanese monkeys reared by their biological mothers and of the cross-fostered rhesus monkeys on one hand, and the vocalizations of rhesus monkeys reared by their biological mothers and of the cross-fostered Japanese monkey on the other hand. Thus, production of species-specific vocalizations was learned by each species, and it was the learned species-difference which the monkeys themselves discriminated.
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Zeksen, Albert, Sugeng P. Harianto, Yulia Rahma Fitriana, and Gunardi Djoko Winarno. "336 PERILAKU HARIAN MONYET EKOR PANJANG (Macaca fascicularis) PADA OBJEK WISATA: STUDY KASUS DI TAMAN WISATA HUTAN KERA BANDAR LAMPUNG, PROVISI LAMPUNG." Jurnal Hutan Tropis 9, no. 2 (August 5, 2021): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jht.v9i2.11283.
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A monkey forest tourism park is a tourist attraction whose function is to preserve the long tailed monkey’s (Macaca fascicularis) population and to benefit it as a tourist attraction. The research was taking place at the Monkey Forest Tourism Park/Taman Wisata Hutan Kera (TWHK) Bandar Lampung in Bandar Lampung City, Lampung Province, in November 2018. This study objective was to understand he interaction between monkeys and tourists influence the daily activities of long-tailed monkeys, by etermining the behavior of eating, resting, and moving. The dialy tourist presence was observed in order to analyse this impact to anaimal behavior. Observations in this research were carried out using the scan sampling method by observing and recording continuously the daily behavior over a certain period of time. The research was conducted in the period of time at 6:00 AM to 18:00 PM WIB with intervals observation time for 30 minutes for 14 consecutive days. The results showed 50% switching behavior, 31% resting, and 19% eating of all daily behavior. Factors that influence the most dominant behavior are the presence of natural food in TWHKis very small and the dependence of long-tailed monkeys to receive food from tourists. A long-tailed monkey’s natural food source at TWHK is the main factor influencing behavior change.The research implication is the enrichment of feed sources both type and amount of feed is important in TWHK
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Damania, Blossom, and Ronald C. Desrosiers. "Simian homologues of human herpesvirus 8." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1408 (April 29, 2001): 535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0782.
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γ–Herpesviruses can be found in most primates including Old World an New World monkeys. The γ– herpesvirinae are grouped into two classes: lymphocryptoviruses (γ 1 ) and rhadinoviruses (γ 2 ). The lymphocryptoviruses include Epstein–Barr virus, lymphocryptovirus of rhesus monkeys, and Herpesvirus papio of baboons. Rhadinoviruses that infect New World monkeys include Herpesvirus saimiri , whose natural host is the squirrel monkey, and Herpesvirus ateles , which infects spider monkeys. Rhadinoviruses that infect hominoids and Old World monkeys include Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus, also known as HHV–8, and rhesus monkey rhadinovirus.
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Bushnell, M. C., G. H. Duncan, and N. Tremblay. "Thalamic VPM nucleus in the behaving monkey. I. Multimodal and discriminative properties of thermosensitive neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 739–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.3.739.
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1. The role of the thalamic ventroposterior medial (VPM) nucleus in the discriminative aspects of nociception and thermoreception was evaluated in alert, trained rhesus monkeys. Single-unit responses were recorded from VPM while the monkeys performed a battery of tasks involving noxious heat, innocuous cool, and air-puff stimuli presented to the face. The discriminative ability of the monkey was compared directly with the responses of single neurons, to determine whether the neuronal response could subserve the monkey's discriminative behavior. 2. Most thermally sensitive neurons exhibited multimodal properties. Only 18% responded exclusively to heat (HT-Heat neurons), whereas 27% responded to innocuous mechanical, as well as noxious mechanical and heat stimuli (WDR-Heat). Twenty-three percent responded to innocuous mechanical stimuli and innocuous skin cooling (Mechano-Cool), and 32% responded to mechanical, innocuous cool, and noxious heat stimuli (WDR-Heat-Cool). 3. Almost all mechanical receptive fields were confined to one division of the trigeminal nerve. This was true for all of the above categories of VPM neurons, even those showing highly convergent properties (WDR-Heat-Cool). 4. Heat-activated neurons produced graded responses to noxious skin heating in the 46 to 49 degrees C range. Stimulus-response functions of neurons that responded to both heat and cool did not differ from those of neurons that responded exclusively to skin heating. 5. When the monkeys were detecting small changes in the intensity of a noxious heat stimulus (e.g., from 47 to 47.1–47.8 degrees C), heat-activated neurons responded to the smallest temperature changes that could be detected by the monkeys. Further, there was a high correlation between the monkey's success in detecting the stimulus changes and the magnitude of the neuronal responses to those changes. 6. Although the responsiveness of VPM cool-activated neurons was not compared with the monkeys' threshold for detecting cooling changes, larger stimulus changes (2 degrees C) that the monkey reliably detected produced significant neuronal responses. Further studies are needed to determine whether VPM neurons respond to the smallest detectable changes in skin cooling. 7. Several thermally sensitive VPM neurons were tested under two attentional conditions: 1) while the monkey was required to attend to a visual stimulus, and 2) while it was required to attend to the thermal stimulus to obtain reward. None showed a significant difference in heat- or cool-evoked activity in the two attentional states.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Baker, Mary. "Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus capucinus) and the Ancient Maya." Ancient Mesoamerica 3, no. 2 (1992): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100000651.
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AbstractTwo genera of nonhuman primates that include howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata and Alouatta pigra) and spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) currently are located throughout the Maya region. It has been suggested that the Classic Maya associated these monkeys, especially howler monkeys, with the arts. This view is exemplified in the Popol Vuh and in depictions of monkey-man scribes on Late Classic (c. a.d. 550–900) ceramics. This paper provides evidence that a third genus, the capuchin monkey (Cebus capucinus), is also located in the southern Maya region and may have extended as far north as Belize within the last century. Supporting data are drawn from historic accounts, artifact and faunal analysis, and linguistic data. It is also proposed, based on an interspecific comparison of morphological and behavioral characteristics, that capuchin monkeys rather than howler monkeys are the animals represented in depictions of monkey scribes.
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Liu, Zhen, Yijun Cai, Zhaodi Liao, Yuting Xu, Yan Wang, Zhanyang Wang, Xiaoyu Jiang, et al. "Cloning of a gene-edited macaque monkey by somatic cell nuclear transfer." National Science Review 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz003.
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Abstract Cloning of macaque monkeys by somatic cell nucleus transfer (SCNT) allows the generation of monkeys with uniform genetic backgrounds that are useful for the development of non-human primate models of human diseases. Here, we report the feasibility of this approach by SCNT of fibroblasts from a macaque monkey (Macaca fascicularis), in which a core circadian transcription factor BMAL1 was knocked out by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/Cas9 gene editing (see accompanying paper). Out of 325 SCNT embryos transferred into 65 surrogate monkeys, we cloned five macaque monkeys with BMAL1 mutations in both alleles without mosaicism, with nuclear genes identical to that of the fibroblast donor monkey. Further peripheral blood mRNA analysis confirmed the complete absence of the wild-type BMAL1 transcript. This study demonstrates that the SCNT approach could be used to generate cloned monkeys from fibroblasts of a young adult monkeys and paves the way for the development of macaque monkey disease models with uniform genetic backgrounds.
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Imam, Ekwal, H. S. A. Yahya, and Iqbal Malik. "A successful mass translocation of commensal rhesus monkeys Macaca mulatta in Vrindaban, India." Oryx 36, no. 1 (January 2002): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605302000133.
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Rhesus monkeys Macaca mulatta and people have coexisted for many years in Vrindaban in Mathura District, Uttar Pradesh, India. The monkeys are highly valued both by locals and pilgrims to the area, in part because of their quasi sacred status, but during the last two decades the increasing human and monkey populations of the township have led to severe human-monkey conflict and a decrease in people's respect for the monkeys. To ease this situation one of the world's largest ever translocations of monkeys was undertaken. In 1995, 30 groups of rhesus monkeys, comprising an estimated 1,338 individuals, were recorded in Vrindaban. Of these, 12 groups, a total of 600 individuals, were translocated in January 1997 to eight sites in seminatural forested areas within the same District. A post-translocation study indicated that the translocated monkeys were settled and appeared to be exhibiting normal behaviour. This study indicates that translocation of commensal monkeys to forested areas can be a successful technique for their rehabilitation.
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Knight, John. "Monkey Mountain as a Megazoo: Analyzing the Naturalistic Claims of "Wild Monkey Parks" in Japan." Society & Animals 14, no. 3 (2006): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853006778149226.
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AbstractIn Japan, yaen kōen or "wild monkey parks" are popular visitor attractions that show free-ranging monkey troops to the paying public. Unlike zoos, which display nonhuman animals through confinement, monkey parks control the movements of the monkeys through provisioning. The parks project an image of themselves as "natural zoos," claiming to practice a more authentic form of displaying animals-in-the-wild than that practiced by the zoo. This article critically evaluates the monkey park's claim by examining park management of the monkeys. The article shows the monkey park's claim to display wild monkeys to be questionable because of the way that provisioning changes monkey behavior. Against the background of human encroachment onto the forest habitat of the monkey, the long-term effect of provisioning is to sedentarize nomadic monkey animals and to turn the wild monkey park into a megazoo.
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Connors, Catherine. "Monkey Business: Imitation, Authenticity, and Identity from Pithekoussai to Plautus." Classical Antiquity 23, no. 2 (October 1, 2004): 179–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ca.2004.23.2.179.
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Abstract This essay explores references to monkeys as a way of talking about imitation, authenticity, and identity in Greek stories about the ““Monkey Island”” Pithekoussai (modern Ischia) and in Athenian insults, and in Plautus' comedy. In early Greek contexts, monkey business defines what it means to be aristocratic and authoritative. Classical Athenians use monkeys to think about what it means to be authentically Athenian: monkey business is a figure for behavior which threatens democratic culture——sycophancy or other deceptions of the people. Plautus' monkey imagery across the corpus of his plays moves beyond the Athenian use of ““monkey”” as a term of abuse and uses the ““imitative”” relation of monkeys to men as a metapoetic figure for invention and play-making. For Plautus, imitator——and distorter——of Greek plays, monkeys' distorted imitations of men are mapped not onto the relations between inauthentic and authentic citizens, as in Athens, but onto the relation of Roman to Greek comedy and culture at large. Monkey business in Plautus is part of the insistence on difference which was always crucial in Roman encounters with Greek culture.
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Dogadov, D. I., L. I. Korzaya, K. K. Kyuregyan, A. A. Karlsen, M. I. Mikhailov, and B. A. Lapin. "Markers of hepatitis A in the monkeys of the Adlers primate center." Problems of Virology, Russian journal 64, no. 5 (October 20, 2019): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-2019-64-5-246-249.
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Hepatitis A is a widespread viral infection. The HAV strains of “human” and “monkey” origin are similar in their morphological and antigenic properties, but differ genotypically.The aim of this research was a comparative study of serological and molecular-genetic markers of HAV infection in monkeys born at the Adler Primate Center and in those imported from different countries.Material and methods. Fecal samples (n = 313) and serum (n = 266) from various species of monkey using ELISA and RT-PCR were studied.Results and discussion. The frequency of anti-HAV-IgG was high (78.9%) in imported animals (vervet monkeys from Tanzania and cynomolgus monkeys from Vietnam) and as well as in various species of monkeys (rhesus monkeys, cynomolgus monkeys, green monkeys and papio hamadryas) of the Center (88.6%). At the same time, in the imported monkeys, the markers of “fresh” HAV infection (IgM-27.2%, Ag-HAV-16.7%, RNA-22.0%) were detected significantly more often (p> 0.05) than in monkeys kept at the Colony (IgM-7.5%, HAV-Ag – 5.2%, RNA – 3.6%). In general, anti-IgG reactivity ranged from 1.064 to 2.073 OD450, anti-IgM ranged from 0.546 to 1.059 OD450. The number of HAV-Ag was 0.496 – 1.995 OD450. RNA HAV only in rhesus monkeys and cynomolgys monkeys born at the Colony, as well as in imported vervet monkeys was detected.Conclusions. The data obtained indicate a wide circulation of HAV among monkeys born in the Adler Primate Center and among the imported animals. Markers of “fresh” HAV infection varied depending on the species of monkeys and their origin.
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Miller, M. D., H. Yamamoto, A. L. Hughes, D. I. Watkins, and N. L. Letvin. "Definition of an epitope and MHC class I molecule recognized by gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in SIVmac-infected rhesus monkeys." Journal of Immunology 147, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 320–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.147.1.320.
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Abstract Infection of macaque monkeys with the simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (SIVmac) results in disease similar to human AIDS. Therefore, the macaque monkey is proving to be an important model for testing the effectiveness of various AIDS vaccine approaches. A detailed analysis of the cellular immune responses is necessary for the evaluation of candidate vaccines. However, this has not been possible in macaques, due, in part, to the unknown nature of the MHC molecules that restrict their T lymphocytes. In our report we demonstrate that a particular MHC class I molecule involved in the rhesus monkey's effector T lymphocyte response to SIVmac is expressed at a high frequency in a colony of rhesus monkeys. SIVmac-infected monkeys that express this MHC class I molecule all develop CTL that are restricted by that molecule and recognize an identical nine amino acid epitope of the SIVmac gag protein. This MHC class I molecule has been defined as an HLA-A homolog by cDNA cloning and sequencing. It has also been expressed in an MHC class I-deficient cell line to demonstrate directly the cloned molecule's capacity to bind and present peptide Ag to CTL. These studies illustrate that AIDS virus-specific CTL can be characterized in detail in the rhesus monkey and lay the foundation for exploring novel approaches to AIDS virus vaccination in this species.
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Joshi, Anand C., and Vallabh E. Das. "Muscimol inactivation of caudal fastigial nucleus and posterior interposed nucleus in monkeys with strabismus." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 8 (October 15, 2013): 1882–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00233.2013.
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Previously, we showed that neurons in the supraoculomotor area (SOA), known to encode vergence angle in normal monkeys, encode the horizontal eye misalignment in strabismic monkeys. The SOA receives afferent projections from the caudal fastigial nucleus (cFN) and the posterior interposed nucleus (PIN) in the cerebellum. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the potential roles of the cFN and PIN in 1) conjugate eye movements and 2) binocular eye alignment in strabismic monkeys. We used unilateral injections of the GABAA agonist muscimol to reversibly inactivate the cFN (4 injections in exotropic monkey S1 with ∼4° of exotropia; 5 injections in esotropic monkey S2 with ∼34° of esotropia) and the PIN (3 injections in monkey S1). cFN inactivation induced horizontal saccade dysmetria in all experiments (mean 39% increase in ipsilesional saccade gain and 26% decrease in contralesional gain). Also, mean contralesional smooth-pursuit gain was decreased by 31%. cFN inactivation induced a divergent change in eye alignment in both monkeys, with exotropia increasing by an average of 9.8° in monkey S1 and esotropia decreasing by an average of 11.2° in monkey S2 ( P < 0.001). Unilateral PIN inactivation in monkey S1 resulted in a mean increase in the gain of upward saccades by 13% and also induced a convergent change in eye alignment, reducing exotropia by an average of 2.7° ( P < 0.001). We conclude that cFN/PIN influences on conjugate eye movements in strabismic monkeys are similar to those postulated in normal monkeys and cFN/PIN play important and complementary roles in maintaining the steady-state misalignment in strabismus.
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Adhikari, Ram Chandra. "Study of human and monkey conflict in Dhankuta Municipality, Dhankuta, Province 1, Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Biosciences 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njbs.v8i1.51721.
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The study was launched in 2017 in Dhankuta Municipality, mid hill region of Nepal. The area has been suffered from monkeys' activities for many years but detail study and management plan of overpopulated monkey have not been made yet. Questionnaire, focus group discussion, key informants survey, direct observation methods were used for collection of data. 45% of respondents observed monkeys group twice a day in their area and 40% of monkeys were from Salleri forest. The finding showed that human threated the monkey and monkey were also disturbing the human. Mostly (71%) was found threats to the monkey from human side. From the side of monkey major problem was crop loss (66%). The maximum victim persons from monkey (40) were adult female. Mostly raided crop was maize (29%) followed by rice (18%). Most of the respondents (35%) revealed that annual loss was US dollar 100 to 150. For the deterrent 52% used catapult. It was found that 38% respondents had left the fallow land due the negative impact of monkey. Most of the respondents (57%) opinioned that the monkeys of that area should be translocated to other places. Some (22%) suggested killing would be the best policy.
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Diamond, Catherine. "Human See, Human Do: Simianification, Cross-species, Cross-cultural, Body Transformation." New Theatre Quarterly 31, no. 3 (July 9, 2015): 263–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x1500041x.
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Simianification is the practice of humans inhabiting the simian body on stage. Because Asians have lived with monkeys and apes, several Asian theatre traditions have long legacies of representing monkeys on stage. In Europe and North America, where non-human primates did not exist, they are not a familiar feature in performance until nineteenth-century music hall and circus and twentieth-century film and television. In some recent performances in Asia dancers and actors have expanded their understanding of monkey roles by incorporating scientific discoveries, modern movement techniques, and global pop culture. On the British and American stage, actors experiment to ‘impersonate’ the humanized ape bodily and mentally, without the aid of the disguises and prosthetics usual in film. These performers ‘embody’ the philosophical inquiry of what it means to ‘be monkey’ by inhabiting a monkey’s body while still performing ‘art’ for a human audience. Catherine Diamond, a Contributing Editor to NTQ, is a professor of theatre and environmental literature at Soochow University, Taiwan. She is also the director of the Kinnari Ecological Theatre Project in Southeast Asia.
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Kott, Kayleen S., Kent E. Pinkerton, John M. Bric, Charles G. Plopper, Krishna P. Avadhanam, and Jesse P. Joad. "Methacholine responsiveness of proximal and distal airways of monkeys and rats using videomicrometry." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 989–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00415.2001.
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Rat and monkey are species that are used in models of human airway hyperresponsiveness. However, the wall structures of rat and monkey airways are different from each other, with that of the monkey more closely resembling that of humans. We hypothesized that differences in wall structure would explain differences in airway responsiveness. Using videomicrometry, we measured airway luminal area in lung slices to compare proximal and distal airway responsiveness to methacholine in the rat and monkey. The airway type was then histologically identified. Proximal airways of the young rat and monkey were equally responsive to methacholine. In contrast, respiratory bronchioles of monkeys were less responsive than were their proximal bronchi, whereas the distal bronchioles of rats were more responsive than their proximal bronchioles. Both proximal and distal airways of younger monkeys were more responsive than those of older monkeys. Airway heterogeneity in young monkeys was greatest with regard to degree of airway closure of respiratory bronchioles. We conclude that responsiveness to methacholine varies with airway wall structure and location.
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Solomon, Daniel Allen. "Interpellation and Affect." Humanimalia 8, no. 1 (September 22, 2016): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52537/humanimalia.9651.
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Journalistic and environmentalist discourses casting urban monkeys as outsiders to city landscapes in India appear in concert with efforts to produce a separation between the species through mass translocation of monkeys to beyond city limits. The monkeys are rhesus macaques, and despite popular notions that they are outsiders to human worlds, they exist and sometimes even flourish in the material-symbolic environments of South Asian cities, villages, farms and pastures. Contrary to the predominant discourse on urban monkeys, rhesus at “monkey temples” like Jakhoo Mandir in Shimla demonstrate that nonhuman primates can participate in the production of shared material-semiotic environments. Monkey temples are the products of an adaptive social hybridization at the confluence of coevolutionary interrelation, human religious-ethical sentiment, and the ongoing affective labors of monkeys. The assumption of human political and spatial pre-eminence and its correlative in management practice, mass translocation, are not necessary preconditions for a world in which both humans and monkeys can flourish.
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Wright, Anthony A., and William A. Roberts. "Monkey and Human Face Perception: Inversion Effects for Human Faces But Not for Monkey Faces or Scenes." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 8, no. 3 (July 1996): 278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1996.8.3.278.
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Three rhesus monkeys and two groups of 10 human subjects judged upright or inverted pictures as same or different. The pictures were black and white pairs of human faces, monkey faces, or scenes. The monkeys were trained with sets of 50 pictures and were tested with other sets of 36 pictures from each category. The groups of 10 human subjects were tested with the same pictures used to test monkeys. Both monkeys and humans showed large performance decrements to inverted human faces relative to upright human faces but neither species showed inversion effects for monkey faces or scenes. A second test with both monkeys and humans showed the same pattern of results with a different set of human-face pictures that varied more in sex (female as well as male), facial hair, eyeglasses, haircut, view angle, and background than those of the first test. The results indicate similar face-processing mechanisms in monkeys and humans despite experiential and evolutionary differences.
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Freedman, David J., Maximilian Riesenhuber, Tomaso Poggio, and Earl K. Miller. "Visual Categorization and the Primate Prefrontal Cortex: Neurophysiology and Behavior." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 2 (August 1, 2002): 929–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.2.929.
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The ability to group stimuli into meaningful categories is a fundamental cognitive process. To explore its neuronal basis, we trained monkeys to categorize computer-generated stimuli as “cats” and “dogs.” A morphing system was used to systematically vary stimulus shape and precisely define a category boundary. Psychophysical testing and analysis of eye movements suggest that the monkeys categorized the stimuli by attending to multiple stimulus features. Neuronal activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex reflected the category of visual stimuli and changed with learning when a monkey was retrained with the same stimuli assigned to new categories. Further, many neurons showed activity that appeared to reflect the monkey's decision about whether two stimuli were from the same category or not. These results suggest that the lateral prefrontal cortex is an important part of the neuronal circuitry underlying category learning and category-based behaviors.
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Groseclose, Mark Reid, Jeremy Barry, Yongle Pang, Jennifer Deutsch, Shannon Berry, Elaina McCormick, David K. Lim, et al. "Abstract 3581: Differentiation of niraparib and olaparib brain penetration in healthy rhesus macaque monkeys." Cancer Research 83, no. 7_Supplement (April 4, 2023): 3581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-3581.
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Abstract Purpose: There remains an unmet need to provide effective treatment therapy for patients with primary and metastatic brain tumors; lack of drug penetration across the blood brain barrier (BBB) is a key factor. Synthetic lethality is an attractive mechanism in treating brain tumors post radiotherapy. Here we investigate the brain penetration of niraparib and olaparib in healthy monkeys to understand the potential of each to cross the intact BBB. Experimental Procedures: Four healthy male Rhesus macaque monkeys were dosed daily via oral gavage for five days with either niraparib (n=2; 6 mg/kg) or olaparib (n=2; 10 mg/kg). Pre-dose blood was collected daily and terminal blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain tissue was collected at necropsy. Coronal brain sections were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) to quantitatively assess the tissue distribution of the dosed compounds. Blood, CSF, and bulk homogenate of brain tissue were analyzed by LC-MS bioanalysis. Summary of Data: Greater brain penetration was observed for niraparib when compared to olaparib in healthy Rhesus macaque monkeys following five days oral administration. The unbound brain-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp,uu,brain) was 15x higher for niraparib compared to olaparib. Quantitative MALDI IMS of coronal brain sections from monkeys administered niraparib showed consistent concentrations distributed throughout the brain parenchyma. Olaparib was not detected by MALDI IMS in any of the coronal brain sections collected from the monkeys administered olaparib. Similar plasma and CSF concentrations were observed between the monkey’s administered niraparib vs olaparib, highlighting the unique ability of niraparib to cross the intact BBB of monkeys and distribute throughout the brain. Conclusions: Niraparib showed markedly higher brain penetration than olaparib in healthy Rhesus macaque monkeys demonstrating enhanced ability to cross intact BBB. Summary of Quantification Results Displayed as Total Conc. with Adjusted Free Conc. in Parentheses Compound Animal LC-MS Pre-Dose Plasma Days 1-5 (ng/mL) LC-MS Pre-Dose Plasma Days 1-5 (ng/mL) LC-MS Terminal CSF (ng/mL) LC-MS Bulk Brain Homogenate (ng/g) MALDI IMS Brain Section Average (ng/g) Kp,uu Brain/Plasma Mean Kp, uu Brain/Plasma Niraparib Monkey 1 BLQ, 28 (10), 49 (18), 59 (22), 72 (26) 84 (31) 9 378 (14) 283 (10) 0.45 0.30 Niraparib Monkey 2 BLQ, 58 (21), 87 (32), 74 (27), 66 (24) 436 (160) 25 797 (29) 684 (25) 0.16 Olaparib Monkey 3 BLQ, 27 (8), 26 (8), 33 (10), 33 (10) 322 (99) 13 12 (2) BLQ 0.02 0.02 Olaparib Monkey 4 BLQ, 51 (16), 17 (5), 53 (16), 45 (14) 254 (78) 6 11 (2) BLQ 0.03 Citation Format: Mark Reid Groseclose, Jeremy Barry, Yongle Pang, Jennifer Deutsch, Shannon Berry, Elaina McCormick, David K. Lim, Hoang Tran, Sean Maguire, Hasan Alsaid, Amine Aziez, Elaine Paul, Keyur Gada. Differentiation of niraparib and olaparib brain penetration in healthy rhesus macaque monkeys. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3581.
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Song, Byeongwoon, Hassan Javanbakht, Michel Perron, Do Hyun Park, Matthew Stremlau, and Joseph Sodroski. "Retrovirus Restriction by TRIM5α Variants from Old World and New World Primates." Journal of Virology 79, no. 7 (April 1, 2005): 3930–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.7.3930-3937.2005.
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ABSTRACT The TRIM5α proteins of humans and some Old World monkeys have been shown to block infection of particular retroviruses following virus entry into the host cell. Infection of most New World monkey cells by the simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (SIVmac) is restricted at a similar point. Here we examine the antiretroviral activity of TRIM5α orthologs from humans, apes, Old World monkeys, and New World monkeys. Chimpanzee and orangutan TRIM5α proteins functionally resembled human TRIM5α, potently restricting infection by N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) and moderately restricting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Notably, TRIM5α proteins from several New World monkey species restricted infection by SIVmac and the SIV of African green monkeys, SIVagm. Spider monkey TRIM5α, which has an expanded B30.2 domain v3 region due to a tandem triplication, potently blocked infection by a range of retroviruses, including SIVmac, SIVagm, HIV-1, and N-MLV. Tandem duplications in the TRIM5α B30.2 domain v1 region of African green monkeys are also associated with broader antiretroviral activity. Thus, variation in TRIM5α proteins among primate species accounts for the observed patterns of postentry restrictions in cells from these animals. The TRIM5α proteins of some monkey species exhibit dramatic lengthening of particular B30.2 variable regions and an expanded range of susceptible retroviruses.
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Sharma, S., S. Shrestha, and L. Khanal. "Motor Stereotypic Behaviors in Zoo Rhesus Monkeys: a Case Study of the Central Zoo, Kathmandu, Nepal." zoodiversity 57, no. 3 (2023): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/zoo2023.03.239.
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Motor stereotypic behaviors (MSBs) are a kind of repetitive behaviors performed by stressed animals and are more common in captivity. This study aimed to assess whether the MSB in captive rhesus monkeys varies between males and females, and with the extent of visitor-monkey interactions. A group of six rhesus monkeys (two adult males and four adult females; among females, two were rescued from the wild and two were captive-born) housed in the Central Zoo, Kathmandu Nepal were sampled in the study. Behavioral observations were done by focal animal sampling for 30 minutes in each session from 8:00 AM till 10:00 AM in the absence of visitors and 10:00 AM–12:00 PM in the presence of visitors. At every 10 minutes interval, the number of visitors around the cage and the level of visitor-monkey interactions were scanned. Pacing and bounce were the MSBs performed by the zoo rhesus monkeys. Females, especially the rescued ones, performed significantly more MSBs than the males. An increase in visitor-monkey interaction involved the monkeys into more begging and feeding, which in turn lowered the MSBs. The findings of this study indicate that interactive enrichment such as feeding and visitor-monkey interactions help to reduce MSBs in zoo monkeys.
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Pruett, J. R., R. J. Sinclair, and H. Burton. "Neural Correlates for Roughness Choice in Monkey Second Somatosensory Cortex (SII)." Journal of Neurophysiology 86, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 2069–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.4.2069.
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This experiment explored the relationship between neural firing patterns in second somatosensory cortex (SII) and decisions about roughness of tactile gratings. Neural and behavioral data were acquired while monkeys made dichotomous roughness classifications of pairs of gratings that differed in groove width (1.07 vs. 1.90 and 1.42 vs. 2.53 mm). A computer-controlled device delivered the gratings to a single immobilized finger pad. In one set of experiments, three levels of contact force (30, 60, and 90 g) were assigned to these gratings at random. In another set of experiments, three levels of scanning speed (40, 80, and 120 mm/s) were assigned to these gratings at random. Groove width was the intended variable for roughness. Force variation disrupted the monkeys' groove-width (roughness) classifications more than did speed variation. A sample of 32 SII cells showed correlated changes in firing (positive or negative effects of both variables) when groove width and force increased. While these cells were recorded, the monkeys made roughness classification errors, confusing wide groove-width gratings at low force with narrow groove-width gratings at high force. Three-dimensional plots show how some combinations of groove width and force perturbed the monkeys' trial-wise classifications of grating roughness. Psychometric functions show that errors occurred when firing rates failed to distinguish gratings. A possible interpretation is that when asked to classify grating roughness, the monkeys based classifications on the firing rates of a subset of roughness-sensitive cells in SII. Results support human psychophysical data and extend the roughness range of a model of the effects of groove width and force on roughness. One monkey's SII neural sample (21 cells) showed significant correlation between firing rate response functions for groove width and speed (both correlations either positive or negative). Only that monkey showed a statistically significant interaction between groove width and speed on roughness classification performance. This additional finding adds weight to the argument that SII cell firing rates influenced monkey roughness classifications.
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Nakai, Mitsukazu, Toru Itakura, Ichiro Kamei, Kunio Nakai, Yutaka Naka, Harumichi Imai, and Norihiko Komai. "Autologous transplantation of the superior cervical ganglion into the brain of parkinsonian monkeys." Journal of Neurosurgery 72, no. 1 (January 1990): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1990.72.1.0091.
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✓ The effect of autologous transplantation of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) into the brain of parkinsonian monkeys was studied through quantitative measurement of animal behavior. The motor activity of the monkey was measured with a telemetry system during the experiment. After experimental parkinsonism was induced by repeated intravenous injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), three monkeys were treated with autologous transplantation of the SCG into both caudate nuclei. One monkey served as a control without SCG transplantation after MPTP treatment. Three SCG-transplanted monkeys showed biphasic (acute and chronic) behavioral amelioration of parkinsonism after transplantation. In the acute stage, the animals showed transient hyperkinesia with aggressive behavior and loss of circadian rhythm. In the chronic stage following acute hyperkinesia, the animals regained normal behavior and circadian rhythm without aggressiveness. In contrast with the transplanted monkeys, the control monkey failed to show recovery of the bradykinesia and muscle rigidity.
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RATHI, ROBIN, and DINESH BHATT. "Human-monkey conflict in human dominated landscape of Najibabad forest division, Bijnor." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 90, no. 5 (September 10, 2020): 788–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v90i5.104633.
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Conflicts between humans and monkeys are recognized among major issues related to human-wildlife conflict. Today, human-monkey conflict has garnered the global attention as over the years it has become a serious concern. The present study was done in the human dominated landscape of Najibabad forest division (NFD). The data were collected from 2015 to 2018. The study aimed to assess the damage caused by monkeys on human-society and crop fields. The study showed that biting humans, destroying orchards, crops and stealing household things are the major damages caused by rhesus macaques (Macaca mullata). Destruction of habitats, over-population, and improper disposal of wastes are the main causes of human-monkey conflict and the monkeys also face threat in such situations. Hostile attitude of people and transportation of trapped monkey to release them in forest causes injuries or even death of monkeys.
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Bempah, Godfred, Changhu Lu, and Yoonjung Yi. "Anthropogenic Food Utilization and Seasonal Difference in Diet of Cercopithecus lowei at a Community Protected Forest in Ghana." Diversity 13, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13120610.
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In recent times, the diet and foraging behaviors of wild animals are influenced by anthropogenic foods since they often share their natural habitats with humans. We investigated the composition, preferred food item, contribution of anthropogenic food at garbage dump sites, and the seasonal effects on the diet of Lowe’s monkeys (Cercopithecus lowei) in the Duasidan Monkey Sanctuary, Ghana. We found that Lowe’s monkeys fed on 13 plant species, as well as anthropogenic foods and invertebrates. The composition of plant diet changed seasonally: Lowe’s monkeys relied more on buds in the dry season while they consumed more fruits in the wet season. However, anthropogenic food was a major component of the diet for both wet (34.8%) and dry seasons (41.3%), suggesting that the monkeys consistently rely on anthropogenic food throughout the year. Nevertheless, we did not observe any conflict between monkeys and local people. The results suggest that Lowe’s monkeys heavily rely on anthropogenic food at human garbage dumps while they maintain a part of their foraging activities in the wild, indicating a need for the proper management of garbage as well as the protection of the natural habitats of Lowe’s monkeys in the Duasidan Monkey Sanctuary, Ghana.
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Das, Vallabh E., Seiji Ono, Ronald J. Tusa, and Michael J. Mustari. "Conjugate Adaptation of Saccadic Gain in Non-Human Primates With Strabismus." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 2 (February 2004): 1078–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00205.2003.
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In this study, we have used the double-step paradigm to test saccadic gain adaptation during monocular viewing in one normal monkey, two monkeys with exotropia, and one monkey with esotropia. In this paradigm, the target for the saccade is displaced during the saccade, resulting in a consistent visual error. Studies in normal humans and monkeys have shown that the brain responds to this consistent visual error by gradually changing saccade gain. Using this technique, we were able to elicit adaptation in both the viewing eye and the nonviewing eye in the normal monkey and in monkeys with strabismus. The rate of adaptation was not significantly different in the viewing and nonviewing eyes in the normal and strabismic monkeys. The magnitude of adaptation as calculated by a percentage change in gain was also not significantly different in the viewing and the nonviewing eyes in the normal and strabismic monkeys. Our data show that animals with strabismus retain the ability to elicit a conjugate adaptation of saccades using this mechanism. We also suggest that the double-step paradigm elicits a conjugate adaptation of saccades whether the animal is viewing monocularly (our studies) or binocularly (data published in literature).
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Hoffmann, Peter, Lori Martin, Michael Keselica, Diane Gunson, Elizabeth Skuba, Dan Lapadula, Michael Hayes, Phil Bentley, and Steve Busch. "Acute Toxicity of Vildagliptin." Toxicologic Pathology 45, no. 1 (October 17, 2016): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623316672944.
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This article describes acute toxicity data in cynomolgus monkeys following oral treatment with vildagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. Acute toxicity symptoms in cynomolgus monkeys include edema formation of the extremities, tails, and face associated with skeletal muscle necrosis, and elevations of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, alanine transaminase, and aspartate aminotransferase activities in the serum; hypothermia; hypotension; tachycardia; moribundity; and death in a few isolated instances. In surviving animals, symptoms were reversible even if treatment was continued. Cynomolgus monkeys from Mauritius appear more sensitive than monkeys of Asian origin. The underlying mechanism(s) of these symptoms in cynomolgus monkeys is currently not well understood, although a vascular mechanism including initial vasoconstriction and subsequent vascular leakage in distal extremities may play a role. The monkey data are reviewed and discussed in the context of other preclinical and clinical data, and it is concluded that acute toxicity following vildagliptin treatment is a monkey-specific phenomenon without relevance for humans.
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Pathak, Satish K. "An Observational Study on Behaviour of Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta) Near Human Residence in Uttar Pradesh, India." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 44, no. 22 (October 31, 2023): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2023/v44i223726.
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The current trend of Rhesus monkey movement towards human settlement is alarming in India. The behaviour of monkey is changing for better adaptation near human residence. The aim of this work was to assess the behaviour and to record the negative impact of monkeys near human residence. The study was conducted during January 2021 to December 2021 on 150 monkeys (approximate value) for a period of one year, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The direct observational method was used in present study to assess behaviour of monkeys. The territorial behaviour, feeding, grooming, clashes within group, playing, sleeping, arboreality, reproduction, interaction with human, communication, interaction with dogs, and peculiar behaviours were observed during study period. The monkeys had well defined territories, diverse feeding habits, groomed each other during rest hours and had better communication skill. The area dominated by monkeys leads to economic losses and affected the physical and mental health of human.
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Yang, Liulu, Hongjie Ren, Niuping Zhu, Shilin Xin, Gaohui Mao, Yiheng Ma, Junbao Li, Qunchao Liang, and Yurong Yang. "Isolation and Genetic Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from a Patas Monkey (Erythrocebus patas) in China." Genes 14, no. 8 (August 10, 2023): 1606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14081606.
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Many cases of Toxoplasma gondii infection have been reported worldwide in non-human primates (NHPs), especially in captive New World monkeys. However, few studies on toxoplasmosis in Old World monkeys have been conducted. In this study, serological and molecular biological analyses were carried out to look for T. gondii antibodies and T. gondii infection in 13 NHPs from China. T. gondii infection was confirmed in 8 NHP cases. T. gondii antibodies were detected in 1/5 New World monkeys and in 4/7 Old World monkeys. T. gondii DNA was detected in 3/5 New World monkeys and 5/7 Old World monkeys. The one ring-tailed lemur was negative for both antibodies and DNA of T. gondii. The most common clinical manifestations of T. gondii infection were malaise, poor appetite, emaciation, and foamy nasal discharge. The most common histopathological findings were interstitial pneumonia, necrotic hepatitis, necrotizing myocarditis, lymphadenitis, and necrotic splenitis. One viable T. gondii strain was successfully isolated from the myocardium of a patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) by bioassay in mice. T. gondii tachyzoites were obtained from cell cultures and were designated as TgMonkeyCHn2. The genotype of this strain belongs to ToxoDB genotype #9, and the allele of ROP18/ROP5 gene was 3/6. TgMonkeyCHn2 tachyzoites were avirulent in Swiss mice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of fatal toxoplasmosis in a patas monkey. T. gondii infection in patas monkeys may indicate environmental contamination by oocysts. The patas monkey is a new host record for T. gondii.
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Schulte, Meredith, Gustavo Gutiérrez-Espeleta, and Jessica W. Lynch. "Human-monkey interaction dynamics and their dietary impacts on central american white-faced capuchins (<i>Cebus imitator</i>) at Manuel Antonio National Park, Costa Rica." Neotropical Primates 26, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.62015/np.2020.v26.73.
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Wild capuchin monkeys are highly adaptable to anthropogenic environments. We assessed how the interaction dynamics between humans and three groups of Panamanian white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus imitator) in Manuel Antonio National Park, the most visited national park of Costa Rica, affected the feeding behavior and diet of these animals in 2008-2009. On average, individual monkeys acquired 2.4 human food items per focal hour during peak hours of park visitation by humans. Although human visitors directly and indirectly provisioned monkeys in the park, 71 % of monkeys’ acquisition of human food items were a result of monkey-initiated interactions (MIIs) rather than human-initiated interactions (HIIs), and adult male monkeys were the most frequent initiators (with 157 adult male MIIs in the study period, compared to 33 initiated by adult females and 84 by juveniles). Adult male monkeys were also the most likely to make direct contact with humans to grab food (35 of 50 direct grabs of food from humans were by adult male monkeys). Adult females acquired food from humans through HIIs at about the same rate as adult males in their group. Secondary acquisition of human food from other monkeys accounted for about one-third of all events of monkey acquisition of human food, and juvenile monkeys had higher median hourly rates than adults in their group to acquire human food through secondary acquisition. Humans frequently offered fruit when provisioning (61.4 % of provisioning events), but monkeys actively acquired fruit, meat, candy, condiments, chips, crackers and dairy items, and only 36.5 % of MIIs were to acquire fruit. Our results suggest that in parks where humans have frequent contact with capuchin monkeys, park regulations should not only prohibit direct provisioning, but require visitors not to bring food into parks. Stronger measures such as fines or park expulsion for those interacting with monkeys might be more effective, and environmental education is necessary as a strategy to inform visitors what to expect from the monkeys and how to avoid accidental provisioning.
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Schlenker, Philippe, Emmanuel Chemla, Anne M. Schel, James Fuller, Jean-Pierre Gautier, Jeremy Kuhn, Dunja Veselinović, et al. "Formal monkey linguistics." Theoretical Linguistics 42, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2016): 1–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tl-2016-0001.
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AbstractWe argue that rich data gathered in experimental primatology in the last 40 years can benefit from analytical methods used in contemporary linguistics. Focusing on the syntactic and especially semantic side, we suggest that these methods could help clarify five questions: (i) what morphology and syntax, if any, do monkey calls have? (ii) what is the ‘lexical meaning’ of individual calls? (iii) how are the meanings of individual calls combined? (iv) how do calls or call sequences compete with each other when several are appropriate in a given situation? (v) how did the form and meaning of calls evolve? We address these questions in five case studies pertaining to cercopithecines (Putty-nosed monkeys, Blue monkeys, and Campbell’s monkeys), colobinae (Guereza monkeys and King Colobus monkeys), and New World monkeys (Titi monkeys). The
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Zaragoza, Concepcion, Rui-mei Li, Gary A. Fahle, Steven H. Fischer, Mark Raffeld, Andrew M. Lewis, and Jeffrey B. Kopp. "Squirrel Monkeys Support Replication of BK Virus More Efficiently than Simian Virus 40: an Animal Model for Human BK Virus Infection." Journal of Virology 79, no. 2 (January 15, 2005): 1320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.2.1320-1326.2005.
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ABSTRACT We performed experiments to test the suitability of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) as an experimental model for BK virus (BKV) and simian virus 40 (SV40) infection. Four squirrel monkeys received intravenous inoculation with BKV Gardner strain, and six squirrel monkeys received intravenous inoculation with SV40 777 strain. Eight of 10 monkeys received immunosuppression therapy, namely, cyclophosphamide subcutaneously either before or both before and after viral inoculation. The presence of viral infection was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR amplification of viral DNA from blood, urine, and 10 tissues. We found that squirrel monkeys were susceptible to infection with BKV, with high viral copy number detected in blood and viral genome detected in all tissues examined. BKV genome was detected in urine from only one monkey, while three monkeys manifested focal interstitial nephritis. BKV T antigen was expressed in renal peritubular capillary endothelial cells. By contrast, SV40 was detected at very low copy numbers in only a few tissues and was not detected in blood. We conclude that the squirrel monkey is a suitable animal for studies of experimental BKV infection and may facilitate studies of viral entry, pathogenesis, and therapy.
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Lanford, Robert E., Deborah Chavez, Azeneth Barrera, and Kathleen M. Brasky. "An Infectious Clone of Woolly Monkey Hepatitis B Virus." Journal of Virology 77, no. 14 (July 15, 2003): 7814–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.14.7814-7819.2003.
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ABSTRACT Members of the Hepadnaviridae family have been isolated from birds, rodents, and primates. A new hepadnavirus isolated from the woolly monkey, a New World primate, is phylogenetically distinct from other primate isolates. An animal model has been established for woolly monkey hepatitis B virus (WMHBV) by using spider monkeys, since woolly monkeys are endangered. In this study, a greater-than-genome length construct was prepared without amplification by using covalently closed circular DNA extracted from the liver of an infected woolly monkey. Transfection of the human liver cell line Huh7 with WMHBV DNA resulted in the production of viral transcripts, DNA replicative intermediates, and secreted virions at levels similar to those obtained with an infectious human HBV clone, demonstrating that the host range restriction of WMHBV is not at the level of genome replication. WMHBV particles from the medium of transfected cultures initiated an infection in a spider monkey similar to that obtained with virions derived from woolly monkey serum. In an attempt to adapt the virus for higher levels of replication in spider monkeys, immunosuppressed and newborn animals were inoculated. Neither procedure produced persistent infections, and the level of viral replication remained several logs lower than that observed in persistently infected woolly monkeys. These data demonstrate the production of an infectious clone for WMHBV and extend the characterization of the spider monkey animal model.
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Addessi, E., M. Stammati, G. Sabbatini, and E. Visalberghi. "How tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) rank monkey chow in relation to other foods." Animal Welfare 14, no. 3 (August 2005): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600029377.
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AbstractCaptive primates are usually fed on monkey chow, a high-energy food designed to provide a complete and balanced diet for primates. In addition to the nutritional value of a food, its palatability, frequency of presentation in the daily diet and sensory stimulation may also be important for determining whether it is accepted by the animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the food preferences of 26 captive capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) using monkey chow and a variety of foods, which ranged from being very familiar to completely novel to the monkeys, and to assess whether the frequency of presentation in the daily diet and sensory stimulation affected their food preferences. Food preferences were scored in terms of the food item chosen and whether it was then eaten. In Experiment 1, subjects encountered paired combinations of seven familiar foods (present in the monkeys' diet with different frequencies), including monkey chow. In Experiments 2 and 3, monkey chow was paired with seven novel foods (not previously present in the monkeys' diet) and seven ex-novel foods (previously only encountered repeatedly during an earlier experiment) respectively. The results show that monkey chow, despite its high energy content, was not very attractive to capuchin monkeys. Other familiar foods (especially those not presented daily) were chosen and eaten more frequently than the monkey chow, and novel foods were chosen more frequently than the monkey chow. The findings of this study have implications for the feeding husbandry of captive primates. Familiar foods presented in the diet each day are less preferred; therefore good practice would be to alternate foods over time. Occasional presentation of novel food items could be a stimulating and economical method of providing sensory enrichment.
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Melati, Aisyah, and Bani Noor Muchamad. "STASIUN RISET BEKANTAN PADA LAHAN BASAH." LANTING JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE 10, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/lanting.v10i1.625.
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Wetlands are a natural habitat for endemic animals of South Kalimantan, namely proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus). These primates are one indicator in wetlands conservation, but now the status of proboscis monkeys is endangered which means wetlands are naturally also damaged. This makes The Indonesian Proboscis Monkey Friends Foundation worried about the preservation of these primates who are endangered in a side the number of foreign researchers who are interested in proboscis monkeys so it also weakens status proboscis monkeys as endemic animals.The Indonesian Proboscis Monkey Friends Foundation wants the proboscis monkey in South Kalimantan to become an identity in the area along with the wetland ecosystem which is the habitat of proboscis monkeys. Therefore a fundamental problem with the design of the Proboscis Monkey Research Station on Wetlands is how the design of the proboscis research station on wetlands is in harmony with natural conditions around it so that it can become the identity of the region. Settlement the problem was solved through the metabolism-organic method and the visual identity-metaphor method. The metabolism-organic method is the solution to the problem of harmony building with nature, while the visual identity-metaphor method is the solution in the matter of regional identity. Based on the two methods, the concept proposed for this design is the concept of "subject-object interaction" which is realized through the concept of "wetland ecology". This concept of "subject-object interaction and wetland ecology" is a concept that elevates interactions between researchers and wetland organisms such as proboscis monkeys by entering the wetland elements into the design of this research station.
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Melati, Aisyah, and Bani Noor Muchamad. "STASIUN RISET BEKANTAN PADA LAHAN BASAH." JURNAL TUGAS AKHIR MAHASISWA LANTING 10, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jtamlanting.v10i1.625.
Full textAbstract:
Wetlands are a natural habitat for endemic animals of South Kalimantan, namely proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus). These primates are one indicator in wetlands conservation, but now the status of proboscis monkeys is endangered which means wetlands are naturally also damaged. This makes The Indonesian Proboscis Monkey Friends Foundation worried about the preservation of these primates who are endangered in a side the number of foreign researchers who are interested in proboscis monkeys so it also weakens status proboscis monkeys as endemic animals.The Indonesian Proboscis Monkey Friends Foundation wants the proboscis monkey in South Kalimantan to become an identity in the area along with the wetland ecosystem which is the habitat of proboscis monkeys. Therefore a fundamental problem with the design of the Proboscis Monkey Research Station on Wetlands is how the design of the proboscis research station on wetlands is in harmony with natural conditions around it so that it can become the identity of the region. Settlement the problem was solved through the metabolism-organic method and the visual identity-metaphor method. The metabolism-organic method is the solution to the problem of harmony building with nature, while the visual identity-metaphor method is the solution in the matter of regional identity. Based on the two methods, the concept proposed for this design is the concept of "subject-object interaction" which is realized through the concept of "wetland ecology". This concept of "subject-object interaction and wetland ecology" is a concept that elevates interactions between researchers and wetland organisms such as proboscis monkeys by entering the wetland elements into the design of this research station.
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Sylvester K, Mutavi. "Monkey menace in Kwa Vonza/Yatta Ward, Kitui County, Kenya: Threat to food and nutrition security and sustainable livelihoods." Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Therapy 8, no. 1 (September 2, 2022): 018–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/jfsnt.000035.
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Since time immemorial, farmers in the arid and semi-arid lands in Kitui County have had many challenges in attaining food and nutrition security. This is largely attributed to inadequate rains, crop diseases, pests, and crop damage by wild animals among others factors. However, the monkey menace and its threats to food security and sustainable livelihoods in Kitui County are not documented. On this basis, a socio-economic survey was carried out in Kwa Vonza/Yatta ward, Kitui Rural constituency in Kitui County to establish i) the extent of damage by monkeys in the ecosystems ii) socio-economic impacts caused by monkeys iii) mitigation measures employed to control the monkey menace in Kitui rural constituency. The socio-economic survey, using one hundred and fifty (150) respondents, revealed that 65% of the respondents indicated that the monkey menace was a threat to food security, and human and livestock life. The respondents noted that monkeys damage their crops (cereals, fruits, and vegetables) on the farm, kill kids of goats and lambs of sheep, and damage food in stores and kitchens. In extreme cases of dry spells, 25% of the respondents indicated the monkeys caused physical injuries to children when the monkeys are looking for food in their homesteads. The respondents felt that the government, through Kenya wildlife services, should intervene to control the monkey population in the hilly habitats for the farmers to have gainful agricultural production and sustainable livelihoods.
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Wilhelmsen, C. L., and M. L. M. Pitt. "Lesions of Acute Inhaled Lethal Ricin Intoxication in Rhesus Monkeys." Veterinary Pathology 33, no. 3 (May 1996): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589603300306.
Full textAbstract:
Five unimmunized adult rhesus monkeys weighing 5.9-6.3 kg were challenged with a precalculated, inhaled dose of 20.95-41.8 μg/kg of aerosolized ricin. Two males and three females either died or were killed at the onset of respiratory distress between 36 and 48 hours post-ricin inhalation and were necropsied. Consistent gross and microscopic lesions were confined to the thoracic cavity. All monkeys had multifocal to coalescing fibrinopurulent pneumonia, diffuse necrosis, and acute inflammation of airways, and nearly diffuse alveolar flooding, with peribronchovascular edema. All monkeys also had purulent tracheitis, fibrinopurulent pleuritis, and purulent mediastinal lymphadenitis. One male monkey and one female monkey had bilateral adrenocortical necrosis. We attributed the cause of death to asphyxiation following massive pulmonary alveolar flooding. The lesions of acute inhaled ricin intoxication in rhesus monkeys closely resembled those lesions reported in rats with acute inhaled ricin intoxication.
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Kenshalo, D. R., F. Anton, and R. Dubner. "The detection and perceived intensity of noxious thermal stimuli in monkey and in human." Journal of Neurophysiology 62, no. 2 (August 1, 1989): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1989.62.2.429.
Full textAbstract:
1. The magnitude of the sensations produced by small increases in thermal stimuli superimposed on noxious levels of heat stimulation was studied by the use of a simple reaction-time task. Noxious thermal stimuli were presented on the face of three monkeys, the forearm volar surface of three monkeys, and the face of four human subjects. The subject, either monkey or human, initiated a trial by pressing an illuminated button. Subsequently, a contact thermode increased in temperature from a base line of 38 degree C to temperatures of 44, 45, 46, or 47 degrees C (T1). After a variable time period lasting between 4 and 10 s, the thermode temperature increased an additional 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, or 0.8 degrees C (T2). The subject was required to release the button as soon as the T2 stimulus was detected. Detection latency, expressed as its reciprocal, detection speed, was defined as the time interval between the onset of T2 and the release of the button. 2. The monkeys' detection speed to stimuli presented on the upper lip was dependent on the intensity of both T1 and T2. Increases in the intensity of T2 between 0.1 and 0.8 degrees C produced faster detection speeds. In general, as the intensity of T1 increased, the detection speed increased to identical T2 stimuli. The monkeys' T2-detection threshold was also dependent on the intensity of T1. 3. The psychophysical functions obtained from stimulation of the monkey's face were compared with those obtained from the volar surface of the monkey's forearm. Whereas the T2 thresholds obtained from stimulation of the monkey's forearm and face were similar, the psychophysical functions obtained from stimulation of the face were significantly steeper than those obtained from stimulation of the forearm. 4. The humans' detection speed of T2 stimuli presented on the face was monotonically related to the intensity of T2 and was dependent on the level of T1. The psychophysical functions obtained from the human's face were equivalent to those obtained from the monkey's faces. 5. A cross-modality matching procedure was used to examine the perceived intensity of pain sensation produced by T2 stimuli in human subjects. The magnitude estimates of these stimuli were dependent on the level of T1, as well as the intensity of T2. Detection speed, plotted as a function of the estimated magnitude of pain, independent of T1 and T2 temperature, was best fit by a logarithmic function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Kao, L. Mark, Karen Bush, Roy Barnewall, James Estep, Frederic W. Thalacker, Pamela H Olson, George L. Drusano, et al. "Pharmacokinetic Considerations and Efficacy of Levofloxacin in an Inhalational Anthrax (Postexposure) Rhesus Monkey Model." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 11 (November 2006): 3535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00090-06.
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ABSTRACT Because the treatment of inhalational anthrax cannot be studied in human clinical trials, it is necessary to conduct efficacy studies using a rhesus monkey model. However, the half-life of levofloxacin was approximately three times shorter in rhesus monkeys than in humans. Computer simulations to match plasma concentration profile, area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), and time above MIC for a human oral dose of 500 mg levofloxacin once a day identified a dosing regimen in rhesus monkeys that would most closely match human exposure: 15 mg/kg followed by 4 mg/kg administered 12 h later. Approximately 24 h following inhalational exposure to approximately 49 times the 50% lethal doses of Bacillus anthracis (Ames strain), monkeys were treated daily with vehicle, levofloxacin, or ciprofloxacin for 30 days. Ciprofloxacin was administered at 16 mg/kg twice a day. Following the 30-day treatment, monkeys were observed for 70 days. Nine of 10 control monkeys died within 9 days of exposure. No clinical signs were observed in fluoroquinolone-treated monkeys during the 30 treatment days. One monkey died 8 days after levofloxacin treatment, and two monkeys from the ciprofloxacin group died 27 and 36 days posttreatment, respectively. These deaths were probably related to the germination of residual spores. B. anthracis was positively cultured from several tissues from the three fluoroquinolone-treated monkeys that died. MICs of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin from these cultures were comparable to those from the inoculating strain. These data demonstrate that a humanized dosing regimen of levofloxacin was effective in preventing morbidity and mortality from inhalational anthrax in rhesus monkeys and did not select for resistance.
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Anggereini, Evita, Ratu Sampurna, Lega Anattri, Viola Amelia Syafitri, Muhamad Tommy, and Zulfa Hasanah. "Quantitative Analysis Of Community Perceptions About Monkey Conservation In Jambi Province." Biospecies 17, no. 1 (July 2, 2024): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/biospecies.v17i1.29712.
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This research aims to conduct a quantitative analysis of public perceptions regarding monkey conservation efforts in Jambi Province. Monkeys are one of the endangered animal species in the area, and public understanding and support is very important in efforts to preserve them. One of the types of monkeys in Jambi province is wild monkeys which are still disturbing the people of Jambi, especially those close to forests and where many buildings and buildings have been erected. Of course, this makes monkeys lose their habitat and food in nature. In this research, data was collected through results from a Google form involving a total of 89 respondents from various communities in Jambi Province. Quantitative analysis was carried out using various statistical methods to evaluate the level of public awareness and views regarding monkey conservation. It is hoped that the results of this research will provide better insight into public perceptions of monkey conservation and become a basis for developing more effective strategies for their conservation. While awareness and support for monkey conservation in Jambi Province is good, there is still work to be done to effectively protect these species and maintain the sustainability of their ecosystem. Collaborative efforts involving all relevant parties are essential to achieve better conservation goals in the future.
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Kantha, Sachi, Juri Suzuki*, Yuriko Hirai, and Hirohisa Hirai. "Behavioral sleep in captive owl monkey (Aotus azarae) and squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis)." Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 69, no. 4 (December 31, 2009): 537–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55782/ane-2009-1762.
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The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that activity-behavioral sleep parameters differ between nocturnallyactive owl monkeys and diurnally-active squirrel monkeys which are sympatric and of Bolivian origin. The total sleep time (TST) and sleep episode length (SEL) of 7 adult owl monkey siblings and 4 adult squirrel monkeys were quantitated by actigraphy for 7 days under captive conditions. The higher TST/24 h values and longer SEL/12 h quiescent phase quantitated for owl monkeys in comparison to that of squirrel monkeys clearly indicate that the behavioral sleep is markedly different between these two groups, though they are sympatric in wild. Significant differences noted in the sleep architecture between squirrel monkeys and owl monkeys can be attributed to the influences in the selected sleep niche, threat perception from predators, and disturbances from natural elements (especially rain) in the natural habitat.
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Rice, Prudence M., and Katherine E. South. "REVISITING MONKEYS ON POTS: A CONTEXTUAL CONSIDERATION OF PRIMATE IMAGERY ON CLASSIC LOWLAND MAYA POTTERY." Ancient Mesoamerica 26, no. 2 (2015): 275–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536115000206.
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AbstractFour species of monkeys may have lived in the Maya region in pre-Columbian times: two howler monkey species, the spider monkey, and possibly the capuchin. Simians also played an important role in Maya creation myth and cosmology, and are frequently represented on Maya pottery and in glyphic texts. Scholars disagree, however, on which monkeys are depicted. Here we provide an analysis of 142 monkey images on 97 pots, focusing especially on Classic-period lowland polychromes. Multiple physical characteristics of the primates are considered, along with cultural traits, to provide appropriate biological and cultural contexts and artistic conventions necessary to their interpretation. Besides the well-known scribal roles (attributed to howlers and “Monkey-Men”), we conclude that monkeys commonly take on pictorial and non-pictorial roles that involve carrying or bringing goods such as tribute or cacao. In contexts of liminality, these creatures are often charged with transcending natural and social realms.
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Lankin, Vadim Z., Galina G. Konovalova, Sergey P. Domogatsky, Alla K. Tikhaze, Igor N. Klots, and Marat V. Ezhov. "Clearance and Utilization of Dicarbonyl-Modified LDL in Monkeys and Humans." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 13 (June 21, 2023): 10471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310471.
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The kinetics of elimination of various dicarbonyl-modified low-density lipoproteins from the bloodstream of Macaca mulatta monkeys were investigated. The low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in the monkey blood plasma were isolated by density gradient ultracentrifugation and labeled in vitro with the fluorescent dye FITC; thereupon, they were modified with different natural low molecular-weight dicarbonyls: malondialdehyde (MDA), glyoxal, or methylglyoxal. The control native FITC-labeled LDL and dicarbonyl-modified FITC-labeled LDL were injected into the monkey’s ulnar vein; thereafter, blood samples were taken at fixed time intervals during 24 h. The plasma level of FITC-labeled LDL was determined with spectrofluorimetry. The study established that glyoxal- and monkeysglyoxal-labeled LDL circulated in monkey virtually at the same time as native (non-modified) LDL. In contrast, MDA-modified LDL disappeared from the blood extremely rapidly. Administration of the PCSK9 inhibitor involocumab (which increases LDL utilization) to patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) was found to significantly reduce levels of MDA-modified LDL.
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Jaeger, E. E., R. E. Bontrop, and J. S. Lanchbury. "Nucleotide sequences, polymorphism and gene deletion of T cell receptor beta-chain constant regions of Pan troglodytes and Macaca mulatta." Journal of Immunology 151, no. 10 (November 15, 1993): 5301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.151.10.5301.
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Abstract Molecular studies in human, mouse, rat, and rabbit have demonstrated that the region of genomic DNA containing TCR C region genes has been strongly conserved during evolution. To investigate the degree of conservation of this region within the primate lineage we have undertaken analysis of the TCR constant region genes in two non-human primate species Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) and Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey). Constant regions of TCR beta-chains were cloned and sequenced from cDNA derived from peripheral blood T cells of healthy chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys. Two closely related C beta genes were characterized in each species corresponding to human C beta 1 and C beta 2. The chimpanzee/human similarity is greater than the rhesus monkey/human similarity as is expected from phylogenetic relationships. The amino acid sequences of corresponding C beta genes are identical between chimpanzee and human although synonymous substitutions are present at the nucleotide level. Two distinct monkey C beta 1 sequences were obtained. RFLP studies using genomic DNA from individuals of both species indicated the presence of only two C beta genes in each species. It is therefore likely that the rhesus monkey from which the sequence data are derived has a polymorphic C beta locus, which was also subsequently demonstrated in several other monkeys. Analysis of sequence data suggests that some nucleotide substitutions occurred after the chimpanzee/human line split from the rhesus monkey line approximately 25 million yr ago. These data also support the theory that specific mechanisms exist to reduce diversity in putative exon 1. Variable RFLP profiles indicated the presence of C beta polymorphism in chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys. There was also evidence for a homozygous deletion of a C beta gene in one monkey, represented by the absence of one band for each digest when compared to the band patterns of other monkeys. Variable intensities of the deletable band in other individuals suggest other monkeys may be heterozygous for this deletion. Thus rhesus monkeys demonstrate RFLP, coding sequence, and C beta gene deletion polymorphisms, with chimpanzees also demonstrating RFLP polymorphisms of C beta.
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Senghore, Madikay, Sion C. Bayliss, Brenda A. Kwambana-Adams, Ebenezer Foster-Nyarko, Jainaba Manneh, Michel Dione, Henry Badji, et al. "Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus from Humans to Green Monkeys in The Gambia as Revealed by Whole-Genome Sequencing." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 19 (July 29, 2016): 5910–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01496-16.
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ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureusis an important pathogen of humans and animals. We genome sequenced 90S. aureusisolates from The Gambia: 46 isolates from invasive disease in humans, 13 human carriage isolates, and 31 monkey carriage isolates. We inferred multiple anthroponotic transmissions ofS. aureusfrom humans to green monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus) in The Gambia over different time scales. We report a novel monkey-associated clade ofS. aureusthat emerged from a human-to-monkey switch estimated to have occurred 2,700 years ago. Adaptation of this lineage to the monkey host is accompanied by the loss of phage-carrying genes that are known to play an important role in human colonization. We also report recent anthroponotic transmission of the well-characterized human lineages sequence type 6 (ST6) and ST15 to monkeys, probably because of steadily increasing encroachment of humans into the monkeys' habitat. Although we have found no evidence of transmission ofS. aureusfrom monkeys to humans, as the two species come into ever-closer contact, there might be an increased risk of additional interspecies exchanges of potential pathogens.IMPORTANCEThe population structures ofStaphylococcus aureusin humans and monkeys in sub-Saharan Africa have been previously described using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). However, these data lack the power to accurately infer details regarding the origin and maintenance of new adaptive lineages. Here, we describe the use of whole-genome sequencing to detect transmission ofS. aureusbetween humans and nonhuman primates and to document the genetic changes accompanying host adaptation. We note that human-to-monkey switches tend to be more common than the reverse and that a novel monkey-associated clade is likely to have emerged from such a switch approximately 2,700 years ago. Moreover, analysis of the accessory genome provides important clues as to the genetic changes underpinning host adaptation and, in particular, shows that human-to-monkey switches tend to be associated with the loss of genes known to confer adaptation to the human host.
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Fleischer, Jerry E., William L. Lanier, James H. Milde, and John D. Michenfelder. "Lidoflazine Does Not Improve Neurologic Outcome When Administered after Complete Cerebral Ischemia in Primates." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 7, no. 3 (June 1987): 366–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1987.74.
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In order to investigate the effects of the calcium entry blocker lidoflazine on neurologic outcome in primates following an episode of global brain ischemia. 12 pigtail monkeys ( Macaca nemestrina) were subjected to 17 min of complete cerebral ischemia, followed by 48 h of intensive care treatment and daily neurologic evaluations for 96 h. The monkeys were randomly assigned to receive, in a blind fashion, either lidoflazine 1.0 mg/kg (n = 6) or inactive lidoflazine solvent (n = 6) at 5 min, 8 h, and 16 h postischemia. One monkey in the lidoflazine group did not meet preestablished protocol criteria and was excluded from data analysis. The remaining monkeys were well matched for age, sex, and other physiologic variables. Neurologic outcome was not significantly different between the lidoflazine- and placebo-treated groups (p > 0.5). No monkey in either group achieved a normal neurologic exam by 96 h postischemia. Three lidoflazine-treated monkeys and two placebo-treated monkeys died prior to the 96-h neurologic evaluation. These deaths were judged to be neurologic in origin. The authors conclude that lidoflazine does not improve neurologic outcome in primates when administered after 17 min of complete cerebral ischemia.