Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Monitoring'
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Morkūnas, Kęstutis. "Lokalaus tinklo incidentų monitoringo programinės įrangos projektavimas ir tyrimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060526_142237-22275.
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Monitoring is an important activity in daily local area network maintance routine. To be able to run the network efficiently and without incidents that run into problems, networks must be monitored. This way it is possible to detect and remove serious problems at early stages. Various techniques are employed, including monitoring and checking users actions, data traffic, active running processes, open ports and system log analysis. This thesis describes a method for engineering and implementing local area networks software and using it for field data analysis. In the process of writing this thesis such sample of software was created and aimed at the processes and event logs of Kaunas University of Technology Software Engineering Department. In the conclusion methods and ways that will help solve current problems were suggested. Most alarming thing to notice was constant port scans and illegal attempts to log into the system without permission.
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Collins, Jonathan D. "Remote monitoring systems for substructural health monitoring." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002605.
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Brettner, Florian. "Hämodynamisches Monitoring." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-112747.
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Adekolu, Adekunle Matthew, Hasan Khan, and Neelam Neelam. "Network Monitoring." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för Informationsvetenskap, Data– och Elektroteknik (IDE), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-24524.
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Managing a network is a very big functional area along with performance, devicemaintenance, security, performance, monitoring, troubleshooting, plan of changeand etc. Among all of these monitoring plays a vital role. It can cover a wide area ofnetwork management. Monitoring is the only way to find out whether the networkis functioning according to plan. In order to know what is happening in a network,how its functioning at any given time, a network should have a logging system. Nowa day this logging activity is done by Network monitoring tool. It lets user know thestatus of the network at any given time. This logging can give the user a wide viewwhat can't be seen in general. For example the statistics of a week or month, even ayear. Monitoring is a very important issue in an organization network which aroseover the time.In this project we are going to implement some well known network monitoringtools in a real world scenario and we will investigate how this monitoring tool canhelp network administrators to monitor a network . Moreover, what kind ofinformation we can extract from a network by these tools.The purpose of this project is to get an overall idea about the importance of networkmonitoring and what are the facts need to be considered while monitoring anetwork. There are lots of pros and cons in monitoring a network. So choosing theappropriate tool for monitoring is very important. Monitoring a network with theleast effects on network performance is the best solution in case of monitoring.The outcome from these monitoring tools is a wide range of useful data andintegration of these data produces the status of the network at any give time.Moreover these data will be logged to create a statistical report. Different users suchas a network admin and organization can use this information from differentperspectives to make a network more efficient for users.
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Naumann, Karin, Katja Oehmichen, and Martin Zeymer. "Monitoring Biokraftstoffsektor." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-137867.
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Magid, Jill S. (Jill Stephanie) 1973. "Monitoring desire." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76084.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 36-37).
My thesis project consists of producing and wearing a system of self-surveillance that has been subversively inserted into an already existing informational and electronic system. By bringing surveillance technology closer in and attaching it to the body, I have been able to personalize a form of technological mirroring through which subjectivity and the body are reconstructed. Inside the field of view of this reconfigured vision, the wearer/user is open to create and explore the erotic formation of fluid identities and their potential transgressive relationships. Monitoring Desire was a performance at Harvard University's Science Center that, through a guerrilla act of appropriation, captured the image on the Center's informational monitor. The act of capture was performed by two women and took place within and between the Center's first floor and lower level lobbies. Components utilized within the performance consisted of a high-heeled shoe with a built-in surveillance camera and transmitter, the Center's informational monitor, and the monitor's remote control device. The image produced by the camera on the shoe assimilated an abstracted view up the wearer's skirt with the surrounding architecture. This image was transmitted from the wearer downstairs to the second performer upstairs by way of the Science Center's informational monitor. The real-time video image mediated communication between both the performers and the spectators located on the separate floor levels. In the course of this performance, our bodies, as reconfigured through our surveillance apparatus, came to effect our subjectivities as they were presented in public space. Through the act of hijacking the informational monitor, we performed our power to publicly re-present ourselves back into the space in which we were occupying.
by Jill S. Magid.
S.M.
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Naumann, Karin, Katja Oehmichen, and Martin Zeymer. "Monitoring Biokraftstoffsektor." DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum, 2014. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A4332.
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Kotačka, Aleš. "Monitoring teploty." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-235445.
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This master's thesis deals use FITkit for longtime temperature monitoring without necessity connection on PC. Describe possibilities connection different heat-sensitive elements to FITkit inclusive physical realization. Further this thesis deals with measuring of temperature, displaying temperature and saving to memory, blocks-partitioning of memory. Is defined communication protocol between FITkit and PC for bulk downloading of data. So are solving problems with saving measure data to text files and next processing in table processors.
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Straka, Ivan. "Monitoring serverů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-403134.
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The thesis deals with server monitoring, focusing on the server logs and storage devices in the form of modules into the KNOTIS information system. An administrator is warned of unusual activities or possible disk failures that may lead to data loss. It describes automatic data collection, data processing and user interface that is developed in the web environment and allows you to set different server monitoring parameters. SMART technology has been used to obtain the status of disk units. The thesis works with the use of disk arrays and LVM technology. It monitors also the most important server logs, such as auth.log, syslog, kern.log and apache's log files.
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Ramsey, Michael W. "Athlete Monitoring." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4084.
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Amor, James D. "Detecting and monitoring behavioural change through personalised ambient monitoring." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/210951/.
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Bipolar disorder (BD) is one form of mental illness and is estimated to affect around 0.4{1.6% of the population. The disorder is characterised by recurrent episodes of mania and depression and is estimated to cost the UK economy £5.21 billion a year. Many people with BD self-monitor their behaviour to help them identify the early warning signs of an affective episode. The Personalised Ambient Monitoring (PAM) project has been conceived take ideas from existing telehealth systems and apply them to BD. By using a distributed network of discreet, unobtrusive sensors, the user's behavioural patterns can be monitored and deviations in their behaviour can be detected. In doing so it is hoped that the early warning signs can be detected and that this can be used to assist them in their self-monitoring. The PAM system is being developed by a multi-disciplinary team based at the ISVR and the School of Management at the University of Southampton, the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at the University of Nottingham and the Department of Computing Science and Mathematics at the University of Stirling. This thesis presents the background and motivations for the PAM project, the approach the project will take, a review of appropriate data analysis techniques and the experimental work that has been undertaken in the investigation of accelerometry for activity monitoring, the use of a wireless camera to monitor a complex environment and the use of multiple sensors to capture behaviour patterns in a technical trial. Results from the technical trial show that it is possible to process information from a variety of sensors to identity activity signatures and behavioural patterns in normal controls. When these activity patterns are trained on week-days, the results presented show that it is possible to identify weekend days as being behaviourally different.
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Hebbal, Yacine. "Semantic monitoring mechanisms dedicated to security monitoring in IaaS cloud." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IMTA0029/document.
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L’introspection de machine virtuelle (VM) consiste à superviser les états et les activités de celles-ci depuis la couche de virtualisation, tirant ainsi avantage de son emplacement qui offre à la fois une bonne visibilité des états et des activités des VMs ainsi qu’une bonne isolation de ces dernières. Cependant, les états et les activités des VMs à superviser sont vus par la couche de virtualisation comme une suite binaire de bits et d’octets en plus des états des ressources virtuelles. L’écart entre la vue brute disponible à la couche de virtualisation et celle nécessaire pour la supervision de sécurité des VMs constitue un challenge pour l’introspection appelé « le fossé sémantique ». Pour obtenir des informations sémantiques sur les états et les activités des VMs à fin de superviser leur sécurité, nous présentons dans cette thèse un ensemble de techniques basé sur l’analyse binaire et la réutilisation du code binaire du noyau d’une VM. Ces techniques permettent d’identifier les adresses et les noms de la plupart des fonctions noyau d’une VM puis de les instrumenter (intercepter, appeler et analyser) pour franchir le fossé sémantique de manière automatique et efficiente même dans les cas des optimisations du compilateur et de la randomisation de l’emplacement du code noyau dans la mémoire de la VMVirtual Machine Introspection (VMI) consists inmonitoring VMs security from the hypervisor layer which offers thanks to its location a strong visibility on their activities in addition to a strong isolation from them. However, hypervisor view of VMs is just raw bits and bytes in addition to hardware states. The semantic difference between this raw view and the one needed for VM security monitoring presents a significant challenge for VMI called “the semantic gap”. In order to obtain semantic information about VM states and activities for monitoring their security from the hypervisor layer, we present in this thesis a set of techniques based on analysis and reuse of VM kernel binary code. These techniques enable to identify addresses and names of most VM kernel functions then instrument (call, intercept and analyze) them to automatically bridge the semantic gap regardless of challenges presented by compiler optimizations and kernel base address randomization
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Neuman, Sabrina M. "Non-intrusive water utility monitoring and free-space load monitoring." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62750.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, February 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 151).
This work presents a non-intrusive, single-point sensing scheme to monitor the water usage for various loads on a water utility pipe network through the vibration of a pipe near the water intake source. Experiments with the water utility sensor provided data sufficient to identify individual loads on the water distribution network both alone and during operation of multiple loads. This sensor setup is useful for smart-metering applications to promote water conservation by keeping track of the operational schedule of individual loads on the local water network. This work also presents the development of a free-space sensor to provide information about the operation and location of electrical loads: an electroquasistatic (EQS) sensor to detect voltage-mode events. The free-space sensor was able to detect events in a room, such as the activation of a line upon turning on a power strip or switching a light switch. This sensor could supplement a power monitoring system by helping to localize the activation of loads.
by Sabrina M. Neuman.
M.Eng.
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Getting, Dominic Talboys Joseph. "An assessment of passive monitoring technology for water quality monitoring." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412311.
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Liu, Yufei. "Integrated sensors for process monitoring and health monitoring in microsystems." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2426.
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This thesis presents the development of integrated sensors for health monitoring in Microsystems, which is an emerging method for early diagnostics of status or “health” of electronic systems and devices under operation based on embedded tests. Thin film meander temperature sensors have been designed with a minimum footprint of 240 m × 250 m. A microsensor array has been used successfully for accurate temperature monitoring of laser assisted polymer bonding for MEMS packaging. Using a frame-shaped beam, the temperature at centre of bottom substrate was obtained to be ~50 ºC lower than that obtained using a top-hat beam. This is highly beneficial for packaging of temperature sensitive MEMS devices. Polymer based surface acoustic wave humidity sensors were designed and successfully fabricated on 128° cut lithium niobate substrates. Based on reflection signals, a sensitivity of 0.26 dB/RH% was achieved between 8.6 %RH and 90.6 %RH. Fabricated piezoresistive pressure sensors have also been hybrid integrated and electrically contacted using a wire bonding method. Integrated sensors based on both LiNbO3 and ZnO/Si substrates are proposed. Integrated sensors were successfully fabricated on a LiNbO3 substrate with a footprint of 13 mm × 12 mm, having multi monitoring functions for simultaneous temperature, measurement of humidity and pressure in the health monitoring applications.
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Gentles, Jeremy A. "Monitoring Training Loads with a Web Based Athlete Monitoring System." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3988.
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Zumr, Zdenek. "Last Mile Asset Monitoring: Low Cost Rapid Deployment Asset Monitoring." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1967.
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Installation and utilization of residential distribution transformers has not changed substantially over a long period of time. Utilities typically size their transformers based on a formula that takes into account broadly what types and how many dwellings will be connected.
Most new residential dwellings feature 200 Amp service per household with an anticipated energy demand of under 20,000 kWh per year. Average electrical energy consumption varies from state to state but averages to 11,280 kWh per year. Energy demand is expected to fall into a typical residential load curve that shows increased demand early in the morning, then decreasing during the day and another peak early to late evening. Distribution transformers are sized at the limit of the combined evening peak with the assumption that the transformer has enough thermal mass to absorb short overloads that may occur when concurrent loading situations among multiple dwellings arise. The assumption that concurrent loading is of short duration and the transformer can cool off during the night time has been validated over the years and has become standard practice. This has worked well when dwelling loads follow an averaging scheme and low level of coincidence.
With the arrival of electric vehicles (EV's) this assumption has to be reevaluated. The acquisition of an electric vehicle in a household can drive up energy demand by over 4000 kWh per year. Potentially problematic is the increased capacity of battery packs and the resulting proliferation of Level 2 chargers. The additional load of a single Level 2 charger concurring with the combined evening peak load will push even conservatively sized distribution transformers over their nameplate rating for a substantial amount of time. Additionally, unlike common household appliances of similar power requirements such as ovens or water heaters, a Level 2 battery charger will run at peak power consumption for several hours, and the current drawn by the EVs has very high levels of harmonic distortion. The excessive loading and harmonic profile can potentially result in damaging heat build-up resulting in asset degradation.
In this thesis I present a device and method that monitors pole mounted distribution transformers for overheating, collect and wirelessly upload data and initiate commands to chargers to change output levels from Level 2 to Level 1 or shut down EV charging altogether until the transformer returns into safe operational range.
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Priyadarshini, Dande. "Parameterized Event Monitoring." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-979.
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Event monitoring has been employed in many applications such as network monitoring, active databases etc.; however, there is only an insignificant amount work done on parameterized event monitoring, a feature that is necessary in any real application. The aim of this work is to investigate solutions for parameterized event composition that is scalable and efficient; these solutions are refined from existing event monitoring algorithms. An algorithm for parameterized event composition is proposed and analysis on algorithmic time complexity is performed. In addition to this, experiments on the prototype Solicitor, a software component in DeeDS, along with simulated input of events are conducted in order to validate the theoretical model and the hypothesis that were made. The experiments support the theoretical model and suggest that it is possible to build an efficient and scalable parameterized event composition that is useful in real applications.
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Gilson, Paul W. R. "Monitoring Versus Incentives." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11556.
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My study examines the relationship between principal and agent in a moral hazard setting where the principal has the ability to monitor the actions of the agent at an interim stage of the project. I show that monitoring can induce the agent to exert higher levels of effort and can result in a reallocation of project payoffs between the two parties. This reallocation is not a one-way street: Situations exist where monitoring encourages greater effort from the agent, resulting in greater project payoffs for both principal and agent. For projects that are characterized as high-risk, high-reward projects where agent involvement is costly, monitoring is often the optimal strategy; this is an explanation for why venture capital type investments are the subject of intense monitoring. When the principal can share monitoring results at an interim stage with the agent, the agent is able to modify his effort levels in certain situations for the benefit of both parties.
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Norman, Rikard. "Intelligent Body Monitoring." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Reglerteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-72579.
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The goal of this project was to make a shirt with three embedded IMU sensors (Inertial Measurement Unit) that can measure a person’s movements throughout an entire workday. This can provide information about a person’s daily routine movements and aid in finding activities which can lead to work-related injuries in order to prevent them. The objective was hence to construct a sensor fusion framework that could retrieve the measurements from these three sensors and to create an estimate of the human body orientation and to estimate the angular movements of the arms. This was done using an extended Kalman filter which uses the accelerometer and magnetometer values to retrieve the direction of gravity and north respectively, thus providing a coordinate system that can be trusted in the long term. Since this method is sensitive to quick movements and magnetic disturbance, gyroscope measurements were used to help pick up quick movements. The gyroscope measurements need to be integrated in order to get the angle, which means that we get accumulated errors. This problem is reduced by the fact that we retrieve a correct long-term reference without accumulated errors from the accelerometer and magnetometer measurements. The Kalman filter estimates three quaternions describing the orientation of the upper body and the two arms. These quaternions were then translated into Euler angles in order to get a meaningful description of the orientations. The measurements were stored on a memory card or broadcast on both the local net and the Internet. These data were either used offline in Matlab or shown in real-time in the program Unity 3D. In the latter case the user could see that a movement gives rise to a corresponding movement on a skeleton model on the screen.
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Hanna, Keith James. "Monitoring cataract change." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302892.
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Brain, Stephen. "Monitoring microbial biofilms." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337401.
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Samouhos, Stephen V. (Stephen Vincent) 1982. "Building condition monitoring." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/61611.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 201-206).
The building sector of the United States currently consumes over 40% of the United States primary energy supply. Estimates suggest that between 5 and 30% of any building's annual energy consumption is unknowingly wasted due to pathologically malfunctioning lighting and comfort conditioning systems. This thesis is focused on developing analytical methods embodied within useful software tools to quickly identify and evaluate those building system faults that cause large building energy inefficiencies. The technical contributions of this work include expert rules that adapt to HVAC equipment scale and operation, a general framework for applying probabilistic inference to HVAC fault detection and evaluation, and methods for sorting fault signals according to userdefined interests such as annual cost of energy inefficiencies. These contributions are particularly unique in their treatment of model and measurement uncertainty within the fault inference, and the careful consideration of user interests in fault evaluation. As a first step to developing this general framework for fault detection, I targeted first order faults such as simultaneous heating and cooling and imbalanced air flows within several large air-handling units in three buildings on the MIT campus. Experiments included the purposeful implementation of mechanical and software control programming faults on otherwise fault-free equipment. Between the five pieces of equipment, the software system successfully identified all previously known and experimentally implemented faults, as well as additional faults that had not been previously identified or imposed during the experiment. User testing and experiments show that embracing uncertainty within HVAC fault detection and evaluation is not only paramount to judicious fault inference but it is also central to gaining the trust and buy-in of system users who ultimately can apply fault detection information to actually fix and improve building operations.
by Stephen Samouhos.
Ph.D.
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Rubio, Pedro, Moises Gonzalez, Diego Roses, and Rodrigo Lopez. "Advanced Monitoring Techniques." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/577390.
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ITC/USA 2014 Conference Proceedings / The Fiftieth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 20-23, 2014 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, CAThe State of The Art in Operating Systems and new human machine interfaces are moving forward quickly. Flight Test Data Processing Department has developed new tools for monitoring Flight Tests using new computer technologies like .NET virtual machines, "on-the-fly" compilation, intelligent behavior, multi-touch capabilities and high performance vector graphics libraries. All these new techniques allows the user to optimize Flight Tests reducing the time for taking decisions, helping to make complex calculations in real time and adapting the visualization displays to Flight Test Engineers requirements in real time.
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Galvagni, Andrea. "Pipeline health monitoring." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/29154.
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Worldwide, BP operates many thousand kilometres of pipelines carrying valuable yet toxic and corrosive fluids. The structural integrity of these pipelines is crucial, as any failure may result in environmental damage, economic losses and injuries to personnel. Convention- ally, pipeline integrity is assessed on a time basis. This inherently limits the amount of infor- mation available about its structural health, as any damage which develops in unexpected circumstances or while the pipeline is not being inspected may remain undetected. Such lack of information hinders the reliability of any prognosis and of Risk-Based Inspection and Maintenance strategies, increases the risk of unexpected critical damage development and pipeline failure, and forces the use of costly time-based maintenance, following the safe-life design approach. Conversely, if sufficient information about pipeline integrity were avail- able to produce reliable prognoses, then it would become possible to dramatically reduce the risk of unexpected failures and to utilise cost-efficient condition-based maintenance, which prescribes the replacement of a pipeline only when it is about to suffer critical dam- age and has therefore reached the actual end of its operational life. In this way, pipeline networks would become safer and more reliable while at the same time more productive and less costly. This thesis introduces and demonstrates a Structural Health Monitoring ap- proach that has the potential to fill the integrity information gap and ultimately enable the use of condition-based pipeline maintenance. This approach, embodied by a practical au- tomated pipeline damage detection procedure, complements permanently installed guided wave sensors to create a complete pipeline health monitoring solution. Utilising experimen- tal data from a permanently installed guided wave sensor installed on a purpose-built NPS 8 Schedule 40 pipe loop facility at BP's Naperville Campus, it is shown that the procedure is very effective at detecting and quantifying actual damage, thereby achieving the intended aim of this thesis.
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STEPHENS, JON BARTON. "ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING DETECTOR." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614237.
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Malware authors have developed many techniques that allow a malicious program to change its behavior, many of which
require information from the computing environment. To fully understand how malware will affect a system, all behaviors it can exhibit
need to be examined, so tools are needed that can expose when malware uses information from its environment to change its
behavior. This project created such a tool called the environmental monitoring detector that will run a malicious program and search for
cases of environmental monitoring while the malware is running. The tool is able to detect when a program uses environmental
information to conditionally change its execution path; however, it has been found to be ineffective against obfuscated programs due to
the lack of instruction specific taint propagation policies.
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Ratecki, Tomasz. "Fatigue Monitoring System." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2010. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1141.
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This work provides an innovative solution for monitoring fatigue for users behind workstations. A web camera was adjusted to work in near infrared range and a system of 880 nm IR diodes was implemented to create an IR vision system to localize and track the eye pupils. The software developed monitors and tracks eyes for signs of fatigue by measuring PERCLOS. The software developed runs on the workstation and is designed to draw limited computational power, so as to not interfere with the user task. To overcome low-frame rate imposed by the hardware limitations and to improve real time monitoring, two-phases detection and tacking algorithm is implemented. The proposed system successfully monitors fatigue at a rate of 8 fps. The system is well suited to monitor users in command centers, flight control centers, airport traffic dispatches, military operation and command centers, etc., but the work can be extended to wearable devices and other environments.
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Ståhl, Björn. "Monitoring Infrastructure Affordances." Doctoral thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-00544.
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Computing has made its way into most of our lives as a key processor of vast quantities of information. This has happened directly in terms of gadgets and devices that assists us in everyday life, but also indirectly, through the critical infrastructures that enables these devices to function. A key issue with critical infrastructures such as transportation, communication, power-grids and finance, is increasingly circular interdependencies. Because of this issue, a disruption in either one can cascade and have a global effect on the others. To manage these complexities, we are depending on a number of monitoring systems that allow operators and other stakeholders to, within their respective expert domains, discover disruptions as early as possible and then take appropriate actions. These monitoring systems are not without challenges of their own. In addition to having evolved organically alongside their respective infrastructures, there is a considerable legacy to account for, with both hardware and software components spanning decades of computing history. This puts heavy restrictions on the kinds of interventions that can be performed safely, implying that these systems are ill fit for handling the software and software security landscapes of today, where updates and adjustments need to be applied on a daily basis in order to stand a fighting chance. The work presented herein address some of the major challenges in securing these monitoring systems against current and future threats posed by antagonistic actors, dormant software defects and changes imposed by technological advances and academic discoveries. This is approached on several fronts in parallel: by embedding resilience in order to allow for controlled experimentation and evaluation of new protection mechanisms in incrementally sensitive settings; by developing laboratory facilities for resilient smart power-grids; and by developing tools and training scenarios for operators of adaptive and reconfigurable monitoring systems.
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Alfken, Christoph, and Nicole Iwer. "ruhrFIS-Monitoring Daseinsvorsorge." Rhombos-Verlag, 2018. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35823.
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Als Teil des ruhrFIS-Flächeninformationssystems ergänzt das ruhrFIS-Monitoring Daseinsvorsorge die vorliegenden Informationen zu Flächenreserven, zur Bautätigkeit und zum Siedlungsflächenbedarf um Informationen zur infrastrukturellen Ausstattung der Metropole Ruhr. Im Fokus stehen grundzentrale Infrastruktureinrichtungen, die für den alltäglichen Bedarf vorhanden und fußläufig erreichbar sein sollten. Eine fußläufige Erreichbarkeit vermeidet lange Wege und damit Verkehrsbelastungen. Zudem ermöglicht sie auch weniger mobilen Bevölkerungsgruppen einen selbstständigen Alltag zu führen.
Die Kenntnis über die räumliche Verteilung der Infrastrukturausstattung sowie deren (fußläufige) Erreichbarkeit, sind für eine nachhaltige Planung von Belang, um die Siedlungsentwicklung auf die infrastrukturell tragfähigsten Ortsteile zu lenken. Umgekehrt können diese Informationen auch einem Frühwarnsystem dienen und auf Ortsteile verweisen bei denen die Mindestversorgung gefährdet ist. Die Ergebnisse sind relevante Grundlagen für die Regionalplanung sowie für informelle Konzepte und Planungen im Themenumfeld von beispielsweise Mobilität, Wohnen, Gender Mainstreaming oder einer Befassung mit Leitbildern wie der „Stadt der kurzen Wege“.
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Miallaret, Sophie. "Dynamic Monitoring Measures." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC091.
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Les mesures sont des actes quotidiens, elles nous donnent beaucoup d'informations et permettent de prendre des décisions. L'analyse des mesures peut nous permettre d'en apprendre plus sur notre environnement, mais l'erreur d'une mesure peut avoir des conséquences importantes dans certains domaines. Dans une première partie, nous proposons, grâce à l'étude de mesures d'analyses sanguines réalisées au CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, une procédure permettant de détecter les dérives des analyseurs de laboratoires de biologie médicale, se basant sur les mesures d'analyses de patients. Après une analyse descriptive des données, la méthode mise en place, utilisant des méthodes de détection de ruptures de séries temporelles, est testée pour des simulations de ruptures représentant des décalages, des imprécisions ou des dérives d'analyseurs pour différents paramètres biologiques mesurés. La méthode est adaptée pour deux scénarios : lorsque l'on connaît ou non le service hospitalier des patients. L'étude est complétée par une analyse de l'impact de l'incertitude de mesure sur les analyses des patients. Dans une seconde partie nous étudions des mesures de formes de cendres volcaniques réalisées au Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans de l'Université Clermont Auvergne, dans le but de déterminer un lien entre les lieux de collecte et les formes des particules. Après avoir montré la dépendance entre ces paramètres, nous proposons, grâce une méthode de classification, un regroupement des particules représentant différentes populations dépendantes de la distance entre les lieux de collecte et le cratère du volcanThe measures are daily actions, they give us a lot of information and allow us to make decisions. The analysis of measures can allow us to learn more about our environment, but the error of a measure can have important consequences in certain areas. In a first part, we propose, thanks to the study of blood test measurements carried out at the CHU of Clermont-Ferrand, a procedure for detecting deviations from medical biology laboratory analyzers based on patient analysis measurements. After a descriptive analysis of the data, the method put in place, using methods of detection of breaks of time series, is tested for simulations of breaks representing offsets, imprecision or drifts of machine for different measured biological parameters. The method is adapted for two scenarios: when the patient's hospital service is known or not. The study is supplemented by an analysis of the impact of measurement uncertainty on patient analyses. In a second part we study measurements of volcanic ash forms made at “Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans” of the Clermont Auvergne University, in order to determine a link between the collection locations and the forms of the particles. After showing the dependence between these parameters, we propose, using a classification method, a grouping of particles representing different populations depending on the distance between the collection locations and the volcano crater
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Hansson, Andreas. "AI Meeting Monitoring." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för system- och rymdteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-81105.
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During the COVID-19 pandemic the questions of the efficiency around meetings has been in the forefront of some discussion inside companies. One way to measure efficiency is to measure the interactivity between different participants. In order to measure this the participants need to be identified. With the recent spike of Machine learning advancements, is this something that can be done using facial and voice recognition? Another field that has risen to the top is cloud computing. Can machine learning and cloud computing be used to evaluate and monitor a meeting, thus handling both audio and video streams in a real time environment? The conclusion of this thesis is that Artificial Intelligence(AI) can be used to monitor a meeting. To be able to do so Amazon Web Service (AWS) can be utilized. The choice of using a DeepLens was however not best choice. A hardware like DeepLens is required, but with better integration with cloud computing, as well with more freedom regarding the usage of several models for handling both feeds. With the usage of other models to automatic annotate data the time needed for training a new model can be reduced. The data generated during a single meeting is enough with the help of transfer learning from Amazon web service to build a model for facial identification and detection.
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Ramamurthy, Shriram Raghavendra. "Network Performance Monitoring." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1339735459.
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Di, Cioccio Lucas. "Home Network Monitoring." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066067.
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Désormais, l'accès Internet à haut débit est largement répandu et de nombreuxutilisateurs se connectent à l'Internet depuis chez eux. Ces utilisateurs n'ont pas de moyen simple pour résoudre les problèmes de performance. À la place, les utilisateurs appellent leur fournisseur d'accès même quand un problème provientdu réseau domestique. Cette situation frustrante pour les utilisateurs engendreune dépense importante chez les fournisseurs d'accès. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions des techniques permettant à un client finald'identifier si les problèmes de performances apparaissent dans le réseaudomestique ou non. Nous montrons que le réseau domestique peutaffecter la performance de bout-en-bout et les techniques de diagnosticexistantes ne peuvent pas toujours identifier si le réseau domestique est legoulot d'étranglement de performance. Nous concevons HomeNet Profiler, unlogiciel qui mesure la liste des appareils actifs dans le réseau domestique,l'implémentation du protocole UPnP dans les passerelles Internet, etl'environnement WiFi des réseaux domestiques. Les 3000 réseaux domestiquesqu'HomeNet Profiler mesure sont de petite taille mais peuvent avoir jusqu'à 20appareils. Les requêtes UPnP permettent de détecter le cross-traffic et dedifférencier les pertes réseaux dans le réseau domestique des pertes réseaudans le reste de l'Internet. De plus, l'environnement WiFi est généralementdense. Pour mettre à profit les environnement WiFi denses, nous concevons destechniques de mesures bénéficiant du voisinage WiFi et qui sont capables demesurer séparément le délai et le taux de perte du lien montant et du liendescendantBroadband Internet access is now widespread and many users connect to theInternet from home. Often, Internet users at home are not computer. When aperformance problem occurs, users have no simple means to diagnose the problemand may call their Internet service provider to fix the problem, even if theproblem comes from the user network. This situation frustrates Internet usersand incurs a large cost on the Internet service providers which must provisioncall centers. In this thesis, we consider techniques for end-hosts to pinpoint whetherperformance problems occur in the home network or not. We show that some homenetwork configurations affect the end-to-end performance and that existingtechniques cannot always pinpoint whether the home network is the performancebottleneck. To get a better understanding of existing home networks at large,we design HomeNet Profiler, a software measurement tool to measure the list ofdevices active in the home network, the implementation of UPnP in residentialhome gateways, and the WiFi environment inside home networks. With our datasetconsisting of nearly 3000 homes, we show that home networks are often small butcan have up to 20 devices. We demonstrate that UPnP queries, can pinpointcross-traffic from the home network and differentiate local from wide-arealosses. We also show that the home WiFi environment is generally dense and hasan inherent risk for interference. To leverage and take advantage of this highWiFi density, we design neighbor-assisted diagnosis techniques. Thesetechniques are able to efficiently detect and distinguish uplink and downlinkdelays and loss rates with small error
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Silva, João Luís Sarmento Donato dos Santos e. "Medical signals monitoring." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/23782.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e TelecomunicaçõesO ritmo cardíaco, quantidade de oxigénio no sangue, a pressão arterial e o nível de glicemia são variáveis da maior importância na avaliação clínica. Das quatro variáveis, a frequência cardíaca e o nível de oxigénio no sangue são aquelas cuja aquisição é relativamente menos incómoda para o paciente. A pressão arterial é tipicamente medida com um esfigmomanómetro com o auxilio de um estetoscópio. O esfigmomanómetro é composto por uma braçadeira de tecido com uma meia manga insuflável, que é enrolada à volta dum braço ou perna do paciente. A monitorização da glicémia, muito importante em diabéticos, é efetuada com um glicosímetro. Esta medição implica sempre um incomodo processo prévio de extração de uma pequena quantidade de sangue. Mesmo os instrumentos mais recentes que obtém o valor da glicémia através da analise do fluido intersticial (colhido logo abaixo da derme) implicam uma leve picada. O projecto que aqui se propõe visa melhorar o conforto do paciente no processo de aquisição destas variáveis clinicas. Este projeto visa a realização de um sistema único que integre a monitorização das quatro variáveis referidas e que o faça da forma menos invasiva que seja possível.
Heart rate, oxygen saturation in blood, blood pressure and glicemia are variables of major importance in clinical evaluation. Of the four variables, the heart rate and oxygenation in blood are those whose acquisition is relatively less discomfortable for the patient. Blood pressure is typically measured with a sphygmomanometer with the aid of a stethoscope. The sphygmomanometer consists of a tissue cu with an in atable half sleeve, which is wrapped around an arm or leg of the patient. The monitorization of glicemia, very important in diabetics, is made with a glucometer. This measurement implies always an discomfortable process of extracting a small quantity of blood. Even the most recent instruments that obtain the value of glycemia through interstitial uid analysis (collected just below the dermis) imply a slight sting. The project proposed here aims to improve patient comfort in the process of acquisition of these clinical variables. A single system is designed that integrates the monitoring of the four variables mentioned and does so in the least invasive way possible.
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Meegoda, Ranjana L. V. "Computer integrated monitoring." Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/11851/.
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Computer integrated monitoring is a very large area in engineering where on-line, real time data acquisition with the aid of sensors is the solution to many problems in the manufacturing industry as opposed to the old data logging method by graphics analysis. The raw data which is collected this way however is useless in the absence of a proper computerized management system. The transfer of data between the management and the shop floor processes has been impossible in the past unless all the computers in the system were totally compatible with each other. This limits the efficiency of the systems because they get governed by the limitations of the computers. General Motors of U.S.A. have recently started research on a new standard called the Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP) which is expected to allow data transfer between different types of computers. This is still in early development stages and also is currently very expensive. This research programme shows how such a shop floor data acquisition system and a complete management system on entirely different computers can be integrated together to form a single system by achieving data transfer communications using a cheaper but a superior alternative to MAP. Standard communication character sets and hardware such as ASCII and UARTs have been used in this method but the technique is so powerful that totally incompatible computers are shown to run different programs (in different languages) simultaneously and yet receive data from each other and process in their own CPUs with no human intervention.
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Aydin, Nizamettin. "Computerised graft monitoring." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/34912.
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Many vascular disorders require surgical procedures to overcome failing blood supply. Deficient arteries are replaced by prosthetic or vein bypass grafts to recover normal blood flow. However some grafts fail after operation. Therefore graft surveillance programs are important to increase the patency rate of grafts. Although there are a number of methods for medium and long term graft surveillance, these are not suitable for monitoring grafts immediately after operation to detect early graft failures which account for 20% of the total. This dissertation describes a computerised graft monitoring system which is suitable for continuous or intermittent monitoring of grafts immediately after surgery. The system comprises a floating point DSP board, an IBM compatible computer and a purpose built CW Doppler board. The Doppler board is designed to be installed in the computer. The possibility of implementation of DSP algorithms for obtaining directional information is extensively discussed. This study shows that digital techniques outperform their analogue counterparts. Therefore in this system, apart from the quadrature demodulation of the Doppler signals all processes are implemented digitally. Maximum frequency envelope detection algorithms are also discussed. The results obtained from monitoring seven patients are presented and practical difficulties encountered during the monitoring process are highlighted.
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Bartůněk, Michal. "Monitoring prodejní plochy." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4256.
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Tato práce je zaměřena na představení speciálního typu marketingového výzkumu, jeho jednotlivých specifikací a následně i využití dat, získaných těmito výzkumy, v praxi. Práce obsahuje konkrétní příklady jednotlivých typů výzkumů s reálnými daty, technické a metodické řešení sběru dat společnosti Ipsos Tambor s.r.o., možnosti využití statistických analýz.
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Frühauf, Michal. "Business Activity Monitoring." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-15513.
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Main focus of the thesis lies in the corporate management decision support deploying and using IT / ICT. Specific technology described is Business Activity Monitoring. The contribution of the work lies primarily in two planes. The first plane is to create as far as the most comprehensive view of the BAM. The findings are collected from different directions and areas. The first direction of research is focused on the development of Business Intelligence and description of BAM as a trend of BI, including the stages of development and projections into the future. The second direction focuses primarily on a detailed circumscribe of BAM. Its definition, deployment assumptions, basic models, the way how business can benefit from BAM usage. The third guideline shows the classification of BAM surrounded by the other / similar technologies and business solutions -- BI and BSM, and the search key differences. The second level of the work is to support the AML implementation in a specific environment of banks using BAM. This is a practical demonstration of the possibility of using BAM in practice. Basic design solution lies in the analysis of risks arising from the law and the current state of the solution. By mapping of banking processes and searching for points of risk it is then possible to deploy these risks BAM tools for their management. Motion of support lies mainly in conceptual terms.
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Fraiwan, Mohammad Amin. "Overlay networks monitoring." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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Ramsey, Michael W. "Athlete Monitoring Considerations." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4107.
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Trávníček, Tomáš. "Monitoring GSM sítě." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217514.
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This master’s thesis is focused on problems of monitoring GSM network using a mobile phone. Problems are analyzed on a theoretic basis with a description of available network parameters. Then the thesis offers a description of existing application environments providing a user with given data about the network. The main part of this work describes a development of application compiling queue data from mobile network and GPS, and creates output data illustrating signal strength in selected areas. The work also includes extensive measuring in select areas together with an evaluation of the processed data.
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Rodrigues, Maria Eugenia. "Modes of Lay Enviromental Monitoring : Towards a Sociology of Enviromental Monitoring." Thesis, University of York, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503330.
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Hudson, Carmen Campos 1972. "Overview of monitoring systems used during construction and permanent structural monitoring." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84792.
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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-95).
by Carmen Campos Hudson.
M.Eng.
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Singh, Gurjashan. "Health Monitoring of Round Objects using Multiple Structural Health Monitoring Techniques." FIU Digital Commons, 2010. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/330.
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Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) techniques are widely used in a number of Non – destructive Evaluation (NDE) applications. There is a need to develop effective techniques for SHM, so that the safety and integrity of the structures can be improved. Two most widely used SHM methods for plates and rods use either the spectrum of the impedances or monitor the propagation of lamb waves. Piezoelectric wafer – active sensors (PWAS) were used for excitation and sensing. In this study, surface response to excitation (SuRE) and Lamb wave propagation was monitored to estimate the integrity of the round objects including the pipes, tubes and cutting tools. SuRE obtained the frequency response by applying sweep sine wave to surface. The envelope of the received signal was used to detect the arrival of lamb waves to the sensor. Both approaches detect the structural defects of the pipes and tubes and the wear of the cutting tool.
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Abeysiri, Wickrama Liyanaarachc Pubudu Thilan. "Model-based adaptive monitoring: Improving the effectiveness of reef monitoring programs." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/213527/1/Pubudu%20Thilan_Abeysiri%20Wickrama%20Liyanaarachc_Thesis.pdf.
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The goal of this thesis was to develop innovative adaptive design methods for enhancing the effectiveness of ecological monitoring. This was demonstrated for monitoring the health of our coral reefs where new statistical methods were developed to collect highly informative data at reduced sampling costs when compared to current survey practices. These new methods are expected to encourage adaptive design approaches for reef/ecological monitoring in the future.
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Danielson, Hugo, and Schmuck Benjamin von. "Robot Condition Monitoring : A first step in Condition Monitoring for robotic applications." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-66011.
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The industrial world is in constant demand for faster, cheaper and higher quality manufacturing. Robot utilisation and automation has evolved to become a necessary asset to master in order to stay competitive in the global market. With the growing dependency on robots, unexpected downtime and brakedowns can cause devastating loss of revenue. Consequently, this has lead to an increased importance for an accurate condition based way of performing robotic maintenance. As of writing, robots are predominantly maintained through time dependent maintenance. Part replacement is based on statistical models where maintenance is performed without taking the actual robot condition into consideration. As a result an overall level of uncertainty is ensued, where lacking the ability to properly diagnose the robot, also leads to superfluous repairs. Because of the costly impact this has on production, a condition based maintenance approach to robots would yield increased reliability at a lower cost of maintenance. This research focuses on trying to monitor vibrations in a robot, so as to infer about wear and to provide a first step in vibration based Robot Condition Monitoring. This research has been of multidisciplinary nature where robotics, tribology, mechanical component, signal analysis and diagnosis theory have overlapped in several areas throughout the project. The research has provided a vibration baseline and trends of the theoretical bearing defect frequencies for a hypocycloid gearbox installed on an ABB IRB6600 robot. The gearbox was not worn to a level that a severe gearbox degradation was irrefutably detectable and analysable. Accelerometers normally used on wind turbines were used for the project, and are believed to be sufficiently successful in capturing bearing related signals to accredit it for continued use at the preliminary stages of Robot Condition Monitoring development. A worn RV410F hypocycloid gearbox, was dismantled and analysed. Bearings found inside indicate high degrees of moisture corrosion and extensive surface wear. These findings had decisive roles in what future work recommendations where presented. Areas with great potential are condition monitoring through the use of Acoustic Emission and lubrication analysis. Further recommendations include investigating signal analysis techniques such as cepstrum pre-whitening and discrete wavelet transforms.
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Müller, Thomas Friedrich. "Immunologisches Monitoring nach Organtransplantation /." Lengerich ; Berlin ; Düsseldorf ; Leipzig ; Riga ; Scottsdale (USA) ; Wien ; Zagreb : Pabst, 1998. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=008314633&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Kersten, Stephanie M. "UH-1 corrosion monitoring." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37312.
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As the UH-1 aircraft continue to age, there is growing concern for their structural integrity. With corrosion damage becoming a bigger part of the sustainment picture with increasing maintenance burden and cost, it is becoming increasingly important for corrosion management to be updated with more advanced techniques.
The current find-and-fix technique for handling corrosion has many shortfalls, spurring the recent interest in early detection through structural health monitoring. This condition based technique is becoming more prevalent and is recognized for the potential to greatly reduce maintenance cost. Through corrosion monitoring, structural and environmental conditions can be closely observed, preventing excessive maintenance action and saving cost.
Searches for corrosion monitoring system designs revealed several commercial companies with prototype systems installed on commercial aircraft, however, details on system design and data analysis were scarce. This study attempted to bridge the gap in literature by providing insight into the development of a corrosion damage prediction model and the design of a corrosion monitoring system.
This study attempted to use aircraft maintenance data to make prediction models for determining what corrosion damage an aircraft can expect, given varying operating conditions. Although a reliable prediction model could not be created, trends observed in the data were still valuable for identifying problematic areas of the aircraft. In order to create reliable models, more accurate corrosion data is needed. This can be accomplished through the implementation of a corrosion monitoring system.
A custom corrosion monitoring system was designed for the UH-1 aircraft. Commercial off-the-shelf products were fit to the design and a benefits-to-cost analysis was performed for the monitoring system, evaluating the system based on criteria developed from user requirements. The system proved to meet and exceed expectation, making it an ideal choice for the UH-1 aircraft.
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Ozmen, Teoman. "Gas Turbine Monitoring System." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607957/index.pdf.
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In this study, a new gas turbine monitoring system being able to carry out appropriate run process is set up for a gas turbine with 250 kW power rating and its accessories. The system with the mechanical and electrical connections of the required sub-parts is transformed to a kind of the test stand. Performance test result calculation method is described. In addition that, performance evaluation software being able to apply with the completion of the preliminary performance tests is developed for this gas turbine.
This system has infrastructure for the gas turbine sub-components performance and aerothermodynamics research. This system is also designed for aviation training facility as a training material for the gas turbine start and run demonstration. This system provides the preliminary gas turbine performance research requirements in the laboratory environment.
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Dowert, Michael, and Tommy Karlsson. "Software Monitoring & Repair." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för programvaruteknik och datavetenskap, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-4822.
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Web-hosting is a well established industry with a wide range of actors with different size and quality of service. One of the challenges for these companies is to setup a system that guarantee uptime around the clock. Web-hosts must be able to assure high reliability to its customer, in order to provide better services than the many competitors that exist on the market. This requires a lot of resources from the companies in form of hardware, software or personnel that monitor the operation 24 hours per day each day of the week. A problem is that small and medium sized companies with up to approximately 10000 customers can’t afford these extra costs for personnel and must therefore rely on other monitoring solutions to be competitive. This thesis will show how automatic monitoring tools can replace some of the responsibilities, performed by human personnel. The tools will also be evaluated and compared with similar tools available on the market. An economic model, that can be used to determine if the solution is worth investing in , is also described.