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Journal articles on the topic 'Monkey behaviour patterns'
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Klein, Harmonie, Gaëlle Bocksberger, Pauline Baas, Sarah Bunel, Erwan Théleste, Simone Pika, and Tobias Deschner. "Hunting of mammals by central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in the Loango National Park, Gabon." Primates 62, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-020-00885-4.
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AbstractThe predation and consumption of animals are common behaviours in chimpanzees across tropical Africa. To date, however, relatively little is known concerning the hunting behaviour of central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes). Here, we provide the first direct observations of hunting behaviour by individuals of the newly habituated Rekambo community in the Loango National Park, Gabon. Over a period of 23 months (May 2017 to March 2019), we observed a total of 61 predation attempts on eight mammal species, including four monkey species. The two most frequently hunted species were two monkey species (Cercocebus torquatus,Cercopithecus nictitans), which are not hunted at other long-term field sites. The majority of predation events observed involved parties of an average of eight individuals, mainly adult males, with hunting success being higher with increasing numbers of participants. Hunting occurred all year round, but hunting rates increased in the dry season, the period of high fruit availability in the Loango National Park. These results are in line with the nutrient surplus hypothesis which explains seasonal variation in hunting behaviour in several populations of eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii: e.g., Mahale, Tanzania; Ngogo, Uganda). Finally, with a hunting frequency of 2.65 hunts per month, the Rekambo community had higher hunting rates than other sites (Bossou, Republic of Guinea; Kahuzi-Biega, Democratic Republic of Congo; Budongo, Uganda) where red colobus monkeys are also absent. We discuss these results and compare them to patterns at other long-term sites.
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Saldaña Sánchez, Amor Aline, Filippo Aureli, Laura Busia, and Colleen M. Schaffner. "Who’s there? Third parties affect social interactions between spider monkey males." Behaviour 157, no. 8-9 (September 8, 2020): 761–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10021.
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Abstract Spider monkeys provide an intriguing opportunity to examine behavioural flexibility in relation to their social environment given their high degree of fission–fusion dynamics and the nature of male–male relationships. These characteristics allow us to examine how flexibility in social interactions is modulated by the perception of risk and uncertainty related to other group members. We investigated whether male–male interactions vary according to partner identity and presence of third parties in wild Geoffroy’s spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi). We used proportion of approaches followed by an embrace, an indicator of risk and uncertainty, or by grooming, an affiliative behaviour. To confirm the monkeys’ perception of risk or uncertainty we used aggression rates and time spent vigilant. We collected data on eight adult spider monkey males: three of them belonged to one clique and the other five to another clique based on distinct patterns of residence. We found higher proportions of approaches followed by embraces and lower proportions of approaches followed by grooming between males of different cliques than between males of the same clique. In addition, we found higher aggression rates between males from different cliques. The proportions of approaches followed by embraces in the five-male clique were higher when the three-male clique was no longer in the group. The five males were more vigilant when the other three males were present in the group, indicating the monkeys perceived higher risk or uncertainty under these circumstances. We found lower proportions of approaches followed by grooming between two males when there was at least one other male in the subgroup than when there were only the two males. Our results provide evidence for behavioural flexibility in the interactions between spider monkey males as an example of how animals can cope with social challenges by adjusting their behaviour.
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Henzi, S. Peter, Nicola Forshaw, Ria Boner, Louise Barrett, and David Lusseau. "Scalar social dynamics in female vervet monkey cohorts." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1618 (May 19, 2013): 20120351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0351.
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Primate social life and behaviour is contingent on a number of levels: phylogenetic, functional and proximate. Although this contingency is recognized by socioecological theory, variability in behaviour is still commonly viewed as ‘noise’ around a central tendency, rather than as a source of information. An alternative view is that selection has acted on social reaction norms that encompass demographic variation both between and within populations and demes. Here, using data from vervet monkeys ( Chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus ), we illustrate how this alternative approach can provide a more nuanced account of social structure and its relation to contingent events at the ecological and demographic levels. Female vervets in our South African study population live in large groups, where they experience demographic stress and increased levels of feeding competition relative to an East African population in Amboseli, Kenya. Females in the South African population did not respond to this stress by intensifying competition for high-value grooming partners to help alleviate the effects of this stress, did not show the expected rank-related patterns of grooming, nor did they show any spatial association with their preferred grooming partners. Increased group size therefore resulted in a reorganization of female social engagement that was both qualitatively and quantitatively different to that seen elsewhere, and suggests that female vervets possess the flexibility to shift to alternative patterns of social engagement in response to contingent ecological and demographic conditions.
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Wolters, Sonja, and Klaus Zuberbühler. "Mixed-species associations of Diana and Campbell's monkeys: the costs and benefits of a forest phenomenon." Behaviour 140, no. 3 (2003): 371–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853903321826684.
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AbstractOne of the most striking behavioural patterns of many forest primates concerns their tendency to live in semi-permanent mixed-species groups. Functional investigations have ascertained that individuals obtain some antipredator benefits without paying the costs of intra-species resource competition. Despite these advances, very little is known about the subtle mechanisms that keep mixed species groups together on a daily basis. Our results showed that in the Diana-Campbell's monkey association both species benefited from each other in diverse and idiosyncratic ways. In the presence of Campbell's monkeys the conspicuous Diana monkeys were more likely to descend into the lower forest strata, increased their foraging behaviour, and individuals became less vigilant. The cryptic Campbell's monkeys, in turn, were able to use the higher forest strata and exposed areas more often, spread out over larger areas, were more likely to travel, and engaged in more conspicuous vocal behaviour when associated with Diana monkeys. These data suggested that both species benefited from each other in ways that went beyond passive group-size related antipredator benefits, such as a dilution effect and increased chances of predator detection. Instead, the increased safety of the mixed species group allowed individuals to exploit their ecological niche more broadly, to forage more efficiently, and to engage in more social behaviour, suggesting that the benefits of mixed species groups are much more varied and diverse than currently thought.
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Curran, William, and Catherine Lynn. "Monkey and humans exhibit similar motion-processing mechanisms." Biology Letters 5, no. 6 (July 22, 2009): 743–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0407.
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Single cell recording studies have resulted in a detailed understanding of motion-sensitive neurons in non-human primate visual cortex. However, it is not known to what extent response properties of motion-sensitive neurons in the non-human primate brain mirror response characteristics of motion-sensitive neurons in the human brain. Using a motion adaptation paradigm, the direction aftereffect, we show that changes in the activity of human motion-sensitive neurons to moving dot patterns that differ in dot density bear a strong resemblance to data from macaque monkey. We also show a division-like inhibition between neural populations tuned to opposite directions, which also mirrors neural-inhibitory behaviour in macaque. These findings strongly suggest that motion-sensitive neurons in human and non-human primates share common response and inhibitory characteristics.
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Aversi-Ferreira, Tales Alexandre, Emmanuel Freitas-Ferreira, Roqueline A. G. M. F. Aversi-Ferreira, Karolyne Cordeiro-de-Oliveira, Gezianne Lopes-de-Freitas, Kaynara Trevisan, Giovanna Felipe Cavalcante, et al. "Comparative Gross Anatomy of the Forelimb Arteries of the Japanese Monkey (Macaca fuscata) and a Comparative Pattern of Forelimb Arterial Distribution in Primates." BioMed Research International 2020 (July 16, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8635917.
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Macaca fuscata displays characteristic behaviours, such as stone handling, locomotor behaviour, gait position, and intermittent bipedalism. Differences in characteristic behaviours among primate species/genera could be explained by anatomical details of the body. However, the anatomical details have not been well studied in Macaca fuscata. Arterial models could be one of the anatomical bases for the phylogenetic and functional differences among species, since the arterial supply could be associated with the muscular performance, especially locomotor behaviour. In this study, five thoracic limbs of Macaca fuscata adults were dissected to analyse the vessels. Patterns of arterial distribution in the thoracic limbs of Macaca fuscata were compared with those in other primates. The results indicated that the arterial distribution in the Japanese monkeys was more similar to those in Macaca mulatta and Papio anubis, which is consistent with phylogenetic similarities. However, compared with Papio anubis and other macaques, there were anatomical differences in several points, including (1) the origin of the common, anterior, posterior circumflex, and profunda brachii, and (2) the origins of the collateralis ulnaris artery. The comparative anatomy of the arteries in the forelimb of Macaca fuscata, along with the anatomical studies in other primates, indicated characteristic patterns of brachial artery division and the number of the palmar arches in primates, which is consistent with the phylogenetic division among New World primates, Old World primates, and apes.
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González-Zamora, Arturo, Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez, Federico Escobar, Ken Oyama, Filippo Aureli, and Kathryn E. Stoner. "Sleeping-tree fidelity of the spider monkey shapes community-level seed-rain patterns in continuous and fragmented rain forests." Journal of Tropical Ecology 31, no. 4 (June 8, 2015): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646741500022x.
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Abstract:Repeated use of sleeping trees (STs) by frugivores promotes the deposition and aggregation of copious amounts of seed, thus having key implications for seed dispersal and forest regeneration. Seed-rain patterns produced by this behaviour likely depend on the frequency of use of these sites, yet this hypothesis has been poorly tested. We evaluated community-level seed-rain patterns produced by the spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) over 13 mo in latrines located beneath 60 STs in the Lacandona rain forest, Mexico. Because this primate is increasingly ‘forced’ to inhabit fragmented landscapes, we tested whether sleeping-tree fidelity (STF) differed among sites and between continuous and fragmented forests. We also tested whether seed-rain patterns were associated with STF within each site and forest type. STF was highly variable among STs (average = 7 mo, range = 1–12 mo), but did not differ among study sites or forest types. STF was positively associated with seed abundance, species diversity and species turnover. Nevertheless, STF tended to be negatively related to seed community evenness. These results are likely due to the most frequently used STs being in areas with greater food density. Our results demonstrate that site fidelity shapes community-level seed-rain patterns and thus has key ecological implications.
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Campos, Fernando A., Urs Kalbitzer, Amanda D. Melin, Jeremy D. Hogan, Saul E. Cheves, Evin Murillo-Chacon, Adrián Guadamuz, et al. "Differential impact of severe drought on infant mortality in two sympatric neotropical primates." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 4 (April 2020): 200302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200302.
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Extreme climate events can have important consequences for the dynamics of natural populations, and severe droughts are predicted to become more common and intense due to climate change. We analysed infant mortality in relation to drought in two primate species (white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus imitator, and Geoffroy's spider monkeys, Ateles geoffroyi ) in a tropical dry forest in northwestern Costa Rica. Our survival analyses combine several rare and valuable long-term datasets, including long-term primate life-history, landscape-scale fruit abundance, food-tree mortality, and climate conditions. Infant capuchins showed a threshold mortality response to drought, with exceptionally high mortality during a period of intense drought, but not during periods of moderate water shortage. By contrast, spider monkey females stopped reproducing during severe drought, and the mortality of infant spider monkeys peaked later during a period of low fruit abundance and high food-tree mortality linked to the drought. These divergent patterns implicate differing physiology, behaviour or associated factors in shaping species-specific drought responses. Our findings link predictions about the Earth's changing climate to environmental influences on primate mortality risk and thereby improve our understanding of how the increasing severity and frequency of droughts will affect the dynamics and conservation of wild primates.
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Stephan, Claudia, and Klaus Zuberbühler. "Social familiarity affects Diana monkey ( Cercopithecus diana diana ) alarm call responses in habitat-specific ways." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 2 (February 2016): 150639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150639.
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Male Diana monkeys produce loud and acoustically distinct alarm calls to leopards and eagles that propagate over long distances, much beyond the immediate group. Calling is often contagious, with neighbouring males responding to each other’s calls, indicating that harem males communicate both to local group members and distant competitors. Here, we tested whether male Diana monkeys responding to each other’s alarm calls discriminated familiar from unfamiliar callers in two populations in Taï Forest (Ivory Coast) and on Tiwai Island (Sierra Leone). At both sites, we found specific acoustic markers in male alarm call responses that discriminated familiar from unfamiliar callers, but response patterns were site-specific. On Tiwai Island, males responded to familiar males’ eagle alarms with ‘standard’ eagle alarm calls, whereas unfamiliar males triggered acoustically atypical eagle alarms. The opposite was found in Taï Forest where males responded to unfamiliar males’ eagle alarm calls with ‘standard’ eagle alarms, and with atypical eagle alarms to familiar males’ calls. Moreover, only Taï, but not Tiwai, males also marked familiarity with the caller in their leopard-induced alarms. We concluded that male Diana monkeys encode not only predator type but also signaller familiarity in their alarm calls, although in population-specific ways. We explain these inter-site differences in vocal behaviour in terms of differences in predation pressure and population density. We discuss the adaptive function and implications of this behaviour for the origins of acoustic flexibility in primate communication.
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Boinski, Sue. "Dispersal patterns among three species of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedii, S. boliviensis and S. sciureus): III. Cognition." Behaviour 142, no. 5 (2005): 679–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539054352879.
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AbstractCognitive skills essential to dispersal remain a thorny, seldom-broached topic, especially among the putatively 'clever' primates. This essay, the final installment of a three-part monograph, considers the cognitive mechanisms underlying expression of three extremely distinctive species-specific dispersal outcomes within squirrel monkeys (genus Saimiri, Primates: Cebidae). Findings from two companion reports, which assess the costs and benefits structuring between-species differences (I. Divergent costs and benefits, Boinski et al., 2005a) and variation within-species (II. Within-species and local variation, Boinski et al., 2005b), provide the groundwork for my often speculative discussion. (1) In Costa Rica, female S. oerstedii do not form kin-based alliances. All females disperse prior to their first mating season and may disperse on numerous occasions throughout adulthood. Male S. oerstedii are philopatric and exhibit close social bonds with other natal males, particularly those from the same birth cohort. (2) Male dispersal and female philopatry, the prevalent pattern in most mammals, including primates, characterizes Peruvian S. boliviensis. Both sexes form life-long alliances with same-sex kin. After natal dispersal, male birth cohorts join all-male groups, from which they attempt to immigrate into mixed-sex troops. Female kin in a S. boliviensis troop form matrilines critical in within-group food competition. (3) All male and most female S. sciureus disperse from several to many occasions during their lifetime. In contrast to the other two species, male S. sciureus never exhibit stable alliances with other males, including probable kin. Similarly, female coalitions are transient, detectable only during periods of relative food abundance.What are the implications of this marked between-species disparity in dispersal outcomes for squirrel monkey cognition, and, by extension, the cognition of other social mammals? Two timely issues are addressed. First, squirrel monkeys exemplify the provocative parallels in the assessments required of individuals embedded within three circumstances usually treated separately: dispersal; coordination of group travel; and fission-fusion adjustments of group composition. Are arguments that dispersal is more or less cognitively demanding than either coordinated travel or fission-fusion social structures justified? Fundamentally, all three processes are reducible to frequency-dependent decision-making by individuals based upon concurrent social and ecological assessments across multiple dimensions, such as time, space, and participant number. Second, a common approach to identify the covariation of selective regimes and apparent cognitive abilities are taxonomically inclusive, multivariate parametric statistical models, which incorporate information on ecology, behaviour, morphology and phylogeny. However, such correlative analyses add little to what is arguably the major challenge in contemporary field investigations of animal behaviour: How can we distinguish complex, multivariate decision-making algorithms from simple 'rule of thumb' solutions? Must field workers await the findings of laboratory-based neuroethological and neuroanatomical investigations to improve understanding of what innate versus learned behaviour contributes to complex social and ecological decisions in group-living mammals, such as those incarnate in dispersal? My suggestion is that more research emphasis be given to detailed, longitudinal field observations of recognized individuals from infancy onwards. The resulting empirical data, although in most instances onerous to collect, will enable construction of a rich, multivariate, quantitative and qualitative longitudinal picture of individual development and changing contexts of experience. In turn, these descriptive data will afford a strong basis for rejecting or accepting predictions distinguishing experiential, socially learned and innate components of dispersal behaviour.
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Montalvo, Victor H., Carolina Sáenz-Bolaños, Luis D. Alfaro, Juan C. Cruz, Flavio H. Guimarães-Rodrigues, Eduardo Carrillo, Christopher Sutherland, and Todd K. Fuller. "Seasonal use of waterholes and pathways by macrofauna in the dry forest of Costa Rica." Journal of Tropical Ecology 35, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467418000457.
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AbstractTemporal and spatial scarcity of water in semi-arid and seasonal ecosystems often leads to changes in movements and behaviour of large vertebrates, and in the neotropics this dynamic is poorly understood due to logistical and methodological limitations. Here we used camera trapping to elucidate variation in patterns of seasonal use of waterholes and pathways by 10 large-mammal and four large-bird species in the dry forest of north-western Costa Rica. From 2011 to 2015, we deployed trail cameras at 50 locations, including waterholes and three types of pathway (roads, human trails and animal paths). We used Generalized Linear Models to evaluate the effect of location and seasonality on the rates at which independent photographs were taken. We found interacting effects of location and seasonality for the capuchin monkey (Cebus capucinus), the tiger heron (Trigrisoma mexicanum), the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and the tapir (Tapirus bairdii) suggesting that these species were the most influenced by waterholes during the dry season. Comparison of waterhole sites and specific types of pathways (roads, animal paths and human trails) showed that location influenced photo-capture rates of almost all species, suggesting a useful insight to avoid and account for bias in camera trap studies. Furthering our ecological understanding of seasonal water regimes and large vertebrates’ behaviours allow for better understanding of the consequences of climate change on them.
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García de la Chica, Alba, Eduardo Fernandez-Duque, and Marcelo Rotundo. "The life of Fabian, an Azara’s owl monkey (Aotus azarae) of the Argentinean Chaco." Behaviour 157, no. 12-13 (October 5, 2020): 1113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10035.
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Abstract Species-life history patterns provide insights into the adaptative strategies and importance of social behaviours. The cathemeral activity pattern of Aotus azarae allowed researchers from the Owl Monkey Project of Formosa, Argentina, to witness remarkable life changing events over the complete lifespan of several individuals. Here we summarize the life of Fabian, a male owl monkey we followed from the moment he started searching for a mate until he died. Although still not consistently considered in models of social evolution of mammals, our discovery of a subpopulation of solitary owl monkey floaters forced us to rethink some aspects of their characteristic social organization and mating system. Through the life of Fabian we present some representative examples of the intrasexual competition regulating the social system of the members of this genus during the different stages in the life of individuals, while reporting the first case of extra-pair copulation in wild owl monkeys.
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Hettiarachchi, Nalin, Praveen Kumar, and vikramraj balasundaram. "Does my patient have sex ? - Mental health professionals’ understanding of sexual health issues among their patients." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.685.
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AimsTo assess the level of understanding and difficulties encountered when obtaining sexual health details of their patients among mental health clinicians.BackgroundPeople with mental health problems, especially those treated with psychiatric medication experience greater rates of sexual difficulties than those in the general population. Mental health practitioners need to examine personal beliefs and attitudes about sexuality among people with mental health problems. Providing information about sexuality and sexual practice benefits and enhances the quality of life of people with mental health problems. Therefore taking a sexual history should be an integral part of psychiatric assessment.MethodAn online survey consisted of 17 questions to cover 3 areas of objectives mentioned above was created using Survey Monkey. A link to the survey was emailed to all the clinicians who perform psychiatric assessments. Response collection and data analysis was performed by the trust IT team.ResultTotal of 54 clinicians participated in the survey representing nurses, junior, middle grade doctors and consultants. Almost all stated that mental health patients have capacity to make appropriate decisions about their sexual behaviour patterns. 43% thought people with mental health problems don't have similar patterns of sexual behaviour compared to people without mental health problems. 11% stated that people with mental health problems do not experience greater rates of sexual difficulties than those in the general population. Nearly a third did not believe that telling patients about potential sexual side effects may lead to poor compliance. Nearly 70% stated taking a sexual history should be an integral part of psychiatric assessment. 44% reported lack of knowledge and skills when talking about sexual health and 33% avoided asking about sexual health due to lack of knowledge. Half of the clinicians avoided asking about sexual health due to the fear of embarrassing or causing distress to patients while 16% avoided asking about sexual health due to self-embarrassment. 65% talk about sexual health issues only if patients brought them up.During last 3 clinical encounters majority never asked about sexual difficulties, high risk behaviour and drug side-effects related to sexual difficulties. A significant proportion of clinicians never asked about contraception from their female clients.ConclusionSurvey revealed majority of mental health clinicians lack understanding and skills about sexual health issues highlighting the importance of raising awareness among clinicians about sexual health issues.
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Ramcharan, E. J., C. L. Cox, X. J. Zhan, S. M. Sherman, and J. W. Gnadt. "Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Activity Patterns in the Monkey Thalamus During Visual Behavior." Journal of Neurophysiology 84, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): 1982–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.4.1982.
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We show for the first time with in vitro recording that burst firing in thalamic relay cells of the monkey is evoked by activation of voltage-dependent, low threshold Ca2+ spikes (LTSs), as has been described in other mammals. Due to variations in LTS amplitude, the number of action potentials evoked by an LTS could vary between 1 and 8. These data confirm the presence of two modes of firing in the monkey for thalamic relay cells, tonic and burst, the latter related to the activation of LTSs. With these details of the cellular processes underlying burst firing, we could account for many of the firing patterns we recorded from the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus in behaving monkeys. In particular, we found clear evidence of burst firing during alert wakefulness, which had been thought to occur only during sleep or certain pathological states. This makes it likely that the burst firing seen in awake humans has the same cellular basis of LTSs, and this supports previous suggestions that burst firing represents an important relay mode for visual processing.
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Scherbaum, Carmen, and Alejandro Estrada. "Selectivity in feeding preferences and ranging patterns in spider monkeys Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis of northeastern Yucatan peninsula, Mexico." Current Zoology 59, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.1.125.
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Abstract The spider monkey, a fruit specialist and important seed dispersal agent in the Neotropics, is an endangered primate due to habitat loss, hunting and the pet trade. Spider monkeys have been the subject of a few studies in Central and South America, but little is known about the diet and ranging for this primate in southern Mexico. Here we report the results of a six-month long study (October 2010 to March 2011) of the feeding preferences and ranging patterns of the Yucatan spider monkey Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis living in the “Ya´ax´che” reserve by the Caribbean coast in northeast Yucatan peninsula. Focal animal and scan sampling as well as GPS tracking were used to document spider monkey feeding behavior, location of food trees and ranging in the reserve. The spider monkeys used 36 species of plants (94% trees; n = 432) and six non tree morphospecies as a source of food. Six tree species accounted for ≥80% of total feeding time and for 74% of all trees used. Fruits accounted for 59% of total feeding time, followed by leaves (35%), palm piths (5%) and other plant parts (1%). Total range used by the monkeys was estimated at 43% of semievergreen rainforest habitat available (ca 40ha). Range use was not random with segments showing light, moderate and heavy use; the use of different areas of their range varied monthly and was closely linked to the spatial dispersion of the trees used for food.
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Shanee, Sam, and Noga Shanee. "Activity budget and behavioural patterns of free-ranging yellow-tailed woolly monkeys Oreonax flavicauda (Mammalia: Primates), at La Esperanza, northeastern Peru." Contributions to Zoology 80, no. 4 (November 3, 2011): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08004004.
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The critically endangered yellow-tailed woolly monkey (Oreonax flavicauda) is endemic to the cloud forests of north-eastern Peru and one of the least studied of all primate species. We conducted fifteen months of group follows using focal animal sampling techniques to gather the first behavioural data on free ranging O. flavicauda. Group follows took place in an area of disturbed primary and regenerating secondary forest near the village of La Esperanza, Amazonas department. Yellow-tailed woolly monkey activity budgets at La Esperanza average: 29.8% feeding, 26.3% resting, 29.0% travelling, 2.3% in social and 12.8% in other activities. Significant differences were observed in the frequency of behaviours between age/sex classes as well as on temporal scales. Our findings are similar to those of other woolly monkey species although yellow-tailed woolly monkeys were found to be more vocally active then other species. We recommend further study of this species at other sites with different forest types to better understand its behavioural ecology and conservation needs. Particular emphasis should be given to studying this species at different altitudes.
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Wehncke, Elisabet V., Catherine Numa Valdez, and César A. Domínguez. "Seed dispersal and defecation patterns of Cebus capucinus and Alouatta palliata: consequences for seed dispersal effectiveness." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 5 (August 9, 2004): 535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001865.
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Primates are primary seed dispersers for many tropical tree species. Different species of primates vary considerably in ranging and feeding behaviour, seed processing, and in seed defecation patterns. Here we compare the role of two arboreal primate species, howlers (Alouatta palliata), and white-faced monkeys (Cebus capucinus) as seed dispersers in a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. We found that Cebus produce smaller defecations, spend shorter times feeding per tree, have longer seed dispersal distances, and produce a more scattered pattern of seed deposition in the forest than Alouatta. In addition, Cebus moved more frequently between trees, and consumed fruits of more species than Alouatta. We examined the consequences of the contrasting defecation patterns produced by Cebus and Alouatta on the early seed fate of Acacia collinsii. We found that quantity, but not the identity (Cebus vs. Alouatta) of faecal material affected post-dispersal activity. Seeds in scattered faeces, sufficiently apart from each other (the common defecation pattern of white-faced monkeys), had higher short-term survival than seeds in clumped patterns of faeces (the pattern associated with Alouatta).
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Iriki, Atsushi, and Osamu Sakura. "The neuroscience of primate intellectual evolution: natural selection and passive and intentional niche construction." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1500 (April 15, 2008): 2229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.2274.
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We trained Japanese macaque monkeys to use tools, an advanced cognitive function monkeys do not exhibit in the wild, and then examined their brains for signs of modification. Following tool-use training, we observed neurophysiological, molecular genetic and morphological changes within the monkey brain. Despite being ‘artificially’ induced, these novel behaviours and neural connectivity patterns reveal overlap with those of humans. Thus, they may provide us with a novel experimental platform for studying the mechanisms of human intelligence, for revealing the evolutionary path that created these mechanisms from the ‘raw material’ of the non-human primate brain, and for deepening our understanding of what cognitive abilities are and of those that are not uniquely human. On these bases, we propose a theory of ‘intentional niche construction’ as an extension of natural selection in order to reveal the evolutionary mechanisms that forged the uniquely intelligent human brain.
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Zong, Fang, Xiao Sun, Huiyong Zhang, Xiumei Zhu, and Wentian Qi. "Understanding Taxi Drivers’ Multi-day Cruising Patterns." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 27, no. 6 (December 17, 2015): 467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v27i6.1641.
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This study investigates taxi drivers’ multi-day cruising behaviours with GPS data collected in Shenzhen, China. By calculating the inter-daily variability of taxi drivers’ cruising behaviours, the multi-day cruising patterns are investigated. The impacts of learning feature and habitual feature on multi-day cruising behaviours are determined. The results prove that there is variability among taxis’ day-to-day cruising behaviours, and the day-of-week pattern is that taxi drivers tend to cruise a larger area on Friday, and a rather focused area on Monday. The findings also indicate that the impacts of learning feature and habitual feature are more obvious between weekend days than among weekdays. Moreover, learning feature between two sequent weeks is found to be greater than that within one week, while the habitual feature shows recession over time. By revealing taxis' day-to-day cruising pattern and the factors influencing it, the study results provide us with crucial information in predicting taxis' multi-day cruising locations, which can be applied to simulate taxis' multi-day cruising behaviour as well as to determine the traffic volume derived from taxis' cruising behaviour. This can help us in planning of transportation facilities, such as stop stations or parking lots for taxis. Moreover, the findings can be also employed in predicting taxis' adjustments of multi-day cruising locations under the impact of traffic management strategies.
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D'Amato, M. R. "A Search for Tonal Pattern Perception in Cebus Monkeys: Why Monkeys Can't Hum a Tune." Music Perception 5, no. 4 (1988): 453–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285410.
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This article reviews a series of experiments aimed at assessing the capacity of cebus monkeys and rats for tonal pattern perception (sensitivity to frequency contour). The animals' ability to differentiate between two tunes (structured sequences of tones) that shared several component notes and were similar in their average frequency suggested tonal pattern perception in both species. Detailed analysis of the basis of their discriminative behavior revealed, however, that the latter was completely controlled by local cues. Additional studies confirmed this finding and showed that the cognitive limitation was not, in the case of the monkeys, due to a generally impoverished capacity for processing acoustic stimuli or to an unduly truncated auditory short- term store. Many species of songbirds also seem remarkably deficient in their ability to perceive the tonal patterns of non-species-specific acoustic stimuli, which may be widespread among animals. Some implications of this striking difference in the auditory processing capacities of animals and humans are briefly discussed.
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Moldakarimov, Samat, Julianne E. Rollenhagen, Carl R. Olson, and Carson C. Chow. "Competitive Dynamics in Cortical Responses to Visual Stimuli." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 5 (November 2005): 3388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00159.2005.
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Neurons in the visual cortex of the macaque monkey exhibit a variety of competitive behaviors, including normalization and oscillation, when presented with multiple visual stimuli. Here we argue that a biophysically plausible cortical circuit with opponent inhibition, spike-frequency adaptation, and synaptic depression can account for the full range of behaviors. The governing parameter is the strength of inhibition between competing neuronal pools. As the strength of inhibition is increased, the pattern of network behavior shifts from normalization mode to oscillatory mode, with oscillations occurring at progressively lower frequency until, at the extreme, winner-take-all behavior appears.
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Kiani, Roozbeh, Hossein Esteky, Koorosh Mirpour, and Keiji Tanaka. "Object Category Structure in Response Patterns of Neuronal Population in Monkey Inferior Temporal Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 6 (June 2007): 4296–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00024.2007.
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Our mental representation of object categories is hierarchically organized, and our rapid and seemingly effortless categorization ability is crucial for our daily behavior. Here, we examine responses of a large number (>600) of neurons in monkey inferior temporal (IT) cortex with a large number (>1,000) of natural and artificial object images. During the recordings, the monkeys performed a passive fixation task. We found that the categorical structure of objects is represented by the pattern of activity distributed over the cell population. Animate and inanimate objects created distinguishable clusters in the population code. The global category of animate objects was divided into bodies, hands, and faces. Faces were divided into primate and nonprimate faces, and the primate-face group was divided into human and monkey faces. Bodies of human, birds, and four-limb animals clustered together, whereas lower animals such as fish, reptile, and insects made another cluster. Thus the cluster analysis showed that IT population responses reconstruct a large part of our intuitive category structure, including the global division into animate and inanimate objects, and further hierarchical subdivisions of animate objects. The representation of categories was distributed in several respects, e.g., the similarity of response patterns to stimuli within a category was maintained by both the cells that maximally responded to the category and the cells that responded weakly to the category. These results advance our understanding of the nature of the IT neural code, suggesting an inherently categorical representation that comprises a range of categories including the amply investigated face category.
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Angelova, Natasha Virmozelova. "AGE AND GENDER-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN MONEY BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES." Psychological Thought 13, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 169–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/psyct.v13i1.404.
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This article presents research on the relationships of gender role identification, biological sex, and age to the beliefs and behaviors about money. The participants were 240 whose age varied from 17 to 91 years (M = 38.68, SD = 1.81). Bulgarian adaptations of Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) and Furnham's Money Beliefs and Behavior Scale (MBBS) were used. The results indicated that people with different gender role patterns (masculine type, feminine type, androgynous type, undifferentiated type) differed in their beliefs and behaviors towards money. According to the results of this research, biological sex was related to male attitudes and beliefs that money could be the main purpose and value, and may be used to demonstrate excellence. The data showed that women tended to feel more tension, anxiety, and guilt when spending money, and also perceived money as a means of security and protection. The assumption that the participants from different age groups would have different beliefs and attitudes about money was also confirmed.
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Agaoglu, Mehmet N., Stephanie K. LeSage, Anand C. Joshi, and Vallabh E. Das. "Spatial Patterns of Fixation-Switch Behavior in Strabismic Monkeys." Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science 55, no. 3 (March 4, 2014): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.13-13460.
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Takenaka, Kazuhito, Yasuo Nagasaka, Sayaka Hihara, Hiroyuki Nakahara, Atsushi Iriki, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, and Naotaka Fujii. "Linear Discrimination Analysis of Monkey Behavior in an Alternative Free Choice Task." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 19, no. 4 (August 20, 2007): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2007.p0416.
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When we observe people, we can often comprehend their intention from their behaviors. The intentions expressed by individuals can be considered as existing in interpersonal space and from a current social context. In our daily activity, choosing socially correct behavior through the observation of such social context is essential. However, it is not known how we can decode intention from another’s behavior. Here, we show how we can retrieve the intention of monkeys through external observation of their behavior patterns while performing alternative free choice tasks. We found that linear discriminant analysis on a monkey’s motion parameters could provide a discriminant score that appears to reflect the internal decision making process. The score showed a clear flexion point that we defined as a moment of outward expression of intention (OEI). This suggests that an alternative decision is made just before an OEI and that intention is expressed in the environment after this OEI in behavior, which in turn suggests that discriminant analysis may be useful in indicating how the brain implements nonverbal social communication. If we could embed the function in a human-machine interfaces, it could enable intuitive, smooth communication between machines and humans.
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Economides, John R., Daniel L. Adams, Cristina M. Jocson, and Jonathan C. Horton. "Ocular Motor Behavior in Macaques With Surgical Exotropia." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 6 (December 2007): 3411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00839.2007.
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To provide an animal model of human exotropia, a free tenotomy of the medial recti was performed in two infant macaques. When the animals were old enough to record eye movements with video eye trackers, we measured their ductions, ocular alignment, comitance, smooth pursuit, fixation preference, and gaze stability. Partial recovery of adduction occurred in each monkey from spontaneous re-attachment of the medial rectus muscle to the eye. However, each animal was left with a relatively comitant, large angle exotropia. The magnitude of the exotropia was not affected by covering one eye. There was no dissociated vertical deviation or any significant “A” or “V” pattern to the horizontal misalignment. Smooth pursuit was more accurate when tracking nasally compared with temporally in both animals. Compensatory catch-up saccades in the tracking eye were always accompanied by conjugate movements in the deviated eye. Despite tenotomy of the medial recti, the velocity of adducting saccades was normal. Both monkeys alternated fixation, preferring to use the left eye for targets on the left side and the right eye for targets on the right. Each animal was capable of switching fixation while making accurate saccades. One of the monkeys developed a vertical pendular nystagmus, which was most prominent in the deviated eye. Macaques with ocular misalignment from medial rectus tenotomy exhibit features that are present in humans with alternating exotropia. These animals will be valuable for probing the cortical mechanisms that underlie visual suppression in strabismus.
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Gómez, Juan-Carlos. "Requesting gestures in captive monkeys and apes: Conditioned responses or referential behaviours?" Gesture 5, no. 1-2 (2005): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.5.1-2.08gom.
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Captive monkeys and apes almost inevitably develop gestures to request food and objects from humans. One possibility is that these gestures are just conditioned responses without any understanding of the socio-cognitive causality underlying their efficacy. A second possibility is that they do involve some understanding of how they are (or fail to be) effective upon the behaviour of others. Observational evidence suggest that most apes and some monkeys coordinate their request gestures with joint attention behaviours — a criterion for early referential communication in human infants. However, experimental evidence about apes and monkeys‘ understanding of the causal role of joint attention in gestural communication is equivocal, with test pass and failure patterns that can be due to cognitive and/or motivational factors. Current evidence suggests that the gestures of apes and monkeys can neither be dismissed as simple conditioned responses nor be uncritically accepted as fully equivalent to human gestures.
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Gómez, Juan-Carlos. "Requesting gestures in captive monkeys and apes." Gestural Communication in Nonhuman and Human Primates 5, no. 1-2 (December 16, 2005): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.5.1.08gom.
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Captive monkeys and apes almost inevitably develop gestures to request food and objects from humans. One possibility is that these gestures are just conditioned responses without any understanding of the socio-cognitive causality underlying their efficacy. A second possibility is that they do involve some understanding of how they are (or fail to be) effective upon the behaviour of others. Observational evidence suggest that most apes and some monkeys coordinate their request gestures with joint attention behaviours — a criterion for early referential communication in human infants. However, experimental evidence about apes and monkeys‘ understanding of the causal role of joint attention in gestural communication is equivocal, with test pass and failure patterns that can be due to cognitive and/or motivational factors. Current evidence suggests that the gestures of apes and monkeys can neither be dismissed as simple conditioned responses nor be uncritically accepted as fully equivalent to human gestures.
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Okada, Ken-ichi, Kae Nakamura, and Yasushi Kobayashi. "A Neural Correlate of Predicted and Actual Reward-Value Information in Monkey Pedunculopontine Tegmental and Dorsal Raphe Nucleus during Saccade Tasks." Neural Plasticity 2011 (2011): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/579840.
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Dopamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin, the main modulators of the central nervous system, have been proposed to play important roles in the execution of movement, control of several forms of attentional behavior, and reinforcement learning. While the response pattern of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and its specific role in reinforcement learning have been revealed, the role of the other neuromodulators remains rather elusive. Here, we review our recent studies using extracellular recording from neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, where many cholinergic neurons exist, and the dorsal raphe nucleus, where many serotonergic neurons exist, while monkeys performed eye movement tasks to obtain different reward values. The firing patterns of these neurons are often tonic throughout the task period, while dopaminergic neurons exhibited a phasic activity pattern to the task event. The different modulation patterns, together with the activity of dopaminergic neurons, reveal dynamic information processing between these different neuromodulator systems.
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Mehrpour, Vahid, Travis Meyer, Eero P. Simoncelli, and Nicole C. Rust. "Pinpointing the neural signatures of single-exposure visual recognition memory." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 18 (April 26, 2021): e2021660118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021660118.
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Memories of the images that we have seen are thought to be reflected in the reduction of neural responses in high-level visual areas such as inferotemporal (IT) cortex, a phenomenon known as repetition suppression (RS). We challenged this hypothesis with a task that required rhesus monkeys to report whether images were novel or repeated while ignoring variations in contrast, a stimulus attribute that is also known to modulate the overall IT response. The monkeys’ behavior was largely contrast invariant, contrary to the predictions of an RS-inspired decoder, which could not distinguish responses to images that are repeated from those that are of lower contrast. However, the monkeys’ behavioral patterns were well predicted by a linearly decodable variant in which the total spike count was corrected for contrast modulation. These results suggest that the IT neural activity pattern that best aligns with single-exposure visual recognition memory behavior is not RS but rather sensory referenced suppression: reductions in IT population response magnitude, corrected for sensory modulation.
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Srimulyaningsih, Reni, and Lusi Desi Sriwulan Suryadi. "Pola Pergerakan Monyet Ekor Panjang (macaca fascicularis) di Cagar Budaya Ciung Wanara." Wanamukti: Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan 21, no. 2 (March 5, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.35138/wanamukti.v21i2.164.
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Ciung Wanara Cultural Reserve (CWCR) is one of famous habitat of Long Tailed Monkeys (LTM). The existence of LTM is one of tourist attraction. But LTM in CWCR became depend on feed by tourists. This condition caused of pattern behaviour of LTM. The objective of this research is to know pattern behaviour of LTM in CWCR. The method of research is councentration count. The result of research is showing of LTM group. There are 4 groups of LTM in CWCR (Pangcalikan, Cikahuripan, Pamangkonan and Patimuan). The LTM pattern behaviour depends on alpha male of group. The pattern sleeping behaviour of LTM group is from the sleeping tree to returns to its sleeping tree. So, there is not overlap of each group, because source of feed, water and cover of LTM is sufficient. Keys words: Pattern behaviour, Long Tail Monkeys, Cultural Reserve
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Sakon, John J., and Wendy A. Suzuki. "A neural signature of pattern separation in the monkey hippocampus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 19 (April 22, 2019): 9634–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900804116.
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The CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) regions of the hippocampus are considered key for disambiguating sensory inputs from similar experiences in memory, a process termed pattern separation. The neural mechanisms underlying pattern separation, however, have been difficult to compare across species: rodents offer robust recording methods with less human-centric tasks, while humans provide complex behavior with less recording potential. To overcome these limitations, we trained monkeys to perform a visual pattern separation task similar to those used in humans while recording activity from single CA3/DG neurons. We find that, when animals discriminate recently seen novel images from similar (lure) images, behavior indicative of pattern separation, CA3/DG neurons respond to lure images more like novel than repeat images. Using a population of these neurons, we are able to classify novel, lure, and repeat images from each other using this pattern of firing rates. Notably, one subpopulation of these neurons is more responsible for distinguishing lures and repeats—the key discrimination indicative of pattern separation.
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Seth, Praveen Kumar. "Habitat, Resource Utilization, Patterns and Determinants of Behaviour in Rhesus Monkeys." Journal of Human Ecology 11, no. 1 (January 2000): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2000.11907527.
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Carlin, Aidan, and Mark Eshwar Lokanan. "Ritualisation and money laundering in the Swiss banking sector." Journal of Money Laundering Control 21, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-04-2017-0013.
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Purpose This paper aims to highlight the relationship between money laundering and the patterns of behaviour evident throughout the larger structural environment of the Swiss banking sector. In particular, the paper used HSBC as a prototype case of structural ritualisation to show that the normalisation of corrupt, unethical behaviour in the banking environment has shaped and influenced the behaviour and actions of the embedded group actors. Design/methodology/approach The paper used a content analysis methodological approach of media sources to collect data. The content analysis was categorised into six core ritualised symbolic practices (RSP) categories – corruption, reputation, blame, ignorance, regret and criticism. Findings The findings reveal that the highly ranked RSPs involving corruption, reputation, blame, regret, ignorance and criticism influence the embedded group’s patterns of behaviour, and they formed part of the cognitive script that dictated their behaviour and actions in the Swiss banking sector. Practical implications The paper added to the calls by Swiss policymakers for amendments to Swiss bank secrecy laws to reflect the changing landscape of international banking and finance. Originality/value This is the first paper of its kind to study ritualised illegal practices related to money laundering in the Swiss banking sector.
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Berdyyeva, Tamara K., and Carl R. Olson. "Intracortical microstimulation of supplementary eye field impairs ability of monkeys to make serially ordered saccades." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 8 (April 15, 2014): 1529–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00503.2013.
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Neurons in the supplementary eye field (SEF) of the macaque monkey exhibit rank selectivity, firing differentially as a function of the phase attained during the performance of a task requiring the execution of saccades to a series of objects in fixed order. The activity of these neurons is commonly thought to represent ordinal position in the service of serial-order performance. However, there is little evidence causally linking neuronal activity in the SEF to sequential behavior. To explore the role of the SEF in serial-order performance, we delivered intracortical microstimulation while monkeys performed a task requiring them to make saccades to three objects in a fixed order on each trial. Microstimulation, considered on average across all SEF sites and all phases of the trial, affected saccadic kinematics. In particular, it prolonged the reaction time, increased the peak velocity, and slightly increased the amplitude of saccades. In addition, it interfered with the monkeys' ability to select the target appropriate to a given phase of the trial. The pattern of the errors was such as would be expected if microstimulation shifted the neural representation of ordinal position toward a later phase of the trial.
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Beus, Jeremy M., and Daniel S. Whitman. "Almighty Dollar or Root of All Evil? Testing the Effects of Money on Workplace Behavior." Journal of Management 43, no. 7 (January 7, 2015): 2147–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206314565241.
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Across cultures, the idea of money has dual positive and negative connotations. Consistent with this notion of duality, money-priming theory posits that the salience of money makes individuals work harder for themselves while also reducing the concern they have for others. Although research has tended to support these expectations, it has almost exclusively done so using between-persons designs in controlled lab settings. To address these limitations in the literature, we used a within-persons design in two work settings to test individual behavior change as a function of the salience of money. We did so using two samples of professional athletes and tested the extent to which priming individual pay affected both self-serving and cooperative behaviors. We operationalized the money prime in these samples as the final year of individuals’ employment contracts—a time when money is made particularly salient relative to surrounding years. Consistent with money-priming theory, within-persons analyses using a sample of basketball players from the National Basketball Association revealed that self-serving behaviors significantly increased in the final contract year relative to surrounding years. However, we did not find that cooperative behaviors decreased during the final contract year. This pattern of results was replicated using a sample of professional hockey players in the National Hockey League. These findings cumulatively suggest that although the salience of money is associated with increases in self-serving behaviors, it is not adversely associated with cooperation or team success.
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Ghai, Ria R., Vincent Fugère, Colin A. Chapman, Tony L. Goldberg, and T. Jonathan Davies. "Sickness behaviour associated with non-lethal infections in wild primates." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1814 (September 7, 2015): 20151436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1436.
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Non-lethal parasite infections are common in wildlife, but there is little information on their clinical consequences. Here, we pair infection data from a ubiquitous soil-transmitted helminth, the whipworm (genus Trichuris ), with activity data from a habituated group of wild red colobus monkeys ( Procolobus rufomitratus tephrosceles ) in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We use mixed-effect models to examine the relationship between non-lethal parasitism and red colobus behaviour. Our results indicate that red colobus increased resting and decreased more energetically costly behaviours when shedding whipworm eggs in faeces. Temporal patterns of behaviour also changed, with individuals switching behaviour less frequently when whipworm-positive. Feeding frequency did not differ, but red colobus consumption of bark and two plant species from the genus Albizia , which are used locally in traditional medicines, significantly increased when animals were shedding whipworm eggs. These results suggest self-medicative plant use, although additional work is needed to verify this conclusion. Our results indicate sickness behaviours, which are considered an adaptive response by hosts during infection. Induction of sickness behaviour in turn suggests that these primates are clinically sensitive to non-lethal parasite infections.
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Sukma, Maulidysneni Nurvita, and Clarashinta Canggih. "Pengaruh Electronic Money, Gaya Hidup Dan Pengendalian Diri Terhadap Perilaku Konsumsi Islam." Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam 7, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.29040/jiei.v7i1.1570.
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This study was aimed to reveal the impact of electronic money, lifestyle and self control towards Islamic consumption behaviour pattern of Y and Z generation in Surabaya. The behaviour pattern of Islamic consumption was measured by 6 basic principles of consumption in Islam. Descriptive quantitative was applied as the research method. This study took 150 respondents as the research sample by using the formula of Malhotra. The data was collected by using questionnaire along with purposive sampling method and guttman scales. Then, probit regression analysis using the application of Stata 14 was occupied as the data analysis. It was resulted that the variable of electronic money had a marginal effect value of -9,5% so that the probability was not correspond to the Islamic consumption behaviour pattern whereas the variable of life style had a value of -9% which meant that the probability was not correspond to Islamic consumption behaviour pattern and the variable of self control indicated a value of 17% so that the probability matched with Islamic consumption behaviour pattern
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McKeon, Ryan. "Empirical patterns of time value decay in options." China Finance Review International 7, no. 4 (November 20, 2017): 429–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cfri-09-2016-0108.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to conduct an empirical analysis of the pattern of time value decay in listed equity options, considering both call and put options and different moneyness and maturity levels. Design/methodology/approach The research design is empirical, with great attention paid to creating a standardized measure of time value that can be both tracked over time for an individual option contract and meaningfully compared across two or more different option contracts. Findings The author finds that moneyness classification at the beginning of the holding period is the key determinant of the pattern of subsequent time decay. The type of option, call or put, and the maturity of the contract have surprisingly little relevance to the pattern of time decay “out-the-money contracts having similar patterns on average, regardless of whether they are calls or puts, 30-day or 60-day contracts.” More detailed analysis reveals that In-the-money and out-the-money contracts have slow time decay for most of the contract life, with a significant percentage of the time decay concentrated on the final day of the option. At-the-money contracts experience strong decay early in the life of the option. Research limitations/implications The study is limited by not having intra-day data included to analyze more frequent price movements. Practical implications The results reported in the paper provide insight into issues of active management facing options traders, specifically choices such as the initial maturity of the option contract and rollover frequency. Originality/value Very few studies examine the important issue of how option time value behaves. Time value is the subjective part of the option contract value, and therefore very difficult to predict and understand. This paper provides insight into typical empirical patterns of time value behavior.
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McCabe, Mary Beth, and Ramon Corona. "Marketing To Hispanics: Eco-Friendly Behavior Patterns." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2011): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v10i10.5978.
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This research compares the eco-friendly habits of Hispanics to the general population based upon self reported activities by residents of California. The findings indicate that Hispanics are participating in eco-friendly activities, which include recycling, buying eco-friendly products, using fewer natural resources, and support green causes. However, they are more likely to only participate in a few of these activities, primarily those around the home and those requiring less personal commitment in time and money. There is a gap between the general population and the Hispanic population where it relates to the sales of green products and services. This discovery represents an opportunity for a call to action to the 50 million United States Hispanic residents on the topics of recycling, natural products and services and causes.
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Crockett, Carolyn M., and Theresa Pope. "Inferring patterns of aggression from red howler monkey injuries." American Journal of Primatology 15, no. 4 (1988): 289–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350150404.
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Mangalam, Madhur, Matheus Maia Pacheco, Patrícia Izar, Elisabetta Visalberghi, and Dorothy Munkenbeck Fragaszy. "Unique perceptuomotor control of stone hammers in wild monkeys." Biology Letters 14, no. 1 (January 2018): 20170587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0587.
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We analysed the patterns of coordination of striking movement and perceptuomotor control of stone hammers in wild bearded capuchin monkeys, Sapajus libidinosus as they cracked open palm nut using hammers of different mass, a habitual behaviour in our study population. We aimed to determine why these monkeys cannot produce conchoidally fractured flakes as do contemporary human knappers or as did prehistoric hominin knappers. We found that the monkeys altered their patterns of coordination of movement to accommodate changes in hammer mass. By altering their patterns of coordination, the monkeys kept the strike's amplitude and the hammer's velocity at impact constant with respect to hammer mass. In doing so, the hammer's kinetic energy at impact—which determines the propagation of a fracture/crack in a nut—varied across hammers of different mass. The monkeys did not control the hammer's kinetic energy at impact, the key parameter a perceiver-actor should control while knapping stones. These findings support the hypothesis that the perceptuomotor control of stone hammers in wild bearded capuchin monkeys is inadequate to produce conchoidally fractured flakes by knapping stones, as do humans.
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Lebedev, M. A., and R. J. Nelson. "Rhythmically Firing Neostriatal Neurons in Monkey: Activity Patterns During Reaction-Time Hand Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 1832–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.4.1832.
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While previous studies have identified rhythmically firing neurons (RFNs) in monkey neostriatum and these rhythmic firing patterns have been shown to evolve in neostriatal tonically active neurons (TANs) after dopamine input depletion, the activity patterns of RFNs during motor behavior are still far from completely understood. We examined the single-unit activity patterns of neostriatal neurons, recorded in awake behaving monkeys during a wrist movement task, for evidence of rhythmic activity. Monkeys made ballistic wrist flexion and extension movements in response to vibrotactile cues. Animals held a steady wrist position for 0.5 to 2.0 s while awaiting the onset of the go-cues (hold period). Although the majority of neostriatal neurons (274/306) did not fire rhythmically, approximately 10% of the neurons (32/306) fired rhythmically at 10–50 Hz during the hold period. Most RFNs (28/32) showed significant activity changes during the time between go-cue presentation and movement onset (premovement activity). One-half of RFNs exhibited premovement activity that differed as a function of movement direction. Only one RFN may have responded to the delivery of a fruit juice reward. Neuronal firing was analyzed using interspike interval distributions, autocorrelations, and serial correlation techniques. These analyses showed that the activity patterns of most RFNs were consistent with an integrate-and-fire model of neuronal rhythm generation. Changes in RFN activity patterns during the premovement interval and intertrial variations in firing frequency could be explained by changes in the general level of excitatory input. These observations are consistent with the firing properties reported for neostriatal cholinergic interneurons. It has been suggested that tonically active neurons may be cholinergic interneurons and that these neurons show changes in activity related to specific aspects of behavioral paradigms, such as rewards. RFNs may constitute a special class of TANs. The results presented here suggest that RFNs may have a role in movement initiation. We speculate that RFNs may modulate the propagation of cortical oscillations via basal ganglia-thalamic-cortical loops.
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Russo, Sabrina E. "Linking seed fate to natural dispersal patterns: factors affecting predation and scatter-hoarding of Virola calophylla seeds in Peru." Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, no. 3 (May 2005): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467405002312.
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Natural seed deposition patterns and their effects on post-dispersal seed fate are critical in tropical tree recruitment. Previous research showed that the key dispersal agent of the neotropical tree, Virola calophylla, is the spider monkey (Ateles paniscus). Spider monkeys generate a heterogeneous seed deposition pattern because they scatter-disperse seeds diurnally, whereas they clump-disperse seeds at their sleeping sites. The recruitment consequences of this pattern were investigated using manipulative experiments and observations. Scatter-hoarding by spiny rats (Proechimys spp.) caused little rearrangement of the initial seed deposition pattern because they moved seeds only short distances. Seed survival to the seedling stage depended negatively on conspecific seed density and positively on the distance from the nearest adult V. calophylla female. These effects were likely mediated by two important seed predators, spiny rats and beetles (Scolytidae). Furthermore, spider monkeys' seed deposition patterns influenced seed survival. Scatter-dispersed and experimentally dispersed seeds had the highest survival. Conversely, clump-dispersed seeds at sleeping sites, which are far from V. calophylla females, and non-dispersed seeds had equally low survival, suggesting that conspecific density- and distance-dependence acted independently and did not explain all variation in seed survival. Instead, other characteristics of the seed deposition pattern, such as the multi-specific assemblage of seeds at sleeping sites, also affected post-dispersal seed fates.Resumen: La conexión entre el patrón natural de dispersión de semillas con el destino después de la dispersión es clave para el reclutamiento de árboles tropicales. Mediante experimentos y observaciones se investigó esta conexión utilizando el árbol neotropical Virola calophylla (Myristicaceae). Ateles paniscus (maquisapa), el principal dispersor de sus semillas, genera un patrón de deposición heterogéneo. Durante el día las semillas son depositadas de manera esparcida mientras que en los dormitorios las semillas son depositadas de manera agregada. En este estudio se encontró que los roedores espinosos (Proechimys spp.) almacenaron semillas individuales debajo de la hojarasca, sin embargo estos no alteraron el patrón de dispersión ya que las semillas fueron transportadas distancias cortas y la tasa de predación fue alta. Se encontró que la tasa de sobrevivencia hasta la etapa de plántula tuve una relación negativa con la densidad de las semillas y una relación positiva con la distancia al árbol hembra de V. calophylla mas cercano. Estos efectos sucedieron por medio de roedores espinosos y coleópteros (Scolytidae), predadores importantes de las semillas de V. callophylla. Adicionalemente, el patrón de deposición de los maquisapas influenció la sobrevivencia de las semillas. Tanto las semillas dispersadas por los maquisapas como las dispersadas experimentalmente tuvieron la tasa de sobrevivencia más alta. Por el contrario, tanto las semillas depositadas en los dormitorios, usualmente lejos de hembras de V. calophylla, como las semillas que cayeron debajo del árbol hembra tuvieron bajos niveles de sobrevivencia. Estos reultados sugieren que tanto la densidad como la distancia tuvieron efectos independientes y no explicaron toda la variación observada en la sobrevivencia de semillas. Por el contrario, otras características de la deposición de semillas tales como la riqueza de especies de la comunidad de semillas en los dormitorios también afectaron el destino de las semillas después de dispersadas.
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Bowmaker, J. K., S. Astell, D. M. Hunt, and J. D. Mollon. "Photosensitive and photostable pigments in the retinae of Old World monkeys." Journal of Experimental Biology 156, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.156.1.1.
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Microspectrophotometric measurements of retinal receptors are reported for eight species of Old World monkey. Although the animals vary greatly in size, colourings and habitat, they all appear to be trichromats and the peak sensitivities of their cones invariably lie near 430, 535 and 565 nm. This consistent pattern contrasts with the results reported earlier for New World monkeys and with the results reported here for Tupaia glis. The trichromacy of frugivorous catarrhine monkeys may have co-evolved with a particular class of coloured fruit. Short-wave cones were rare in all species. The ratio of the numbers of middle-wave and long-wave cones varied between individual animals, but had an overall value close to unity. In the case of all the species examined here, we have recorded a photostable pigment in the inner segments of rods and cones. The latter pigment has a peak sensitivity close to 420 nm and an absorbance spectrum that is narrower than that of a photosensitive visual pigment.
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Sharma, Swati, Joana M. D. Portela, Daniel Langenstroth-Röwer, Joachim Wistuba, Nina Neuhaus, and Stefan Schlatt. "Male germline stem cells in non-human primates." Primate Biology 4, no. 2 (September 22, 2017): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/pb-4-173-2017.
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Abstract. Over the past few decades, several studies have attempted to decipher the biology of mammalian germline stem cells (GSCs). These studies provide evidence that regulatory mechanisms for germ cell specification and migration are evolutionarily conserved across species. The characteristics and functions of primate GSCs are highly distinct from rodent species; therefore the findings from rodent models cannot be extrapolated to primates. Due to limited availability of human embryonic and testicular samples for research purposes, two non-human primate models (marmoset and macaque monkeys) are extensively employed to understand human germline development and differentiation. This review provides a broader introduction to the in vivo and in vitro germline stem cell terminology from primordial to differentiating germ cells. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the most immature germ cells colonizing the gonad prior to sex differentiation into testes or ovaries. PGC specification and migratory patterns among different primate species are compared in the review. It also reports the distinctions and similarities in expression patterns of pluripotency markers (OCT4A, NANOG, SALL4 and LIN28) during embryonic developmental stages, among marmosets, macaques and humans. This review presents a comparative summary with immunohistochemical and molecular evidence of germ cell marker expression patterns during postnatal developmental stages, among humans and non-human primates. Furthermore, it reports findings from the recent literature investigating the plasticity behavior of germ cells and stem cells in other organs of humans and monkeys. The use of non-human primate models would enable bridging the knowledge gap in primate GSC research and understanding the mechanisms involved in germline development. Reported similarities in regulatory mechanisms and germ cell expression profile in primates demonstrate the preclinical significance of monkey models for development of human fertility preservation strategies.
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Zhang, Jian, Dapeng Zhao, and Baoguo Li. "Postconflict behavior among female Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus roxellana within one-male units in the Qinling Mountains, China." Current Zoology 56, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/56.2.222.
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Abstract For group-living primates, the information on postconflict management is crucial for understanding primate competition and cooperation. However, such information is poorly known for snub-nosed monkeys, especially for wild populations. In this study, from September 2007 to June 2008, we investigated postconflict behavior among adult females Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus roxellana within one-male units in a wild, provisioned group in the Qinling Mountains of China by means of the time-rule method and the PC-MC method. We obtained a total of 81 PC-MC pairs and each individual was involved in only 0.004 aggressive behavior per observation hour. The first affiliative behavior was more likely to occur within the first minute after a conflict. The postconflict affiliative behaviors most often seen were contact-sit, embrace and grooming. The affiliative contacts between adult females occur due to selective attraction, i.e. reconciliation. The pattern of postconflict affiliation demonstrates that the R. roxellana belongs to a tolerant species.
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Ross, Caroline. "Life history patterns of new world monkeys." International Journal of Primatology 12, no. 5 (October 1991): 481–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02547635.
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Boinski, S. "Mating patterns in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedi)." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 21, no. 1 (July 1987): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00324430.
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Saka, E. "Repetitive Behaviors in Monkeys Are Linked to Specific Striatal Activation Patterns." Journal of Neuroscience 24, no. 34 (August 25, 2004): 7557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1072-04.2004.
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