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1
Scott, Anne Grete. "Monkeys, movements, and memories: Behavioral sequences and short-term memory in aged monkeys." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185189.
Full textAbstract:
Six young and six old squirrel monkeys were tested on two different short-term memory tasks. One was a two-choice problem, the other a nine-choice problem. A baseline, or one-choice, problem was also included. A video camera recorded all behaviors displayed by the monkeys during testing. Behaviors coded were turning, aggression, displacement, exploratory, huddling, orienting, locomotion, screen activities, and visual scanning. Also recorded was correct or incorrect choice and whether the animal showed evidence of seeing the cue stimulus. Old animals committed more errors during both phases of the experiment. Older animals were also more likely to engage in active behaviors, such as turning, whereas young animals were more likely to manifest less active behaviors, such as visual scanning and orienting. Young animals were also more likely to see the stimulus. A path analytic procedure was used to determine direct effects of age on performance and indirect effects mediated through behaviors manifested prior to the choice. For the two-choice problem, approximately half of the age effects on performance were attributable to indirect effects. For the nine-choice problem almost three quarters of the age effects on performance were attributable to indirect effects. These findings indicate that age differences in short-term memory performance are not direct effects of age alone. The age effect also occurs because age affects the behaviors of the monkeys and that these behaviors have a large effect on subsequent memory performance.
2
Maze, Mary Cathey. "Adult male-immature interactions in a captive group of St. Kitts vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops) : a comparison with adult female-immature and immature-immature dyads /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487260531958159.
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3
Kupferberg, Aleksandra. "Of men, monkeys, and machines." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-160874.
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4
Sorrentino, Eugenia Polizzi Di. "Conflict management in capuchin monkeys." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521732.
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5
Sashaw, Jessica Joan Hayden. "Maternal strategies in vervet monkeys." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Psychology, c2012, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3400.
Full textAbstract:
I studied free-ranging vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) in South Africa using focal
animal sampling to test current theories of reproduction and maternal investment.
Mothers cope with the energetic costs of lactation by feeding more than non-lactating
females and targeting higher nutrient quality items as their infant ages. The dynamic
nature of mother-infant interactions is highlighted, with infants spending less time in
contact while the mother is moving and foraging. Other troop members “allomother” the
infant primarily in the infant’s first couple of months. The length of investment is
explored, with greater length of interbirth interval in low nutrient quality environments,
larger troop sizes and higher survival rates. Maternal dominance rank and infant sex
significantly influenced time in ventral contact, with low-ranking daughters spending
more time in contact than high-ranking daughters. The findings from this thesis highlight
the complex interaction of ecological and social conditions on maternal investment.xiv, 182 leaves ; 29 cm
6
Nakagawa, Naofumi. "Feeding Strategies of Japanese Monkeys." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/86398.
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7
Matlock, Alena, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Negotiating social space in vervet monkeys." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Psychology, c2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3454.
Full textAbstract:
This study explores the effect of changing ecological conditions on female social
organization among free-ranging vervet monkeys (Cholorocebus aethiops pygerythrus)
in the Klein Karoo, South Africa. Comparison was made between a previous study
conducted during a period of drought in 2009, and my own study conducted when
conditions were much wetter and hence, less ecologically stressful. In addition, animals
in the present study also experienced conditions of low demographic stress. Compared
to 2009, females displayed lower rates of competition and aggression, did not compete
for access to grooming partners, and did not preferentially groom those of high rank,
nor did they do so more frequently. Females did, however, preferentially associate
spatially with those they groomed most; a finding in contrast to the previous study.
Females did not groom those of adjacent ranks more frequently, nor was there any
relationship between rank difference and spatial association. In addition, there were
rank differences in vigilance were found between females, and vigilance costs overall
were affected by total group size. Overall, these findings support some aspects of the
socioecological model used to predict group structure in primates, but other aspects of
social organization remain puzzling, and may reflect larger overall group sizes in the
Samara population, which changes patterns of engagement between females in ways
not fully captured by current models.xi, 122 leaves ; 29 cm
8
Huffman, Michael Alan. "MATE CHOICE IN FEMALE JAPANESE MONKEYS." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/86408.
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9
LANDAU, VIRGINIA ILENE. "THE ADAPTATION OF NEW WORLD MONKEYS TO NEW ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATIONS: FOOD ACQUISITION AND FOOD PROCESSING BEHAVIORS." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184076.
Full textAbstract:
Food cleaning behavior has been observed among laboratory squirrel monkeys. A Wilcoxon signed-ranks test showed that significantly more cleaning behavior occurred when hard monkey chow pellets and soft fruit were coated with edible debris. Monkeys removed fewer pieces of fruit from a food crock containing fruit coated with edible debris in a timed test. A principal component analysis of the food cleaning behaviors showed two underlying correlated factors. The first factor was the use of the body to clean food. The second factor was the use of the environment to clean food. Two groups of squirrel monkeys, one without previous learners and one with previous learners, were subjects in a fishing study. The presence of previous learners in the social group was not significant for monkeys fishing in water filled crocks. But there was a significant difference in the number of fishing attempts made by the No Previous Learners Group when fishing in wading pools. The Previous Learners group did not make significantly more fishing attempts fishing in wading pools than in crocks. A significant difference was observed in fishing attempts during Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the wading pool experiment for both groups. All monkeys in the group fishing experiments ate fish when it could be obtained. Monkeys who did not learn to fish successfully learned alternative behaviors to obtain fish. The Previous Learners group in the wading pool experiment were subjects in a more difficult fishing test. Significantly fewer fishing attempts were made but the number of monkeys that caught fish was larger. Caged squirrel monkeys scored a lower percentage of fishing attempts than squirrel monkeys living in a social group. While Cebus monkeys caught fish, unlike squirrel monkeys, they did not attempt to eat them.
10
Fernandez, Danny. "Affective Responses to Inequity in Capuchin Monkeys." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_hontheses/12.
Full textAbstract:
Many studies have documented adverse affects to inequitable situations in non-human primates. The behaviors that have predominantly been examined include food taking, collecting, giving, and refusals between the primate subjects and the experimenters. However, no studies had looked at the affective responses to inequity in primates. In a recent study, four-year old children who were rewarded inequitably accepted the reward, however they showed affective signs of dissatisfaction. For this study, we looked for affective displays in capuchins during inequitable exchange tasks. We predicted that the capuchins that were experiencing inequity would show more signs of agitation and aggression than those in equitable situations. We saw no increase in agitation or aggression when subjects were treated inequitably. There was higher aggression towards partners who received the lower reward in inequitable situations and less agitation seen by partners during frustration controls. Future studies may find our hypothesized results using different methodologies.
11
Marr, Emily Harris. "Numerical Cognition in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_diss/45.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past few decades, researchers have firmly established that a wide range of nonhuman animals exhibit some form of numerical competence. The focus of this research was to define further the extent of numerical ability in rhesus monkeys, and specifically to determine whether the animals possess a symbolic understanding of Arabic numerals. This required examining the stimulus attributes (e.g., number vs. hedonic value) represented by the numerals, as well as the precision (e.g., absolute vs. relative) and generality of those representations. In chapters 2 and 3, monkeys were required to compare and order numerals and were rewarded with either proportional or probabilistic rewards. The results indicated that monkeys were relying on the ordinal or absolute numerical values associated with each numeral and not hedonic value or learned 2-choice discriminations. The studies in chapters 4 and 5 indicated that monkeys can use numerals to symbolize an approximate number of sequential motor responses. The study in Chapter 6 tested the generality of the monkeys’ symbolic number concept using transfer tests. The results indicated that some monkeys are able to abstract number across presentation mode, but this ability is only exhibited under limited conditions. Collectively, these studies provide evidence that rhesus monkeys view Arabic numerals as more than sign-stimuli associated with specific response-reward histories, but that numerals do not have the same precise symbolic meaning as they do for humans.
12
Santorelli, Claire Josephine. "Traditions in wild spider monkeys (Atelese geoffroyi)." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533929.
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13
Al-Mohammad, Alaa. "Getting a monkey to do your bidding : developing a Becker-DeGroot-Marschak (BDM) method for use in monkeys." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/277094.
Full textAbstract:
The Becker-DeGroot-Marschak method (BDM) is an auction-like mechanism widely used in behavioural economics, marketing research, and, more recently, in neuroimaging studies of human decision making. The BDM has never been used with animal subjects before, yet its application in monkeys would allow for comparison of studies across species while providing a direct measure of what a reward is worth to a monkey in a single experimental trial. In the BDM, a subject is given a budget with which they can place a bid for some reward, and a computer then randomly selects a competing bid. If the subject’s bid is higher than the computer’s bid then the subject pays an amount equal to the computer’s bid, receives the reward object, and gets to keep the remaining budget. If the subject’s bid is lower than the computer’s bid, the subject does not gain the reward object but retains the entire budget. To adapt the task for monkeys, two rhesus macaques were taught to use water as a budget, and to use a joystick to place a bid in terms of this budget for different volumes of fruit-juice reward. The BDM ensures that the subject’s optimal action is to place a bid equal to their value for the reward-object. This property of truthful value revelation is the BDM’s most important feature in the context of value-based decision making. Currently, the only method of eliciting a monkey’s value for one reward in terms of another depends upon inference of the magnitudes at which the two rewards are chosen with equal probability. Using this ‘binary-choice’ method, many trials are needed to infer a single value: pairwise comparisons of many different magnitudes must be made and choices of each pair must be repeated so that the probability of choosing a reward can be estimated. In contrast, the BDM provides a direct measure of the monkey’s value for the reward as they explicitly state this value on each trial by selecting an equivalent bid. Therefore, the BDM more efficiently utilises the limited time in which a monkey’s behaviour can be assessed in each experimental session, as animals lose the motivation to participate when they become sated. The thesis summarised here describes the training and performance of two rhesus macaques on a novel version of the BDM, specifically designed for a subject that cannot be instructed on the optimal strategy. The technical steps and intermediate tasks that are needed to train a monkey to flexibly place bids by operating a joystick are also detailed, as well as the development of different versions of the task over three years of testing. The results of the final version of the BDM are then presented for both monkeys, showing rational bidding behaviour consistent with an understanding of the method’s contingencies. Theoretical concerns and limitations of the BDM in such a setting are also discussed and the thesis outlines how future experiments can make use of and adapt this version of the BDM for neuronal recording experiments.
14
Day, Richard. "Behavioural ecology of the tamarin Saguinus midas midas, in a Guianese primate community." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286862.
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15
Dula, Kanwaljit Singh. "Molecular genetics of the middle-wave and long-wave sensitive opsin genes of higher primates." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338660.
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16
Hunter, Chadden Piers. "Ecological determinants of gelada ranging patterns (Theropithecus gelada)." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250312.
Full textAbstract:
The foraging ecology of a band of gelada monkeys (Theropithecus gelada) was studied in the field at Sankaber, Ethiopia, for 14 months. The field site is at high altitude (3300m) and experiences severe variation in climatic and vegetational conditions across distinct wet and dry seasons and between different microhabitats. Gelada live in a complex fission/fusion social system and occupy a unique environmental niche as the world's only graminivorous primate species. Research was directed towards examining the ecological parameters affecting the gelada's group-level behavioural ecology. The nature and distribution of gel ada food resources was found to be a more complex and influential selective force than previously acknowledged. Gelada ranging behaviour varied in relation to spatial and temporal variation in food availability and specific small scale weather patterns, but not in relation to the distribution of sleeping sites, refuges or water sources. Group size and day journey length covaried significantly between seasons and months and the strength of the correlation between the two variables was determined by levels of food availability. The rate at which the main gel ada study band underwent fission or fusion correlated to the degree in which food was patchily distributed but not direct levels of food availability. Distribution of food sources varied significantly between habitats as did levels of visibility. Gelada alarm and flight response rates were found to correlate more strongly to levels of visibility under 10 metres within each habitat than mean levels of visibility per se. Both males and females spent significantly more time feeding, (and feeding on subterranean food items specifically) in the dry season, resulting in a slightly higher mean daily calorific intake than in the wet season. It is suggested that the dry season does not represent a 'nutritional bottleneck' to the gel ada as previously thought, but does constitute a period of increased energy requirements due to seasonal variation in lactation and thermoregulation demands
17
Russak, Samantha. "PRIMATE SUPER-GROUPS? POLYSPECIFIC ASSOCIATIONS OF CAPTIVE MONKEYS." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1146073571.
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18
Go, Moe. "Ranging behavior and habitat use of cercopithecine monkeys." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/120712.
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19
Fredman, Tamar. "Social learning in mother-reared and "enculturated" capuchin monkeys." Thesis, St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/681.
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20
Ha, Thang Long. "Behavioural ecology of grey-shanked douc monkeys in Vietnam." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252209.
Full textAbstract:
The grey-shanked douc monkey (Pygathrix cinerea) is an endemic primate to Vietnam found in 1997. The species is critically endangered with less than 1,000 individuals left in the wild. Research was conducted in Kon Ka Kinh National Park, Gia Lai Province Vietnam for 18 months. The monkeys were found in two forest types: (1) closed evergreen lower montane moist sub-tropical forest; (2) mixed broad-leaf and needle-leaf lower montane moist sub-tropical forest. Group size varied from 2 to 88 individuals; average group size was 14.8 individuals. There were four different social structures found in the encountered groups, including one-male unit (OMU), all-male unit (AMU), multi-male and multi-female group, and solitary group. Annual activity budget involved the monkeys spending the highest proportion of time resting (37.0%) and lowest feeding (11.9%). Seasonality significantly influenced the activity budget result, with increased resting and socialising in the wet season and decreased feeding and travelling. The emergent canopy layer and the main canopy layer in the forest are important for all activities. Trees in the height classes 15-19.9m were very important to the monkeys, since they involved more than 60% of feeding. Branches and boughs were used more often for resting and socialising, while twigs were used more often for feeding and travelling. The monkeys ate 49.5% young leaves, 21.9% ripe fruits, 19.1% unripe fruits and only 9.3% mature leaves. 166 plant species of 40 plant families were identified as foods of the monkeys. The monkeys ate mostly young leaves in the dry season (82%), but switched to fruits (~70%) in the wet season.
21
Schel, Anne Marijke. "Anti-predator behaviour of Guereza colobus monkeys (Colobus guerez) /." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/832.
Full textAbstract:
Black-and-white colobus monkeys are renowned for their impressive vocal behaviour, but up to date there have been only very few systematic efforts to study this. These monkeys are able to produce loud and low-pitched roars that transmit over long distances, which has lead to the assumption that these calls function in inter-group spacing and male-male competition. The fact that the monkeys sometimes produce the same calls to predators as well, has not received much attention so far. This thesis presents a detailed description of the form and function of the anti-predator behaviour of one species of black-and-white colobus monkeys, the Guereza (Colobus guereza), with a specific focus on their alarm calling behaviour. A second aim was to determine the effects of predator experience on their anti-predator behaviour, with a specific focus on call comprehension and production. Data were collected from two populations of Guereza monkeys in the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda, that differ in predation pressures experienced by their main predators: leopards, eagles and chimpanzees. Results showed that Guerezas use a basic form of zoo-syntax in order to compose predator-specific call sequences that vary in the number of roaring phrases and snorts. These sequences are meaningful to recipients, at least at the level of the predator class, but there were also indications for additional levels of encoded information: Guerezas appear to have evolved a second system, based on acoustic variants of individual phrases, which allows them to narrow down the information content of call sequences, generating the potential to communicate highly specific information by using a mix of syntactic and semantic cues. The monkeys’ vocal behaviour was influenced by predator experience, but not strongly so. Monkeys without prior experience with leopards lacked some of the behavioural nuances seen in leopard-experienced monkeys, but they nevertheless responded appropriately to visual and acoustic leopard models, suggesting they had retained the basic capacities to recognise this predator type as relevant and dangerous. Results are discussed in light of the comparative approach to the study of human language evolution. Although human language is unique in a number of ways, for example through its use of complex syntax and intentional semantics, some animal communication systems have revealed similar features, and Guerezas, the first member of the colobine family to be studied in this respect, are no exception. The Guerezas’ alarm calling behaviour is complex and flexible, and these monkeys have provided another piece of empirical evidence that is directly relevant for the comparative approach to human language evolution.
22
Rebecchini, Luisa. "Conflict management in wild spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis)." Thesis, University of Chester, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10034/126693.
Full textAbstract:
Animals living in groups are frequently exposed to conflicts of interest which can escalate into aggression. Aggressive interactions may be a means to resolve incompatibility among objectives. Nevertheless, aggression may undermine the benefits of group living by disrupting the relationships between opponents. Thus, conflict management mechanisms have evolved to cope with the potential damage brought about by aggressive interactions. The aim of my thesis was to investigate the mechanisms to prevent aggressive escalation and to mitigate its negative consequences in 2 communities of wild spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi yucanensis). I also examined the factors, such as relationship characteristics, affecting the occurrence of these mechanisms. Spider monkeys live in communities with a high degree of fission fusion dynamics in which individuals frequently split and merge into subgroups of variable composition. The implications of this social system for conflict management were also explored. To characterise spider monkeys’ social relationships, two components were identified and labelled compatibility and risk. These components were further related to relationship characteristics, such as kinship, sex combinations, and tenure in the community. Kin had more compatible relationships than non kin, but there was no difference for risk. Male-male dyads were characterised as being significantly more compatible and riskier than either female-female dyads or male-female dyads. Furthermore, individuals with longer tenure had riskier relationships than individuals with shorter tenure. Among the post-conflict management mechanisms spider monkeys did not engage in reconciliation, redirected aggression, or bystander affiliation. However, an option afforded by their high degree of fission fusion dynamics was used in the aftermath of aggression. Fission from former aggressors was more likely to occur within one hour of the aggressive conflicts than in control periods. Furthermore, individuals sharing riskier and less compatible relationships had significantly shorter latencies to fission compared to those with less risky and more compatible relationships. These patterns suggest that fission may function to reduce the possibility of renewed aggression and cope with increased post-conflict anxiety. Indeed, anxiety levels were higher in the recipients of aggression during the first 5 post-conflict minutes compared to baseline levels. Whereas fission may be a mechanism to cope with the negative consequences of aggressive escalation, fusion of subgroups could lead to uncertainty and hostility. Indeed, aggression increased in the first five post-fusion minutes compared to baseline levels. There was also an increase in post-fusion friendly behaviours, which may function as signals of good intentions. This view was confirmed as post-fusion aggression was reduced when friendly behaviours took place. In addition, shorter latencies of post-fusion aggression and friendly behaviours were found between individuals with riskier relationships compared to those with less risky relationships. Prevention of aggressive conflicts may also be achieved by adjusting subgroup size to the availability of feeding resources thereby reducing competition. The effectiveness of this flexible adjustment was demonstrated during a period of drastic reduction in food sources caused by two consecutive hurricanes at the field site. Mean subgroup size and fusion rates were significantly reduced in the post-hurricane compared to pre-hurricane periods. Hence, my thesis adds to the study of social relationships and conflict management in non-human animals by making several contributions. I provided the first evidence of relationship components in new world monkeys. I then examined the potential of fission-fusion dynamics as a means to manage conflicts among community members. I was the first demonstrating that fission is a post-conflict mechanism. Fission from the former aggressor was especially used by individuals with riskier and less compatible relationships. Subgroup fusion increased aggressive conflicts, especially between individuals with riskier relationships, but post-fusion friendly behaviours reduced them. The effectiveness of fission-fusion dynamics in conflict management was further demonstrated by how the spider monkeys coped with the potential increase in conflict among community members due to a dramatic reduction in food supplies due to two hurricanes. Overall, spider monkeys appear to deal with conflicts using the full range of the flexible social options afforded by their social system.
23
Thomas, Brittany L., and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Population density, spatial dynamics and territoriality in vervet monkeys." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Psychology, c2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3456.
Full textAbstract:
Vervet
monkeys
(Chlorocebus
pygerythrus)
are
generally
described
as
a
territorial
species,
though
variations
in
territoriality
have
been
observed.
This
research
examined
the
impact
of
high
population
density,
large
group
sizes
and
extensively
overlapping
home
ranges
on
the
expression
of
territoriality
in
a
population
of
vervet
monkeys.
Over
a
period
of
eighteen
months,
data
were
collected
on
three
large
troops
of
vervet
monkeys
(PTN
=
31,
RBMN
=
39,
RSTN
=
57)
on
the
Samara
Game
Reserve,
South
Africa.
I
examined
the
spatial
dynamics
demonstrated
in
this
population,
assed
the
extent
and
use
of
home
range
overlap
and
examined
the
occurrence
of
intertroop
encounters
in
relation
to
mate
defence,
resource
defence
and
home
range
defence.
The
home
ranges
of
the
troops
in
this
study
population
overlap
substantially,
and
overlap
areas
are
exploited
extensively.
The
frequency
of
occurrence
of
intertroop
encounters
does
not
increase
in
the
mating
season,
nor
is
there
evidence
of
the
defence
of
particular
food
patches
or
home
range
defence.
The
findings
from
this
thesis
emphasize
the
importance
of
examining
the
expression
of
territoriality
of
a
population
within
the
context
of
its
environment.xvi, 125 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm
24
Macleod, Mairi Catriona. "The reproductive strategies of Samango monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis erythrarchus)." Thesis, Roehampton University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310152.
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25
Byrne, H. M. "Evolutionary history and taxonomy of the titi monkeys (Callicebinae)." Thesis, University of Salford, 2017. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/42525/.
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Titi monkeys (Callicebinae; Pitheciidae) are a diverse, species-rich group of New World primates with an extensive range across South America. They diverged from their sister clade (Pitheciinae) in the early Miocene, and thus, they comprise one of the oldest lineages of extant New World primates. To date, there has been no comprehensive molecular investigation of the phylogenetic relationships among Callicebinae species and, consequently, the evolutionary history of this diverse clade remains poorly studied. The overall goal of this PhD dissertation is, therefore, to provide insight into the evolutionary and biogeographic history of the subfamily Callicebinae using DNA sequence data. To infer phylogeny and estimate divergence times, we generated sequence data for 50+ wild-caught titi monkey specimens using multi-locus Sanger sequencing (22 nuclear and mitochondrial loci, > 14,500 bp) and reduced representation, genome-wide double-digest restriction-associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing. A statistical biogeographical approach was employed to reconstruct the biogeography of Callicebinae and investigate the processes responsible for shaping present day distributions. Furthermore, the ddRAD sequence dataset was used to provide additional insight into phylogenetic relationships and genetic structure among taxa of the moloch group. Our phylogenetic and biogeographic results indicate that titi monkeys are divided into three distinct clades that diverged in the late Miocene through vicariance of a widespread ancestral range. Species relationships were generally recovered with strong support, and species-level diversification in the Amazonian clades was characterised by sequential founder events across river barriers in the Pleistocene. We propose a revised genus-level classification for Callicebinae that recognises three genera (Cheracebus, Callicebus, Plecturocebus) based on the results from the phylogenetic analyses, as well as morphological, karyological and biogeographic evidence. Overall, this study represents a major advance in our understanding of the evolutionary history of this strikingly poorly studied group, with implications for classification and research priorities.
26
Tao, Ruoting. "Understanding object-directed intentionality in Capuchin monkeys and humans." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/9304.
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Understanding intentionality, i.e. coding the object directedness of agents towards objects, is a fundamental component of Theory of Mind abilities. Yet it is unclear how it is perceived and coded in different species. In this thesis, we present a series of comparative studies to explore human adults' and Capuchin monkeys' ability to infer intentional objects from actions. First we studied whether capuchin monkeys and adult humans infer a potential object from observing an object-directed action. With no direct information about the goal-object, neither species inferred the object from the action. However, when the object was revealed, the monkeys retrospectively encoded the directedness of the object-directed action; unexpectedly, in an adapted version of the task adult humans did not show a similar ability. We then adapted another paradigm, originally designed by Kovács et al (2010), to examine whether the two species implicitly register the intentional relation between an agent and an object. We manipulated an animated agent and the participants' belief about a ball's presence behind a hiding screen. We found no evidence showing that humans or monkeys coded object-directedness or belief. More importantly, we failed to replicate the original results from Kovács et al's study, and through a series of follow up studies, we questioned their conclusions regarding implicit ToM understanding. We suggested that, instead of implicit ToM, results like Kovacs et al's might be interpreted as driven by “sub-mentalizing” processes, as suggested by Heyes (2014). We conclude that so called ‘implicit ToM' may be based upon the computation of intentional relations between perceived agents and objects. But, these computations might present limitations, and some results attributed to implicit ToM may in fact reflect “sub-mentalizing” processes.
27
Koba, Reiko. "Experimental studies on visual sex discrimination in Japanese monkeys." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136948.
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28
Farslow, Daniel L. "The behavior and ecology of the long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) on Angaur Island, Palau, Micronesia /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487324944214636.
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29
Løtvedt, Pia Katrine. "Olfactory sensitivity of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) for "green odors"." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70204.
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Primates have traditionally been viewed as having a poorly developed sense of smell. However, in recent years, studies have shown that at least some primate species use olfaction in a number of behaviors, and that they have a high olfactory sensitivity for various chemical classes of odorants. Using a two-choice instrumental conditioning paradigm, the present study assessed olfactor ydetection thresholds of three spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) for eight aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes, known as "green odors". With all odorants, the animals detected concentrations below 1 parts per million, with single individuals performing even better. The type of functional group present systematically affected olfactory detection thresholds, whereas the presence, position and configuration of a double bond did not. Compared to previously tested classes of odorants, thespider monkeys were not particularly sensitive to "green odors". Furthermore, they are lesssensitive for "green odors" compared to humans and mice. The present results suggest that neuroanatomical and genetic comparisons across species are poor predictors of olfactory sensitivity.
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Forshaw, Nicola L. "Contingency and context in the relationships of female vervet monkeys." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Psychology, c2011, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3215.
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This study explored the organizing principles of female sociality in free-ranging vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) inhabiting the Klein Karoo, South Africa. Females groomed more than males, grooming peaked at the end of the day and less grooming occurred during the mating season. Although females competed over food, they did not compete over grooming partners, rarely formed coalitions and did not trade grooming against other activities. Instead, they maintained grooming whilst trading between feeding and resting and feeding and moving. Despite seasonal shifts in food competition, grooming was not traded for tolerance and there was an upper limit to cohort size before clique size declined. Inter-population comparisons revealed no troop size effects on clique size, aggression and competition over high-ranking grooming partners. The rarity of coalitions suggests coalitions are unlikely to be a central component of female relationships.xiii, 162 leaves : ill., maps ; 29 cm
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Pasternak, Graham M. "Environmental effects on group structure and vigilance in vervet monkeys." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Psychology, c2011, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3147.
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Narrow riparian woodlands along non-perennial streams have made it possible for vervet monkeys to penetrate the semi-arid karoo ecosystem of South Africa, while artificial water points have more recently allowed these populations to colonize much more marginal habitat away from natural water sources. In order to determine the sequelae of life in these narrow, linear woodlands for historically 'natural' populations, I determined the size of troops in relation to their reliance on natural and artificial water sources and collected detailed data from two river-centred troops on activity, diet and ranging behaviour over an annual cycle. These data indicate that river-centred troops were distinctive primarily for their large group sizes and, consequently, their large adult cohorts, and the extent of home range overlap in what is regarded as a territorial
species. While large group size carried the corollary of increased day journey length and longer estimated interbirth intervals, there was little other indication of ecological stress. Specifically, the rate of predation appears to be lower than observed at other sites. Predation encounters here, encourage the use of predator vigilance rather than influencing the use of space within the habitat. The high density of Acacia karoo, which accounted for a third of annual foraging effort in what was a relatively depauperate floristic habitat, allows for an adequate energy intake for groups of this size. I ascribed the large group size and home range overlap to the inability of groups to undergo fission.xiii, 79 leaves : ill., maps ; 29 cm
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Smith, Sandra. "Genetic variation between demes of geographically separated African green monkeys." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61078.
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This study investigates the possibility of genetic diversity between geographically separated demes of Cercopithecus aethiops on the islands of St. Kitts and Nevis. The island of St. Kitts was represented by two geographic demes, one from the Northern tip of the island and one from the Southern tip of the island. The island of Nevis was considered as one separate deme.Eight plasma proteins were analyzed with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A preliminary DNA investigation was also completed.
Three of the plasma proteins--transferrin, albumin, and an unidentified protein that migrated faster than albumin--appeared to be monomorphic. Three proteins in the alpha globulin region (between transferrin and albumin) and pseudocholinesterase were polymorphic in the total population. The DNA locus identified by the Human Molecular Fingerprinting #1 probe (locus D1Z2) was also polymorphic in all demes.
The levels of heterozygosity for North Island, South Island, and Nevis were 2.02%, 2.49%, and 2.49% respectively.
North and South Island demes were more similar to each other than either was to the Nevis deme. The South Island deme was more unlike Nevis than the North Island deme. These figures do not provide sufficient genetic evidence to evaluate divergence within the West Indian vervets according to geography.
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Weir, D. J. "A systems analysis of visuomotor tracking in monkeys and men." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382817.
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Harrison, Kathryn. "Skills used in food processing by vervet monkeys, Cecropithecus aethiops." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2636.
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The principle objective of this study was to describe and record all the gathering and processing skills of vervet monkeys for a variety of different foods. The study was conducted on two troops of vervet monkeys living in the Palmiet Valley, Natal, South Africa. There was sufficient data to analyze the processing of four foods of differing complexity; termites, leaf shoots, sugarcane and fruit. Milton (1988) proposed that the intellectual difficulties of finding and processing food led to the evolution of intelligence. In the only study of food processing skill, Byrne and Byrne (1993) showed that gorillas use a hierarchical organization perhaps reflecting imitation at the program-level. The question to be asked in this study was, would vervets also organize their processing into a few techniques for specific foods and would it then be possible to identify learning mechanisms used by the monkeys? The current literature suggests that monkeys use simple solutions to their foraging problems, there is no evidence for imitation of feeding skills in monkeys. At the most detailed level of analysis, grip types used in the processing of foods were described. Existing definitions in the literature were not adequate to explain the monkeys' hand use, and new definitions were added. High individual idiosyncrasy was a feature of grip usage across all four foods, although firm conclusions are not possible because of the known effects of sample size. Cluster analysis was considered the most appropriate method to look at individual variation in grip usage. There was an age effect for leaf shoots and sugarcane, with juveniles restricting their usage to the necessary core grips. The hand preferences for individuals across tasks gave no support for the theory of the evolution of laterality presented by MacNeilage et al. (1987). There was a low degree of individual preference for five out of six tasks, with only termite feeding showing a hand preference. There was some evidence for a right hand reaching, left hand manipulation preference, opposite to MacNeilage's prediction. There was an age effect in direction and strength for two tasks, adults having a stronger left hand preference in contrast to a weaker right hand preference in juveniles for leaf shoots and large fruit. Matrices of the transitional probabilities between two elements, were used to construct the common pathways of processing skill for each individual. Flow diagrams were then created to represent the minimal decision processes used by the monkeys. The diagrams were used to compare individuals' choice of pathways. Cluster analysis was used to analyze pathway choice in detail; none of a variety of independent variables could explain the high individual variation. Whether whole foods or just parts of foods were eaten did explain some of the variance for sugarcane and fruit. The most parsimonious explanation is that social enhancement resulting in trial and error learning best described individuals' acquisition of processing skill, although a number of other factors may explain the observed results.
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Tiddi, Barbara. "Behavioural Interchanges among Wild Tufted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus)." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515409.
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Wolfson, Elizabeth Graff. "Pictorial Representations of Monkeys and Simianesque Creatures in Greek Art." Thesis, University of Missouri - Columbia, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13877177.
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Bjarnason, A. "The phylogenetic signal in the skull of New World monkeys." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1346489/.
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Many phylogenetic relationships based on morphology were rejected following the molecular revolution, yet there is a need for phylogenetic analysis of morphology that reliably infers phylogenetic relationships so that we can understand the evolutionary relationships of extant and fossil taxa. I use geometric morphometric and distance-based phylogenetic methods to study the phylogenetic signal in the skull of a clade of primates, the platyrrhines or New World monkeys, and re-examine congruence between molecular and morphological analyses. I collected digital anatomical landmark data from around 1400 specimens belonging to 16 genera and 50 species of New World monkeys, and nine primate outgroup taxa. I take a modular approach, inferring phylogenies based on the whole skull, face and cranial base, with a range of outgroups and outgroups combinations, and repeat analyses for male, female, pooled sex and separate sex data. Inferred relationships are compared to the most recent platyrrhine molecular phylogeny and past morphology-based analyses. Strepsirrhine outgroups performed slightly better as outgroups, as platyrrhines and Old World monkey or ape outgroups often shared homoplasy that interfered with accurate phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of all platyrrhines recovers a weak phylogenetic signal, but phylogenetic analysis of each of the three major molecular clades, atelids, pitheciids and cebids, finds greater congruence between molecular and morphological analyses. The atelids have a strong phylogenetic signal in the face, the pitheciids in all regions of the skull, and the cebid skull and face support three molecular lineages for callitrichines, cebines and owl monkeys, but infer molecular incongruent relationships within the callitrichines. Phylogenetic analysis of the face holds a stronger phylogenetic signal than expected, whereas the cranial base was more plastic and had a weak phylogenetic signal. In platyrrhines, phylogeny, diet, allometry and encephalization all have an important role in shaping craniodental morphology.
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Babitz, Mindy Ann. "The effects of experience on tool use by Capuchin monkeys." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15101.
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This thesis investigated effects of manipulative experience on tool-using ability of tufted capuchins. Two groups of capuchins were tested on variations of a tool-using task, involving use of an object as a tool to dislodge a reward from a tube. The tasks were modelled after those developed by Visalberghi and Limongelli (1994) and Visalberghi and Trinca (1989). One group of monkeys was provided the opportunity to manipulate task materials without reward; the other group was not. Experiment 1 required subjects to push a rod through the tube. Experience with task materials improved capuchins' efficiency, evidenced by faster completion of trials. In Experiment 2, short pipes could be combined to create a tool of sufficient length. Due to procedural problems, results were inconclusive. Experiment 3 required subjects to manufacture the appropriate tool. Experience with task materials improved capuchins' performance, evidenced by faster completion of trials, less frequent performance of inefficient behaviours, and decrease in errors across trials. When capuchins' performance was compared with enculturated chimpanzees tested previously on the task (Visalberghi, Fragaszy, and Savage-Rumbaugh, 1995), experienced capuchins performed as efficiently after 15 trials as had chimpanzees originally. In Experiment 4, subjects had to dislodge the reward from a tube containing a trap. Because successful levels of performance were not reached, results were inconclusive. In Experiments 5 and 6, appreciation of object affordances was examined. The capuchins demonstrated an ability to distinguish between functional characteristics of objects. These results suggest previous claims regarding limitations of capuchin tool-use may have underestimated their abilities. Further, because object experience enhances tool-using ability, previous comparisons of capuchins with enculturated chimpanzees seem to have misrepresented the magnitude of difference in their abilities. However, future research comparing species with the same experiential backgrounds is necessary to elaborate on differences in cognitive processes underlying capuchin and chimpanzee tool-using behaviour.
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Branstetter, Leah Tallen. "Angels and Arctic Monkeys: A Study of Pop-Opera Crossover." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1249493305.
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Mafi, Amir M. "The Effect of Estrogen on Microglial Inflammation inSurgically Ovariectomized Monkeys." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1512992487055556.
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Ca¨sar, Cristiane. "Anti-predator behaviour of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2575.
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Titi monkeys have long been known for their complex vocal behaviour with numerous high- and low-pitched calls, which can be uttered singly or combined in more complex structures. However, up to date very little is known concerning the function, meaning and context-specific use of these vocal utterances, and virtually nothing is known about their vocalisations in the predation context. This thesis presents a detailed description of the form and function of the anti-predator behaviour of one species of titi monkeys, the black-fronted titi monkey (Callicebus nigrifrons), with a specific focus on their alarm call behaviour. A second aim was to determine the exact mechanisms of alarm calling behaviour, with an emphasis on production and comprehension. Data were collected from several habituated groups in the Caraça Reserve, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Results showed that, when detecting predator species, C nigrifrons produce sequences that initially contain two types of brief, high-pitched calls with distinct frequency contours. Further evidence suggested that some of these sequences are meaningful to conspecific receivers, by indicating the general predator class and location of threat. There were also indications that, within the terrestrial threats, additional information may be encoded by acoustic and compositional differences. Analyses of call order and number of calls per sequence suggested that callers may be able to convey information on both predator type and location. The black-fronted titi monkeys’ vocal system thus provides a further example of zoo-syntax, in which acoustically fixed units of a vocal repertoire are combined into higher order sequences that are meaningful to recipients. According to current definitions, this type of calling behaviour qualifies as functionally referential, by indicating general predator class, terrestrial predator type and location. As such, this is the first empirical demonstration of a sequence-based alarm call system that conveys information on both predator category and location.
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Dickinson, Anthony R. "Hierarchical organisation in serial search tasks by Cebus apella monkeys." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21198.
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The thesis reports the first demonstration of two-level hierarchical and linear organisation in six monkeys (Cebus apella). In behaviours elaborated over a four-year period, the hypothesis tested (McGonigle and Chalmers, 1992) was that progressive increases in task difficulty would be compensated by data reducing, economic, organisational structures. Novel touch-screen based procedures required the seriation and search of each item in a test set which, when increased in size, lead to geometrical increases in difficulty. Whilst on one scenario the subject should begin to fail as the task increases in difficulty, the performance of all subjects has shown progressive adaptation to such task requirements. This indicates an underlying dynamic process consistent with the operating hypothesis that cognitive organisation, both linear and hierarchical, are emergent responses motivated by a need for cognitive economy.
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BAILEY, CATHERINE SUZANNE. "DEVELOPMENT OF SPATIAL MEMORY STRATEGIES IN SQUIRREL MONKEYS (COGNITIVE MAP)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184043.
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When different development rates for psychological processes such as those in spatial memory exist, they can be linked to relevant brain areas via their different developmental rates. The hippocampus and caudate nucleus have been implicated in allocentric and egocentric spatial behavior changes found in youth and old age. Variation in allocentric and egocentric behavior in squirrel monkeys due to age was examined using a quadruple T-maze and animals in three age groups: 0.3 - 4 year olds, (n = 12), 5 - 10 year olds (n=12) and 11 - 17 year olds (n = 12). Subjects were trained to go to one of three goals in the maze from one of two training release locations. When they reached criterion for consistent responding, they were given probe trials pseudorandomly interspersed with the training trials in which they were released from one of the three other locations. The 12 test sessions were divided into three phases consisting of four sessions each. A 3 (age groups) x 3 (probe sites) x 3 (phases) mixed design ANOVA with repeated measures on the second and third factors revealed only a significant effect for probe site (F(1,33) = 14.55, p < .01) sing the Geisser-Greenhouse correction for heterogeneity of variance. The pattern of responding most clearly resembled route and was stable over testing. Age was not significant although there was a trend toward random behavior in young and more route-like behavior in older animals. Intrinsic maze cues effects on responding were examined. These data were analyzed using a 3 (age groups) x 2 (training groups) x 3 (probe sites) mixed design ANOVA with repeated measures on the last factor, and again revealed only a significant probe site effect (F(1,33) = 14.55, p < .01). Thus cues intrinsic to the maze did not affect response pattern. Only 13 subjects clearly used one of the three spatial strategies: 6 route, 3 direction, and 4 place. Of the remaining 23 animals 11 were young, 5 were adult and 7 were mature. Two used a variation of place, three used a combination of strategies, four were idiosyncratic, 10 used proto-route (route-like, but not systematic enough to be route) and three were random. The use of place strategy by animals as young as 4 and as old as approximately 17 implicates hippocampal changes occurring outside this age range.
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Bezanson, Michelle. "Ontogenetic Patterns of Positional Behavior in Cebus Capucinus and Alouatta Palliata." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194475.
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Positional behavior is the measurable and observable link between the biology and behavior of an animal in its environment. In this dissertation, I examine ontogenetic patterns of positional behavior in infant, juvenile, and adult white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) and mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) inhabiting the same tropical forest in Costa Rica. During growth and development ontogenetic changes in body size, limb proportions, and motor skills are likely to influence locomotion and posture through the arboreal canopy. I collected data on positional behavior, activity, prehensile-tail use, branch size, branch angle, and crown location during a 12 month period at Estación Biológica La Suerte in northeastern Costa Rica. The data set is comprised of 401.3 hours of data on Cebus capucinus and 554.3 hours of data on Alouatta palliata totaling 955.7 hours of data or 57,344 individual activity records.Life history timing and differences in rates of growth did not predictably influence the development of adult-like positional behaviors in Cebus and Alouatta. In both species, infancy was characterized by high proportions of dorsal, ventral, and side riding on the mother with smaller proportions of independent positional modes observed during play, explore, active posture, and feed/forage. Young Cebus resembled the adult pattern of positional behavior by six months of age while howlers exhibited significant differences in several positional behavior categories through 24 months of age. The positional repertoire of both species revealed similarities in the types of modes used during feed/forage and travel in juveniles and adults. For example, in juvenile and adult age categories of Cebus, feeding and foraging included high proportions of quadrupedal walk, sit, and squat in conjunction with climbing, leaping, and suspensory behaviors. In howlers, the degree to which coordination and increases in body mass during ontogeny as limiting factors in the development of adult-like positional competence is unclear. Data presented here suggest that the environment exerts different pressures on growing Cebus and Alouatta that may relate to diet, energy expenditure, foraging skill, and/or social learning.
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Moura, Antonio Christian de Andrade. "The capuchin monkey and the Caatinga dry forest : a hard life in a harsh habitat." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251951.
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This thesis explores the seemingly simple problem of how a rainforest-dwelling primate, Cebus apella libidinosus, manages to survive in the Caatinga dry forest of north-eastern Brazil, a harsh habitat that poses a series of extreme ecological challenges for survival. Albeit a simple question, it unfolds into more complex questions regarding how ecological pressures might drive brain evolution and intelligence in primates. Although there is no "best" hypothesis to explain the evolutionary brain enlargement in higher primates, fine-grained analyses of ecology, such as those presented here provide insights into how different species deal with ecological problems that might require cognitive solutions. Capuchin monkeys are an ideal model for this inquiry. They occupy diverse habitats, and they have proven to be a cognitive puzzle. They are the only monkey to approach great apes in their ability to use tools, but apparently lack the prerequisite mental capability to understand cause and effect. The Caatinga dry forest poses a series of ecological challenges for mammals in general and primates in particular, and these are detailed in this thesis. This is the first general study of mammalian abundance and distribution in Caatinga habitats, with special reference to Cebus. I present several innovative methods for assessing plant and invertebrate biodiversity, as regards foods for the Cebus. The study population of capuchin monkeys faced more frequent and longer periods of food scarcity than does any other known capuchin population. However, the Cebus in the Caatinga circumvent the ecological constraints of low plant food availability through their proficient foraging style (destructive foraging) and through their cognitive abilities, reflected in this population's extensive and intelligent use of technology. I suggest that Old World monkeys and capuchin monkeys have undergone differential selective pressures, with 'Machiavellian intelligence' being a more prominent aspect in the brain evolution of baboons and macaques, while extractive foraging was a more important selective pressure for capuchin monkeys. The evolutionary brain enlargement observed in hominids is suggested to be a legacy of extractive foraging and that capuchin monkeys are excellent models for understanding the factors leading to brain enlargement. This thesis is concluded as an endeavour into understanding the selective forces and concatenation of events that culminated with the evolutionary brain enlargement seen in the hominins.
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Thaler, D. E. "Supplementary motor cortex and the control of action." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235063.
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Oduntan, A. O. "The primate conjunctiva : Aspects of structure, sensory nerve distribution and response to denervation." Thesis, City University London, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234417.
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Zimbler-DeLorenzo, Heather S. Dobson F. Stephen. "Zoo ecology of a primate species squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) /." Auburn, Ala., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1628.
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Skousen, Benjamin Jacob. "Monkey Pots: Inferring Meaning Through Time and Space from Function, Decoration, and Context." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2009. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3206.pdf.
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Jeneby, Maamun. "Haemoprotozoan Parasites of Non-Human Primates in Kenya : Studies on Prevalence and Characterization of Haemoprotozoan Parasites of Wild-Caught Baboons, African Green Monkeys and Syke's Monkeys." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Försöksdjursvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-150467.
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This thesis reports on cross-sectional surveys aimed at detecting and characterizing haemoprotozoan parasites infecting wild free-ranging non human primates (NHPs) in Kenya, East Africa. Blood samples from olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis), vervet monkeys or African green monkeys (AGMs, Chlorocebus aethiops) and Syke's monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis) from five provinces of Kenya were analyzed. The haemoprotozoan parasites survey was performed with microscopic evaluation of blood smears, serological techniques and molecular tools. Blood specimens and serum samples from 121 NHPs were tested for the presence of Trypanosoma brucei (Study I). Indirect antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ab-ELISA) detected titers of anti-T. brucei antibodies in 19% (23/121) of the sera sampled. Subsequent field-oriented latex agglutination test (LAT) detected presence of T. brucei antigens in 16% (19/121) of the sera. However, there were no active infections detected on fixed blood smears, or wet blood films. Of the 378 NHPs sera samples tested for Leishmania major exposure using Ab-ELISA, 66% had detectable anti-L. major antibodies (study II). Western blot (WB) assay detected anti-L. major antibodies in sera from 46% (175/378) of the NHPs samples. Specific proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to L. major antigen was demonstrated in 23% (17/57) of AGMs samples. Haemoprotozoan parasites, Entopolypoides macaci and Hepatocystis kochi were detected by microscopic evaluation of Giemsa-stained blood smears from 179 NHPs (study III). The prevalence rate of E. macaci was 43% in African green monkeys, 35% in Syke’s monkeys and 33% in baboons. H. kochi infection rate was 18% in African green monkeys, 23% in baboons and 25% in Syke’s monkeys. Subsequent indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) supported the morphologic appearance of E. macaci observed by microscopy. Molecular tools were used to detect and identify haemoprotozoan parasites in wild free-ranging NHPs (study IV). Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting Babesia β-tubulin gene detected a 22% (27/125) B. microti infections in free-ranging NHPs in Kenya. PCR also detected 22% mixed infections by Hepatocystis and Entopolypoides, 12% Hepatocystis and Babesia and 7% Entopolypoides and Babesia (study V). Phylogenetic analysis inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt-b) gene confirmed the presence of Hepatocystis kochi whereas analysis of 18SS rRNA gene confirmed presence of two piroplasms, Babesia sp. and Entopolypoides macaci. In conclusion, epidemiological results from sero-prevalence studies provide strong circumstantial evidence that some species of Kenyan NHPs are naturally exposed to L. major and T. brucei infections and could be potential reservoir hosts for these haemoparasites. Molecular diagnosis revealed the occurrence of mixed parasite infections and confirmed the circulation of Babesia and Entopolypoides species in the same populations of Kenyan NHPs.