Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Monitor units'

Wide Area Measurements (WAMs) have been widely used in the energy management system (EMS) of power system for monitoring, operation and control. In recent years, the advent of synchronized Phasor Measurements Unit (PMU) has added another dimension to the field of wide-area measurement. However, the high cost of the PMU, which includes the manufacture and deployment fee, is a hurdle to the wide use of the PMU in power systems. Unlike traditional PMUs, the frequency monitoring network (FNET) developed by the Virginia Tech Power IT lab is an Internetâ based, GPSâ synchronized, wide-area frequency monitoring network deployed at the distribution level, providing a low-cost and easily deployable WAMs solution. In this dissertation, the research work can be categorized into two parts: FNET Design and Situation Awareness Algorithm Development.
Ph. D.

A verificação de forma independente do cálculo de dose e de unidades monitoras num plano de tratamento de IMRT é um passo importante nos procedimentos de garantia de qualidade da técnica em questão. Atualmente este verificação é baseada apenas em medidas experimentais demoradas e trabalhosas. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido uma metodologia de cálculo de unidades monitoras de forma independente como uma nova ferramenta para garantir a qualidade e exatidão dos tratamentos de IMRT. Os valores encontrados se aproximam bastante dos valores calculados pelo sistema de planejamento utilizado, de forma que o algoritmo de cálculo desenvolvido apresentou uma concordância dentro de ± 1,8 % para uma geometria simples. Após diversos testes e com os níveis de ação devidamente estabelecidos, a verificação independente da unidade monitora para planos de tratamento de IMRT se tornará uma ferramenta efetiva e eficiente no controle de qualidade que ajuda a identificar e reduzir possíveis erros de tratamento em radioterapia. Como contribuição original deste trabalho, assegura-se aos serviços de Radioterapia a utilização da metodologia desenvolvida como ferramenta de controle de qualidade em tratamentos com IMRT. Em especial aos serviços que não dispõem de recursos econômicos para adquirirem softwares comercialmente disponíveis para o cálculo independente da unidade monitora.
Independent verification of dose calculations and monitor units settings of IMRT treatment plans is an important step in the quality assurance procedure for IMRT technique. At present, the verification is mainly based on experimental measurements, which are time consuming and laborious. In this work an independent methodology of monitor units calculation was developed as a new tool for IMRT treatments quality and precision assurance. The values found are near those calculated by the treatment planning system used, in a manner that the calculation algorithm demonstrated ± 1,8 % concordance in a simple geometry with the system. After several tests and the levels of action well established, the independent monitor units verification for IMRT treatment plans will become an effective and efficient tool in quality assurance, helping identification and the reduction of possible mistakes in radiotherapy treatments. To radiotherapy services is assured the use of the developed methodology as a tool of quality control in IMRT treatments as an original contribution of this work, specially those that do not dispose financial resources to acquire commercially available independent monitor unit calculus software.

Orientador: José Luiz Tatagiba Lamas
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T22:31:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gothardo_AnaCarolinaLopesOttoni_M.pdf: 3169615 bytes, checksum: da99c78d906df92371167a9e0c7c0502 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: A medição da pressão arterial em setores de emergência e cuidados intensivos é um procedimento utilizado para avaliar com rapidez a condição do paciente e direcionar a conduta terapêutica. Devido aos cuidados peculiares existentes na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, a monitorização hemodinâmica desses pacientes é realizada por monitores automáticos multiparamétricos o que torna esse procedimento mais fácil e rápido. Esse tipo de monitorização consiste no controle de parâmetros como eletrocardiograma, pressão arterial (direta ou indireta), saturação de oxigênio, frequência cardíaca, temperatura, frequência respiratória, capnografia e débito cardíaco. Para garantir a precisão e o desempenho desses aparelhos automáticos, estes devem passar por testes rigorosos a fim de validá-los para seu uso clinico. Assim torna-se necessário aferir sua confiabilidade usando protocolos adequados, reconhecidos por sociedades cientificas. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a confiabilidade do monitor multiparamétrico Dixtal® DX 2020 na medida da pressão arterial em adultos de acordo com o Protocolo Internacional, proposto pela European Society of Hypertension (ESH). Para o desenvolvimento desse estudo foram realizadas medidas de pressão arterial em 33 sujeitos, com uso do esfigmomanômetro de coluna de mercúrio, da marca Unitec e o aparelho automático Dixtal® DX 2020 com número de série 81303876. Nove medidas sequenciais foram realizadas no braço, alternando entre o esfigmomanômetro de mercúrio e o automático em teste, conforme Protocolo Internacional, além da obtenção do eletrocardiograma. O protocolo estabelece a necessidade de atender duas exigências. Na primeira exigência o aparelho foi reprovado na PAS em todas as faixas. Das 99 diferenças obtidas, apenas 43 se situaram na faixa de 0 a 5 mmHg (de 73 exigidas), 69 medidas na faixa de 0 a 10 mmHg (de 87 exigidas) e 81 entre 0 e 15 mmHg (de 96 exigidas). Na PAD também foi reprovado em todas as faixas, obtendo 29 diferenças entre 0 e 5 mmHg, 56 entre 0 e 10 mmHg e 71 entre 0 e 15 mmHg, sendo exigidas 65, 81 e 93, respectivamente. Na segunda exigência pelo menos 24 sujeitos deveriam ter duas de suas três comparações na faixa de 0 a 5 mmHg, o que aconteceu somente com 16 sujeitos na sistólica e 9 na diastólica. Além disso, no máximo três poderiam ter todas suas comparações acima de 5 mmHg e isso aconteceu com 10 sujeitos na sistólica e 17 na diastólica. O aparelho não atendeu os critérios estabelecidos para a pressão sistólica (PAS) e pressão diastólica (PAD) em nenhuma das duas exigências, não sendo recomendado para o uso clínico de acordo com este protocolo. Cuidados com a validação dos aparelhos deveriam ocorrer com maior frequência no sentido de garantir às pessoas em cuidados intensivos valores fidedignos. É importante ressaltar que este estudo refere-se especificamente ao módulo de verificação da PA do monitor em estudo, não sendo possível tirar a mesma conclusão para suas outras funções
Abstract: The measurement of blood pressure in emergency departments and intensive care is a procedure used to quickly assess the patient's condition and direct the therapeutic approach. Due to the peculiar care existing in the intensive care unit, hemodynamic monitoring of patients is performed by automated multiparameter monitors which makes this procedure easier and faster. This type of monitoring controls parameters such as electrocardiogram, blood pressure (direct or indirect), oxygen saturation, heart rate, temperature, respiratory rate, capnography and cardiac output. To ensure accuracy and performance of these automated devices, they must undergo rigorous testing to validate them for clinical use. So it becomes necessary to assess its reliability using appropriate protocols, recognized by scientific societies. This study aims to evaluate the reliability of the multiparameter monitor Dixtal® DX 2020 on blood pressure determination in adults according to the International Protocol, proposed by the European Society of Hypertension (ESH). For the development of this study blood pressure was measured in 33 subjects, using a Unitec® mercury sphygmomanometer, and the automatic drive Dixtal® DX 2020, serial number 81303876. Nine sequential measurements were performed in the arm, alternating between the mercury sphygmomanometer and the automatic unit in test, as determined by the International Protocol, and the electrocardiogram. The protocol establishes the need to meet two requirements. In the first requirement, the device failed SBP measurements in all ranges. Among the 99 obtained differences, only 43 were located in the range 0-5 mm Hg (73 required), 69 in the range 0-10 mm Hg (87 required) and 81 between 0 and 15 mmHg (96 required). Regarding DBP, the device also failed in all ranges, obtaining 29 differences between 0 and 5 mmHg, 56 from 0 to 10 and 71 between 0 and 15 mmHg( 65, 81 and 93 required respectively). To pass in the second requirement at least 24 subjects should have two of their three comparisons in the range 0-5 mmHg, which happened with only 16 subjects in systolic and 9 in diastolic. Furthermore, at most three could have all their comparisons over 5 mmHg and this happened to 10 subjects in the systolic and 17 diastolic. The unit did not meet the criteria for systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in any of the two requirements and it is not recommended for clinical use in accordance with this protocol. Importantly, this study specifically refers to the BP scanning module of the monitor in study, it is not possible to draw the same conclusion for its other functions
Mestrado
Enfermagem e Trabalho
Mestra em Ciências da Saúde

With the increased rate of overweight and obese youth in the United States many people began looking for ways to increase youth exercise quality and habits; one such way was by using an external distraction during exercise to increase personal motives toward exercise. This study involved 81 high school aged students enrolled in a required physical education class. Students rode an indoor cycling bike for 20 minutes while wearing a heart rate monitor. They were told to maintain a heart rate between their 70 and 79% maximum heart rate. Every 5 minutes students were asked to rate how hard they thought they were working, using a modified rating of perceived exertion scale, and how much they were enjoying the activity. At the end of each day, students were asked if they would continue to cycle if given the option. The first two days had no distraction, days 3 and 4 had class selected music playing, and days 5 and 6 had a class selected movie showing at the front of the room. There is no significant difference in heart rate or rating of perceived exertion between no distraction and adding music, but when a movie is played, both heart rate and rating of perceived exertion decrease significantly. However, a similar decrease in heart rate and rating of perceived exertion is also seen in the control group on the same days of data collection. Including a distraction while exercising has no significant effect on enjoyment of the activity or intention to persist in the activity. Females have significantly higher intrinsic motivation levels throughout the course of data collection, and males' intrinsic motivation significantly declines with each progressive condition. As the decline in heart rate and rating of perceived exertion is seen in both control and treatment groups the decline is possibly influenced by unaccounted for factors such as hard bike seats, boredom, or teacher pedagogy. These factors could potentially account for the decrease in intrinsic motivation during the last two days of data collection.

This study investigated the delivery of electron arc treatment with a trapezoidal aperture. The aim of the investigation is to reduce the nonuniformity of the dose distribution, which is caused by the variation of the patient contour from superior to inferior. The characteristics of static electron beam were first investigated. Then a measurement-based algorithm was developed and implemented as a computer program called EarcMU to calculate the monitor units required for delivering the prescribed dose with a trapezoidal aperture. The central axis percentage depth dose was found to be independent of source-to-surface distance (SSD) and the width of the aperture. The inplane profiles of a trapezoidal aperture show that the dose decreases longitudinally from the wide to the narrow end of the trapezoidal aperture. The EarcMU program was verified using two cylindrical water phantoms. The measured dose and the dose calculated by the program agreed within 2.1% in the typical clinical conditions. A simple method was also proposed for determining the trapezoidal aperture for an individual patient. Under the same conditions, the trapezoidal apertures calculated by this method along with the open aperture were used to deliver treatments to several conical phantoms. Significant improvement in the uniformity of dose distribution was observed. On average, the flatness index of the longitudinal dose distribution from superior to inferior decreases dramatically from 8% for open aperture down to 0.58% for trapezoidal aperture. The results are clinically significant, indicating that delivering the electron arc treatment using a trapezoidal aperture can bring more uniform dose to the patient regardless of the change of patient contour from superior to inferior.

Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) provide an aircraft pilot with a virtual 3-D image of surrounding terrain which is generated from a digital elevation model stored in an onboard database. SVS improves the pilot's situational awareness at night and in inclement weather, thus reducing the chance of accidents such as controlled flight into terrain. A terrain database integrity monitor is needed to verify the accuracy of the displayed image due to potential database and navigational system errors. Previous research has used existing aircraft sensors to compare the real terrain position with the predicted position. We propose an improvement to one of these models by leveraging the stream computing capabilities of commercial graphics hardware. "Brook for GPUs," a system for implementing stream computing applications on programmable graphics processors, is used to execute a streaming ray-casting algorithm that correctly simulates the beam characteristics of a radar altimeter during all phases of flight.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
商船學系
102
The purpose of lifeboats being onboard vessels is to insure the safety and security of the crew in disastrous situations, but in the routinely release and retrieval of lifeboat drills, accidents caused by mechanical reasons have constantly been happening, resulting in tremendous casualties over time. This thesis uses initiative detection of whether the release hook is in proper place or not to solve the common problem of accidentally disengagements when under load for open lever type broadside lifeboats. There have been over 70 different types of lifeboat release hooks developed until now, each differing greatly from one another. This study analyzes the information of these different release hooks and categorizes them. In regard to open lever type broadside lifeboats, the motorizing system in principle, uses 3 Inductive Proximity Sensor sets which are installed in the fore, aft lifeboat release hook and the hydrostatic release device. The motorizing system utilizes light panels to show whether current conditions are safe or not, if the main light signal displays a green light, then this means that the release hook(s) is (are) in correct positions, and if the light signal displays a red light, then this means that the lifeboat may be in contact with the water. When the release hook leaves the water and is not in the proper locked position, then flashing red lights and alarm (audio) signals will be set off; After analysis for enclosed lever type lifeboats, this monitoring system cannot currently be installed for them. But since the LSA Code states that: the crew members should be able to directly observe the activities of release hook systems/components in lifeboats, the enclosed lever type is of question of whether it is in compliance with this requirement, thus providing not much of a concern in this thesis. For free fall lifeboat types, this study shows that the monitoring system of this thesis can be directly used. This thesis hopes to change current lifeboat accidental prevention measures for the world, and leap out of traditional thinking. To not only use methods of improving the life boat structure itself or additional add-on locks to prevent disasters, but to use electronic monitors to solve this problem, achieving safety and security of the life and property of the crew. The thesis results of this thesis and such concepts can be provided for the International Maritime Organization, surveyor associations, manufacturers, and other lifeboat related business to improve the safety of lifeboats.

In 2016, The Mid North Coast Cancer Institute (MNCCI) implemented Elekta’s Monaco® electron Monte Carlo (eMC) dose calculation algorithm for electron beams. The new algorithm resulted in a change in clinical practice whereby monitor units (MU) delivered to patients would be calculated in terms of dose to medium (𝐷𝑚), rather than using measured, dose to water (𝐷𝑤)-based MU. Delivering high energy ionising radiation during radiotherapy has inherent risks. Therefore, it is crucial to patient safety that dose calculations performed by the treatment planning system (TPS) are accurate. Any changes in clinical practice should also be understood in terms of their effect on patient outcomes (both tumour control and normal tissue toxicity). This research aims to validate the accuracy of the 𝐷𝑚-based MU calculated by the Elekta Monaco® eMC algorithm and to assess patient outcomes in terms of acute skin toxicity due to this change in clinical practice. To validate the 𝐷𝑚-based MU, the dose measured with an ionisation chamber was compared with the dose calculated by the Elekta Monaco® eMC algorithm in a range of clinically relevant phantoms. The assessment of acute toxicity involved a cohort study that compared acute skin toxicity grades of skin cancer patients treated before the change in clinical practice (cohort 1) and after the change (cohort 2). Various predictors of radiation-induced acute skin toxicity were also investigated. The comparison between measured and calculated dose found that the Elekta Monaco® eMC 𝐷𝑚 calculation is accurate in most clinical scenarios. The level of agreement between the measured and calculated 𝐷𝑚 data is mostly within ± 3.5% for a wide range of tissue types. However, for tissues with densities significantly different from water (i.e. < 0.5 g/cm3 and > 1.5 g/cm3), the method used to determine 𝐷𝑚 from measurements of ionisation resulted in unacceptable levels of uncertainty. For these tissues, a more accurate validation method, such as full Monte Carlo modelling, is required. Two hundred and ninety-four patients were recruited into the cohort study, with 141 patients in cohort 1 and 153 patients in cohort 2. Statistical analysis of patient acute toxicity data was performed using the Cochran-Armitage test for linear trend and binary logistic regression modelling. The results of the Cochran-Armitage test for linear trend found no statistically significant increase in acute skin toxicity for patients in cohort 2 compared with patients in cohort 1. Therefore, the change in clinical practice from using the measured 𝐷𝑤-based MU to using the 𝐷𝑚-based MU as calculated in the Elekta Monaco® eMC algorithm does not increase acute skin toxicity for skin cancer patients treated with electron beams. Binary logistic regression modelling found a statistically significant correlation between baseline toxicity grade and acute toxicity grade, suggesting that baseline grade is often a predictor of acute toxicity grade. This modelling also found that patients treated with the 𝐷𝑚-based MU as calculated in the Elekta Monaco® eMC algorithm experience statistically significant lower levels of pain, while those patients with treatment sites involving bone experience statistically significant lower levels of pain but increased alopecia.
Thesis (MPhil.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2020

碩士
中原大學
機械工程研究所
104
Airflow stability is very important for the semiconductor manufacturing process, with a stable pressure (Down flow) to avoid blowing the wafer Particle pollution generated in the manufacturing process. But pressure value, and there is no standard value, has long experience in both the process by adjusting for this phenomenon is caused by an increase in the case of process variation. In addition, the devices provide air pressure, fan filter unit broken abnormal happened before, resulting in a large number of products abnormalities unaware of the case, or even scrapped. In this study, statistical process management architectures combine independent design, develop innovative management models, establish monitoring systems for wind pressure and make effective management and monitoring of FFU prevent damage event without warning, enhance the stability of the semiconductor manufacturing process. First, the management chaos phenomenon will pressure its unity, build pressure standard value, stable process range. Furthermore, the establishment of monitoring systems for production processes and FFU fan pressure to make timely monitoring. The results show that the system is currently successfully detect abnormal times, experience has shown that these three systems exert its effect in this study.