Academic literature on the topic 'Monkey behaviour patterns'
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Journal articles on the topic "Monkey behaviour patterns"
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Klein, Harmonie, Gaëlle Bocksberger, Pauline Baas, Sarah Bunel, Erwan Théleste, Simone Pika, and Tobias Deschner. "Hunting of mammals by central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in the Loango National Park, Gabon." Primates 62, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-020-00885-4.
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AbstractThe predation and consumption of animals are common behaviours in chimpanzees across tropical Africa. To date, however, relatively little is known concerning the hunting behaviour of central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes). Here, we provide the first direct observations of hunting behaviour by individuals of the newly habituated Rekambo community in the Loango National Park, Gabon. Over a period of 23 months (May 2017 to March 2019), we observed a total of 61 predation attempts on eight mammal species, including four monkey species. The two most frequently hunted species were two monkey species (Cercocebus torquatus,Cercopithecus nictitans), which are not hunted at other long-term field sites. The majority of predation events observed involved parties of an average of eight individuals, mainly adult males, with hunting success being higher with increasing numbers of participants. Hunting occurred all year round, but hunting rates increased in the dry season, the period of high fruit availability in the Loango National Park. These results are in line with the nutrient surplus hypothesis which explains seasonal variation in hunting behaviour in several populations of eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii: e.g., Mahale, Tanzania; Ngogo, Uganda). Finally, with a hunting frequency of 2.65 hunts per month, the Rekambo community had higher hunting rates than other sites (Bossou, Republic of Guinea; Kahuzi-Biega, Democratic Republic of Congo; Budongo, Uganda) where red colobus monkeys are also absent. We discuss these results and compare them to patterns at other long-term sites.
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Saldaña Sánchez, Amor Aline, Filippo Aureli, Laura Busia, and Colleen M. Schaffner. "Who’s there? Third parties affect social interactions between spider monkey males." Behaviour 157, no. 8-9 (September 8, 2020): 761–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10021.
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Abstract Spider monkeys provide an intriguing opportunity to examine behavioural flexibility in relation to their social environment given their high degree of fission–fusion dynamics and the nature of male–male relationships. These characteristics allow us to examine how flexibility in social interactions is modulated by the perception of risk and uncertainty related to other group members. We investigated whether male–male interactions vary according to partner identity and presence of third parties in wild Geoffroy’s spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi). We used proportion of approaches followed by an embrace, an indicator of risk and uncertainty, or by grooming, an affiliative behaviour. To confirm the monkeys’ perception of risk or uncertainty we used aggression rates and time spent vigilant. We collected data on eight adult spider monkey males: three of them belonged to one clique and the other five to another clique based on distinct patterns of residence. We found higher proportions of approaches followed by embraces and lower proportions of approaches followed by grooming between males of different cliques than between males of the same clique. In addition, we found higher aggression rates between males from different cliques. The proportions of approaches followed by embraces in the five-male clique were higher when the three-male clique was no longer in the group. The five males were more vigilant when the other three males were present in the group, indicating the monkeys perceived higher risk or uncertainty under these circumstances. We found lower proportions of approaches followed by grooming between two males when there was at least one other male in the subgroup than when there were only the two males. Our results provide evidence for behavioural flexibility in the interactions between spider monkey males as an example of how animals can cope with social challenges by adjusting their behaviour.
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Henzi, S. Peter, Nicola Forshaw, Ria Boner, Louise Barrett, and David Lusseau. "Scalar social dynamics in female vervet monkey cohorts." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1618 (May 19, 2013): 20120351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0351.
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Primate social life and behaviour is contingent on a number of levels: phylogenetic, functional and proximate. Although this contingency is recognized by socioecological theory, variability in behaviour is still commonly viewed as ‘noise’ around a central tendency, rather than as a source of information. An alternative view is that selection has acted on social reaction norms that encompass demographic variation both between and within populations and demes. Here, using data from vervet monkeys ( Chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus ), we illustrate how this alternative approach can provide a more nuanced account of social structure and its relation to contingent events at the ecological and demographic levels. Female vervets in our South African study population live in large groups, where they experience demographic stress and increased levels of feeding competition relative to an East African population in Amboseli, Kenya. Females in the South African population did not respond to this stress by intensifying competition for high-value grooming partners to help alleviate the effects of this stress, did not show the expected rank-related patterns of grooming, nor did they show any spatial association with their preferred grooming partners. Increased group size therefore resulted in a reorganization of female social engagement that was both qualitatively and quantitatively different to that seen elsewhere, and suggests that female vervets possess the flexibility to shift to alternative patterns of social engagement in response to contingent ecological and demographic conditions.
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Wolters, Sonja, and Klaus Zuberbühler. "Mixed-species associations of Diana and Campbell's monkeys: the costs and benefits of a forest phenomenon." Behaviour 140, no. 3 (2003): 371–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853903321826684.
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AbstractOne of the most striking behavioural patterns of many forest primates concerns their tendency to live in semi-permanent mixed-species groups. Functional investigations have ascertained that individuals obtain some antipredator benefits without paying the costs of intra-species resource competition. Despite these advances, very little is known about the subtle mechanisms that keep mixed species groups together on a daily basis. Our results showed that in the Diana-Campbell's monkey association both species benefited from each other in diverse and idiosyncratic ways. In the presence of Campbell's monkeys the conspicuous Diana monkeys were more likely to descend into the lower forest strata, increased their foraging behaviour, and individuals became less vigilant. The cryptic Campbell's monkeys, in turn, were able to use the higher forest strata and exposed areas more often, spread out over larger areas, were more likely to travel, and engaged in more conspicuous vocal behaviour when associated with Diana monkeys. These data suggested that both species benefited from each other in ways that went beyond passive group-size related antipredator benefits, such as a dilution effect and increased chances of predator detection. Instead, the increased safety of the mixed species group allowed individuals to exploit their ecological niche more broadly, to forage more efficiently, and to engage in more social behaviour, suggesting that the benefits of mixed species groups are much more varied and diverse than currently thought.
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Curran, William, and Catherine Lynn. "Monkey and humans exhibit similar motion-processing mechanisms." Biology Letters 5, no. 6 (July 22, 2009): 743–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0407.
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Single cell recording studies have resulted in a detailed understanding of motion-sensitive neurons in non-human primate visual cortex. However, it is not known to what extent response properties of motion-sensitive neurons in the non-human primate brain mirror response characteristics of motion-sensitive neurons in the human brain. Using a motion adaptation paradigm, the direction aftereffect, we show that changes in the activity of human motion-sensitive neurons to moving dot patterns that differ in dot density bear a strong resemblance to data from macaque monkey. We also show a division-like inhibition between neural populations tuned to opposite directions, which also mirrors neural-inhibitory behaviour in macaque. These findings strongly suggest that motion-sensitive neurons in human and non-human primates share common response and inhibitory characteristics.
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Aversi-Ferreira, Tales Alexandre, Emmanuel Freitas-Ferreira, Roqueline A. G. M. F. Aversi-Ferreira, Karolyne Cordeiro-de-Oliveira, Gezianne Lopes-de-Freitas, Kaynara Trevisan, Giovanna Felipe Cavalcante, et al. "Comparative Gross Anatomy of the Forelimb Arteries of the Japanese Monkey (Macaca fuscata) and a Comparative Pattern of Forelimb Arterial Distribution in Primates." BioMed Research International 2020 (July 16, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8635917.
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Macaca fuscata displays characteristic behaviours, such as stone handling, locomotor behaviour, gait position, and intermittent bipedalism. Differences in characteristic behaviours among primate species/genera could be explained by anatomical details of the body. However, the anatomical details have not been well studied in Macaca fuscata. Arterial models could be one of the anatomical bases for the phylogenetic and functional differences among species, since the arterial supply could be associated with the muscular performance, especially locomotor behaviour. In this study, five thoracic limbs of Macaca fuscata adults were dissected to analyse the vessels. Patterns of arterial distribution in the thoracic limbs of Macaca fuscata were compared with those in other primates. The results indicated that the arterial distribution in the Japanese monkeys was more similar to those in Macaca mulatta and Papio anubis, which is consistent with phylogenetic similarities. However, compared with Papio anubis and other macaques, there were anatomical differences in several points, including (1) the origin of the common, anterior, posterior circumflex, and profunda brachii, and (2) the origins of the collateralis ulnaris artery. The comparative anatomy of the arteries in the forelimb of Macaca fuscata, along with the anatomical studies in other primates, indicated characteristic patterns of brachial artery division and the number of the palmar arches in primates, which is consistent with the phylogenetic division among New World primates, Old World primates, and apes.
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González-Zamora, Arturo, Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez, Federico Escobar, Ken Oyama, Filippo Aureli, and Kathryn E. Stoner. "Sleeping-tree fidelity of the spider monkey shapes community-level seed-rain patterns in continuous and fragmented rain forests." Journal of Tropical Ecology 31, no. 4 (June 8, 2015): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646741500022x.
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Abstract:Repeated use of sleeping trees (STs) by frugivores promotes the deposition and aggregation of copious amounts of seed, thus having key implications for seed dispersal and forest regeneration. Seed-rain patterns produced by this behaviour likely depend on the frequency of use of these sites, yet this hypothesis has been poorly tested. We evaluated community-level seed-rain patterns produced by the spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) over 13 mo in latrines located beneath 60 STs in the Lacandona rain forest, Mexico. Because this primate is increasingly ‘forced’ to inhabit fragmented landscapes, we tested whether sleeping-tree fidelity (STF) differed among sites and between continuous and fragmented forests. We also tested whether seed-rain patterns were associated with STF within each site and forest type. STF was highly variable among STs (average = 7 mo, range = 1–12 mo), but did not differ among study sites or forest types. STF was positively associated with seed abundance, species diversity and species turnover. Nevertheless, STF tended to be negatively related to seed community evenness. These results are likely due to the most frequently used STs being in areas with greater food density. Our results demonstrate that site fidelity shapes community-level seed-rain patterns and thus has key ecological implications.
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Campos, Fernando A., Urs Kalbitzer, Amanda D. Melin, Jeremy D. Hogan, Saul E. Cheves, Evin Murillo-Chacon, Adrián Guadamuz, et al. "Differential impact of severe drought on infant mortality in two sympatric neotropical primates." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 4 (April 2020): 200302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200302.
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Extreme climate events can have important consequences for the dynamics of natural populations, and severe droughts are predicted to become more common and intense due to climate change. We analysed infant mortality in relation to drought in two primate species (white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus imitator, and Geoffroy's spider monkeys, Ateles geoffroyi ) in a tropical dry forest in northwestern Costa Rica. Our survival analyses combine several rare and valuable long-term datasets, including long-term primate life-history, landscape-scale fruit abundance, food-tree mortality, and climate conditions. Infant capuchins showed a threshold mortality response to drought, with exceptionally high mortality during a period of intense drought, but not during periods of moderate water shortage. By contrast, spider monkey females stopped reproducing during severe drought, and the mortality of infant spider monkeys peaked later during a period of low fruit abundance and high food-tree mortality linked to the drought. These divergent patterns implicate differing physiology, behaviour or associated factors in shaping species-specific drought responses. Our findings link predictions about the Earth's changing climate to environmental influences on primate mortality risk and thereby improve our understanding of how the increasing severity and frequency of droughts will affect the dynamics and conservation of wild primates.
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Stephan, Claudia, and Klaus Zuberbühler. "Social familiarity affects Diana monkey ( Cercopithecus diana diana ) alarm call responses in habitat-specific ways." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 2 (February 2016): 150639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150639.
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Male Diana monkeys produce loud and acoustically distinct alarm calls to leopards and eagles that propagate over long distances, much beyond the immediate group. Calling is often contagious, with neighbouring males responding to each other’s calls, indicating that harem males communicate both to local group members and distant competitors. Here, we tested whether male Diana monkeys responding to each other’s alarm calls discriminated familiar from unfamiliar callers in two populations in Taï Forest (Ivory Coast) and on Tiwai Island (Sierra Leone). At both sites, we found specific acoustic markers in male alarm call responses that discriminated familiar from unfamiliar callers, but response patterns were site-specific. On Tiwai Island, males responded to familiar males’ eagle alarms with ‘standard’ eagle alarm calls, whereas unfamiliar males triggered acoustically atypical eagle alarms. The opposite was found in Taï Forest where males responded to unfamiliar males’ eagle alarm calls with ‘standard’ eagle alarms, and with atypical eagle alarms to familiar males’ calls. Moreover, only Taï, but not Tiwai, males also marked familiarity with the caller in their leopard-induced alarms. We concluded that male Diana monkeys encode not only predator type but also signaller familiarity in their alarm calls, although in population-specific ways. We explain these inter-site differences in vocal behaviour in terms of differences in predation pressure and population density. We discuss the adaptive function and implications of this behaviour for the origins of acoustic flexibility in primate communication.
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Boinski, Sue. "Dispersal patterns among three species of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedii, S. boliviensis and S. sciureus): III. Cognition." Behaviour 142, no. 5 (2005): 679–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539054352879.
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AbstractCognitive skills essential to dispersal remain a thorny, seldom-broached topic, especially among the putatively 'clever' primates. This essay, the final installment of a three-part monograph, considers the cognitive mechanisms underlying expression of three extremely distinctive species-specific dispersal outcomes within squirrel monkeys (genus Saimiri, Primates: Cebidae). Findings from two companion reports, which assess the costs and benefits structuring between-species differences (I. Divergent costs and benefits, Boinski et al., 2005a) and variation within-species (II. Within-species and local variation, Boinski et al., 2005b), provide the groundwork for my often speculative discussion. (1) In Costa Rica, female S. oerstedii do not form kin-based alliances. All females disperse prior to their first mating season and may disperse on numerous occasions throughout adulthood. Male S. oerstedii are philopatric and exhibit close social bonds with other natal males, particularly those from the same birth cohort. (2) Male dispersal and female philopatry, the prevalent pattern in most mammals, including primates, characterizes Peruvian S. boliviensis. Both sexes form life-long alliances with same-sex kin. After natal dispersal, male birth cohorts join all-male groups, from which they attempt to immigrate into mixed-sex troops. Female kin in a S. boliviensis troop form matrilines critical in within-group food competition. (3) All male and most female S. sciureus disperse from several to many occasions during their lifetime. In contrast to the other two species, male S. sciureus never exhibit stable alliances with other males, including probable kin. Similarly, female coalitions are transient, detectable only during periods of relative food abundance.What are the implications of this marked between-species disparity in dispersal outcomes for squirrel monkey cognition, and, by extension, the cognition of other social mammals? Two timely issues are addressed. First, squirrel monkeys exemplify the provocative parallels in the assessments required of individuals embedded within three circumstances usually treated separately: dispersal; coordination of group travel; and fission-fusion adjustments of group composition. Are arguments that dispersal is more or less cognitively demanding than either coordinated travel or fission-fusion social structures justified? Fundamentally, all three processes are reducible to frequency-dependent decision-making by individuals based upon concurrent social and ecological assessments across multiple dimensions, such as time, space, and participant number. Second, a common approach to identify the covariation of selective regimes and apparent cognitive abilities are taxonomically inclusive, multivariate parametric statistical models, which incorporate information on ecology, behaviour, morphology and phylogeny. However, such correlative analyses add little to what is arguably the major challenge in contemporary field investigations of animal behaviour: How can we distinguish complex, multivariate decision-making algorithms from simple 'rule of thumb' solutions? Must field workers await the findings of laboratory-based neuroethological and neuroanatomical investigations to improve understanding of what innate versus learned behaviour contributes to complex social and ecological decisions in group-living mammals, such as those incarnate in dispersal? My suggestion is that more research emphasis be given to detailed, longitudinal field observations of recognized individuals from infancy onwards. The resulting empirical data, although in most instances onerous to collect, will enable construction of a rich, multivariate, quantitative and qualitative longitudinal picture of individual development and changing contexts of experience. In turn, these descriptive data will afford a strong basis for rejecting or accepting predictions distinguishing experiential, socially learned and innate components of dispersal behaviour.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Monkey behaviour patterns"
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Valero, Alejandra. "Spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis) travel patterns in a subtropical forest of Yucatan, Mexico." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2835.
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A 12-month study of the ranging behaviour of 11 spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis) was undertaken at the Otochma' ax Yetel Kooh nature reserve in the state of Yucatan, Mexico. The aims were: 1) to evaluate the relationship between ranging patterns of the monkeys and ecological features i.e. climate and food distribution, 2) to assess the efficiency of ranging patterns, and 3) to test the hypothesis that spider monkeys navigate between important sources through spatial memory of key locations. A focal animal was followed daily for as long as possible and details of its ranging patterns recorded by entering positional fixes with a GPS receiver. Behavioural states were included in the observations to link them with the geographical information recorded simultaneously. The results revealed that the ranging patterns of spider monkeys at the study site were determined by the availability of key species of fruit in the area. Ranging was efficient, as evidenced by the fact that in most instances - particularly in the dry season when food was scarce - (1) spider monkeys moved in straight lines to distant food sources, (2) were able to orient their movement toward a food source at distances that could not have been in sight from the point where directed movement originated, and (3) the successive organisation of these linear segments was consistently forward, suggesting an ability to plan ahead of the next food source visited. I present these results as evidence of the use of spatial memory to move efficiently between important sources in their environment, and I argue in favour of higher-level spatial abilities in this species of New World monkeys.
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Bezanson, Michelle. "Ontogenetic Patterns of Positional Behavior in Cebus Capucinus and Alouatta Palliata." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194475.
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Positional behavior is the measurable and observable link between the biology and behavior of an animal in its environment. In this dissertation, I examine ontogenetic patterns of positional behavior in infant, juvenile, and adult white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) and mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) inhabiting the same tropical forest in Costa Rica. During growth and development ontogenetic changes in body size, limb proportions, and motor skills are likely to influence locomotion and posture through the arboreal canopy. I collected data on positional behavior, activity, prehensile-tail use, branch size, branch angle, and crown location during a 12 month period at Estación Biológica La Suerte in northeastern Costa Rica. The data set is comprised of 401.3 hours of data on Cebus capucinus and 554.3 hours of data on Alouatta palliata totaling 955.7 hours of data or 57,344 individual activity records.Life history timing and differences in rates of growth did not predictably influence the development of adult-like positional behaviors in Cebus and Alouatta. In both species, infancy was characterized by high proportions of dorsal, ventral, and side riding on the mother with smaller proportions of independent positional modes observed during play, explore, active posture, and feed/forage. Young Cebus resembled the adult pattern of positional behavior by six months of age while howlers exhibited significant differences in several positional behavior categories through 24 months of age. The positional repertoire of both species revealed similarities in the types of modes used during feed/forage and travel in juveniles and adults. For example, in juvenile and adult age categories of Cebus, feeding and foraging included high proportions of quadrupedal walk, sit, and squat in conjunction with climbing, leaping, and suspensory behaviors. In howlers, the degree to which coordination and increases in body mass during ontogeny as limiting factors in the development of adult-like positional competence is unclear. Data presented here suggest that the environment exerts different pressures on growing Cebus and Alouatta that may relate to diet, energy expenditure, foraging skill, and/or social learning.
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Crespo, Mingueza Laia. "Assessment of lateralized behaviour in free-ranging Mexican mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata mexicana)." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-122283.
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The evolutionary origins of human handedness are still unknown. The study of lateralized behaviour in our closest relatives, the nonhuman primates, is useful to clarify how this trait appeared and evolved in our species. In the present study, lateralized behaviour was assessed in a population of 32 free-ranging Mexican mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata mexicana) for thirteen spontaneous motor patterns, at individual and group levels, as well as the effect that age, sex and posture have on its strength and direction. The studied population of howler monkeys displayed only few significant lateral biases at the individual level with single motor patterns (Binomial tests, p≤0.05). No biases towards the use of a particular limb or side of the body were found at a population level. Therefore, even though some individuals showed significant limb/side preference with single motor patterns, no signs of task specialization, side specialization, or true handedness were found. Similarly, no effects of sex, age or posture were found on the direction or strength of lateralized behaviour. The general absence of limb/side preferences found in this population may be due to the constraints imposed by the arboreal life and/or the type of diet. Possible causal agents of the few significant individual biases found here may be the presence of handicaps and/or experience. Further research is needed in order to assess whether the lack of human-like handedness reported in this study is only specific to the studied population, a general phenomenon of the genus Alouatta or perhaps of all the Platyrrhini.
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DiGregorio, Gayle. "The effects of woodchips and buried food on behavior patterns and psychological well-being of captive rhesus monkeys." 1989. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/21617220.html.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1989.Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-130).
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Barrett, Alan Sean. "Spatial and temporal patterns in resource dispersion and the structure of range use and co-existence in a social omnivore Chlorocebus Aethiops." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3360.
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The movements of two vervet monkey troops were studied to determine whether they optimize their rate of food intake in relation to seasonal energy availability. The effect of variation in habitat structure on the troops’ foraging strategies while utilizing temporally and spatially distributed resources was determined. Troop home range boundaries were delineated, the various plant communities and species utilised by the troops identified and classified, and variations in home range and vegetation structure were reported. The diets of the troops were determined and compared. Effects of coexistence on competition were assessed. Vervet food trees were randomly selected, marked and seasonal phenological data collected. Samples of food items constituting the two troops diets were collected for energy analysis. Using geostatistical interpolation techniques, monthly energy values were extrapolated onto home range grids for the two vervet monkey troops. Grids were stored as database files that were interrogated through GIS simulation models. Using the stochastic processes inherent in Markov chain theory, a series of non-returning random walks were simulated for comparison to original routes taken by the two troops. Results from comparisons of home range energy, day range lengths and areas, shortest route energy to actual route energy, time spent in high energy areas, and energy utilisation from actual and randomly generated routes indicated that the two troops optimize resource energy available to them by adopting flexible foraging strategies. In environments where temporal and spatial variations in habitat structure affect the distribution of resources, it is essential that animals develop optimal foraging strategies to survive. For the two troops investigated, foraging strategies fluctuate between being time minimizers in more heterogeneous environments where resources are abundant, and energy maximisers in homogeneous environments where resources are constrained by low diversity and seasonality.Environmental Sciences (Department)
D.Litt et Phil (Environmental Management)
Books on the topic "Monkey behaviour patterns"
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Moynihan, M. Some behavior patterns of platyrrhine monkeys: II. Saguinus geoffroyi and some other tamarins. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985.
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Pope, Theresa R. The influence of mating system and dispersal patterns on the genetic structure of Red howler monkey populations. 1989.
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Communications, Epm. Time & Money: Consumer Spending Patterns for Black, Hispanic & Asian Americans. EPM Communications, 2004.
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Polillo, Simone. The Ascent of Market Efficiency. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750373.001.0001.
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This book weaves together historical narrative and quantitative bibliometric data to detail the path financial economists took in order to form one of the central theories of financial economics—the influential efficient-market hypothesis—which states that the behavior of financial markets is unpredictable. As the notorious quip goes, a blindfolded monkey would do better than a group of experts in selecting a portfolio of securities, simply by throwing darts at the financial pages of a newspaper. How did such a hypothesis come to be so influential in the field of financial economics? How did financial economists turn a lack of evidence about systematic patterns in the behavior of financial markets into a foundational approach to the study of finance? Each chapter focuses on these questions, as well as on collaborative academic networks, and on the values and affects that kept the networks together as they struggled to define what the new field of financial economics should be about. In doing so, the book introduces a new dimension—data analysis—to our understanding of the ways knowledge advances.
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Aderinto, Saheed. “The Vulgar and Obscene Language”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038884.003.0003.
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This chapter focuses on adult prostitution and the physical, ethnic, and racial geography of sex work. In the view of moralists, adult prostitutes represented a different category of women believed to be in firm control of their sexuality, the financial resources they accrued from their activities, and how that money was spent. Prostitution was not only a profitable profession, it also directly and indirectly contributed to the colonial state's agenda of maintaining the city as a hotspot of migrants. As such, sex work mirrored the diversity of the colonial urban economy and consumption pattern of Lagosians. The chapter then looks at the activities of delinquent youth known in the urban dictionary as boma and jaguda boys and how their identity and behavior gave new connotations to prostitution as a profession that must be prohibited.
Book chapters on the topic "Monkey behaviour patterns"
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Ortiz, Gerardo, Gudberg K. Jonsson, and Ana Lilia del Toro. "Identification and Description of Behaviours and Domination Patterns in Captive Vervet Monkeys (Cercophitecus Aethiops Pygerythrus) During Feeding Time." In Discovering Hidden Temporal Patterns in Behavior and Interaction, 279–93. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3249-8_15.
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Sonea, Ovidiu-Dan. "Usage Patterns Identification Using Graphs and Machine Learning." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 84–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72308-8_6.
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AbstractDuring the past years, the number of platforms that are introducing a subscription plan is steadily increasing. This phenomenon helps support the developers as well as continuing to provide quality content. Since not so many individuals are willing to spend money or some simply do not have the means, they resort to sharing an account that has a subscription plan. This behavior can, in some instances, be harmful for the developers and, even if it is not, any provider can benefit from knowing what type of clients they have. The solution depicted and explored in this article will focus on using data that is easily available and structuring it in a way that can provide insight into each account activity.
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Zuckerman, S. "The Differentiation of Behaviour Patterns." In Functional Affinities of Man, Monkeys, and Apes, 67–79. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429294150-7.
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Shortland, Anja. "Understanding Patterns of Kidnapping." In Kidnap, 17–36. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815471.003.0002.
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Protection theory predicts that if a society is capable of producing surpluses, people specialize into production, trade, and protection. The protector facilitates production and trade by safeguarding people, enforcing property rights, and adjudicating disputes and is paid for providing these services. Protection can be provided by states, rebels, or mafias: tax and extortion are often closely related in practice. Why would protectors kidnap citizens in their own territory? This chapter shows that kidnapping is disequilibrium behaviour: abductions occur when citizens (or visitors) refuse to pay protection money, do not know who to pay, or how to pay their protector, and when protectors need more information to price their services. Most kidnaps occur in disputed territories, where there is a disequilibrium in the market for protection.
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Miori, Virginia M., and Richard T. Herschel. "Consumer Online Behavior, Data Sharing, and Ethics." In Advances in Human Resources Management and Organizational Development, 409–24. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8933-4.ch019.
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This chapter reports the results of a survey that examines how a sampling of millennials describes their online activity, their social engagement, and their priorities when they are asked to value their online activity. It also explores whether there are tenets of a specific ethical perspective that shape their thinking about what is moral behavior online. Results indicate that the online behavior of the study participants involves extensive use of social media with a variety of platforms employed. Degree of engagement is not dependent on whether the individual is introvert or extrovert. Their online priority focuses first on a concern for their privacy, followed by their appreciation for time saving technology and opportunities for money savings and promotions. No single ethical theory dominates their expressed moral values, though there is a clear pattern that is consistent with consequentialism.
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Laland, Kevin N. "The Roots of Creativity." In Darwin's Unfinished Symphony, 99–120. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691182810.003.0005.
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This chapter examines animal innovation, which is the devising of a novel solution to a problem, or a new way of exploiting the environment. The habit appears special only by virtue of its familiarity. The chapter argues that, in reality, many thousands of innovations have been devised by a broad variety of animals. Birds and mammals are known to incorporate new items or novel techniques into their foraging repertoires; whales, dolphins, and birds introduce novel vocal elements into their songs; apes and monkeys concoct novel deceptive acts; primates and birds invent new tools; and countless other animals create novel courtship displays and social behavior. Animal innovations are highly diverse and wide-ranging. This chapter summarizes some experiments into animal creativity and invention, revealing that animals do exhibit behavior that can sensibly be termed “innovation,” even if the consanguinity of nonhuman-animal and human innovation is a matter of debate. These investigations, and those of other animal innovation researchers, provide compelling evidence that humans do not have a monopoly on creativity. Many animals invent new behavior patterns, modify existing behavior to a novel context, or respond to social and ecological stresses in an appropriate and novel manner.
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"Modelling Patients' Contribution to Healthcare." In Advances in Healthcare Information Systems and Administration, 116–53. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2653-8.ch006.
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This chapter proposes an application of simulation modelling to frame the relationships between healthcare, patient organization management, and patient co-created healthcare. For the purpose, it presents a case study within the Italian context, for which it adopts a methodological approach combining performance management and system dynamics. After background information, the chapter introduces the methodology and explains the modelling steps, undertaken assuming the privileged perspective of a patient organization. The model building goes by progressive approximations. A tailored dynamic performance management framework identifies key variables and links within the system. Then a stock-and-flow structure deepens the analysis by depicting processes of accumulation of material, money, and information; a comprehensive loop analysis describes the system's dynamics in terms of interacting feedback structures. Finally, quantitative simulations concerning the mutual development of patient organizations and healthcare allow graphing behavior patterns according to alternative scenarios.
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Zarandi, Mohammad Hossein Fazel, Milad Avazbeigi, and Meysam Alizadeh. "A Neuro-Fuzzy Expert System Trained by Particle Swarm Optimization for Stock Price Prediction." In Cross-Disciplinary Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Pattern Recognition, 633–50. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61350-429-1.ch031.
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In today’s competitive markets, prediction of financial variables has become a critical issue. Especially in stock market analysis where a wrong prediction may result in a big loss in terms of time and money, having a robust prediction is a crucial issue. To model the chaotic, noisy, and evolving behavior of stock market data, new powerful methods should be developed. Soft Computing methods have shown a great confidence in such environments where there are many uncertain factors. Also it has been observed through many experiments that the hybridization of different soft computing techniques such as fuzzy logic, neural networks, and meta-heuristics usually results in better results than simply using one method. This chapter presents an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), trained by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for stock price prediction. Instead of previous works that have emphasized on gradient base or least square (LS) methods for training the neural network, four different strategies of PSO are implemented: gbest, lbest-a, lbest-b, and Euclidean. In the proposed fuzzy rule based system some technical and fundamental indexes are applied as input variables. In order to generate membership functions (MFs), a robust noise rejection clustering algorithm is developed. The proposed neuro-fuzzy model is applied for an automotive part-making manufactory in an Asia stock market. The results show the superiority of the proposed model in comparison with the available models in terms of error minimization, robustness, and flexibility.
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te Boekhorst, Irenaeus J. A., and Charlotte K. Hemelrijk. "Nonlinear and Synthetic Models for Primate Societies." In Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195131673.003.0007.
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We explore some unorthodox models for studying primate societies as self-organized and, hence, nonlinear complex systems. The incentive is that the conventional rationalist-analytic approach often leads to superfluous and contrived explanations. This is due to the habit of seeking separate explanations for each observed phenomenon, the tendency to ascribe social patterns solely to cognitive or genetic qualities of individuals, and the use of a short-sighted logic that yields naive predictions. These practices stem from the desire to produce testable predictions derived from a normative perspective, leading to a disregard of real world properties like nonlinear dynamics, the effects of numerous parallel interactions, and the importance of local spatial configurations. We illustrate how dynamical systems and individualoriented models explicitly include these features by starting from a synthetic perspective. As a result, they generate versatile, and often counterintuitive, insights into primate social behavior. The hypotheses derived in this way are parsimonious in the sense that a multitude of patterns can be traced back to one and the same minimal set of interactive dynamics. This type of model therefore leads to more integrating and comprehensive explanations than the purely function- alistic top-down approaches of cognitive science and neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory. We suggest that building autonomous robots and studying their performance might yield additional understanding of self-organized collective behavior in the real world. As mechanistic implementations of principles discovered in silica, robots form an interesting extension to individual-oriented models because they confront us with important real world conditions and physical constraints that are hard to program or would go otherwise unnoticed. In this chapter we use examples from primatology to tackle problems in the study of (small-scale) human societies. In contrast to the usual rationale, our objective is not to learn about our own kind by regarding monkeys and apes as simplified versions of humans. Instead, we argue that certain features of both human and nonhuman social behavior rest on common principles of selfstructuring and that studying these may shed light on general issues of social organization.
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Boarnet, Marlon, and Randall C. Crane. "Studies of Urban Form and Travel." In Travel by Design. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195123951.003.0008.
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Does the built environment affect how often and how far people drive or walk or when they will take the bus or the train? If so, how? A lively, expanding literature continues to investigate the potential for causal links between urban design and travel behavior, yet there remain many gaps and considerable disagreement. Our purpose here is mainly to identify what past research has to say on these questions. We also try to explain why these studies reach different conclusions and how and where this work might be usefully improved. The first, and perhaps best-known, group of studies on this topic investigates how travel behavior and travel investment affect land use. There is also a long if more recent practice of viewing these links from the opposite direction; that is, how does land use influence urban travel? We consider this second question in more detail following a brief review of the first. Though not our focus, most questions about land-use/transportation links over the past century concern the influence of transportation infrastructure on development patterns. Analysts ask how highways and mass transit contribute to decentralization trends, how they affect the local balance of jobs and housing, or how they affect the pattern of commercial investment (see, e.g., the reviews in Gómez-Ibáñez, 1985b; Giuliano, 1989, 1991, 1995a, 1995b; Cervero and Landis, 1995). The basic idea is this: People choose their homes and locate their businesses based in part on their proximity to work, other potential destinations, and the markets for their products and labor generally (see, e.g., Von Thunen, 1826; Weber, 1928; Losch, 1954; Alonso, 1964; Muth, 1969; Mills, 1972; Solow, 1973; Fujita, 1989; Anas, Arnott, and Small, 1997). That is, the cost of transporting people and things over space depends on the distances and resources required. Once these costs are fixed, perhaps by the establishment of a central downtown or transshipment point, the price of land at each location is determined by demand. This in turn is determined, again in part, by how much money one has left after accounting for the transportation costs associated with that location.
Conference papers on the topic "Monkey behaviour patterns"
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Roman, Monica, Bogdan Ileanu, and Mihai Roman. "A comparative analysis of remittance behaviour between East European and North African migrants." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c01.00189.
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The labour migration in Europe is a phenomenon with multiple effects, both positive and negative. Money sent by emigrants to their families is increasing their quality of life and has positive effects on the family relations; therefore it can be identified an increasing interest in the literature in studying such aspects.
The purpose of the paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of the migrants’ propensity to sending money to the origin country.
The study is based on data coming from the National Immigrant Survey of Spain (in Spanish: Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes – 2007). A total of 15,475 interviews were carried out. Moroccans, Romanians, and Ecuadorians represent 30% of the total number of immigrants resident in Spain.
We employ a binary logistic regression model in order to identify the impact of socio-demographical factors on the probability of sending money abroad from Spain. Our aim is to identify cultural discrepancies in remittances sending, according to origin of migrants. We are mainly focusing on two large groups of respondents, which are North African and South Eastern Europe migrants. The variables employed are age of respondent, education, Intention to return in the country of origin, The period spent in Spain, gender of respondent, and the relation with the country of origin defined by the frequency of visits in the country. We identified similar patterns and also significant differences among the two groups.
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Scott Wills, Kendall, Hal Edwards, Long Nuygen, Rohini Raghunathan, Charles Todd, and Andy Vance. "Scanning Capacitance Microscopy Use in the Failure Analysis of Vcc Shorts in an Advanced Microprocessor." In ISTFA 1998. ASM International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa1998p0041.
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Abstract This article analyzes the cause of Vcc shorts in advanced microprocessors. In one instance, an advanced microprocessor exhibited Vcc shorts at wafer sort in a unique pattern. The poly silicon was narrow in one section of the die. The gates were shown to measure small, but no electrical proof of the short could be seen. To prove the short existed as a result of the narrow gate, a Scanning Capacitance Microscope (SCM) was utilized to confirm electrical models, which indicated a narrow poly silicon gate would result in Vcc shorts. High frequency dry etching and UV-ozone oxidation were employed for deprocessing. The use of the SCM confirmed the proof that the Vcc shorts were caused by narrow gate length which causes its leaky behavior. This conclusion could have only been confirmed by processing of material through the wafer foundry at the cost of money and time.
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Del Gallego, Neil Patrick, Cedric Lance Viaje, Michael Ryan Gerra-Clarin, John Marvic Roque, Gary Steven Non, Jesin Jarod Martinez, and Jose Antonio Gana. "A Mobile Augmented Reality Application For Simulating Claude Monet’s Impressionistic Art Style." In WSCG'2021 - 29. International Conference in Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision'2021. Západočeská univerzita, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/csrn.2021.3002.9.
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In this study, we showcase a mobileaugmented reality application where a user places various 3D models in atabletop scene. The scene is captured and then rendered as Claude Monet’s impressionistic art style. One possibleuse case for this application is to demonstrate the behavior of the impressionistic art style of Claude Monet, byapplying this to tabletop scenes, which can be useful especially for art students. This allows the user to create theirown "still life" composition and study how the scene is painted. Our proposed framework is composed of threesteps. The system first identifies the context of the tabletop scene, through GIST descriptors, which are used asfeatures to identify the color palette to be used for painting. Our application supports three different color palettes,representing different eras of Monet’s work. The second step performs color mixing of two different colors in thechosen palette. The last step involves applying a three-stage brush stroke algorithm where the image is renderedwith a customized brush stroke pattern applied in each stage. While deep learning techniques are already capableof performing style transfer from paintings to real-world images, such as the success of CycleGAN, results showthat our proposed framework achieves comparable performance to deep learning style transfer methods on tabletopscenes.