Journal articles: 'Monitor lizard'

1

Pianka, Eric R., and Walter Auffenberg. "Gray's Monitor Lizard." Copeia 1988, no. 4 (December 28, 1988): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1445749.

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2

Card, Winston. "Monitor Lizard Husbandry." Bulletin of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 5, no. 3 (January 1995): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5818/1076-3139.5.3.9.

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3

Mohamed-Ahmed, M. M. "Olfactory responses of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Diptera: Glossinidae) to the monitor lizard Varanus niloticus niloticus." Bulletin of Entomological Research 88, no. 3 (June 1998): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000748530002592x.

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AbstractVisual and olfactory responses of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead to the monitor lizard, Varanus niloticus niloticus Laurenti were studied using various catching devices near Lake Victoria, Kenya. Electric nets baited with visible lizards caught more males (×2.1) and significantly more females (×2.0) than unbaited nets. Lizards concealed in electrified black PVC pipe models, simulating the shape and size of a monitor lizard, increased significantly the catches of tsetse by 2.1 times. Fresh lizard urine dispensed at an evaporation rate of 500 to 1000 mg/h also increased significantly the catches of flies at biconical traps, electrified models and electric nets. Identification of chemical constituents of the odour could improve monitoring and control strategies for G. f. fuscipes, and possibly for other palpalis tsetse species.

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Rakhmiyati and Muhammad Jafar Luthfi. "Study Anatomy of Vertebrae Caudalis Asiatic Water Monitor (Varanus salvator)." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 3 (April 30, 2020): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v3.479.

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Asiatic water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator) is a type of reptile that can be found in several countries on the Asian continent. In Indonesia this species can be found in the Sunda plain (Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara) and Maluku (the Sula and Obi islands). Asiatic water monitor lizard is long tailed reptile. The functions of tail as a movement aid, to maintain balance, a place to store energy, sexual appearance, and reproduction. The caudalis vertebrae in asiatic water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator) has a structure consisting of centrum, processus, cotyle, condilus, and constriction area. To observe the caudal vertebrae in monitor lizards the experiment was done by cleaning all the sticky tissue, then observed using a stereo microscope with a magnification of 0.8X. The result showed that blood vessels and nerve tissue were protected by sturdy bones.

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Arida, Evy A., Alamsyah E. N. Herlambang, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "The hunt for the Blue tree monitor on Batanta Island, Indonesia: Subsistence on a treasure?" Journal of Tropical Ethnobiology 4, no. 2 (July 22, 2021): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46359/jte.v4i2.99.

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The tree monitors, Varanus (Hapturosaurus) are highly valued in international pet trade. These lizards are somewhat striking in their colouration, among which is the Blue tree monitor, Varanus macraei. Body colouration of this species is dominantly blue, which is unique to this monitor lizard species. This distinctive colouration together with its limited distribution has put the species as high-priced export commodity for at least 20 years. Because the lizard is endemic to Batanta Island and the nearby islets in the Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia, we made a trip to the islands in 2019. We visited the village of Amdui on Batanta, where we made several casual interviews with hunters. Here we report results of our interviews and brief survey on the habitats of V. macraei, in order to identify the roles of local hunters in the trade of tree monitors for international pet markets. Some residents of Amdui have been in search for Blue tree monitors and other monitor lizard species since mid1990s and continue their hunt until very recently for fast cash. Because hunting is yet a large part of their culture more than farming, villagers rely on this method for subsistence. We recommend a socio-cultural approach to inform hunters on the idea of sustainability of harvest, for which a stable livelihood will be a possible consequence.

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Khoirunnisa’, Ida. "Histological Structure of the Varanus Salvator Kidney." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 3 (April 30, 2020): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v3.481.

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Varanus salvator is known as the monitor lizard. This animal is a subspecies of endemic Indonesian monitor lizards which is only found in Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara (except Timor Island). This study aims to determine the histological structure of the monitor lizard (Varanus salvator). The research was carried out for two months starting from September 2019 to October 2019 at the Animal Physics Laboratory and Zoology of UIN Sunan Kalijaga. The method used is the paraffin method. The results of the study were analyzed in a comparative descriptive manner by observation through a microscope and then taken using a camera. Based on the results of studies lizards (Varanus salvator) have distal convoluted tubule, proximal convoluted tubule, glomerulus, medullary ray and bowman’s capsule.

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Xiao, Lihua, Una M. Ryan, Thaddeus K. Graczyk, Josef Limor, Lixia Li, Mark Kombert, Randy Junge, et al. "Genetic Diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in Captive Reptiles." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 2 (February 2004): 891–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.2.891-899.2004.

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ABSTRACT The genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium in reptiles was analyzed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene. A total of 123 samples were analyzed, of which 48 snake samples, 24 lizard samples, and 3 tortoise samples were positive for Cryptosporidium. Nine different types of Cryptosporidium were found, including Cryptosporidium serpentis, Cryptosporidium desert monitor genotype, Cryptosporidium muris, Cryptosporidium parvum bovine and mouse genotypes, one C. serpentis-like parasite in a lizard, two new Cryptosporidium spp. in snakes, and one new Cryptosporidium sp. in tortoises. C. serpentis and the desert monitor genotype were the most common parasites and were found in both snakes and lizards, whereas the C. muris and C. parvum parasites detected were probably the result of ingestion of infected rodents. Sequence and biologic characterizations indicated that the desert monitor genotype was Cryptosporidium saurophilum. Two host-adapted C. serpentis genotypes were found in snakes and lizards.

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8

Zdunek, Przemysław, and Michaela S. Webb. "Observation records of the Bangon Monitor Lizard, Varanus bangonorum (Squamata, Varanidae), with emphasis on behaviour and local threats, from the Municipality of Abra de Ilog, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines." Herpetozoa 36 (January 25, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.36.e96841.

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Varanus bangonorum, the Bangon Monitor Lizard, is one of eleven Varanidae species endemic to the Philippines; its occurrence is restricted to dwindling habitats on the islands of Mindoro and Semirara. This lizard is still poorly known and is presently classified as “Least Concern” under the IUCN Red List in 2022. Observations recorded during eleven years (2011 to 2022) originate from the north-central Municipality of Abra de Ilog in Occidental Mindoro where this species was never before documented. We emphasise the primary factors that pose threats to the monitor lizard population, including insights gained from the knowledge of local community members. We present information about the lizards’ diet, for example, they can consume invasive toxic cane toads without harm. The result of our collective long-term observation records may serve as a baseline for further studies and contribute to evaluating the conservation status of this species.

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9

GREENE, H. W. "Frugivorous Reptiles: Gray's Monitor Lizard." Science 241, no. 4871 (September 9, 1988): 1368–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.241.4871.1368.

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10

Ballinger, Royce E. "Gray's Monitor Lizard. Walter Auffenberg." Quarterly Review of Biology 64, no. 2 (June 1989): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/416286.

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11

Orakpoghenor, Ochuko, James S. Sambo, Hassan Abdulsalam, and Talatu P. Markus. "Haematological parameters of a monitor lizard." Comparative Clinical Pathology 28, no. 2 (January 5, 2019): 513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-018-2887-y.

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Haniaturizqia, Amalia Hasni, and Miftahul Anwar. "Study of Trabekular Anatomic Structures on Biawak Water Bone (Varanus Salvator)." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 3 (April 30, 2020): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v3.468.

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Asian water lizards (Varanus salvator) is one of the species that is widespread in the region of South Asia and Southeast Asia, one of which is in the territory of Indonesia. One of the characteristics of water lizards is having a tail that serves to maintain the balance of his body when moving. This study aims to determine the anatomical structure of the trabeculae in the tailbone of the Asian water lizard (Varanus salvator). Trabeculae are derived from the aquatic biawaks tailbone, which is neutralized with chloroform and then dissected. The coccyx is taken and prepared for observation of trabecular anatomy by sanding part of the coccyx. Then observed the structural parts of the trabeculae using a microscope. Bone trabeculae can be seen as small, porous and porous tissue elements, which consist of trabekulated tissue. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the trabeculae of the monitor lizard's tail bone consist of thin lattice elements and form spongy bones. The trabecular structure is thicker and denser to withstand external loading that is optimally regulated to withstand loads in functional activities such as jumping, running and for body balance. So that the dense trabecular structure of the monitor lizard's tailbone can function optimally for the balance of the body of Asian water lizards in moving and doing activities.

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Neves, Verónica, Dorothee Rund, Catarina J. Pinho, Raquel Vasconcelos, Paco Bustamante, and Petra Quillfeldt. "Diet of the exotic Madeiran wall lizard: first insights into trophic interactions in an Atlantic seabird sanctuary." Herpetozoa 35 (June 14, 2022): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.35.e82096.

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The Madeiran wall lizard Teira dugesii is a relatively new species to the Azores Archipelago, where it was accidentally introduced about 150 to 200 years ago. This lacertid quickly became naturalised and now occurs in all the nine main islands of the Azores. At Praia Islet, off Graciosa Island, the Madeiran wall lizard was recently observed preying on chicks of the threatened Monteiro’s storm-petrel Hydrobates monteiroi. To characterise the lizards’ trophic niche, we conducted a study of the diet of the Madeiran wall lizard at Praia using stable isotope analysis and next-generation sequencing. Our results indicate that the Madeiran wall lizard has a varied diet, consisting of at least 23 invertebrate taxa, 17 plant species, and occasionally, birds (two species detected, including storm-petrels). Marine derived food items were present in few samples, and it is vital to monitor the trophic interactions at Praia Islet to ensure the conservation of this threatened storm-petrel.

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Hnízdo, Jan, Veronika Cikánová, Olga Šimková, Daniel Frynta, Petr Velenský, Ivan Rehák, and Petra Frýdlová. "Is body shape of mangrove-dwelling monitor lizards (Varanus indicus; Varanidae) sexually dimorphic?" Amphibia-Reptilia 32, no. 1 (2011): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/017353710x532184.

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AbstractIn monitor lizards, males are typically larger than conspecific females, but body shape is usually quite similar in both sexes. This not only represents a puzzle worthy of evolutionary explanation, but also makes field sex determination of monitor lizards difficult. We asked whether subtle differences in body shape follow the same pattern as in other sexually dimorphic lizard taxa and thus can be explained by the same selective forces. We tested the hypotheses that (1) females have a longer abdomen due to fecundity selection and (2) males possess bigger heads due to intrasexual selection. We also hypothesised that (3) male monitors show a wider chests and longer upper fore-limbs to win male-male wrestling matches. We monitored ontogeny in 35 mangrove-dwelling monitors (Varanus indicus). Seventeen body measurements were taken every three months up to the age of 24-34 months. Sex was determined by an ultrasonographic imaging. We employed multiple approaches to remove the effect of size and used both confirmation and exploratory statistics. The results revealed that sexual differences in body shape were small and emerged after maturity. Females have a relatively longer abdomen while males wider chest and longer upper fore-limbs. Thus, the differences in body shape between male and female varanid lizards may be attributed to both fecundity and sexual selection.

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15

Vasilyan, Davit, and Maia Bukhsianidze. "The fossil record of the genus Varanus from the Southern Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia)." PeerJ 8 (January 2, 2020): e8322. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8322.

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The Southern Caucasus, with its special geographic position and complex topography, is a well-known biodiversity hotspot. However, the formation of this hotspot remains largely unstudied. To reveal this, a thorough study of the fossil record of the region is necessary. In the present paper, we describe for the first time fossil monitor lizards (Varanus sp.) from two late Miocene localities from the Southern Caucasus (Jradzor, Armenia and Tetri Udabno, Georgia). We suggest that both fossils belong to a small-sized monitor lizard, comparable to the present-day species found in Iran and the Middle East (e.g., Iraq, Saudi Arabian)—the most western part of the extant monitor lizards’ Eurasian distribution range. Our finds show that the genus had a broad distribution in the Eastern Paratethyan region during the late Miocene. In addition, we provide the probable temperature ranges for fossil localities.

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Colitz, Carmen M. H., Greg Lewbart, and Michael G. Davidson. "Phacoemulsification in an adult Savannah monitor lizard." Veterinary Ophthalmology 5, no. 3 (September 2002): 207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-5224.2002.00233.x.

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GOODYEAR, JESSE. "Brumation of the clouded monitor lizard Varanus nebulosus in north-eastern Thailand." Herpetological Bulletin, no. 159, Spring 2022 (March 1, 2022): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/159.1217.

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The clouded monitor lizard (Varanus nebulosus), is a semi arboreal lizard widely distributed throughout much of South and Southeast Asia. Despite its wide distribution there is almost nothing known about the ecology of this species. During the course of an 11-month radio telemetry study, in a reserve with a tropical savannah climate (Köppen Aw), we made the first records of brumation in this monitor lizard. This contrasts with earlier reports of the same species in a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am) where no brumation was recorded. We successfully tracked 10 individuals throughout their inactive period and found that seven of the monitors selected tree hollows within the endangered Shorea henryana tree. All tree hollows selected faced between the east and south cardinal points (90 °-180 °). The average brumation period was 100 days (range 86-113 days, standard deviation - 10.7), beginning in November at a time of falling temperatures and humidities and ending in early March when these variables had been restored. Eight of the 10 monitors basked partially or completely out of their shelters on multiple occasions. Of those eight monitors, two individuals moved between shelters during brumation after an extended period in one location. Our observations provide insight into the relationship between V. nebulosus and the tree S.henryana, in the dry evergreen forests of north-eastern Thailand. Future research should investigate how this tree will be affected by climate change in the coming decades and what that could mean for the future persistence of the clouded monitors that appear to rely on it

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Mohamed-Ahmed, M. M., and A. Odulaja. "Diel activity patterns and host preferences of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Diptera:Glossinidae) along the shores of Lake Victoria, Kenya." Bulletin of Entomological Research 87, no. 2 (April 1997): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300027334.

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AbstractDiurnal activity patterns and host preference of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead were studied in forest and linear habitats along Lake Victoria shore, Kenya. The objective was to identify the preferred hosts of G. f. fuscipes, the emanations of which may be attractive to this species. Hourly catches of flies in biconical traps were related to changes in the weather and the prevalence of hosts in the vicinity of traps. Flies were mainly active between 0800 and 1600 h, with males peaking around 1100 h and females around 1300 h. Activity of flies correlated directly with light intensity and temperature, but indirectly with relative humidity. Humans, livestock and the monitor lizard, Varanus niloticus, were the predominant hosts, although a significant positive correlation with fly catches could only be established with the prevalence of lizards. Blood meal identification by microscopic and serological methods showed that 73—98% of G. f. fuscipes fed on monitor lizards irrespective of host prevalence, season or location. The significance and possible epidemiological importance of the relationship between G. f. fuscipes and monitor lizards are discussed.

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Goodyear, Jesse. "03. Brumation of the clouded monitor lizard Varanus nebulosus in north-eastern Thailand." Herpetological Bulletin, no. 159 (March 1, 2022): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/hb159.1217.

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The clouded monitor lizard (Varanus nebulosus), is a semi arboreal lizard widely distributed throughout much of South and Southeast Asia. Despite its wide distribution there is almost nothing known about the ecology of this species. During the course of an 11-month radio telemetry study, in a reserve with a tropical savannah climate (Köppen Aw), we made the first records of brumation in this monitor lizard. This contrasts with earlier reports of the same species in a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am) where no brumation was recorded. We successfully tracked 10 individuals throughout their inactive period and found that seven of the monitors selected tree hollows within the endangered Shorea henryana tree. All tree hollows selected faced between the east and south cardinal points (90 °-180 °). The average brumation period was 100 days (range 86-113 days, standard deviation - 10.7), beginning in November at a time of falling temperatures and humidities and ending in early March when these variables had been restored. Eight of the 10 monitors basked partially or completely out of their shelters on multiple occasions. Of those eight monitors, two individuals moved between shelters during brumation after an extended period in one location. Our observations provide insight into the relationship between V. nebulosus and the tree S.henryana, in the dry evergreen forests of north-eastern Thailand. Future research should investigate how this tree will be affected by climate change in the coming decades and what that could mean for the future persistence of the clouded monitors that appear to rely on it.

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Nurhayat, Dwi, Deny Anjelus Iyai, Desni Saragih, Yubelince Runtuboi, Hendrik Burwos, Isti Widayati, Stepanus Pakage, and Hengky Wambrauw. "HERPETOFAUNA PADA HABITAT HUTAN BATU GAMPING DI MANOKWARI, PAPUA BARAT; SPESIES, KERAGAMAN, KEKAYAAN DAN POPULASI." Jurnal Biosilampari : Jurnal Biologi 3, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31540/biosilampari.v3i1.945.

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The research was conducted in the Maruni limestone forest habitat. The observation plots were carried out at an altitude of 35 masl to> 212 masl. Observations were made 2 times every day (day and night). The method of calculating diversity is done using the Shannon-Wieners Index and the species population is calculated using the Alikodra formula. 11 species were found that belong to the Varanidae, Boidae, Gekkonidae, Ranidae, and Hylidae families. The diversity of wildlife in the Maruni limestone location follows the altitude of the habitat. Reptiles do not differ according to height. The most common types are in the class of lizards, monitor lizards, and frogs. The types of herpetofauna that can be found are carnivores and are not protected. This type of monitor lizard can be found in abundance in low areas to an altitude of> 200 meters above sea level. Meanwhile, monitor lizards can be found in wet forests and near water sources. Similar to lizards, frogs inhabit wet or watery areas. The diversity of wildlife species in limestone habitats in each class of Reptiles is 18%. The population of herpetofauna species found varied between 25-1200 individuals.

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Winnie, Foo Y. M., Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Kuppusamy Sagathevan, and Naveed A. Khan. "Identification of Antibacterial Molecule(s) from Animals Living in Polluted Environments." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 21, no. 5 (April 29, 2020): 425–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201020666191002153435.

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Background: Snakes feed on germ-infested rodents, while water monitor lizards thrive on rotten matter in unhygienic conditions. We hypothesize that such creatures survive the assault of superbugs and are able to fend off disease by producing antimicrobial substances. In this study, we investigated the potential antibacterial activity of sera/lysates of animals living in polluted environments. Methods: Snake (Reticulatus malayanus), rats (Rattus rattus), water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator), frog (Lithobates catesbeianus), fish (Oreochromis mossambicus), chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), and pigeon (Columba livia) were dissected and their organ lysates/sera were collected. Crude extracts were tested for bactericidal effects against neuropathogenic E. coli K1, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. To determine whether lysates/sera protect human cells against bacterialmediated damage, cytotoxicity assays were performed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release as an indicator of cell death. Lysates/sera were partially characterized using heat-treatment and pronasetreatment and peptide sequences were determined using the Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Results: Snake and water monitor lizard sera exhibited potent broad-spectrum bactericidal effects against all bacteria tested. Heat inactivation and pronase-treatment inhibited bactericidal effects indicating that activity is heat-labile and pronase-sensitive suggesting that active molecules are proteinaceous in nature. LCMS analyses revealed the molecular identities of peptides. Conclusion: The results revealed that python that feeds on germ-infested rodents and water monitor lizards that feed on rotten organic waste possess antibacterial activity in a heat-sensitive manner and several peptides were identified. We hope that the discovery of antibacterial activity in the sera of animals living in polluted environments will stimulate research in finding antibacterial agents from unusual sources as this has the potential for the development of novel strategies in the control of infectious diseases.

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Kycko, Anna, Wojciech Kozaczyński, Agnieszka Jasik, Agnieszka Kędrak-Jabłońska, Bogna Borkowska-Opacka, and Michał Reichert. "Granulomatous pneumonia and hepatitis associated with Providencia rettgeri infection in a crocodile monitor lizard (Varanus salvadorii)." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.2012.052.

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The present report describes a case of granulomatous pneumonia and hepatitis in a male crocodile monitor lizard (Varanus salvadorii). During the necropsy of the monitor lizard, multifocal to coalescing pale yellow lesions were observed in both lung lobes, as well as similar, though milder, changes in the liver, and an ulcerative lesion on the food pad of the right hindlimb. Histopathologically, the presence of multiple necrotising, chronic granulomas containing bacterial clumps were observed in the parenchyma of the lung and the liver. By microbiological examination of the pathologically altered lung tissues, Providencia rettgeri was identified. Altogether, our findings indicate that the bacterial infection resulting in extensive chronic necrotising granulomatous inflammation was the primary cause of the reptile’s death. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Providencia rettgeri-associated granulomatous pneumonia and hepatitis in the monitor lizard.

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Gregorovicova, Martina, Oldrich Zahradnicek, Abigail S. Tucker, Petr Velensky, and Ivan Horacek. "Embryonic development of the monitor lizard, Varanus indicus." Amphibia-Reptilia 33, no. 3-4 (2012): 451–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002849.

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Describing the stages of normal development of Varanus indicus, the present paper provides the first developmental data on Varanidae. The incubation period is relatively long (180 days at 28°C) and without any diapause. The development is rather slow during the first 50 days, after which a considerable acceleration can be observed. The stage of accelerated growth terminates at app. 100 days when all essential specificities of adult organisation (prolonged narial region with vomeronasal organ, eyes, claws, large heart and robust body and limbs) are established. The remaining period of the embryonic development is characterized by continuation of the respective trends, i.e., enlarging body, prolongation of rostrum, enlarging teeth and claws, keratinisation of claws and scales etc. In short, the second half of the embryonic development of Varanus is devoted to refining the structures supporting its adaptations for active predation.

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Shamiminoori, Leili, Aaron L. Fenner, and C. Michael Bull. "Weight watching in burrows: variation in body condition in pygmy bluetongue lizards." Australian Journal of Zoology 62, no. 4 (2014): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13072.

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The pygmy bluetongue lizard, Tiliqua adelaidensis, is an endangered scincid lizard that occurs in remnants of natural grasslands in the mid-north of South Australia. We assessed the factors affecting body condition of male and female lizards, using body size residuals as an index, over five sampling years. We included sex, phenotypic (patterned or plain morphs), temporal (sampling year and activity period within year), and climatic factors in our analyses. The results indicated that sampling year and activity period within the year were the two most important factors influencing variation in body condition of both male and female lizards over the period of the study. There were similar trends when we considered males and females separately. However, when prepartum and postpartum females were analysed separately, sampling year did not affect their body condition. None of the analyses showed any significant effect of phenotype on body condition. Winter–spring rainfall was positively correlated with body condition of females in the prepartum period, but showed no significant effect on mean body condition of any other grouping of adult lizards, nor a consistent direction of correlation among the different subsets of adult lizards that we considered. The substantial annual variations in the body condition of lizards, although of uncertain cause, provide important information for conservation managers who monitor persisting populations of this endangered species.

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Hamny, Hamny, Muhammad Iqbal, Sri Wahyuni, Mustafa Sabri, M. Jalaluddin, and Rinidar Rinidar. "STUDI ANATOMIS DAN HISTOLOGIS PANKREAS BIAWAK AIR (Varanus salvator) (Anatomical and Histological Study of the Pancreas of Water Monitor Lizard (Varanus salvator))." Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 2 (September 4, 2016): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v10i2.5047.

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The aim of this research was to determine the anatomy and histology of pancreas of water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator). Two pancreas were used in this research (a male and a female). Water monitor lizard was euthanized using chloroform and subsequently necropsied to collect the pancreas. The pancreas was washed in 0.9 % NaCl solution. Anatomical observations were carried out including location, shape, and color of pancreas, also the length and weight measurements. Then, pancreas was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 7 days to proceed to histological preparation and hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining. The results of the anatomical observations showed that pancreas of water monitor lizard have two lobes, dorsal lobe (splenic lobe) and ventral lobe (duodenal lobe). Dorsal lobe which was in oval form adhered with the spleen, and ventral lobe was located in the cranial of intestines with the form of long spherical. Both of pancreas lobes were white-yellow color with the length of 1.45±0.64 cm (dorsal lobe) and 7.00±0.42 cm (ventral lobe). Weight of dorsal lobe was 0.15±0.01 g and ventral lobe was 6.35±2.30 g. The histological observations found the acinar cells, ducts, and blood vessels in both of pancreas lobes. Additionally, the similar structure of Langerhans islet only found at the ventral lobe of pancreas. In conclusion, pancreas of water monitor lizard consists of two lobes which located differently. Ventral lobe is larger than the dorsal lobe. Both lobes have similar histological structure except the Langerhans islets are only appeared in the ventral lobe.

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Schachner, Emma R., Robert L. Cieri, James P. Butler, and C. G. Farmer. "Unidirectional pulmonary airflow patterns in the savannah monitor lizard." Nature 506, no. 7488 (December 11, 2013): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12871.

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Mebs, Dietrich, Bruno Lomonte, Julián Fernández, Juan J. Calvete, Libia Sanz, Kristin Mahlow, Johannes Müller, Gunther Köhler, and Michael Zollweg. "The earless monitor lizard Lanthanotus borneensis – A venomous animal?" Toxicon 189 (January 2021): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.11.013.

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White, Julian, and Scott A. Weinstein. "Reply to Vikrant and Verma about “Monitor Lizard Envenoming”." Renal Failure 37, no. 4 (April 2, 2015): 740–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/0886022x.2015.1006116.

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Rai, Santosh, Deepak Madi, Shivanand Pai, and Shrikala Baliga. "Unusual Larva in the CSF and Unique MRI Findings in a Case of Eosinophilic Meningitis." Journal of Clinical Imaging Science 4 (December 31, 2014): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2156-7514.148303.

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Eosinophilic meningitis may be caused by non-infectious and infectious agents. Angiostrongylus cantonensis is the commonest causative agent of eosinophilic meningitis. Rats are the primary hosts of this parasite. Humans get infected by ingestion of raw or inadequately cooked hosts (snails or monitor lizard) or food contaminated with the infective third-stage larvae. A 16-year-old boy was admitted to our hospital with history of fever, headache, and altered sensorium. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed unique findings. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination showed eosinophilia and the CSF wet mount identified a larva. Patient history revealed ingestion of monitor lizard 2 weeks prior to onset of symptoms. Hence, a diagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis caused by A. cantonensis was made. He was treated with oral albendazole and steroids, resulting in gradual improvement. A. cantonensis as a cause of eosinophilic meningitis is a possibility in patients who present with headache and vomiting after eating raw meat (monitor lizard). To the best of our knowledge, this is a very rare case being reported from India where the larva was identified during the microscopic examination of the CSF.

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Rahmanto, Beny, Evy Arida, Abdi Fithria, and Mochammad Arief Soendjoto. "MATING BEHAVIOR AND BREEDING OF THE BLUE TREE MONITOR, VARANUS MACRAEI IN AN IN-COUNTRY FACILITY IN INDONESIA: A PRELIMINARY NOTE." TREUBIA 49, no. 1 (November 4, 2022): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/treubia.v49i1.4382.

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The Blue tree monitor, Varanus macraei Böhme & Jacobs, 2001 is a tree monitor species favored by reptile keepers. Successful captive breeding was reported from hobbyists and zoos in Europe shortly after its scientific description. Meanwhile, commercial farming to supply international demands has been progressing in Indonesia. However, such successful ex-situ breeding efforts have not yet been documented or published in Indonesia thus far. Therefore, in this, study we describe for the first time the mating behavior and reproduction of a V. macraei couple in an in-country outdoor facility, which is a common husbandry practice for monitor lizard breeders in Indonesia. The male started to approach the female at the beginning of the dry season, in May, with the female showing defensive behavior towards the male, both before mating and after laying eggs, pointing to a seasonal reproductive behavior. Monitor lizards were observed being active during the daytime. Eggs were laid by mid-July 2020. Two of the six eggs laid were revealed to be fertile and hatched after about 23 weeks (5.6 months). The two hatchlings were reared in an indoor enclosure, but only one survived, which showed to be a male.

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Uyeda, Linda T., Entang Iskandar, Azhari Purbatrapsila, Joko Pamungkas, Aaron Wirsing, and Randall C. Kyes. "The role of traditional beliefs in conservation of herpetofauna in Banten, Indonesia." Oryx 50, no. 2 (October 24, 2014): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314000623.

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AbstractSocial taboos have been increasingly recognized for their role in determining human behaviour. Such informal institutions may also, in some instances, guide practices that serve as effective conservation measures. Here we present a case in Banten, Indonesia, where a local taboo has discouraged the collection of two herpetofaunal species, the water monitor lizard Varanus salvator and the reticulated python Python reticulatus, on Tinjil Island, an undeveloped island off the coast of Java. The taboo is not observed in the nearby mainland villages of Muara Dua and Cisiih, where the two species may be harvested for skin or meat, and where the water monitor may also be killed as a pest. Water monitors and reticulated pythons figure prominently in the international reptile leather trade, with skins produced from Indonesia's wild populations representing the highest percentage of total global exports of both lizard and snake skins. The site-specific taboo documented here provides a strong deterrent to collection of these species in a location where they could be subject to illicit harvest as populations in nearby mainland areas decrease. Preliminary evidence also suggests that belief in forest guardian spirits may extend protection to other wildlife species on Tinjil Island.

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Hanafiah, Muhammad, Hoky Deora Alfiansyah, and Arman Sayuti. "Identifikasi Parasit pada Biawak Air (Varanus salvator)." Jurnal Sain Veteriner 36, no. 1 (October 15, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsv.38475.

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This research has purposes to identify parasites as well as to reward determining the prevalence of parasites on water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator) was captured in Banda Aceh. As many as 50 water monitor lizard were used this research and examined at the Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Syiah Kuala. Examination of ectoparasites on the surface of the body was done by direct examination. Endoparasit examination carried out by observation in blood using the blood smear and centrifugation techniques microhematocrit (mHCT), while fecal examination using flotation method, Borray sedimentation and digestive tract surgery digestive tract surgery if obtained at least 3 types of helminth eggs (1 cestodes, 1 nematodes, and 1 trematodes). Results of observation on blood is no parasites were found. Observations on the skin was obtained ectoparasites Amblyomma sp. with a prevalence rate of 100% category always. Observations of feces obtained Ascaris sp. with a prevalence rate of 74% category usualy and Stronyloides spp. with a prevalence rate of 8% category sometimes. Based on these results it can be concluded that the parasites that can infest the water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator) is Amblyomma sp, Ascaris sp, and Stronyloides spp. with variant prevalence rates.

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Guerrero-Sanchez, Sergio, Benoit Goossens, Silvester Saimin, and Pablo Orozco-terWengel. "The critical role of natural forest as refugium for generalist species in oil palm-dominated landscapes." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 6, 2021): e0257814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257814.

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In Borneo, oil palm plantations have replaced much of natural resources, where generalist species tend to be the principal beneficiaries, due to the abundant food provided by oil palm plantations. Here, we analyse the distribution of the Asian water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator) population within an oil palm-dominated landscape in the Kinabatangan floodplain, Malaysian Borneo. By using mark-recapture methods we estimated its population size, survival, and growth in forest and plantation habitats. We compared body measurements (i.e. body weight and body length) of individuals living in forest and oil palm habitats as proxy for the population’s health status, and used general least squares estimation models to evaluate its response to highly fragmented landscapes in the absence of intensive hunting pressures. Contrary to previous studies, the abundance of lizards was higher in the forest than in oil palm plantations. Recruitment rates were also higher in the forest, suggesting that these areas may function as a source of new individuals into the landscape. While there were no morphometric differences among plantation sites, we found significant differences among forested areas, where larger lizards were found inhabiting forest adjacent to oil palm plantations. Although abundant in food resources, the limited availability of refugia in oil palm plantations may intensify intra-specific encounters and competition, altering the body size distribution in plantation populations, contrary to what happens in the forest. We conclude that large patches of forest, around and within oil palm plantations, are essential for the dynamics of the monitor lizard population in the Kinabatangan floodplain, as well as a potential source of individuals to the landscape. We recommend assessing this effect in other generalist species, as well as the impact on the prey communities, especially to reinforce the establishment of buffer zones and corridors as a conservation strategy within plantations.

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Johnson Pokorná, Martina, Marie Altmanová, Michail Rovatsos, Petr Velenský, Roman Vodička, Ivan Rehák, and Lukáš Kratochvíl. "First Description of the Karyotype and Sex Chromosomes in the Komodo Dragon (Varanus komodoensis)." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 148, no. 4 (2016): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000447340.

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The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) is the largest lizard in the world. Surprisingly, it has not yet been cytogenetically examined. Here, we present the very first description of its karyotype and sex chromosomes. The karyotype consists of 2n = 40 chromosomes, 16 macrochromosomes and 24 microchromosomes. Although the chromosome number is constant for all species of monitor lizards (family Varanidae) with the currently reported karyotype, variability in the morphology of the macrochromosomes has been previously documented within the group. We uncovered highly differentiated ZZ/ZW sex microchromosomes with a heterochromatic W chromosome in the Komodo dragon. Sex chromosomes have so far only been described in a few species of varanids including V. varius, the sister species to Komodo dragon, whose W chromosome is notably larger than that of the Komodo dragon. Accumulations of several microsatellite sequences in the W chromosome have recently been detected in 3 species of monitor lizards; however, these accumulations are absent from the W chromosome of the Komodo dragon. In conclusion, although varanids are rather conservative in karyotypes, their W chromosomes exhibit substantial variability at the sequence level, adding further evidence that degenerated sex chromosomes may represent the most dynamic genome part.

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Blamires, Sean J., and M. Nobbs. "Observations of mangrove habitation by the monitor lizard Varanus panoptes." Northern Territory Naturalist 16 (July 2000): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.295553.

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Chia, M. Y., C. R. Jeng, S. H. Hsiao, A. H. Lee, C. Y. Chen, and V. F. Pang. "Entamoeba invadensMyositis in a Common Water Monitor Lizard(Varanus salvator)." Veterinary Pathology 46, no. 4 (March 9, 2009): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.08-vp-0224-p-cr.

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Amoebiasis is one of the most common protozoal diseases of reptiles, but amoebic myositis has not been reported in any animal species. An 11-year-old, male common water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator) was found dead with several subacute ulcerated skin wounds. Gross examination revealed multiple discrete to coalescing, white-yellow to gray, caseous foci scattered in the skeletal muscles and liver. The mucosa of small intestine was thickened, red, and contained many variably sized, dark red ulcers, with depressed and hemorrhagic centers. Histopathologic examination revealed severe necrotizing and granulomatous myositis, hepatitis, and enteritis accompanied by large numbers of intralesional, 10-20-μm diameter, periodic acid-Schiff-positive, amoeboid protozoa. Gene sequence analysis of a 136-bp region of the 18S ribosomal RNA amplified by polymerase chain reaction revealed 98–100% similarity with Entamoeba invadens. Aside from intestinal and hepatic involvement, no other internal organs were affected. The muscular infection by E. invadens likely resulted from a combination of direct invasion of trophozoites via skin wounds and hematogenous spread.

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Shrivastav, A. B., R. K. Chaudhry, S. K. Mittal, R. K. Sharma, and P. K. Malik. "Pseudophyllidean tapeworm infection in Common Indian Monitor Lizard (Varanus bengalensis)." Zoos' Print Journal 18, no. 9 (August 21, 2003): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.zpj.18.9.1203.

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Beehler, Bruce M., Wayne Crill, Bruce Jefferies, and Margaret Jefferies. "New Guinea Harpy-Eagle Attempts to Capture a Monitor Lizard." Emu - Austral Ornithology 92, no. 4 (December 1992): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9920246.

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Vikrant, Sanjay, and Balbir Singh Verma. "Monitor lizard bite-induced acute kidney injury – a case report." Renal Failure 36, no. 3 (December 16, 2013): 444–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/0886022x.2013.868223.

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Conrad, Jack L., Ana M. Balcarcel, and Carl M. Mehling. "Earliest Example of a Giant Monitor Lizard (Varanus, Varanidae, Squamata)." PLoS ONE 7, no. 8 (August 10, 2012): e41767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041767.

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Akbar, Siddiqui, Sagathevan, Iqbal, and Khan. "Gut Bacteria of Water Monitor Lizard (Varanus salvator) Are a Potential Source of Antibacterial Compound(s)." Antibiotics 8, no. 4 (September 24, 2019): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040164.

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For the past few decades, there has been limited progress in the development of novel antibacterials. Previously, we postulated that the gut microbiota of animals residing in polluted environments are a forthcoming supply of antibacterials. Among various species, the water monitor lizard is an interesting species that feeds on organic waste and the carcass of wild animals. Gut microbiota of the water monitor lizard were sequestered, identified and cultivated in RPMI-1640 to produce conditioned medium (CM). Next, the antimicrobial properties of CM were evaluated versus a selection of Gram-negative (Escherichia coli K1, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and Gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus). CM were partially characterized by heat inactivation at 95°C for 10 min and tested against P. aeruginosa and S. pyogenes. CM were also tested against immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells lines. The results demonstrated that gut microbiota isolated from water monitor lizard produced molecules with remarkable bactericidal activities. To determine the identity of the active molecules, CM were subjected to Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Several molecules were identified belonging to the classes of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, polyhydroxy alkaloids, polyacetylenes, bisphenols, amides, oxylipin and pyrazine derivatives with known broad-spectrum antimicrobial, anti-tumour, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic attributes. Furthermore, the detailed analysis of these molecules could lead us to develop effective therapeutic antibacterials.

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SINGH, ASHUTOSH, BHUPINDER SINGH RANA, MUKESH THAKUR, BASUDEV TRIPATHY, LALIT KUMAR SHARMA, and KAILASH CHANDRA. "Range extension of the Bengal monitor (Varanus bengalensis) for the Trans-Himalayan Region with an altitude record for monitor lizards." Zootaxa 4732, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4732.2.10.

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The Bengal monitor lizard or Common Indian monitor lizard (Varanus bengalensis Daudin, 1802) is classified as Least Concern under the IUCN and listed under the Schedule-I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972. Further, the trade of the species is prohibited as the species is listed in Appendix I of CITES. It is widely distributed over Western Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, and Southeast Asia (Koch et al. 2013). It is reported to occupy both terrestrial as well as freshwater habitats from desert areas to floodplains, scrubland to forests, in different types of terrains at elevations below 1500m (Auffenberg 1994; Papenfuss et al. 2010). Body size of individuals varies from 61 to 175 cm from the tip of the snout to the end of the tail (Auffenberg 1994; Losos and Greene, 1998). Adults are generally grey or greenish-grey in color, with a ventral pattern of grey to black crossbars from the chin to the tail. Adult individuals are less contrasting and have a less distinct pattern than younger individuals. The species shows a sexual dimorphism, with males being heavier (around 7.18 to 10 kg) than females which are about 40% smaller in size (Papenfuss et al. 2010).

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Mohamedien, Dalia, and Mahmoud Awad. "Pulmonary Guardians and Special Regulatory Devices in the Lung of Nile Monitor Lizard (Varanus niloticus) with Special Attention to the Communication Between Telocyte, Pericyte, and Immune Cells." Microscopy and Microanalysis 28, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192762101388x.

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Monitor lizards are acclimatized to a variety of environments. Most of the monitor species are terrestrial, although there are arboreal and semiaquatic monitors. Such accommodation requires unique cellular structure and regulatory devices in various organs, particularly their lungs. This study aimed to report the pulmonary guardians and special regulatory devices that may guard and promote the function of the lungs of the Nile monitor lizards (Varanus niloticus). Specially structured vessels were recorded in the pulmonary tissue involving atypical glomus vessels, vessels with variable wall thickness, and a venule with specialized internal elastic membrane. Moreover, numerous lung resident guardians could be identified including both alveolar and interstitial macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and B- and T-lymphocytes. Pericytes were demonstrated surrounding the capillary endothelium with a characteristic direct hetero-cellular junction with telocytes. Telocytes established a microenvironment through an indirect hetero-cellular junction with the interstitial macrophage, dendritic cells, and pneumocyte type II. Collectively, these data indicate a significant role played by the specially structured vessels and the resident immune cells in guarding the pulmonary tissue of the Nile monitor lizards and promoting its function. Telocytes are suggested to play a key role in angiogenesis and cellular communication to promote the function of the immune cells.

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Wicaksono, Ahmad Herdianto, Emmanuel Djoko Poetranto, Tatik Hernawati, and Boedi Setiawan. "Identification of Acanthocephala on Water Monitor Lizard (Varanus salvator) Human Consumed in Sidoarjo." Journal of Parasite Science 4, no. 2 (September 16, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jops.v4i2.29159.

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Water monitor lizards are consumed by humans for its meat. The demand this reptile consumption because the taste and belief of the people in healing disease. Based on habitat and food, they have the potential to transmit zoonosis and have a high possibility of being infested by parasites. One of the possible disease that could infect water monitor and transmitted to human is acanthocephaliasis, infection from Acanthocephalan. Which previous research found Acanthocephala on intestine of frog. This research aims to know and identify Acanthochepala worms that infect water monitor lizards. Based on the results, 40 samples were used and there are 2 positive samples with Acanthocephalan in the body cavity.

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Doody, J. S., B. Green, R. Sims, D. Rhind, P. West, and D. Steer. "Indirect impacts of invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) on nest predation in pig-nosed turtles (Carettochelys insculpta)." Wildlife Research 33, no. 5 (2006): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr05042.

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The cane toad (Bufo marinus) was introduced into Australia in 1935. Because this toxic frog is novel to the Australian fauna, its introduction has impacted native fauna in a variety of ways. We anticipated a severe decline in the yellow-spotted monitor lizard (Varanus panoptes) associated with the arrival of cane toads along the Daly River, Northern Territory, and predicted a simultaneous impact on nest predation in the pig-nosed turtle (Carettochelys insculpta) because the lizard is the chief predator of C. insculpta eggs at the site. We surveyed for monitors and cane toads for five years at two sites before and after the arrival of cane toads, and surveyed for turtle nest predation for three years before, and one year after, the arrival of the toads. Collectively, our data and observations, combined with unpublished reports, indicate that: (1) cane toads arrived at our study sites during the wet seasons of 2003–04 and 2004–05; (2) the lizard V. panoptes readily succumbs to cane toad toxins; (3) . panoptes has experienced a marked decline in relative population numbers coincident with the arrival of the toads at the site; and (4) V. panoptes has been reduced to such low numbers that it is currently no longer a significant predator of pig-nosed turtle eggs.

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ABBASI, Atiya, and Gerhard BRAUNITZER. "Primary Structure of Hemoglobin from Monitor Lizard(Varanus exanthematicus albigularis -Squamata)." Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler 372, no. 2 (January 1991): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bchm3.1991.372.2.473.

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Dryden, G., B. Green, D. King, and J. Losos. "Water and Energy Turnover in a Small Monitor Lizard, Varanus-Acanthurus." Wildlife Research 17, no. 6 (1990): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9900641.

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The field metabolic rates and water influxes of Varanus acanthurus were determined by means of doubly-labelled water during late spring. The mean metabolic rate was 0.101 +/- 0.032 mL CO2 g-1 h-1, which was equivalent to an energy expenditure of 63 kJ kg-1 day-1 and a fresh food consumption rate of 13.2 g kg-1 day-1. The mean rate of water influx was 15.9 +/- 6.8 mL kg-1 day-1 and it is suggested that up to 30% of water influxes are via pulmo-cutaneous exchange and drinking. It is considered that V. acanthurus is a secretive 'sit and wait' predator and that this accounts for the lower than predicted water influx and metabolic rates of this species.

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Nijman, Vincent. "Zoos consenting to the illegal wildlife trade – the earless monitor lizard as a case study." Nature Conservation 44 (June 14, 2021): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.44.65124.

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The illegal wildlife trade has direct relevance for zoo management, animal acquisition and disposition and it has no place in modern zoo management. Zoos must not only act within the law of the country in which it is based, but they should also follow the rules and intentions of international trade regulations and, where relevant, domestic laws of the animal’s country of origin. After its rediscovery in 2012, zoos in Asia and Europe started displaying Bornean earless monitor lizards (Lanthanotus borneensis), the ‘Holy Grail of Herpetology’. Earless monitor lizards have been legally protected in each of its three range countries for over four decades and, over this period, no specimen has ever been legally exported. However, the illicit trade in the species is thriving and individuals become more affordable. Using publicly available data, I present a timeline of how and from where a total of 16 zoos acquired their earless monitor lizards, including from private individuals and non-accredited zoos. Apart from one zoo in Japan (since 2012) and one zoo in the USA (since 2021), all non-range country zoos that currently display the species are based in Europe. Their absence prior to 2021 in US zoos (despite an increasing illegal trade) could be explained as the acquisition of earless monitor lizards would have been in violation of the Lacey Act (1900) that requires buyers to ensure that imported or purchased wildlife has not been taken in violation of any foreign law. While there is no evidence that any of the zoos, their directors or their staff have broken any laws – no-one in the zoo community has been convicted for illegally trading earless monitor lizards – with more zoos speaking out against the illegal wildlife trade, it is imperative that zoos behave in an exemplary manner and set high standards. At present, some zoos do not meet this standard.

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Yu, Xin, Akalili B. T. Mohd Zanudin, Mohd Uzair Rusli, David T. Booth, and Juan Lei. "Diet reflects opportunistic feeding habit of the Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator)." Animal Biology 72, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10065.

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Abstract The Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator) is a large generalist predator and scavenger lizard. This species has a widespread distribution throughout South and Southeast Asia and is frequently encountered around the edges of urban settlements. Here, we present information on diet diversity and habitat utilisation of a population of Asian water monitors inhabiting the University of Malaysia Terengganu campus located on the east coast of mainland Malaysia. The stomach contents of 30 Asian water monitors were examined by stomach flushing, and 47.6% of stomach contents was mangrove crab, 26.2% was human waste and 26.2% was other natural foods consisting of fruits, fishes, leeches, snails, birds and insects. We then recorded the locations and habitats utilised by patrolling the campus area and found Asian water monitors preferred to use water and mangrove forest habitats that fringed and crisscrossed the campus. The broad diversity of stomach contents reflected food available at this location and indicates the opportunistic feeding habit of this species. Given that this species widely distributed in Southeast Asia, its broad diet diversity and habitat variations may promote the adaptation of Asian water monitor to different environments.

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Smith, K. K., and W. L. Hylander. "Strain gauge measurement of mesokinetic movement in the lizard Varanus exanthematicus." Journal of Experimental Biology 114, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.114.1.53.

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Single-element strain gauges were placed across the mesokinetic joint of the skull of the savanna monitor lizard, Varanus exanthematicus Bosc, in order to document the extent and timing of mesokinetic movement. In addition, rosette strain gauges were placed on various points of the palato-maxillary segment. Strain recordings and simultaneous cineradiographic films or videotapes were taken during normal feeding activities, including the strike, prey manipulation, ingestion and pharyngeal compression. Tensile strain, indicating lowering (retraction) of the palato-maxillary segment, was observed during all stages of feeding. Compressive strain, indicating lifting (protraction) of the palato-maxillary segment, generally appeared briefly in the strike and during pharyngeal compression. Maximum tensile strains were always larger than maximum compressive strains within each sequence. The highest levels of tensile strain occurred during prey manipulation periods, which were characterized by isometric biting. Strain on the palato-maxillary segment revealed a pattern of timing similar to the one at the mesokinetic joint, although strain levels were at least an order of magnitude lower. These data directly contradict conventional models of the function of the kinetic skull in lizards. We conclude that the kinetic apparatus in lizards is not a mechanism for actively moving the palato-maxillary unit and is therefore not a mechanism for increasing gape or actively controlling upper jaw movements.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Monitor lizard'

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