Journal articles on the topic 'Mongolia Relations'
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1
Bezrukov, L. A., A. N. Fartyshev, and S. Enkh-Amgalan. "Export transportability of Mongolia and Russia-Mongolia relations in the commodity markets." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 885, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/885/1/012006.
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Abstract The commodity and geographical structure of Mongolia’s exports, dynamics and features of Mongolia’s foreign trade with Russia are considered. The tendency of weakening of foreign trade interaction of Mongolia with the Eastern regions of Russia is revealed. Using the original author’s method, an assessment of the distribution of Mongolian export goods was carried out, taking into account their transportability in sales markets and areas of remoteness. A pattern has been revealed for the export of low-transportable mineral raw materials, which is almost exclusively directed to neighbouring countries, mainly to China, while more expensive types of Mongolian products (wool, yarn, clothing, gold, etc.) are exported to distant countries. It has been established that the value of Mongolian exports for a number of mineral and raw materials exceeds the Russia’s and have strong growth prospects. The conclusion is drawn that the competition between exporters of Mongolia and the Eastern regions of Russia for foreign markets of mineral commodities, primarily for the Chinese market, will intensify in the near future.
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Kuras, Leonid V., and Bazar D. Tsybenov. "От Уполномоченного императорского российского правительства в Монголии И. Я. Коростовца до Уполномоченного НКИД РСФСР в Монголии О. И. Макстенека: к 100-летию российско-монгольских дипломатических отношений." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 13, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2021-2-351-365.
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Introduction. An urgent issue of Mongolian studies today is the role of Russian-Mongolian diplomatic relations in promoting the statehood of Mongolia in the first quarter of the twentieth century. The revolutionalry movement in Inner Asia, in particular, and the social-political history of modern Mongolia, in general, are closely associated with the efforts of Russian diplomacy and, especially, with a number of diplomats who greatly contributed to the promotion of Mongolian direction of the Russian politics in the East. The aim of the present article is the study of the activities of Russian diplomats, namely I. Ya. Korostovets, the Plenipotentiary of the Imperial Russian Government in Mongolia, and O. I. Makstenek, the Representative of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR in Mongolia. Accordingly, the research has been conducted along the following lines: i) history of the issue, ii) examination of 1912 Russian-Mongolian agreement, iii) description of the events in Outer Mongolia between 1917 and 1920, and iv) analysis of Makstenek’s report as a source on the history of Mongolian Revolution of 1921 and the Soviet-Chinese relations. Conclusions.Both Korostovets, on behalf of the Russian Imperial Government, and Makstenek, on behalf of the RSFSR, played a significant role in establishing the regional system of international relations in the Baikal region. The 1912 Russian-Mongolian Agreement, which was in fact the result of Korostovets’ efforts, was instrumental in promoting Mongolia as a subject of international law and in initiating the movement of Mongolians to their de facto and de jure independence from China. Makstenek’s report shows much effort the Soviet diplomat took in preparing the Mongolian Revolution of 1921. Besides receiving and delegating Mongolian revolutionaries to Soviet Russia, taking an active part in preparations to the First Congress of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party and in the formation of military detachments of Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Army, Makstenek conducted negotiations with the Chinese authorities in Urga and Maimachen, i.e. in fact initiated the diplomatic proceedings designed to prepare the presence of Soviet troops in Mongolia.
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Kumar, Subhash, and Souvik Chatterjee. "Mongolia’s assertive and pragmatic role in India’s Connect Central Asia Policy: Current trajectory and Future Ahead." Journal of Political Issues 3, no. 1 (July 31, 2021): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/jpi.v3i1.61.
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Mongolia’s uniqueness and importance in contemporary world politics lie in its geographical situating, demography, and economy. Geographically landlocked and situated in the Eurasian intersection, Mongolia has the lowest population density of any sovereign country on the planet. Sandwiched among Russia and China Mongolia's harsh environment limit its economic interests. However, Mongolia's geostrategic position, unexplored energy assets, and democratic governance have expanded its importance in global politics. Because of such Mongolia holds a key position in India's Act East and Connect Central Policy to counter China's expansionist policies in North-East Asia. With regards to India-Mongolia relations, the two nations share a rich historical legacy. Tibetan Buddhism the most prevailing religion in Mongolia makes social linkages, Democracy solidified further connections between India and Mongolia. Because of these old and profoundly established linkages, India-Mongolia are 'spiritual neighbors'. However, China still has an overreaching control over Mongolia’s trade, commerce, and other sectors. China also dominates intra-regional trade in North-East Asia. Under India’s Connect Central Asia India attempts to counter Chinese encirclement by delving into close strategic, economic, and energy relations with China's neighbors like Mongolia and CAS. However, the achievement or failure of India's Connect Asia Policy will depend upon India's political as well as its diplomatic will to transform India's interest in regional integration in reality.
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Sanders, Alan J. K. "Mongolia: All Quiet on the Western Front." Inner Asia 16, no. 2 (December 10, 2014): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340028.
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Alicia Campi and her Mongolian co-author Baasan reconstruct a largely unknown historical record indicating that relations between Mongolia and the u.s. might have been established a century ago, had opportunities not been missed and the ‘China question’ not predominated. Ambassador Jonathan Addleton provides an account of the official establishment of u.s.-Mongolian diplomatic relations in January 1987, as perestroika was already eating away at the foundations of the first ‘people’s republic’, and shows how freedom and democracy have flourished there in the era of globalisation. Dierkes and his contributors indicate some of the challenges Mongolians face in adapting the traditional and the modern to their new society.
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Ochirova, Nina, and Nadmidyn Sukhebaatar. "Kalmykia in the Space of Russian-Mongolian Relations in the 20th – Early 21st Centuries: Historical and Cultural Aspect." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (November 2021): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.5.15.
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Introduction This article within the framework of Russian-Mongolian relations examines the regional aspect of cultural cooperation between Mongolia and Kalmykia in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. The authors investigated a wide range of problems related to the place and role of Kalmykia in the history of Russian-Mongolian relations, studied the development of multifaceted interaction between two kindred peoples. Methods and materials. From a methodological point of view, this study is an experience of building a comprehensive vision of the problem. An interdisciplinary, comprehensive approach to solving current research problems makes it possible to synthesize all relevant aspects of studying the historical and cultural aspects of regional cooperation between Kalmykia and Mongolia within the framework of Russian-Mongolian relations. Analysis. 2021 marks the 100th anniversary of the establishment of Soviet-Mongolian official diplomatic relations. The Agreement between Mongolia and Russia signed on November 5, 1921 strengthened the military-political cooperation between the two countries, served as a broad international recognition of Mongolia as a sovereign state and played an important stabilizing role in the difficult situation in the Far East. In the 90s of the last century, Russia and Mongolia engaged in profound transformations. The scale of the work carried out by our countries demanded to shift all their attention to solving internal problems, which undoubtedly had a negative impact on the level of relations between the two states. Later, having solved the problems of radical transformations of society, Russia and Mongolia began to restore relations, but on completely new principles. In these conditions, along with other industries, the sphere of cultural interaction between Russia and Mongolia, the development of regional cooperation, becomes significant. One of the Russian regions is Kalmykia, which is linked with Mongolia by ancient historical roots, the unity of culture, religion, language and tradition. These factors play an important role in the further strengthening of good neighborly relations between Russia and Mongolia, in the development of regional cultural cooperation. Results. Studying the history of interaction between the two fraternal peoples in the past and present in the aspect of Russian-Mongolian relations provides rich material for an objective assessment of events in specific historical conditions. Kalmykia, like the border regions of Russia, makes a certain contribution to the strengthening of Russian-Mongolian relations.
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Kuzmin, Yuri, Alexey Manzhigeev, and Liudmila Sanina. "Mongolia of the Twentieth Century and Russian-Mongolian Relations: Based on the Materials of the Conference Dated May 28, 2021." Bulletin of Baikal State University 31, no. 2 (July 9, 2021): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2021.31(2).197-207.
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Currently, the leadership of Russia considers the expansion of economic, scientific and educational cooperation with Mongolia important, therefore, the study of modern Mongolian and world Mongolian studies, which formulate and determine further development of international relations, seems to be an urgent and contemporary task. The article describes the development trends of modern world and Russian Mongolian studies, poses topical issues that need to be resolved in the face of increasing geopolitical competition in Mongolia. It is an overview of the reports presented at the international scientific-practical conference «Mongolia of the 20th century and Russian-Mongolian relations: history and economy» dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the establishment of Russian-Mongolian diplomatic relations, which took place on May 28, 2021 in Irkutsk on the basis of the Baikal State University. The conference participants supported the idea of creating a «Biobibliographic Dictionary of Russian Researchers in Mongolia». It was proposed to include in the dictionary corpus not only the representatives of Russian Mongolologist, but also Turkologists, Sinologists, researchers of the history of Russia, as well as practitioners: diplomats, translators, military men, merchants, journalists who wrote studies on history, geography, economics, culture and art of Mongolia. Thus, scientific Russian-Mongolian cooperation continues successfully, new joint publications, round tables, and scientific conferences are being planned.
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Et al., HO-WOOG KIM. "Medical Hallyu In Mongolia: A Case Study Of Dr. Kwan-Tae Park’s Spirituality And Medical Service." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 4821–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.1643.
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Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between South Korea and Mongolia in 1990, Hallyu (the Korean Wave) has rapidly spread to Mongolia. Korean food and medicine, as well as Korean drama and pop music, are welcomed by Mongolians. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of Korean medical service on Mongolia, focusing on the Korean medical missionary Kwan-tae Park. We will show that his excellent human relationship as a reason for his fruit-bearing ministry in the Mongolian society, which is somewhat unfriendly to aggressive Christian evangelism. In conclusion, we will argue that his ministry is imitating Jesus' life presented by the New Testament in a large framework.
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Batbayar, Tsedendamba. "MONGOLIAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS IN THE PAST DECADE." Asian Survey 43, no. 6 (November 1, 2003): 951–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2003.43.6.951.
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Abstract Because of its location between Russia and China, today, as in the past, Mongolia is likely to be of strategic importance to Russia. Due to its own weakened position, Moscow favors Mongolia's adopting a neutral posture vis-àà-vis its two giant neighbors. This article analyzes the evolution of Moscow's policy toward Mongolia in the 1990s. Russian policy went through three stages: a breakdown of bilateral relations, stagnation, and revival of bilateral relations. Russian interests in Mongolia include both political-strategic and trade and economic aspects.
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Sukhodolov, Yakov, Avirmed Davaasuren, and Alexei Manzhigeev. "Contemporary Peculiarities and Prospects for the Development of Russian Foreign Trade Cooperation with Mongolia." Bulletin of Baikal State University 28, no. 4 (December 27, 2018): 632–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2018.28(4).632-639.
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Russia attaches great importance to the development of cooperation with the Asia-Pacific region, which is one of the centers of world economic development. These countries include Mongolia. Russian-Mongolian relations are based on a long-term history of good neighborly relations and traditionally have a multidimensional nature. The article discusses the main aspects of Russian-Mongolian foreign trade relations based on the analysis of the dynamics of foreign trade turnover in bilateral trade and commodity structure. Currently, there is a decline in foreign trade cooperation between the countries. The article also touches upon the monostructural nature of trade between the two countries, which is very vulnerable. The national interests of Russia and Mongolia in the Russia - Mongolia - China triangle are acquiring special relevance and importance in modern conditions. The intensification of trade, economic and investment relations between Russia and Mongolia is possible through the implementation of joint projects in the mining and processing industries, modernization of infrastructure and development of tourism.
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Namzhilova, Victoria. "Russian-Mongolian Trade and Economic Relations: Far Eastern Prospects." Regionalistica 8, no. 1 (2021): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/reg.2021.1.29.
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The article examines the role of the Far East in modern Russian-Mongolian trade and economic relations. Based on the data of customs statistics, the features of mutual trade of the Far Eastern subjects with Mongolia are determined. The factors determining the growing interest of Ulaanbaatar to Russian Far Eastern ports are identified. Author highlights the Mongolian projects of railways construction, potentially aimed at enhancing transport connectivity with Russian territories, especially in the context of mineral raw materials supply diversification. The «bottlenecks» of the transport and logistics environment in the region bordering on Mongolia – the Republic of Buryatia, are shown. The research findings are applicable to management practices, especially those concerning transport and logistics solutions to ensure Russian-Mongolian trade.
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Khereid Jamsran, Urangua, and Polyanskayа Oksana N. "Chinese Workers in the History of the Mongolian People’s Republic in the 1950s–1960s: Cooperation, Politics, Ideology." Humanitarian Vector 16, no. 6 (December 2021): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-8-19.
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The article is devoted to one of the historic periods of Mongolia of the 20th century, when the Mongolian People’s Republic built the foundations of a socialist society, and key modernization processes took place with the support of the Soviet Union. The economic component of Soviet-Mongolian relations was dominant at that time. However, the assistance from the People’s Republic of China played a definitely important role in the economic development and formation of modern Mongolian society. Labour constraint was one of the main difficulties in promoting industrial economy in Mongolia. The study of the Mongolian-Chinese economic cooperation is also relevant today, despite the influence of the “third force” in Mongolia’s foreign policy. Russian and Chinese directions are in priority. In this regard, it is important to refer to the experience accumulated by countries in the field of economic interaction, which determined the purpose of the publication ‒ to study one of the aspects of Mongolian-Chinese cooperation in the 1950s and early 1960s, namely, the employment of Chinese labour in Mongolia based on a rich source base, including both the published documents and documents from the National Archives of Mongolia, as well as historical works by Russian and Mongolian authors, and to consider such issues as the role of foreign labour, in particular, Chinese workforce in the industrialization of Mongolia, traffic of foreign workers into the Mongolian People’s Republic, and then their family members, the employment of Chinese workers, ideological and cultural events organized by party officials of the Chinese Communist Party. The research methodology is specified by the principles of scientific objectivity, historicism and historical determinism. The work uses both universal scientific methods and special methods of historical research determined by the formulated problem and includes problem-chronological method, comparative analysis method, and systemic method. The study revealed that the employment of workers from the PRC in Mongolia took place within the framework of the diplomatic relations established in 1949 and based on the agreements reached in 1956, 1958 and 1960 in respect of providing economic and technical assistance. It was emphasized that Chinese workers became an integral part of the changing Mongolian society for almost a decade, from 1955 to 1964. The Mongolian side fulfilling bilateral agreements on the working conditions of Chinese employees opened schools for Chinese children, created additional medical centers where Chinese doctors worked, and so on; all this introduced some adjustments to the everyday life of Mongolian society in the mid-20th century. Today, the process of rethinking, re-evaluating the path traversed by Mongolia throughout the 20th century continues, the external conditions of the Mongolian People’s Republic are being revised, so a detailed reference to its history can contribute to the formation of a more objective approach to this process.
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Enwall, Joakim. "Inter-ethnic relations in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia1." Asian Ethnicity 11, no. 2 (June 2010): 239–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14631361003779539.
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Grigor'eva, Yuliya Gennad'evna. "The dynamics of development of relations between the Republic of Korea and Mongolia in modern historical period." Политика и Общество, no. 4 (April 2021): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0684.2021.4.37116.
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This article is dedicated to examination of the modern stages of transformation of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and Mongolia. The subject of this research is the political interaction of Mongolia and the Republic of Korea over the period from 1990 to 2020. The goal lies in the analysis of crucial aspects of the high-level Mongolian-South Korean visits, as well as determination of the key stages in the development of bilateral relations over the period from 1990 to 2020. Research methodology leans on the historical-retrospective method, which allowed tracing the vector and dynamics of the development of relations between the Republic Korea and Mongolia, as well as chronological method aimed at outlining the stages of establishment and development of cooperation and fundamental changes thereof. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that this topic is poorly studied, It is revealed that over the past 30 years, Mongolian-South Korean relations have taken a new leap 4 times. In 1999, the visit of the Korean Leader Kim Dae-jung to Mongolia lead to the establishment of "complementary cooperation" between the two countries; in 2006; visit of the Korean President Roh Moo-hyun to Mongolia in 2006 marks consolidation of the status of “friendly nations”; in 2011, the Presidents Lee Myung-bak and Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj announced the transition to a "comprehensive partnership". In 2021, the Republic of Korea and Mongolia agreed upon propelling the bilateral relations to the level of strategic partnership, which made South Korea the sixth country to achieve a high status of bilateral relations.
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Rodionov, Vladimir. "Foreign Policy of President Kh. Battulga (2017-2020)." Mongolian Journal of International Affairs 21 (December 11, 2020): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v21i0.1436.
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Mongolia located between Russia and China has been the object of close attention not only for its geographic neighbors, but also for non-regional states called as “third neighbor”. That’s why Mongolian foreign policy has traditionally been an important part of its development strategy. One of the main roles in the process of determining Mongolia’s foreign policy strategy belongs to the President. Democratic Party candidate Kh. Battulga won at the Presidential elections in 2017. All his steps in the field of foreign policy can be divided into three main areas. Firstly, the President of Mongolia has established himself as a supporter of improving relations with Russia, primarily through intensifying trade and economic cooperation and active personal diplomacy towards the Russian side. Secondly, Kh. Battulga demonstrated diplomacy in the Chinese direction though he had difficult time to build cooperation with the southern neighbor of Mongolia due to his election campaign criticizing China. . . Thirdly, Kh. Battulga made some changes in the strategy of relations with the “third neighbor”. For example, he rejected an active participation in some global international events and stayed indifferent to the idea of “permanent neutrality” of Mongolia. Perhaps the most serious foreign policy initiative of the new President of Mongolia was the idea of joining the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as a permanent member. This idea has caused serious political discussions in the country, dividing the expert network into supporters and opponents of the President’s initiative. However, despite certain changes in Mongolia’s foreign policy under the President Battulga, it is difficult to state a radical turn in the foreign policy strategy. Due to political and legal reasons, as well as the external conditions of social and economic development of Mongolia, the President is not able to change the main foundations and principles of foreign policy of the state formed in the post-socialist period. Meanwhile it could be admitted that in Mongolia’s foreign policy the rationality based on the ideological solidarity (“commonwealth of democracies”) is gradually giving way to the rationality of a geographical contiguity and economic pragmatism.
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Orlova, Keemya V. "Сотрудничество Калмыкии и Монголии в 20-х годах XX в." Oriental Studies 13, no. 3 (December 24, 2020): 546–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-49-3-546-559.
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Introduction. The issue of Kalmykia-Mongolia cooperation in the 1920s still remains understudied both in Kalmyk and Mongolian historiography. Ever since the Kalmyks migrated to Russia-controlled territories, relations with Mongolia became irregular enough and were largely reduced to pilgrimage contacts en route to Tibet. But the 1920s witnessed an intensification therein. The period proved extremely harsh and definitely dramatic to both the nations: Kalmyk Steppe became an operational theater of the Russian Civil War, and Outer Mongolia sank into the ‘pot’ of social transformations and struggle for independence. And it is in those tough times that Kalmyks arrived in Mongolia as military instructors to arrange the formation and training of troop units for the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Army. On the other hand, Mongolia delivered humanitarian aid to Kalmykia during the famine. Moreover, the Mongolian Government initiated a resettlement of starving Kalmyks to the country, with significant allowances to be funded. The military and humanitarian aspects have been examined by a number of Kalmyk and Mongolian researchers. Goals. The paper aims to provide additional data on the mentioned and other realms of cooperation during the period under consideration. Materials. The study analyzes new sources, archival materials, and scholarly works, including documents stored at the Central Archive of Russia’s Federal Security Service and ones introduced in Russia-Mongolia Military Cooperation. Results. The attachment of Kalmyks officers to Mongolian military units attests to that the Soviet Government recognized the exnomads should aptly adapt themselves to familiar conditions and cultural environment. Their primary objective was to help commanders of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Army create efficient military forces. And Mongolia did its best to support Kalmykia during the famine of 1921. In January of 1923, the Government of Mongolia initiated a resettlement of starving Kalmyks. Chronicles of relations show the key landmarks for the Soviet Government therein were ethnogenetic ties between the populations, linguistic and cultural affinities. Religious identity also proved an important unifying element.
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Yakushev, S. "Mongolia in Modern System of International Relations." World Economy and International Relations, no. 8 (2010): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2010-8-109-115.
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The geographical position of Mongolia between two largest Eurasian states – Russia and China – predetermined the choice of its foreign policy priorities. On the author's opinion, the key difference of Mongolian government's new state policy in the international relations field is a multi-vector course, commitment not only to Russia (as in previous years), but also to China, as well as promotion of cooperation with other developed and high powered countries – the USA and Japan.
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Pochekaev, Roman Yu. "LEGAL REALITIES OF MONGOLIA IN 18th - FIRST HALF OF 19th c. AS SEEN BY RUSSIAN TRAVELERS (ATTEMPT OF ANALYSIS FORM LEGAL ANTHROPOLOGY POINT OF VIEW)." RUDN Journal of Law 23, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 602–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2019-23-4-602-621.
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The article is devoted to analysis of notes of Russian travelers to Mongolia as a source on legal situation in this country during 18th - first half of 19th c. Until now these texts were used mainly as a source on political or economic history as well as on ethnology of Mongols but far less as one on legal history of this people. Indeed, the information on legal realties of Mongolia is rather fragmentary and lapidary as the travelers didn’t have a goal to describe state and law of Mongolia. Nevertheless, this information is of great interest and value as it allows us to give a notion on real legal situation, legal relations realized in practice - in contrast to survived written legal monuments (codes) of Mongols from this period: travelers could observe such legal practice and even participate in the legal relations among Mongols. The source base of research are notes of travelers who visited Mongolia since the beginning of the 18th c. to 1850s. There were diplomats (ambassadors and their companions), couriers, intelligence officers, tradesmen and scientists. Depending on goals and objectives of their trips they interested in different aspects of Mongolian legal realties, so the comparative analysis of their information allows to present different aspects of legal life of Mongols The study of travelers’ notes from the legal anthropology point of view (basing on works of N. Rouland, A.I. Kovler, V.V. Bocharov) presumes analysis positions of their authors, reasons of their interest to specific field of law as well as Mongols’ attitude to law and order, legal rules, will of Mongol and Manchu authorities, etc. Analysis of Russian travelers’ notes in combination with legal monuments allow to understand better specific features in legal development of Mongolia in the turning-point period of its history: just at this time there was activated the policy of the Qing Empire to transform Mongols from autonomous vassals to complete subjects with disfranchisement, performance of duties and obligations and further closing in status with other categories of subjects (as Chinese, etc.). Also these notes are examples of basic stage of Russian practical-oriented legal anthropology which differed from the western one by attempting to study and understand the law of “traditional” societies without disregard of the Europocentrism.
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Dorzhieva, I., and E. Tsyrempilova. "The role of tourism in modern Russian-Mongolian relations." TRANSBAIKAL STATE UNIVERSITY JOURNAL 28, no. 6 (2022): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2022-28-6-55-62.
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The article is devoted to the role of tourism in modern Russian-Mongolian relations. The object of the research is the Russian-Mongolian relations at the present stage of development. The subject of the research is the interaction of Russia and Mongolia in the field of tourism. The goal of the research is to scientifically substantiate the role of tourism in modern Russian-Mongolian relations. In accordance with the goal, the following tasks are defined: 1) to consider the potential of tourism in Russia-Mongolia relations in modern conditions; 2) to highlight the most promising areas of tourism in Russian-Mongolian relations, according to the results of an expert survey. Interdisciplinary approach and the method of comparative analysis are the methodological basis of the research. Tourism is presented as an important resource of the «soft power» of the state, capable of forming a certain image of the state. Along with political and economic cooperation, the tourism potential of the country has a significant impact on the development of relations between countries. As favorable factors contributing to the development of Russian-Mongolian relations in the field of tourism, one can single out the geopolitical position of both countries, a long history of good neighborly cooperation, common history and culture, the availability of tourism resources, and the establishment of a visa-free regime between countries. The COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic and the current unstable situation in world politics had a negative impact on the tourism industry. The importance of expert consideration of some aspects of Russian-Mongolian tourism cooperation is associated with the identification of promising areas and trends in this area and the search for ways to solve existing problems. The potential of tourism as a tool of «soft power» is quite high. Improving the tourism infrastructure, increasing the availability of travel for the population, the availability of effective advertising on the international market, expanding the range of tourism products and services will help strengthen cooperation between Russia and Mongolia not only in the tourism sector, but also in cultural, socio-economic terms
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Chuluunbaatar, Udaanjargal, and Leland Liu Rogers. "Property Relations of Mongolian Women during the Qing Period." Inner Asia 22, no. 2 (November 4, 2020): 320–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340153.
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Abstract This study considers the historical importance of the dowry, or inǰe, in outer Mongolia during the Qing period (1636–1911), focusing on the developments of the legal system towards women’s rights over their dowry using archival legal case documents from the Mongolian archives. Previous studies argue that the dowry system was of little importance among the steppe populations; however, the Mongolian archival documents make it clear that the dowry played a very important role in society for establishing prestige and for acquisition of property for families during the Qing period. They also show that the courts in Mongolia consistently ruled in favour of women, particularly in the case of their ownership and compensation for dowry livestock during divorce cases, including livestock born from dowry livestock, demonstrating that pre-modern Mongol women were considered autonomous social agents with distinct personal rights, and not thought of as property.
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Makarov, Aleksandr. "China — Mongolia — Russia Economic Corridor Program: Problems and Prospects for Implementation." Problemy dalnego vostoka, no. 4 (2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120015640-5.
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The 100-th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Russia and Mongolia, which the two neighboring countries will celebrate on November 5, 2021, gives a serious reason to assess the current state of bilateral cooperation, existing problems and prospects for its development. In recent years, the issues of intensification of Russian-Mongolian relations have been considered in the context of the trilateral «Program for the creation of the China-Mongolia-Russia economic corridor». Despite the lack of concrete results within the framework of this program, the implementation of a number of infrastructure projects is being prepared, which will seriously strengthen the economic base of cooperation between Russia and Mongolia and China. The paper analyzes the problematic issues of the implementation of plans for the development of transport and energy infrastructure through Mongolia, which are considered as the basis for trilateral cooperation. Particular attention is paid to plans for the development of the railway network. The promising directions for the development of cross-border infrastructure in the framework of the program for the creation of the Mongolian corridor are identified.
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Park, Ji-bae. "The Spathari Delegation’s Visits to China and the Formation of Russo-Chinese Contact Lines in 1675-1676." Institute of History and Culture Hankuk University of Foreign Studies 82 (May 31, 2022): 57–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18347/hufshis.2022.82.57.
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The purpose of this paper is to understand the meaning of the new line of contact between Russia and Ch’ing created by the Spathari delegation by examining the its preparation process and the travel route and analyzing it in the change of the Russia-Mongolia relations.
The two tasks of the Spathari delegation were first to establish regular diplomatic and trade relations with Q’ing and then to find a more convenient transportation route for diplomatic envoys and trade caravans to and from China.
The mission to establish stable diplomatic relations failed due to internal circumstances in the Qing Dynasty. However, Spathari was the first official ambassador of the Russian tsar to have an audience with the Qing emperor.
To this end, both sides of Russia and Q’ing made concessions, namely that Q’ing government gave special treatment to the Russian tsar's official documents, and Spathari performed a kowtow instead. In this way, the Russian ambassador could have an audience with the Qing emperor. The fact that ambassador plenipotentiary of the Russian tsar, meets the emperor through official procedures means a direct meeting between the two countries. This marks the formation of the first direct line of contact between Russia and Ching diplomatically.
The mission to explore traffic routes to China was successful in that the Spathari delegation created a new travel route between the two countries that did not pass through Mongolia. Previously, when Russia passed through Mongolian territory and went to and from China under the guidance of the Mongols, the Russians had no choice but to recognize China through the Mongols and to move according to Mongols’ intentions. But now, if necessary, the possibility of reaching Beijing directly without the permission of Mongolia has been opened, regardless of the situation in Mongolia. Geographically, it can be evaluated that Russia and China have established a direct line of contact.
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Kolyagiyn, Demberel. "Монгол-оросын харилцаанд «монгол туургатан»-ы нөлөөлөх хүчин зүйл (= Факторы влияния «монгольского мира» на монголо-российские отношения)." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 13, no. 3 (December 30, 2021): 428–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2021-3-428-439.
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Introduction. The article discusses Mongolian-Russian relations in the 20th century, paying particular attention to the definition of the concept “Mongolian World”, an important instrument of the bilateral relations, which has had a variety of interpretations so far. Analysis, as well as understanding of the five factors that this article indicates are of relevance to serve as tools for further expansion of the bilateral cooperation, including the field of cultural relations, which is naturally in the center of attention of both Russia and Mongolia. The subjects of the “Mongolian World” in the Russian Federation are seen as the research object of the present study, which aims to analyze the concept and to identify its role in the Mongolian-Russian relations. Methods used are general scientific, both empirical and theoretical. The application of comparative-functional and systemic approaches, as well as of modelling and logical parameters, was useful in identifying the essential and content-rich components within the framework of cooperation in the Mongolian world. Conclusions. As a result, the author concludes that the factors of the Mongolian world were instrumental in different periods of history in the interaction of Russia and Mongolia. Also, the article highlights the idea that the factor of the “Mongolian World” is constantly expanding in the bilateral relations.
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Eduard V., Batunaev. "Russian-Mongolian Trade and Economic Relations at the Beginning of the 20th Century: History and Stages of Development." Humanitarian Vector 16, no. 6 (December 2021): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-20-28.
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For a long time, trade relations in this region have played an important role between agricultural and nomadic cultures. The Great Silk Road, the first trans-Eurasian trade route connecting East Asia and the Mediterranean in antiquity and the Middle Ages, promoted an intensive exchange of goods, interpenetration of cultures, transfer of knowledge and technology. Russia and Mongolia have long common borders, close economic, cultural, and religious ties of border territories. The study shows the development of Russian-Mongolian trade and economic relations, considers the volume of trade, analysis of the range of goods, the ratio of the trade turnover of the Russian-Mongolian trade, the main directions of trade routes, expeditions to study the Mongolian market. The characterization of the rivalry of Russian, Chinese and foreign entrepreneurs in Mongolia is given. Different positions of Russian statesmen, trade circles and the public regarding the prospects of Russian-Mongolian trade are revealed. An assessment of the routes of scientific and trade expeditions in the study of the state of the Mongolian market is given. The problematic sides in the Russian-Mongolian trade and the ways of their solution are revealed. Particular attention is paid to cross-border territories that played an important role in the development of trade and economic relations. In his work, the author relied mainly on the principles of historicism, scientific nature and objectivity, historical-genetic, historical-dynamic, comparative-historical, retrospective methods, which allowed the most complete analysis of the main stages and patterns, dynamics of trade, problems and prospects for the development of Russian Mongolian trade and economic ties. An analysis of Russian-Mongolian trade and economic relations allowed the author to come to the conclusion that, despite the existing problems in the development of trade, Mongolia occupied an important place in the political and economic interests of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, especially for Siberian commercial and industrial capital, which had common long borders and long-standing trade and economic ties. The study showed that the border territories of Siberia were closely integrated into trade and economic relations with Mongolia and were a kind of outpost in Russia’s Far Eastern policy.
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Demberel, K. "Manifestation of the Internal Systemic Conflict in Mongolia." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Political Science and Religion Studies 36 (2021): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3380.2021.36.17.
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The article deals with the issue of Mongolia's foreign policy during the Cold War. This period is divided into two parts. The first period, 1945-1960s, is a period of conflict between two systems: socialism and capitalism. In this first period of the Cold War Mongolia managed to establish diplomatic relations with socialist countries of Eastern Europe, as the “system allowed”. The second period, from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s, is the period of the conflict of the socialist system, the period of the Soviet-Chinese confrontation. During this period Mongolia's foreign policy changed dramatically and focused on the Soviet Union. This was due to the Soviet investment «boom» that began in 1960s and the entry of Soviet troops on the territory of Mongolia in 1967. The Soviet military intervention into Mongolia was one of the main reasons for cooling the Soviet-Chinese relations. And military withdrawal contributed to the improvement of Soviet-Chinese relations until the mid-1980s and one of the conditions for improving relations with their neighbors. The internal systemic conflict had a serious impact on Mongolia's foreign policy over those years.
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Bulag, Uradyn E. "Mongolia in 2008: From Mongolia to Mine-golia." Asian Survey 49, no. 1 (January 2009): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2009.49.1.129.
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In 2008 Mongolia witnessed the first violent riots in the wake of parliamentary elections since the country became a democracy in 1992, but the crisis was mitigated by the formation of a coalition government. Mining has become a key factor for defining Mongolia's domestic politics and international relations.
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Aktamov, Innokentii G., and Vladimir A. Rodionov. "Mongolia’s Soft Power Tools in Relation to Russian Regions at the Beginning of the 21st Century." Vestnik NSU. Series: History, Philology 20, no. 10 (December 20, 2021): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-10-92-102.
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This article discusses the features of international relations in Inner Asia through the prism of the Russian-Mongolian relationship. The specifics of contemporary bilateral relationships is determined by the nature of mutual influence in the economic, political and humanitarian spheres. The aim of this research is to analyze Mongolian implementation of the concept of ‘soft power’ in relation to the regions of Russia, which are culturally and historically defined as a ‘Mongolian world’. It was revealed that the foreign policy of Mongolia in relation to Russian regions such as the Republic of Buryatia, Republic of Tuva, Irkutsk and Trans-Baikal regions is being implemented in several directions. The first one is daily trade and economic contacts between Russian and Mongolian citizens. The second direction is represented by ethno-cultural holidays and festivals, within the framework of which the Mongolian language and traditions are promoted. The existing demand for the preservation and development of national cultures and languages of the indigenous peoples of Russia creates conditions for stimulating interest in all Mongolian language, literature, clothing, cuisine, cultural and sports events. Finally, Mongolia's success in fighting the pandemic during 2020 and its humanitarian assistance to the Russian regions affected by Coronavirus are also tools of ‘soft power’. The result of this policy is the spread of Mongolian influence in the border regions of the Russian Federation. In this regard, Moscow should also pay certain attention to these processes when building a strategy of bilateral relations at state level.
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Rodionov, Vladimir A. "«Мягкая сила» малых стран: опыт Монголии." Oriental studies 15, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 228–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-60-2-228-243.
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Introduction. The experience of recent decades shows small countries — though characterized by relatively limited foreign policy capacity — can defend their interests through ‘soft power’. Being obviously inferior to greater powers in military, political and economic aspects, small countries seek to compensate for their vulnerability with softer methods of influence. Nowadays, Mongolia is a classic case of a small country under the influence of such great powers as Russia, China, and the United States to successfully employ soft power tools. Goals. The article aims to identify where and how Mongolia uses soft power in its foreign policy. Materials and methods. The study primarily explores Mongolia’s official documents dealing with its national security and foreign policy, international initiatives of Ulaanbaatar, statements of Mongolian executives on relations with foreign partners, media materials. The employed research methods include the comparative, narrative, and retrospective ones. Results. There are three most promising lines for soft power in contemporary Mongolia’s foreign policy. The first one is that the country presents itself as a successful young democracy in the heart of Asia capable of becoming a model for a number of other small countries in the region. The second one is the policy of de facto neutrality manifested in refusal to deploy nuclear weapons and foreign military bases in Mongolian territory, as well as the active participation in UN peacekeeping operations. Finally, the third soft power line (to be perceived as one) is Ulaanbaatar’s active promotion of its mediation role to resolve urgent problems localized in Northeast Asia. Maintaining friendly relations with virtually all Northeast Asian states, Mongolia seeks to become a platform for international negotiations similar to that of Switzerland. Conclusions. Thus, soft power for Ulaanbaatar is an important two-sided tool supposed, firstly, to accelerate international influence and, secondly, to ensure national security and sovereignty.
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Sarantuya, N. "Main Vectors and Prospects for Mongolia’s Cooperation within SCO Framework." Journal of International Analytics, no. 2 (June 28, 2015): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2015-0-2-81-84.
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The author believes that economic cooperation is Mongolia’s priority in relations with SCO countries. Mongolia is interested in building transportation corridors to Central Asia and Russia. The article deals also with possibilities of banks and investments cooperation, cultural dialogue of SCO countries with Mongolia. Special attention is paid to the problem of security in the spheres of information and culture. Mongolia approves expansion of SCO.
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BRIDGES, BRIAN. "‘An Ambiguous Area’: Mongolia in Soviet-Japanese relations in the mid-1930s." Modern Asian Studies 54, no. 3 (August 6, 2019): 730–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x1800015x.
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AbstractThe Mongolian People's Republic (MPR) became the focus of intense competition between the Soviet Union and Japan in the 1930s, when it was more commonly known as Outer Mongolia. The Soviet Union viewed the MPR as an ideological and strategic ally, and was determined to defend that state against the increasingly adventurist actions of the Japanese military based in northern China. Japanese ambitions to solve the so-called ‘Manmo’ (Manchuria-Mongolia) problem led the Soviets to initiate ever-closer links with the MPR, culminating in the 1936 pact of mutual assistance which was intended to constrain Japanese pressure. Using unpublished Japanese materials as well as Russian and Mongolian sources, this article demonstrates how the Soviet leadership increasingly viewed the MPR as strategically crucial to the defence of the Soviet Far East.
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Lezhenina, Tatiana V. "PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN RUSSIA AND MONGOLIA IN THE NEW CONDITIONS." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW. SERIES 1. ECONOMICS AND LAW, no. 2-3 (2022): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2022-2-3-05.
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In connection with the current international situation, in which the logistics and economy of Russia is turning to the East, the fruitful cooperation between Mongolia and Russia has become especially important. The world is undergoing complex transformations of the world economy, irreversible changes have taken place. Today, more than ever, the role of the countries of the Asia-Pacific region has increased. It is here that we are witnessing active economic and technological growth, a place where personnel, capital, and industries are concentrated. The Eurasian Economic Union is interested in Asian markets, and Mongolia is becoming our leading partner. The article examines the current state of the economy of Mongolia, the place of Mongolia in the modern system of international relations, and also analyzes the state of Russian-Mongolian relations. What are the prospects for our cooperation, what difficulties hinder its successful development and how can they be solved, and what joint projects with Russia is Mongolia interested in participating in?
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Ovchinnikova, A. V. "The Role of the Subjects of the Russian Federation in the Development of Russian-Mongolian Relations." Russia: society, politics, history, no. 3(3) (August 11, 2022): 158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.56654/ropi-2022-3(3)-158-170.
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In this article, the author reviewed a brief history of the development and establishment of bilateral relations between the Russian Federation and Mongolia. Based on the historical experience between the two states, the main directions of interregional cooperation between the regions of the Russian Federation were considered, including the constituent entities of the Russian Federation bordering the Mongolian aimaks, namely the Republics of Altai, Buryatia, Tuva and the Trans-Baikal Territory. At the same time, based on the statistical data of the Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation, an analysis was made of trade, economic and investment interregional and border cooperation between the regions of the Russian Federation and Mongolia from 2014 to 2021. Additionally, cooperation between the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and Mongolia in the social and military spheres is considered. Based on the analysis of cooperation in various fields and directions, a number of subjects of the Russian Federation were identified that are actively working to develop Russian-Mongolian relations. The strengths and weaknesses of interregional cooperation between the regions of the Russian Federation and the aimags of Mongolia have been considered and analyzed, and on the basis of them a number of proposals have been prepared aimed at developing interregional cooperation.
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Aktamov, I. G. "Education as an Instrument of Russian “Soft Power” in Russian-Mongolian Relations at the End of XX - Beginning of XXI Centuries." Nauchnyy Dialog, no. 4 (April 30, 2020): 221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-4-221-237.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the development of cooperation in the field of education between Russia and Mongolia in recent history. The transformation of bilateral ties in the educational sphere under the influence of various factors is discussed in the study. Attention is paid to the prerequisites for reducing the intensity of bilateral contacts, as well as the implementation of specific projects that, to one degree or another, stimulate the growth of academic mobility. It is shown that the historical processes of the late twentieth century in Mongolia had an impact on the cooling of relations between countries. It is noted that in the 2000s, Mongolian-Chinese relations, including in the humanitarian sphere were intensified. It is affirmed that China’s “soft power” in the form of various kinds of programs for young people is systemic and influences the formation of public consciousness in relation to the “southern neighbour”. The author considers it necessary to recognize that, for objective reasons, Russia is inferior to China in the field of humanitarian projects. At the same time, the benevolent attitude towards the Russians and to Russia as a whole on the part of the population of Mongolia, especially the older generation is noted. The relevance of the study is to identify trends, factors that determine the nature of the mutual influence of Russia and Mongolia in the field of education in the latest period of historical development. The nature of the interaction of Mongolia and the regions of Russia and their role in the development of bilateral relations are analyzed.
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Bezrukov, L., and A. Fartyshev. "Features of Mongolian Foreign Trade: Risks for Russia." World Economy and International Relations 66, no. 3 (2022): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-3-101-109.
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The dynamics of Mongolia’s foreign trade over the past three decades and its leading role in the country’s economic growth are revealed. In the context of a narrow specialization in the mining industry, the growth of the Mongolian economy is strongly dependent on the export of mineral raw materials, which overwhelmingly dominate in the structure of total exports. The overwhelming majority of these cargoes go to China, whose share in Mongolia’s foreign trade turnover is growing steadily since the early 1990s, while the same one of Russia is falling. The role of Siberia and the Far East in cooperation with Mongolia sharply decreased. It has been established that the values of Mongolian exports of fluorspar, molybdenum and copper ores and concentrates exceed Russian ones, and Mongolian export of zinc and tungsten ores and concentrates, iron ore and coal are not so significantly inferior. Comparison of the prospects for increasing exports of Mongolia’s key foreign trade goods – coal and copper concentrate – with the corresponding capabilities of the eastern regions of Russia indicates an aggravation in the near future of competition between Mongolian and Russian mineral commodities for foreign markets, primarily for the Chinese. Considering this, Russia loses to Mongolia due to a much longer and, accordingly, costly output of mineral raw materials to foreign markets. Measures are proposed to reduce the risks of competition between Mongolian and Russian mineral commodities on foreign markets and to intensify their trade and economic cooperation, that includes the following: the restoration of traditional foreign trade relations, the creation of international transport corridors and the construction of new railway lines, an increase in the depth of processing of mineral raw materials, the implementation of joint large-scale projects.
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Tsyrenova, Nomin D. "Об одном архивном документе 1917 года по истории взаимоотношений между российским генеральным консульством в Монголии и правительством Богдо-гэгэна." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 13, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 68–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2021-1-68-84.
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Goals. The article aims to give a brief review of the Draft Agreement on the lease of land plots to Russian citizens for commercial and industrial premises as a source on the history of relations between the Russian Consulate in Mongolia and the theocratic government of Bogd Gegeen. Materials and Methods. The typewritten document in Classical Mongolian is kept in the archives of the Center of Oriental Manuscripts and Xylographs affiliated to the Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies (Siberian Branch of the RAS). The study employs the method of source study formulary analysis according to which the document can be referred to as an individual formulary. Results. The paper discovers that the investigated Agreement was written in 1917. It analyzes the structure and content of the document, its source characteristics to present the specific historical background of the document’s creation, the latter’s role and significance in the history of relations between Mongolia and the Russian Empire. The most important sections of the Agreement (preamble and attachments thereto) were translated by the author. Conclusions. The Agreement reflects the interests of Russian merchants and industrialists who sought to legally secure their special rights throughout Outer Mongolia, which, apparently, caused the anxiety of the Chinese Government and Chinese merchants. After the conclusion of the ‘Friendship Agreement’ and the Trade Protocol in 1912, the Mongols restrained from providing specific categories of land for quite a long time, and Russian citizens could not use all the rights under the Trade Protocol. The main representative of Russian interests in Mongolia was the Consulate General of the Russian Empire in Urga. Chronological analysis of the document gives some reason to state that the negotiation process took several years — from circa 1912 to 1917. The Agreement contains some valuable and important data on the country and its realias during those years.
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Namzhilova, Viktoriya O. "Infrastructure landscape in the transborder region of Russia, Mongolia and China: Transformations and landmarks." Asia and Africa Today, no. 11 (2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750020155-2.
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The article discusses ongoing and expected changes in the infrastructure landscape in the zone of the China - Mongolia - Russia economic corridor. Ensuring infrastructure connectivity is becoming a common task for the three countries in order to competitively integrate into the world’s logistics routes. The author analyzes the factors influencing the intensification of cross-border interactions, highlighting the general trend of growing demand on land transportation in Eurasia, as well as mining freight movement of raw material resources from Mongolia to China. The transit capabilities of the railway and road infrastructure are assessed, the features of cargo flow through border checkpoints are studied. Consistent implementation of Mongolia’s ambitious plans of railway construction changes the cross-border infrastructure, especially on the China’s border. It is noted that the construction of railways was forced by the Mongolian government with the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic: severe restrictions and border control measures on truck transport significantly affected the operating of border crossings and foreign economic relations of Mongolia as a whole. In order to expand the export of mineral raw materials, it is planned to open four railway border crossings on the Mongolian-Chinese border: Gashuunsukhait - Gantsmod, Shiveekhuren - Sehe, Bichigt - Zun-Khatavch, Khangi - Mandal. Establishing the effective functioning of the cross-border transport and logistics infrastructure is becoming a strategic priority of the Mongolian economic policy. For Russia, there is a need to develop foreign trade infrastructure in the border regions, especially in the new geopolitical realities.
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Orlova, Keemya V. "Россия — Монголия: век дружбы и сотрудничества (к 100-летнему юбилею установления дипломатических отношений)." Oriental Studies 14, no. 5 (December 30, 2021): 888–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-57-5-888-899.
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Introduction. In 2021, Russia and Mongolia are celebrating the 100th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations. In fact, this year is remarkable for a number of anniversaries: the 100th anniversary of the formation of the Mongolian People’s Party, the first political party in Mongolia; the 100th anniversary of the national democratic revolution; the 100th anniversary of the organization of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Army; the 100th anniversary of the Scientific Committee, which served as the prototype of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences; the 60th anniversary of the UN membership of Mongolian People’s Republic; and the 40th anniversary of the joint space flight of the Russian-Mongolian space crew. These anniversaries are closely related to a significant event in the history of the two countries — the Agreement between the Government of the RSFSR and the People’s Government of Mongolia on the establishment of friendly relations signed on 5 November 1921, which laid the legal basis for bilateral relations. It is certainly beyond the scope of this article to cover every significant and remarkable event and date in Soviet / Russian-Mongolian relations, but it intends to highlight the most important events in Russian-Mongolian relations in the 20th and early 21st centuries. The article aims to focus on the principal stages and most important dates and events, as well as to underline the role and relevance of the documents of key importance in the history of these relations. Materials. The study is based on archival records, published materials, and scientific literature. Conclusions. Over the past century, the relations between the countries, whose histories are full of dramatic events (revolutionary upheavals, World War II, the collapse of the Soviet Union), have seen both high and low points: friendship and special relations of allies, which changed to a certain degree of distancing from each other; then, rejection of the previous ideologized attitudes and renewal of traditional cooperation, leading to a current comprehensive strategic partnership. However, there has always been an understanding that there is a special closeness of the countries for historical, geopolitical, and cultural factors in play. A hundred years is a sufficiently long period to conclude that the key principles of Russian-Mongolian relations established by the 1921 Agreement have stood the test of time. Presently, there is a new stage to these relations based on both parties’ interests in promoting their comprehensive strategic partnership.
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Namsaraeva, Sayana. "Border Language." Inner Asia 16, no. 1 (August 19, 2014): 116–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340006.
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The conceptual framework of this paper is to view Mongolia as a ‘contact zone’ which geographically bridged the gap between two rapidly growing Eurasian empires—Russia and China. It allows a rethinking of the historical and social circumstances that led to the formation of Chinese Pidgin Russian (cpr)1 by highlighting the lexical and grammatical influence of the Mongolian language on contact languages in the China–Russia border area. In particular, it discusses Mongolian language in various encounters in Russian–Chinese interactions, such as the use of Mongolian as mediation language during the initial stage of Qing–Russian diplomatic relations and aslingua francain caravan trade and border relations between Russia and China, as well as its influence on the formation of Transbaikal dialect (orZabaikal’skoe narechie), which was widely spoken by Russians in Mongol-speaking colonial frontiers of Russia in Eastern Siberia. Moreover, the paper highlights the Mongolian elements in the firstcpr, questioning a common scholarly perception that Kiakhta (or Maimacheng)2 pidgin consisted primarily of Russian and Chinese borrowings. Therefore, unique language hybridisation of these three languages continues to be noticeable in Russia–China trade hubs in Inner Mongolia nowadays, where transborder ethnic and economic contacts between Russia, China and Mongolia are becoming more complicated and diverse.
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Humphrey, Caroline. "Detachable Groups and Kinship Tensions." Inner Asia 16, no. 1 (August 19, 2014): 34–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340003.
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This paper concerns the formation of detachable political groups among the Mongols in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and the process of their reattachment to larger polities within the Russian and Qing empires. It traces the case of Okin Taisha, who split off from the Abaga Mongols in present-day Inner Mongolia, became a subject of the Russians, then of a Khalkha Mongolian noble, and finally returned to Russia. The paper argues that kinship relations were a crucial means for conceptualising these attachments and detachments. Kinship should not be assumed invariably to imply solidarity, but rather also encodes division, inequality of status, and uncertainty in personal relations. The paper also aims to contribute to understanding of the internal composition of such split-away polities, which were not initially based on kinship, even though their aristocratic leaders expressed their relations with other leaders in kin terms.
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Baitha, Subhash Kumar, and Souvik Chatterjee. "Unlocking India’s potentials in Far East Asian Region: Rethinking Indo-Mongolia ties in the present context." Khazanah Sosial 3, no. 3 (July 25, 2021): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/ks.v3i3.12099.
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The Far East refers to the geographical, economic, and cultural regions of Eastern Russia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia. Because it is so geopolitically and culturally diverse, the part is important because of its geostrategic importance, energy resources, and business opportunities. This study will focus on unlocking India's potential in Northeast Asia and Mongolia's important role in India's engagement in the region. Despite India's age-old historical, cultural, and religious links with Northeast Asia and Mongolia, India's role remains marginal. With China's increasing presence and dominance in Northeast Asia, India, under the purview of Act East and Connect Central Policy, emphasizes strategic and economic relations with China's closest neighbors such as Mongolia, Japan, etc. Using qualitative research methods Mile and Huberman analysis technique, this research will reveal India's potential in Northeast Asia and Mongolia's important role in terms of India's involvement in the region. As a result, Mongolian foreign policymakers were enticed by India's active engagement in the non-aligned movement, reputation as the world's greatest democracy, and non-interventionist ethos.
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Vanchikova, Ts P., and M. V. Ayusheeva. "Cooperation between the Buryat-Mongolian scientific committee and mongolian scientific institute in forming research libraries." Bibliosphere, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/1815-3186-2019-2-71-76.
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The article discusses international relations between the Buryat-Mongolian Scientific Committee (Buruckom) and Committee of Sciences of Mongolia (Mongolian Scientific Institute (Monuchcom or Sudar bichgiin khyreelen). They were the first research institutions in Mongolia and Buryatia and formed the bases of the modern Academy of Sciences of Mongolia, and the Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IMBTS SB RAS). It is actual and quite important to study the formation history of these research institutions in general, and research departments, in particular, libraries playing a great role in the history of modern science development, in relation to their upcoming 100th anniversaries. Such researches fill in the gaps in the countries’ historical past, draw attention to national cultural traditions and are connected with the problems of preserving written historical and cultural monuments. The authors used archival documents kept in the Center of Oriental Manuscripts and Xylographs of IMBTS SB RAS to highlight the history of forming and developing the collections of Buruchkom’s Manuscript Department and Monuchkom’s Research Library. They are the correspondence of the Buryat-Mongolian Scientific Committee leaders with Monuchcom scholars, datsan councils, khoshun executive committees and lamas on the issues of xylographing Buddhist treaties and supplementing library funds stored in the archive of the Center for Oriental manuscripts and xylographies of IMBT SB RAS.
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Budaeva, Tatyana. "Experience of using public relations in promoting Russian education in Mongolia." Pedagogy: history, prospects 4, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2686-9969-2021-4-1-44-58.
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The article is devoted to consideration of the experience of using public relations and state-public mechanisms for promoting Russian education and the Russian language in Mongolia. These mechanisms provide for the intensification of activities with state and non-state structures of Mongolia with the goal of expansion of scientific, educational, cultural, economic, informational and other humanitarian ties. The author analyzes in detail the effectiveness of mechanisms of informational support for the activities of representative offices and marketing in social networks, which is a communication strategy in the Mongolian media space. Improving institutional mechanisms provides for the steady expansion of the public’s participation in the development, adoption, and implementation of managerial decisions in promoting Russian education, including as part of a selection campaign for the distribution of intergovernmental quotas in Mongolia. An important aspect of the study was to identify the role of the authorities of a friendly country and partner organizations of the Russian Centre of Science and Culture in Ulaanbaatar. The results of the research are presented in the form of conclusions con-taining further development prospects.
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Surzhko, A. V. "NOVOSIBIRSK AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN-MONGOLIAN RELATIONS IN 1990S–2015: SOME CHARACTERISTICS." Northern Archives and Expeditions 6, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31806/2542-1158-2022-6-1-78-87.
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The article presents a historical picture of the behavior of Russia and Mongolia in the post-Soviet period on the example of Novosibirsk — the largest Siberian city, which is at the same time a trade, business, cultural, transport, educational and scientific center of the region. Despite the fact that the history of modern Russian-Mongolian relations is fairly well represented in Russian historiography. This study aims to partially fill this gap. The source base of the study was documents from the funds of the Novosibirsk City Archives (NGA), materials from the central regional newspaper "Soviet Siberia" and Internet resources. Novosibirsk was one of those Russian cities that took part in the intensification of Russian-Mongolian relations in the 1990s. and their fruitful development in the 2000–2010s. The most active Novosibirsk- Mongolian cooperation began to develop from the mid-1990s, and reached its peak in 2015, when Novosibirsk and the capital of Mongolia, Ulan Bator, concluded an agreement on the establishment of twinning relations between the cities for a period of five years ... An important moment in modern Russian-Mongolian relations can also be called the visit of Mongolian President N. Enkhbayar to Novosibirsk in 2006. First of all, trade, economic, political, scientific, educational and cultural ties, the city took an important place in the system of bilateral relations. Russian-Mongolian cooperation in Novosibirsk contributed to the fact that relations between states were built in the spirit of a comprehensive strategic partnership and continue to actively develop in this direction.
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Rossabi, Morris. "Mongolia in 2020." Asian Survey 61, no. 1 (January 2021): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2021.61.1.43.
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Mongolia in 2020 recorded no COVID-19 deaths, despite its proximity to China, the original hotbed of the outbreak. Yet GDP and exports decreased and unemployment, poverty, crime, and domestic abuse rose, in large part due to the disease. Facing desertification, climate change, overgrazing, and mining damage to pastureland, herders who could not eke out a living continued to migrate to Ulaanbaatar, the capital city, and lived in tents, with no running water and poor sanitation. Elections for the Parliament were held, with the Mongolian People’s Party dominating, but corruption and accusations of money laundering prompted a lack of faith in the government. On the other hand, Mongolia maintained cordial relations with China and Russia, its neighbors, as well as with distant countries.
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Tsymzhit P., Vanchikova. "Outstanding Discoveries of Mongolian Historians and Archaeologists: Excavations of the Sar’dag Monastery." Humanitarian Vector 16, no. 6 (December 2021): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-122-128.
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Mongolia is rich in a unique cultural heritage presented by a variety of discovered artifacts that continue to amaze now. Among them, it is quite deservedly possible to include the findings discovered by a complex group of researchers on the ruins of the Sar’dag monastery, which was one of the earliest and largest Mongolian monastic complexes, the de factor center of the religious and political life of the Mongols. The review provides an overview of the works included in the collective monograph “The Sar’dag monastery of Undur-gegen Zanabazar: the Centre of artistic creativity”, published under the editorship of Sampildondovyn Chuluun, the Academician of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences. This work is the result of six years of archaeological excavations conducted by a large scientific team in 2013–2018. The results obtained made it possible to restore the structure of the monastery complex, opened new, previously unknown pages of the activity of Undur-gegen Zanabazar. The artifacts found indicate the existence of wide external relations of the Mongols of that period with foreign countries. Articles on the preservation, restoration and digital documentation of found artifacts are of great scientific interest and relevance. In general, the results of the conducted works provide a new rich source material for a more in-depth study of the history of Mongolia of the period under consideration.
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Dambiev, G. T. "Political Processes in Mongolia and the Current Mongolian-Chinese Relationss." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(26) (October 28, 2012): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2012-5-26-111-116.
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This article provides for an analysis a number of internal political factors in Mongolia that may influence to the current Mongolian-Chinese relations. Among these factors possible to note the balance of political powers, media influence, NGOs, economic and religion aspects. The final part is noted the key conclusions.
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Li, Xiaona. "Priority vectors in China-Mongolia relations in the beginning of the XXI century." Международные отношения, no. 4 (April 2020): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2020.4.34157.
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This article is dedicated to determination of priority vectors in China-Mongolia relations in the early XXI century. Special role is assigned to cooperation in the political, economic and humanitarian spheres. A number of criteria that allow speaking of the level of intergovernmental relations in each indicated sphere is reviewed. For assessing political cooperation, the author considered the conceptual approaches of the PRC and Mongolia towards bilateral diplomacy. In this context, analysis was conducted on Mongolia's Third Neighbor Policy and China’s Partnership Diplomacy Strategy. The article explores the interaction of China and Mongolia on the global, regional and bilateral levels. In economic regard, the assessment of cooperation of the two countries was carried out on the basis of mutual trade turnover and the volume of foreign direct investment. In the humanitarian context of bilateral cooperation, the author studied the intensity of mutual tourism flows, student and academic exchanges. The analysis was performed within the framework of neorealist paradigm, in the categories of systemic approach for viewing China-Mongolia relations as a unified system consisting of three subsystems. The author's special contribution consists in the attempt to assess bilateral cooperation between China and Mongolia in the early XXI century, with consideration of the impact of the ongoing transformations within the system of international relations on the regional level. The conclusion is made that despite a number of threats that stem from PRC’s proactive policy in Eurasia, as well as the objective dissonance in socioeconomic development of the two countries, the cooperation in the indicated areas in the early XXI century few has been developing steadily. In the twenty-first century. It had a positive impact upon China-Mongolia relations overall.
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Grayvoronskiy, Vladimir V. "Монголоведение в Институте востоковедения РАН: современное состояние и перспективы." Oriental Studies 13, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 927–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-50-4-927-940.
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Introduction. The paper briefly reviews the current state and prospects of Mongolian studies at the Institute of Oriental Studies (RAS) that celebrated its 200th anniversary in 2018. The Institute maintains and strengthens its positions as a leading national and global research center for Oriental studies. Goals. The study attempts at summarizing the Institute’s 2010–2020 experiences in developing Mongolian studies as a traditional branch of Russia’s Oriental studies, characterizing the present state and development prospects with due regard of actual achievements, challenges, and problems. Materials and Methods. The work analyzes scholarly publications authored by associates of the Mongolian Studies Unit (Department of Korean and Mongolian Studies) and other departments of the Institute in 2010–2020, including operating archives ― through the use of historical, chronological, descriptive, analytical and other methods. Results. The study shows that despite a number of objective and subjective difficulties, associates of the Institute keep developing Mongolian studies exploring some topical and understudied issues of ancient, medieval, modern, and contemporary Mongolia; providing comprehensive insights into present-day political, socioeconomic, and cultural frameworks of Mongolia proper and Russia-Mongolia relations. Still, the Institute ― and specifically the Mongolian Studies Unit ― experiences a critical shortage of qualified young Mongolists, and if the problem remains unsolved respective research perspectives should encourage no optimism. The number of highly experienced Mongolists and Orientalists that conduct research activities on a range of Mongolia-related issues (history, historiography, source studies, discoveries and publications of new sources, written monuments and archives, philology, etc.) affiliated thereto is small enough. The former publish their scholarly works and actively cooperate with colleagues from similar scientific and educational organizations of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Elista, Kyzyl, Vladivostok and other Russian cities; establish relations with foreign humanities research centers of Mongolia, China, Japan, the United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, etc. Chronologically, the review covers the period between 2010 and 2020, and characterizes key changes in staff composition; shows fundamental research trends; summarizes outcomes of scholarly, organizational and publishing activities; mentions main joint and individual monographs authored (published) by associates of the Department of Korean and Mongolian Studies in 2010–2020. The paper specifies basic development problems faced by Mongolian studies in the context of Oriental studies as such, provides conclusions and prognoses for further evolution of this research line at the Institute of Oriental Studies (RAS).
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Namzhilova, Victoria. "The Importance of Border Checkpoints of Goods of Inner Mongolia for the Development of Cross-Border Relations of Peoples Republic of China." Russian and Chinese Studies 5, no. 3 (December 29, 2021): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2021.5(3).179-184.
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The article considers the system of operating border checkpoints of a large region in the north of China - the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The author emphasizes the growing importance of the Manchuria and Erlian land checkpoints, through which not only the whole variety of goods of Russian-Chinese and Chinese-Mongolian trade passes, but also international transit is provided. The remaining checkpoints, on the contrary, acquire a narrow specialization or have local significance for border territories. The development of border checkpoints, such as Sehe, Ganzmod and Mandal, is associated exclusively with the development of mineral deposits in the south of Mongolia and their subsequent export to China. In the context of a pandemic, the countries are forced to strengthen the barrier function of borders by tightening quarantine measures, which affects directly the operation of border checkpoints. The information provided on the border points of Inner Mongolia can become the basis for analyzing China’s opportunities to develop trade cooperation across the borders of Inner Mongolia.
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Patnaik, Ajay. "Book Reviews : Mongolia-Russia Relations." International Studies 41, no. 1 (February 2004): 152–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002088170404100108.
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Намжилова, В. О. "РЕСПУБЛИКА БУРЯТИЯ В РОССИЙСКО-МОНГОЛЬСКОЙ ТОРГОВЛЕ." Азиатско-Тихоокеанский регион: экономика, политика, право 57, no. 4 (2020): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/1813-3274/2020-3/35-43.
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В статье представлен анализ динамики внешнеторговых связей Республики Бурятия с Монголией за последнее десятилетие. Рассмотрено как участие региона в формировании российско-монгольского товарооборота, так и место Монголии во внешнеторговых связях республики. В товарной структуре региональной торговли с Монголией обозначен тренд расширения номенклатуры экспорта и импорта, главным образом за счёт продуктов питания. Отмечается вовлечение во внешнеторговые связи малого и среднего бизнеса при поддержке региональных властей. Отдельно рассмотрена транспортно-логистическая среда в Республике Бурятия, где консолидируется значительная часть следующих в Монголию грузов со всех российских регионов. Ключевые слова: российско-монгольская торговля, Республика Бурятия, Монголия, экспорт продуктов питания; развитие деловых связей, автомобильные и железнодорожные грузоперевозки. The article presents the analysis of the dynamics of foreign trade relations between the Republic of Buryatia and Mongolia over the past decade. Both the participation of the region in the formation of the Russian-Mongolian trade turnover and the place of Mongolia in the republic's foreign trade relations have been reviewed. In the commodity structure of regional trade with Mongolia, there is a trend towards expanding the range of exports and imports, mainly due to food products. Involvement of small and medium-sized businesses in foreign trade with the support of regional authorities is noted. The transport and logistics environment in the Republic of Buryatia is considered separately; a significant part of cargoes arriving from all Russian regions is consolidated here. Keywords: Russian-Mongolian trade, the Republic of Buryatia, Mongolia, export of food products, development of business ties, road and rail freight.