Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Money value'
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Weiss, A. "Value for money : defining and measuring 'value' in MoD's acquisition policy of obtaining best value for money." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445951/.
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Obtaining value for money is a keystone of UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) acquisition strategy embedded in its Smart Acquisition policy. This thesis examines how best to measure the relative value of competing tender submissions for major projects. There is a comprehensive discussion of a wide range of relevant definitions and over three dozen documents are scrutinised including just some sixteen published by the Government. Commercially available models, algorithms and software are examined as well as those used by MoD. concluding that the programs used by MoD are state of the art but that their use could advantageously be mandated for all large programmes. The programs could also be used to combine the wider factors found in each Business Case. This change, used in conjunction with the Combined Operational Effectiveness and Investment Appraisal should improve Investment Approval Board decision quality An MSc dissertation, supervised as part of mis research, looks at how Integrated Project Teams perceive value. An overview of MoD procurement procedures over the last half-century is followed by an appraisal of how MoD measures value for money under the Smart Acquisition regime. Several recommendations are made outlining how MoD might achieve better, or perhaps more appropriate, value for money when comparing the value of competing bids to select the best one for acquisition. These include avoiding political over-ride of MoD acquisition decisions, firming up aspects of MoD industrial policy, restructuring the Acquisition Management System, stopping acquiring the lowest-cost fully-compliant bid and rejecting offers that exceed the requirement or are unanticipated alternatives. Risk should be considered as a value factor, or the financial cost of various risks calculated. Finally, the phrase "at lower risk' could beneficially be added to existing aims of Smart Acquisition.
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Anderson, Nadina Lauren, and Nadina Lauren Anderson. "Finding Value: Gender, Money, Marketization in Ukraine." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625585.
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This dissertation investigates patterns of financial exchange in Ukrainian couples. While previous studies of money management focus on the physical organization of money in the home—e.g. pooled, independent, partially pooled—I focus on the meaning of money in exchange and explore how patterns of exchange become legitimized in the home. Drawing on data from 110 in-depth interviews with married and cohabiting individuals, I advance a theory of gendered money and demonstrate how couples give special symbolic meaning to men’s money in domestic exchanges. Unlike earlier perspectives on gender and money such as resource theories and gender performance, this framework acknowledges money as a prop and tool that couples use to construct gender boundaries and signal normalcy in the marital relationship. Integrating concepts from economic sociology with Hochschild’s insights on the symbolism of domestic labor, I find that Ukrainians use money as a token and symbol of value, not as a commodity with which to obtain desired outcomes. By spending men’s money on "necessary" items and avoiding accessing women’s money in the household, couples construct men’s money as both visible and valuable while rendering women’s money non-fungible. Partners adopt the financial practices that feel comfortable and gender-appropriate, even when women earn more than their husbands.
Building on this framework of gendered money, I problematize the concept of a gender "ideology" by arguing that gender beliefs do not always drive financial practices in ways anticipated by gender scholars. Using Swidler's toolkit theory of culture to better understand the duality of gender beliefs and gender structures, I argue that not all gender beliefs can be conceptualized as "ideological." I explore how many of my respondents were inconsistent in the ways they discussed gender and fairness in the home. These inconsistencies provide evidence that individuals can be highly flexible in the ways they legitimize their domestic exchanges. This flexibility creates dilemmas for individuals who desire to change their strategies of action over time. Specifically, I give examples of women’s thwarted desires—respondents who wanted to align their practices with their beliefs but could not due to the lack of cooperation from their partner. I conclude that practices need not always match articulated beliefs; moreover, particular patterns of exchange are culturally entrenched and difficult to displace. Lastly, I analyze how money and labor are symbolically exchanged in the home. I argue that power asymmetries occur when one partner must exert more labor to engage in an otherwise “equal” exchange with their partner.
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Gamble, Amelie. "Perception of value of money in unfamiliar currencies /." Göteborg : Department of psychology, Göteborg university, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb402145789.
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Desgrées, du Loû Antoine. "Value for Money evaluation in PPPs: difficulties and developments." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-95284.
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Public private partnerships (PPPs) are procurement models used in the provision of public infrastructures and involving private, as opposed to public, finance. The PPP model differs from the traditional public procurement model in this sense and in the unprecedented degree to which the private sector is involved. All things being equal, the rationale for choosing a PPP instead of a traditional public procurement model is if it provides a better Value for Money. As a result, a crucial issue to address is to find the key drivers of Value for Money in PPP projects and most importantly, to analyze the relationships between those key drivers and the complex notion of Value for Money. This study is based on a large overview of the literature together with contributions of informal interviews and my own opinions. Emphasis is put on the importance of risk management from financiers’ perspective and its consequences on Value for Money. The findings highlight the current problems in the Value for Money assessment that make the analysis hardly reliable. Good and bad practices in Value for Money assessment are discussed and potential solutions and guidance toward more Value for Money are provided.
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Henjewele, Christian. "Modelling Client's Value for Money Uncertainties in PFI Projects." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.525196.
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Private Finance Initiative (PFI) has successfully transformed the management of public sector construction projects by minimising construction risks and delivering projects with higher certainty in the time, cost, quality, and customer satisfaction than is with the counterpart traditional approach. The success rests in the principles of better Value for Money (VfM) demonstrated through the focus on whole-life costs and quality as the measure for economic, effective, and efficient procurement of the private sector and the delivery of the project and services thereafter. However, PFI has not addressed in full the expectation to provide better VfM due to uncertainties in the estimated project costs and persistent decrease in the specified client requirements as the project advances in the procurement process; hence, attracting distrust and resistance to the initiative. This highlights the need for a new approach to ensure that VfM is not only demonstrated at a point of procurement, but also monitored and sustained over the whole PFI contract period. This research explored the exposure of PFI projects to VfM uncertainty and developed a VfM Optimisation and Sustainability (VaS) model as it main scientific contribution. The developed model works abreast a Process Map, Taxonomy of uncertainty factors, and VfM Simulation and Monitoring Templates to define and develop VfM processes, create VfM, assess and test for its robustness, and sustain it through the entire project life. The model follows from a systematic analysis of the current practice and the uncertainties it creates. The analysis based on an empirical research that adopted a mixed-methods approach involving healthcare and transport PFI projects. The model was evaluated by experts from PFI projects and academics and by using simulation case studies. Adopting the model has the potential to improve the delivery of VfM through optimization of the benefits and costs during the project appraisal process, monitor and sustain VfM during the operating phase, and utilise lessons learnt for improvements in the future.
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Wong, Desmond. "Social Money : Finding social value in transaction through design research." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Designhögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-91351.
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This is a question-driven project where it seeks to find social connections in monetary transactions. Disruptive experiments have been conducted to understand the complex relationship between money and social connections. A design concept, developed through a service blueprint, has been used to investigate a hypothesis. Screen-based mobile app prototypes have been used to engage users to dialogue into the issue of social connections in transactions. By basing purchasing decisions on economic value, consumers are neglecting to take social values into consideration. As a result, it has led to social disconnection between the consumers and the producers. By research through design, this project aims to identify the attributes in monetary transaction that led to this disconnection. It also aims to image a new transaction system highlighting social connections. The result is a payment platform concept as a case study of for the restaurant industry. By tracing and visualizing the flow of money in a purchase, the payment platform allows the consumers to see the connections they have with the producers. By making the social connections visible, consumers can begin to balance their purchasing decision based on social and monetary values. Through the dialogues generated in the user tests, the project encounters the social issue in the increasing dependence on imported food and its effect on the local economy. The dialogues also shed light on the fact that the dependence on money as a medium of exchange deepens the interdependency between individuals as today’s food production requires global collaboration. By making social connections visible in transaction, instead of social disconnection, money is in fact social.
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Key, Laura. "Face value : representations of money in American literature, 1896-1944." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/face-value-representations-of-money-in-american-literature-18961944(6a2ed6f3-0a55-4dd7-91b8-a96ebedffef2).html.
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This thesis analyses the significance of socio-historical conceptions of money in relation to the development of American literary modernism from 1896 to 1944. Taking as its starting point Jean-Joseph Goux's contention that there was a correlation between the end of gold-backed money in France and the birth of French modernist literature, this study considers how far this claim is tenable in the American case. In 1896, the key debate surrounding the presidential election was over whether money should be backed by gold or silver specie, which became a major public issue. Faith in the gold standard was challenged, raising the possibility that the source of monetary value was negotiable. Subsequent policy changes, financial panics, the Depression and the World Wars all affected public conceptions of money, until the Bretton Woods Agreement instituted an international gold standard supported by the gold-backed U.S. dollar in 1944, effectively re-establishing a firm relationship between gold and money. Since the 1990s, New Economic Criticism has sought to understand the ways in which money and literature converge throughout history. Although several studies of money and American literary realism have been undertaken, the relationship between money and American literary modernism specifically has largely been overlooked in scholarship. Analysing the works of Robert Herrick, Gertrude Stein, F. Scott Fitzgerald and John Dos Passos, this thesis contends that a certain strand of American modernism developed as a series of reflections upon the relationship between money, value and realistic representation, in which the limitations of realism are exposed. Calling for a re-historicisation of the relationship between money and literature, this study argues that particular socio-historical moments in the story of American money emphasised the fluidity of money, sending social conceptions of value into flux in a society in which money functioned as the general equivalent by which all values were measured. These moments when accepted face values were called into question offered American writers the language and structure by which to consider and challenge the limitations of existing literary forms by comparing money with literature. Both paper money and literature, forms of representation which function via the inscription of words upon paper, contain an inherent duality; they have both a material value, in terms of their composition from paper and ink, and a deeper capacity to represent a certain value in the society in which they circulate. Modernism is concerned with such a duality, emphasising the materiality of the text and exposing the text's status as a representation that can never equal the reality that it represents. The authors discussed here confronted the discrepancy between written language as a reflection of the real world and words as material constructs in themselves through the metaphor of money, manifesting in both textual theme and structure, where the boundaries of realist representation are broken down via the use of unconventional forms. Utilising the method of close textual analysis and situating the texts examined within the wider socio-historical contexts of which they were born, the thesis focuses upon four different moments in the story of U.S. money and literature. This historically contingent approach facilitates the argument that these literary texts function as sites at which to examine and come to terms with contemporaneous social issues, helping to broaden both the purpose and structure of American literature in the early-twentieth century.
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Chin, Man Wah Celina. "The value of art : an investigation of the 'value for money' audit for the performing arts." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2017. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/21557/.
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Measuring the value of art and assessing the success of performing arts organizations have been a global concern in the creative industry for the past few decades (Pidd, 2012; Ellis, 2003; Reeves 2002). The complexity of art, by its nature, makes it difficult to come up with the ideal measuring system. The ‘value for money’ (VFM) audit has been widely introduced in many government departments and non-profit organizations. However, whether the VFM method can be proclaimed as an appropriate form of measurement of the value of a performing arts organization is yet to be explored. This leads to the objective of this project, that an investigation will be undertaken to see if the VFM method is appropriate and effective for the performing arts industry. Various research materials such as the VFM manual and reports were examined to enhance my understanding of VFM practice. Comparisons were made, reviewing local professional practice from the perspective of the HKCO and other practices on a global scale, and underpin this research. The VFM report of the HKCO, the first VFM study of a performing arts organization conducted in Hong Kong by the Audit Commission in 2009–10, serves as a case study of this research approach. Objective data were collected through surveys, focus group discussions and in-depth semi-structured interviews. With the use of a combination of qualitative and quantitative research, using both fieldwork and desk research methods, a balanced outlook on this matter was achieved. The contribution by a performing arts organization that operates in an innovative and creative industry is intangible and difficult to measure. Arguably, the value of art can be understood in many ways, not just in monetary terms. Currently, there is no specific format for reporting or conducting processes in a VFM audit. The design of the methodology and means of interpreting data in the context of the performing arts industry becomes a key issue in a VFM audit. It is vital for members of the audit team to have a thorough understanding of the arts, and also the operation of the arts industry, before drawing conclusions and recommendations. Otherwise, what is revealed to the public through the audit report may be filtered by misleading interpretations. This research has concluded that VFM audits fail to reflect a full picture of the value of a performing arts organization. The desired solution is an appropriate methodology for a VFM audit appropriate to context to avoid the public misjudging the value or success of a performing arts organization and undermining its reputation and the trust the public has placed in it. Should there be a VFM audit conducted on a performing arts company in the future, the term ‘management audit’ or ‘operational audit’ may be preferable to ‘value for money audit’.
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Kim, Han-su. "Value for money in building design : modelling the cost-quality relationships." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244946.
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Gilson, Lucy Jennifer. "Value for money? : the efficiency of primary health units in Tanzania." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1992. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2101808/.
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This thesis reports on a multi-disciplinary evaluation of primary level health units, undertaken in Tanzania The research objectives were to evaluate the provision of primary level health care in order to develop recommendations for its improvement and appropriate methods for such assessment at district level. The evaluation used the technique of cost analysis together with specific review of structural and process quality and of the community's satisfaction with the available care, in order to assess production efficiency. An initial group of 58 health units, including both dispensaries and health centres, and government and voluntary agency units, were evaluated in the cost and structural assessments. Process quality was assessed in a sub-sample of twenty units, and community satisfaction in relation to a further subsample of ten units. The range of unit types was maintained at each stage of the study. This study's analysis indicates that these units were inefficient, characterized by poor productivity, limited structural, and weak process, quality. They were also poorly perceived by the community. Health centres were relatively expensive but of poor quality. Voluntary agency units performed no better than government units, and sometimes worse. The study's conclusions point to the need for better management of available resources to bring about more efficient, better quality care. The inadequacy of currently available resources was found to underlie some performance failures but an equally important problem was the weakness of the organizational structure of the health system. The research findings indicate the potential for efficiency savings, as well as considering the additional resources that might be generated through the introduction of user fees at the primary level. However, this potential will only be tapped if structures that encourage flexible and effective management are developed. The methods of this research could be used to strengthen managerial practices, either being adapted for use in other research studies or for monitoring at the district level. Similar research is required to support the development of management structures and systems.
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Alajmi, Abdulla Mohamed R. F. "The delivery of value for money in public sector projects in Qatar." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507861.
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Hakim, Hagir. "Effective contract structures and value for money in PFI social housing projects." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.550352.
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In the last 20 years the UK has witnessed a continuous evolution in the use of private finance for the procurement of public infrastructure and services. social housing is the new frontier in utilising PFI in the provision of public service. Private involvement in social housing is complicated by the highly social nature of the sector. Given the often conflicting objectives between the public and the private sectors, the challenge is to structure PFI projects in such a way that they are viable to both parties. Due to the private sector need for confidentiality research to date has been severely constrained by having access to only one of the stakeholders resulting in only a partial understanding of the risk allocation and risk sharing procedures in PFI. This PhD research had the unique and unprecedented opportunity to access confidential .' , data including contracts, financial models on one of the first social housing PFI projects. The Grove Village PFI pathfinder has transformed the run-down housing estate from a crime-ridden place to a vibrant community. Empirical data accessed was utilised to build a detailed and exhaustive case study of the internal processes of the project to extract the key differences between the risk perceptions of different project parties and explain how competing objectives of the project parties were reconciled. The research revealed several facts in the development of social housing PFI projects that reduce value for money and developed mechanisms by which parties can reconcile the differences that exist between them. The research provides evidence on how PFI projects can maximise value for money for the various stakeholders involved.
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Yaya, Rizal. "Value for money from the Private Finance Initiative in schools in Scotland." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=201682.
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Salifu, Ekililu. "Value for money evaluation of three operational NHS Private Finance Initiative contracts." Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/20542/.
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This thesis draws on the analysis of data from interviews, observations, documents and archival records to examine the conditions of possibility for PFI procurements by three English National Health Service (NHS) Trusts and the extent to which these projects are affordable and delivering Value for Money (VfM). Drawing from Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice and his social praxeology, the thesis problematizes the critical explanations for the adoption of PFI by NHS Trusts and the VfM evaluations in operational projects. It contributes to the literature by theorising and empirically examining the operational conditions that have made NHS PFI a viable possibility, and the affordability and VfM issues arising from choosing and implementing PFI. On the conditions of possibility, the thesis finds that the state, through a statecraft of modernisation, structured local dispositions for PFI programmes using multi-layered and multi-directed reforms. Reforms restructuring the bureaucracy and financing of healthcare delivery, together with state-wide neoliberal practices, made Trusts more receptive to the use of the PFI. In addition, the increasingly evolving demands from national healthcare delivery frameworks in their applications to insufficiently resourced Trusts, defined the spatio-temporal adoption of the PFI. The thesis also finds that the projects are relatively unaffordable, but the reasons for their unaffordability are complex and multi-layered. In addition, VfM in operational projects is polysemous; has largely become symbolic and inconsequential, with its pursuit and constitution taken for granted. Ex-post evaluation programmes are not executed as procurers hold the costs of such exercises to outweigh the benefits. Furthermore, HM Treasury’s regime for VfM determination, in application, constructs a VfM reality removed from the ‘lived’ experiences of the procurers; and accounts for the apathetic inertia in PFI procurements. However, this same regime works to the benefit of stakeholders vested with financial and ideological interests in the functioning of the PFI.
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Ravanelli, Rafael. "Origens institucionais e o Value for Money da educação nos municípios brasileiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96133/tde-11022014-100656/.
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O presente estudo apresenta os condicionantes institucionais para o nível de eficiência da gestão municipal da educação no Brasil. A evolução dos princípios da administração pública no Brasil, estabelecidos pela Constituição de 1988 e ampliados pela Emenda Constitucional n° 19/1998, por serem instituições formais, patrocinadas pelo governo, ainda não surtiram efeito a ponto de alterarem o modus operandi do governo em nível municipal, ou de disseminar a implantação de novas tecnologias de gestão em larga escala (ex. NPM). No mínimo dois fatores inibem tal disseminação institucional, a ausência de incentivos aos agentes públicos a adotarem como direcionadores de desempenho tais princípios, e efeitos institucionais informais que atuam como path dependence (ancoragem) à plena adoção. Portanto, mesmo a eficiência sendo princípio da administração pública, as equipes de administração municipal apresentarão um descolamento em relação à adoção do princípio. Da mesma forma, o fato do município não declarar o uso de uma métrica VFM (Value for Money) não significa que não exista uma eficiência atingida por escolhas econômicas mesmo que feitas sem um framework de gestão. Desta forma, existe um nível de VFM implícito da administração municipal, que por hipótese seria função da presença de instituições informais favoráveis à adoção das instituições formais. Foram criadas proxies para VFM para educação básica, assim como um índice de VFM para os 5565 municípios brasileiros controlados por disponibilidade e acesso a recursos e porte. A presença de instituições informais foi captada por variáveis socioeconômicas e históricas. Os resultados sugerem que além de fatores como PIB per capita e investimentos públicos em educação, as tradições locais, denominadas Instituições no presente trabalho, afetam a política pública considerada. Efeitos institucionais podem afetar tanto positivamente o nível de VFM quanto negativamente, dependendo do tipo da instituição instalada na localidade.The following research presents institutional drivers for education services efficiency level in Brazilians local government management. The federal Constitution and a additional law establishes and expands principles for the public administration. Since those principles are formal institutions, implemented by government, they did not have yet an effect in local public management or promoted new ways of management such as the New Public Management. At least two things might block this institutional improvement: The lack of incentives for public managers to use these principles as drivers for higher efficiency, and institutional effects that act as path dependent. Even though local government does not declare the use of a VFM (Value for Money) index, It does not mean that there is no level of efficiency in decisions taken without a management framework. Therefore, there is a implied VFM in local public management, that is affected by the presence of informal institutions, favorable to formal institutions that enhance efficiency. Proxies for VFM were identified for public management in public education services, such as a VFM index for Brazilians local government, considering the access and availability of resources and size. Informal institutions are proxy by historical and socioeconomics variables. Results suggests that not only GDP per capita and public investments in education affects public policies, institutional effects are able to affect positively the level of VFM negatively, according to the institution that is considered.
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Park, Ji Hong. "Transport PPP decisions in Korea : value for money assessment and risk quantification." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366813/.
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Value for money (VFM) assessment has been adopted worldwide as a public private partnership (PPP) decision methodology. In terms of quantitative assessment, this method considers only the public sector cost, assuming completion delay does not occur between delivery alternatives, so it is difficult to use where systematic completion delays in the conventional delivery are expected to occur like in Korea. Therefore, in this research a Modified VFM methodology was developed to consider completion delay as well as public sector cost, using the VFM assessment and the Net Present Value (NPV) technique. In addition, various risks including transferable risks (completion delay, construction cost and traffic volume risk) were quantified in order to examine the impact of the transferable risks on PPP decisions, through historical observations and a literature review. In total six case studies (2 National Highways, 2 National Expressways and 2 National Railways) were conducted, reflecting Build-Transfer-Operate (BTO) and Build- Transfer Lease (BTL), the most popular PPP options in Korea. The biggest difference between the BTO and the BTL options is that the private sector makes a profit from end users’ tariffs in the BTO option, whereas it makes a profit using the annual lease fee from the government in the BTL option. The most important finding is that a completion delay in the conventional delivery can be a decisive factor on the quantitative PPP decisions because of the resulting benefit difference between conventional delivery and PPP options. As this completion delay for conventional delivery becomes longer, the probability that PPP schemes are favourable increases. In addition, the critical completion delay, making the Modified VFM zero, varies depending on not only whether to include the construction cost risk and the traffic volume risk, but also on the PPP options considered. Another important finding is that, when including construction cost risk, the viability of PPP options in roads increases, whereas that in railways decreases. This is because the average winning bid ratio (winner’s price divided by estimated price) of turnkey/ alternative bids in roads, used in the calculation of the asset cost of the public sector comparator (PSC) according to the BTL guidelines of Korea, is higher than historical observations that include construction cost risk, whereas in railways it is lower than historical observations that include construction cost risk. This difference between roads and railways seems to arise from the fact that railways are usually delivered separately using six major work element contracts, while roads are usually delivered by a single contract, suggesting that separate contracts lead to greater cost overruns than a single contract. In addition, when reflecting traffic volume risk, the most appropriate delivery option, from a Government perspective, for road/railway cases with tariffs changes from the BTL to the BTO option. This is because traffic volume risk directly results in a shortfall in revenue, which makes the BTO option more favourable to the public sector. However, in the case of railways, the BTL option seems to be practically adopted because the revenue stream is so small that the BTO option is not affordable for the private sector, even considering the maximum governmental subsidy condition. For the success of a BTO project in Korea, a new traffic volume risk sharing scheme is also suggested, sharing revenue shortfall or excess according to the investment of each participant. Overall, this research suggests that, considering the transferable risks and the revenue stream size of each transport programme, the BTL option is the most appropriate for the National Railways, whereas the BTO is the most appropriate option for the National Expressways, provided that the BTO viability can be achieved in terms of the internal rate of return. With respect to the National Highway programme, the BTL option can be considered as an alternative to conventional delivery on a case by case basis. Finally, considering the land transport programme (roads and railways) of Korea, a meta-analysis indicates that the Modified VFM is positively influenced by project size, completion delay, benefit cost ratio, discount rate and consumer price index, whereas it is negatively influenced by the five year exchequer bond interest rate. In addition, the BTO option and Gyeonggi province (surrounding Seoul) respectively have a bigger positive influence on the Modified VFM than the BTL option and Gyungnam province (adjacent to Busan).
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Mbesi, Mwiga Wiljonsi. "Public financial watchdogs, new public management and value for money in Tanzania." Doctoral thesis, [s.n.], 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/5080.
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Tese apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências Sociais, especialidade em Serviço SocialApesar da visibilidade crescente da Nova Administração Pública (NAP) e das agências reguladoras, permanecem por responder algumas interrogações cruciais sobre como respeitar os padrões adequados de ―Value for Money‖ (VFM) na utilização de recursos públicos. Esta tese pretende explorar o impacto das agências reguladoras na problemática da ―accountability‖ e da gestão de recursos públicos através de uma análise critica das instituições de auditoria na prossecução de VFM de acordo com a teoria da NAP. A tese envereda, ainda, por uma análise crítica da posição dos cidadãos no contexto da atividade desempenhada pelas agências reguladoras. O contexto tanzaniano foi abordado através de uma estratégia de investigação qualitativa, comênfase nas entrevistas, questionários e análise documental, com o propósito de testar a validade das perguntas de partida. Os resultados revelaram que a Tanzânia adotou o modelo de NPA e criou, nessa conformidade, várias agências reguladoras. Todavia, tratou-se da adoção parcial do modelo de NAP. Apesar das reformas empreendidas, tem-se notado o crescimento de fraude, de irregularidades várias, de corrupção e uma utilização ineficiente de recursos públicos. Constatou-se que a adoção da NAP e a criação de agências reguladoras não contribuíram para o aumento do poder das entidades de supervisão financeira do setor público nem para o aumento dos padrões de ―accountability‖. Um fator com peso que diminui o alcance de VFM é o elevado nível de dependência política das entidades responsáveis pela provisão de serviços públicos. Os resultados revelaram ainda que as entidades de supervisão financeira do setor público têm muita utilidade para assegurar VFM na utilização de recursos públicos. No entanto, as instituições de auditoria tanzanianas confrontam-se com vários desafios que dificultam a execução cabal dos seus deveres profissionais. Estas entidades encontram-se divididas entre acautelar interesses políticos e interesses dos cidadãos. Por exemplo, os dirigentes das instituições de supervisão financeira na Tanzânia são nomeados pelo governo e dele dependem em larga medida,o que coloca em risco a sua independência política. O modelo das agências reguladoras tanzanianas inclui consultores financeiros com ligações ao governo e não verdadeiras instituições de supervisão financeira do setor público. Apesar do Controllerand Auditor Generaldispor de um mandato constitucional para auditar o setor público, não dispõe de poderes de verificação das suas recomendações. A tese considera, por conseguinte, que as entidades de supervisão financeira do setor público tanzaniano têm poderes limitados. Não obstante a Constituição exigir que o governo seja ―accountable‖ junto dos cidadãos e que haja abertura à intervenção dos cidadãos na gestão dos assuntos públicos, o modelo das agências reguladoras da Tanzânia, assim como o seu enquadramento legal e o sistema de ―accountability‖, ignoram a intervenção dos cidadãos.
Despite the increased visibility of the adoption of New Public Management (NPM) and agencification, the key questions regarding the achievement of Value for Money (VFM) in the utilization of public resources remain unanswered. This dissertation intended to produce evidence on the impact of agencification on accountability and management of public resources. It critically analyzes the usefulness of Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) in assuring VFM in the utilization of public resources according to the NPM doctrine. It also provides a critical analysis of the position of the public in the agencification framework. Qualitative research strategy was used to analyze the Tanzanian framework, and in particular in-depth interviews, questionnaires, and documentary analysis, to confirm the initial research assumptions. Findings revealed that Tanzania has embraced NPM and agencification. However, the country has partially implemented the NPM doctrine. Despite the reforms, fraud, irregularities, corruption, and inefficient use of resources are growing. NPM and agencification have not largely improved public watchdogs‘ power in addressing accountability issues. One major factor that hinders the achievement of VFM is that the service delivery machinery has been highly politicized and becomes part of the political system. Findings reveal that public financial watchdogs are exceptionally useful in assuring VFM in the utilization of public resources. However, Tanzania‘s SAI is facing a number of challenges that resulted in the unsuccessful execution of professional duties. Watchdog institutions are facing the risk of balancing political interests and the interests of the public. For instance, the heads of Tanzania‘s public financial watchdog institutions are appointed and largely obey to the government and not to the public. This puts in jeopardy their expected independence status. Thus, Tanzania‘s agencification and accountability framework comprises ―government financial consultants‖ and not ―public financial watchdog institutions‖. Although the Controller and Auditor General (CAG) is constitutionally mandated to audit the public sector, it is not mandated to follow-up and to enforce audit recommendations. This dissertation considers Tanzania‘s public watchdog institutions as toothless public financial watchdog institutions. Regardless that the Constitution requires the government to be accountable to the people and to be open to the people‘s participation in public affairs, Tanzania‘s agencification, legal and accountability frameworks ignore the involvement of the public.
Malgré l'augmentation de la visibilité de l'adoption de la Nouvelle Gestion Publique (NGP) et des agences de régulations, les questions clés concernant le respect des standards de « Value for Money » (VFM) dans l'utilisation des ressources publiques restent sans réponse. L‘objectif de cette thèse est d‘analyser l'impact des agences de régulation sur la problématique de l‘«accountability» et de la gestion des ressources publiques à travers une analyse critique de l'utilité des Institutions de Surveillance pour assurer une VFM dans l'utilisation des ressources publiques en suivant la doctrine de la NGP. La thèse présente aussi une analyse critique de la position du public face aux activités effectuées par les agences de régulation. La recherche qualitative a été utilisée comme stratégie pour analyser le contexte de la Tanzanie, et en particulier les interviews approfondies, les questionnaires et l'analyse documentaire, pour confirmer les hypothèses initiales de recherche. Les résultats ont révélé que la Tanzanie a adopté la NGP et l‘agencement. Cependant, il ne s‘agit que d‘une mise en oeuvre partielle du modèle de NGP. Malgré les réformes, la fraude, les irrégularités, la corruption, et l'utilisation inefficace des ressources augmentent de plus en plus. L‘adoption de la NGP et la création des agences de régulation n‘ont pas amélioré le pouvoir des institutions publiques de surveillance ni traité les problématiques liées à l‘«accountability». Un facteur important qui entrave la réalisation de NGP est le fait que le mécanisme de prestation de services a été très politisé et devient partie intégrante du système politique. Les résultats révèlent que des garde-fous dans la gestion des finances publiques sont particulièrement utiles pour assurer une NGP dans l'utilisation des ressources publiques. Cependant, les institutions tanzaniennes de surveillance sont confrontées à des défis qui ont abouti à une exécution sans succès de ses devoirs professionnels. Elles sont partagées entre les intérêts politiques et les intérêts publics. A titre d‘exemple, en Tanzanie, les chefs des institutions financières publiques de surveillance n‘obéissent pas aux intérêts publics mais plutôt au gouvernement qui les nomme. Ceci met en péril leur statut d'indépendance présumée. Ainsi, le modèle tanzanien des agences de régulations et de «accountability» inclut les «consultants financiers du gouvernement» mais pas les «institutions de contrôle des finances publiques ». Bien que la Constitution donne mandat à la «Cours des Comptes» pour auditer le secteur public, cette dernière ne dispose pas de pouvoir pour suivre et appliquer les recommandations des audits. Cette thèse considère les institutions publiques de vigilance de la Tanzanie disposent des pouvoirs assez limités. En dépit du fait que la Constitution oblige le gouvernement à rendre compte à la population et lui ouvrir une participation à la gestion des affaires publiques, le cadre juridique des agences de régulation et de l‘«accountability» en Tanzanie ignore complétement la participation des citoyens.
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Baker, Ian. "What money can't buy : the status of financial evaluation." University of Western Australia. School of Humanities, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0161.
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Nordström, Maria. "Is time money? Philosophical perspectives on the monetary valuation of travel time." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Filosofi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278152.
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This licentiate thesis consists of an introduction (‘kappa’) and three papers discussing various aspects of time as a commodity and the practice of valuing travel time. The first paper is an analysis of the properties of time as an economic resource taking into account literature on behavior with regard to time. The intent is to provide better understanding of the underlying assumption of transferability between time and money in the context of transportation. The second paper builds on the analysis in the first paper combined with the findings of a study of commuters travel experiences during disruptions in the train traffic on the Øresund strait between Sweden and Denmark. It contrasts the theoretical account of value of travel time with the experiences reported by commuters and argues that the view of travel time as strictly a disutility can be limiting from a planning perspective. Instead, it is argued that an alternative approach can be to make travel time ‘plannable’, meaning viewing travel time as time travellers can plan to spend in a certain way at a certain time. The third paper argues that the diversity of possible mobility solutions based on self-driving vehicles has been somewhat overlooked in the current literature on value of travel time. Thus, the complexity of valuing travel time for self-driving vehicles has not been fully addressed. The paper consists of a morphological analysis of the parameters that might impact value of travel time for self-driving vehicles and a deeper analysis of five plausible self-driving vehicle mobility concepts. It is claimed that not all such concepts can be easily mapped into transport modes and that it might be more appropriate to differentiate value of travel based on travel characteristics.Denna licentiatavhandling består av en introduktion och treartiklar som på olika sätt berör värdering av restid. Vare sigvi vill det eller inte är vår vardag driven av och bunden av tid.Vi planerar vår tid, spenderar vår tid och stressar när tideninte räcker till. Det vi önskar, vill och måste göra tar tid; tidenvillkorar helt enkelt mycket i våra liv. Om det är så att vi villförflytta oss från en fysisk plats till en annan, kanske mellanhem och jobb eller skola, tar det tid. Den här specifika tiden,restiden, antas behövas på grund av behovet av att jobba, fikaeller handla, inte genom en önskan om att resa i sig (även omdet självklart finns resor vi gör för nöjes skull, där nöjet är självaresan). I och med att resan (och restiden) är nödvändig men intei sig önskvärd är det ett grundläggande antagande inom fältetför transportekonomi att människor vill minimera sin restid i såstor utsträckning som möjligt. Det är det här antagandet sommycket av planeringen och investeringarna i transporter grundarsig på. Genom att undersöka betalningsvilja hos resenärer kanman sätta ett monetärt värde på potentiellt insparad restid: tidblir pengar. Men är det verkligen så enkelt? Till att börja medär tid och pengar de facto inte samma sak. Vi kan inte sparatid på samma sätt som pengar utan sparad tid måste användasomedelbart. Det blir därmed rimligt att anta att vad man gör medden insparade tiden spelar roll eftersom tiden känns mer värd omden kan spenderas på något meningsfullt. Vad man har möjlighetatt göra beror ofta på sammanhanget och upplevs därför mindreflexibelt än när det gäller insparade pengar.Denna avhandling resonerar vidare kring frågor om förhållandetmellan tid och pengar, i synnerhet den vanligt förekommandeoch generellt accepterade monetära värderingen av restid. Tillviss del problematiserar avhandlingen antagandet att tid är pengar och frågar sig om inte för mycket fokus läggs på tidskvantitetframför tidskvalitet och att kan det vara värdefullt att reflekterakring vilka transportinvesteringar som detta gynnar. Syftet äratt undersöka om de vedertagna transportekonomiska modellersom tillämpas idag speglar sådant vi som samhälle värdesätteroch lyfta aspekter som möjligen förbises.Introduktionen till avhandlingen består av en metodologiskdiskussion kring filosofins roll i tvärvetenskapliga projekt, enöversiktlig teoretisk bakgrund till begrepp såsom rationalitetoch välfärdsekonomi och en genomgång av teman som på etteller annat sätt berör värdering av tid. Därefter sammanfattasartiklarna och introduktionen avslutas med slutsatser och ettavsnitt om möjliga framtida forskningsämnen.Den första artikeln i den här avhandlingen handlar om hurförhållandet mellan tid och pengar kan bättre förstås genom attutgå från tiden som det primära att värdesätta. Denna analysoch de insikter som analysen leder till kan därefter förklara ochbättre underbygga antaganden som görs vid modellering av beslutrörande tid. I artikeln analyseras egenskaper av tid i relation tillpengar som framkommit i beteendevetenskaplig och psykologiskforskning. I transportekonomi, likt traditionell mikroekonomi,utgår man från ett antagande om stabila rationella preferenser hosindivider. Givet skillnader mellan hur individer verkar resonerakring tid jämfört med pengar kan man dock ställa sig frågan omdet skulle kunna vara annorlunda att vara rationell med avseendepå tid jämfört med att vara rationell med avseende på pengar. Isynnerhet då det finns egenskaper hos tid som är så pass specifikaatt motsvarande egenskaper inte finns hos andra typer av objekteller varor. Sammantaget hävdar vi att det enkla förhållandetmellan tid och pengar inte är tillräckligt rättfärdigat i ljuset av defaktiska skillnaderna mellan tid och pengar som verkar föreligga.Den andra artikeln i avhandlingen rör upplevelser av restid ochförhållandet mellan upplevelsen och de teoretiska antagandenasom görs i transportekonomi. I artikeln analyserar vi upplevelser av restid hos resenärer som påverkades av det plötsliga införandetav identitetskontroller vid resor mellan Sverige och Danmark 2015.Mot bakgrund av en studie där upplevelserna dokumenteradesvisar vi på aspekter av restid som upplevs men inte speglas i vedertagnatransportekonomiska modeller. Artikeln delar upp dessaaspekter i tre kategorier: (i) aspekter rörande den faktiska restatiden och upplevelser av själva resan, (ii) kortsiktiga anpassningartill rådande omständigheter och (iii) långsiktiga anpassningar tillrådande omständigheter. Vi menar att restiden behöver sättasi ett vidare perspektiv genom att se resan och restiden i ettsammanhang där planering av vardagen är en förutsättning föratt få livet att gå ihop. Ett möjligt sådant perspektiv är att urplaneringssynpunkt sträva efter att göra tiden så ‘planerbar’ sommöjligt, alltså att underlätta individers långsiktiga och kortsiktigaplanering av både restid och resor, istället för att enkom serestid som onytta.I tredje artikeln tillämpas till viss del insikter om vad som skiljertid från pengar och dessa appliceras på värdering av restid försjälvkörande fordon. Värdet av restid beror traditionellt (blandannat) på transportmedel, det vill säga om resan görs med bil,buss eller tåg. Självkörande bilar har i litteraturen setts som ytterligareresslag, ofta en ny sorts bil. Vi menar dock att självkörandefordon kan mynna ut i många olika typer av transportmedel därvissa kommer att likna de vi har idag medan andra kommer attvara nya sett till resegenskaper. Givet att dessa egenskaper är relateradetill aspekter som påverkar resenärers värdering av restidkommer tiden alltså vara olika mycket värd. Värdering av restidför självkörande fordon bli därför mer komplext än att lägga tillett eller ens några ytterligare transportmedel. För att belysa dettagör vi i artikeln en så kallad morfologisk analys där vi spännerupp ett lösningsfält vi menar täcker in aspekter som påverkarvärderingen av restid för självkörande fordon. Sedan analyserarvi möjliga (och troliga) lösningar, där varje lösning motsvararett möjligt transportmedel, och menar att restidsvärdet för dessa lösningar rimligen bör skilja sig åt. Det leder oss till att föreslåatt ett alternativt sätt att segmentera restidsvärde skulle kunnavara att utgå från resegenskaper, snarare än transportmedel somsådana. Sådana resegenskaper skulle kunna vara privat/deladresa eller om resan sker efter tidtabell eller är “on-demand“.Sammanfattningsvis menar jag att monetär värdering av tidkan ses från tre perspektiv: (i) det linjära förhållandet mellan tidoch pengar som sådant, (ii) aggregeringen av individers insparaderestid till faktisk samhällsnytta och (iii) restidsförkortningarsplats i kostnadsnyttoanalys och transportplanering i allmänhet.Transportinvesteringar görs på lång sikt och de samhällsekonomiskakalkyler som ligger till grund för dessa investeringar behöverdärmed spegla både vårt förhållande till tid idag men även hur vikommer att förhålla oss till tiden i framtiden. Rimligen kommervi då ha lika mycket tid som idag, men kommer vårt förhållandetill tid vara detsamma?Slutligen föreslår jag i avhandlingen möjliga framtida temanatt undersöka vidare, såsom transporträttvisa, aggregering avväldigt små restidsvinster och förhållandet mellan risker ochtidsvinster.
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Lapavitsas, Constantinos. "Value, money and the credit system : a structural analysis of the forms of money and their relation to production and exchange." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284139.
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Stoltenberg, Christian. "Money talks and matters." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16022.
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Wie sollten Zentralbanken Geldpolitik gestalten und der Öffentlichkeit kommunizieren, um die Ökonomie bestmöglich zu stabilisieren? Diese Dissertation, bestehend aus drei selbständigen Essays in dynamischer Makroökonomik, widmet sich in erster Linie dem normativen Aspekt von Geldpolitik. Das Hauptresultat im ersten Essay ist, dass bei idiosynkratischen Risiko die öffentliche Bekanntgabe von Informationen zu aggregierten Risiko einen negativen Effekt auf die soziale Wohlfahrt haben kann: durch die Veröffentlichung von Informationen zu nicht-versicherbaren aggregierten Risiko werden die Versicherungsanreize der Individuen verzerrt und damit das individuelle Konsumrisiko erhöht. Als eine Anwendung, analysieren wir die Situation einer Zentralbank, die die Möglichkeit hat, Veränderungen in ihren Inflationszielen anzukündigen und dokumentieren, das der negative Effekt der verzerrten Versicherungsanreize konventionelle positive Aspekte der Ankündigung überwiegt. In zweiten Essay untersuchen wir optimale Geldpolitik in Falle von nominalen Rigiditäten und einer Transaktionsfriktion. In einem Standardmodell, Money-in-the-Utility function, zeigen wir, dass das langfristige Optimum durch die Friedmansche Regel gegeben ist. Daraus folgt für die kurze Frist, dass das Primat von Geldpolitik auf die Stabilisierung der Zinsen und nicht auf Inflationsstabilisierung ausgelegt sein sollte. Im dritten Essay untersuche ich, ob die Existenz und die Terminierung von Realkasseneffekten eine wichtige Rolle für die Determiniertheit des allgemeinen Preisniveaus spielen. Als wichtigstes neues Resultat zeige ich, dass auch bei Zinspolitik ein eindeutiges Preisniveau bestimmt werden kann, wenn die Geldmenge zu Beginn der Periode in Transaktionen verwendet wird. Unter diesen Umständen, hat prädeterminiertes reales Geld die Funktion einer Zustandsvariable und die Zinspolitik sollte passiv sein, um eindeutige, stabile und nicht-oszillierende Gleichgewichtssequenzen zu erreichen.How should central banks conduct and communicate their policies to serve the goal of stabilizing the macroeconomy? This thesis -- consisting of three self-contained essays on dynamic macroeconomics -- is mainly intended as a progress report on exploring the normative aspect of monetary policy. The main result of the first essay is, that in the presence of idiosyncratic risk, the public revelation of information about uncertain aggregate outcomes can be detrimental. By announcing informative signals on non-insurable aggregate risk, the policy maker distorts agents'' insurance incentives and increases the riskiness of the optimal allocation that is feasible in self-enforceable arrangements. We consider a monetary authority that may reveal changes in the inflation target, and document that the negative effect of distorted insurance incentives can very well dominate conventional effects in favor for the release of better information. In the second essay, we study optimal monetary policy with the nominal interest rate as the single policy instrument. Firms set prices in a staggered way without indexation and real money balances contribute separately to households'' utility. The optimal deterministic steady state under commitment is the Friedman rule for a broad range of parameters. Optimal monetary policy in the short run is then characterized by stabilization of the nominal interest rate instead of inflation stabilization as the predominant principle. In the third essay, I examine whether the existence and the timing of real balance effects contribute to the determination of the absolute price level. As the main novel result, I show that there exists a unique price level sequence that is consistent with an equilibrium under interest rate policy, if beginning-of-period money yields transaction services. Predetermined real money balances can then serve as a state variable, implying that interest rate setting should be passive -- a violation of the Taylor-principle.
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Kubátová, Lenka. "Corporate social responsibility společnosti GE Money Bank, a.s." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-199934.
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This diploma thesis deals with the social responsibility of a selected large banking institution, GE Money Bank, a.s., which since the beginning of its work in the Czech Republic has engaged in a wide range of socially responsible activities. First of all, it presents an analysis of the current situation, describes socially responsible projects and activities, including their strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats. It then gives a more detailed analysis and defines the positive and negative sides of the aspects in question. Based on an evaluation of the current state of the concept of CSR, it recommends practical and feasible improvements that should be applied to the communication of CSR activities in the future in order to boost awareness of the bank amongst current and potential clients and the general public. It then proposes ways in which GE Money Bank, a.s. could help in resolving issues relating to the significant deterioration of drinking water for the city of Plzeň, resulting from poor landscape management in the basin of the Úhlava river.
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Bell, Kathryn L. "The strategic management of projects to enhance value for money for BAA plc." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1367.
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The airport business is undergoing a shift from that of a traditionally operational nature, to a more commercial, profit driven business orientation. Airport infrastructure is experiencing a face lift in order to meet the requirements for customer satisfaction resulting from this shift in culture. In this regard airport operators must seek improvements in the way in which their development projects are planned, designed and delivered. An inherent link between corporate, business and project value, highlighted within this thesis, has led to the requirement for project management systems that maximise value and therefore facilitate the corporate strategy of the organisation. This thesis develops a model to strategically manage projects to enhance value for money for BAA plc. It is concluded that the project management process is divided into two primary phases: the strategic and tactical, the former receiving minimum attention in UK construction project management. By combining the strategic management of a portfolio of projects with the tactical management of individual projects a link is forged between corporate and customer value and project value. The thesis concludes by presenting the Strategic Project Management framework for use by BAA project managers. The decision making framework facilitates the definition of project objectives and manages the project process to realise optimum value to the client / customer groups. By defining sub processes within the overall project process, the framework binds the interfaces such that information and communication flows freely and completely through the project.
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Khadaroo, M. I. "Exploring perceptions of accountability and value for money in school PPP/PFI contracts." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437432.
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Fatokun, Ajibola Oladipo. "Value for money integration in the renegotiation of public private partnership road projects." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2018. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/25361/.
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The governments of various countries have continued to adopt Public Private Partnership (PPP) for infrastructure projects delivery due to its many advantages over the traditional procurement method. However, concerns have been raised by stakeholders about the viability of PPP to deliver Value for Money (VfM), especially for the client. These discussions have generated debates and arguments in policy and advisory documents within the last decade mainly in the renegotiation of PPP water and transport projects and their VfM implications. Poor or non-achievement of VfM in PPP contracts renegotiation has led to this study in PPP road projects with the overall aim of integrating VfM considerations into the renegotiation process of PPP road projects. Mixed methodology research approach is used to achieve the objectives set for the study. Interviews and questionnaires of professionals involved in Design-Build-Finance-Operate (DBFO) road projects in the UK are used in the study. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data collected revealed that technical, contractual and additional works are the categories of factors leading to renegotiations and have an impact on the achievement of VfM. These findings show that renegotiation does not necessarily have to erode the VfM benefits of PPP road projects for the client and lead to user's dissatisfaction regarding quality, fees, and charges. The research shows that the very critical factors leading to the renegotiation of road concessions are changes to works standards, specifications, the scope of works, and additional works. The findings also indicate that design and planning measures such as clear and concise contract documents, a definition of detailed criteria for VfM and performance indicators, and accurate estimation of contract requirements amongst others are critical measures to ensure the achievement of VfM at the renegotiation of PFI (DBFO) road projects. Also, VfM can further be achieved for the renegotiations that are predominantly motivated by technical and contractual factors. This study developed a VfM renegotiation framework for the UK PFI (DBFO) road projects. The five constituents of the VfM renegotiation framework are identification and establishment of measures and mechanisms, the factors leading to renegotiation and their level of criticalities, impacts of the renegotiation on VfM criteria, the identification of renegotiation outcomes and their natures and the application of remedial actions (if necessary). The concept of the framework is premised on the importance of defining and agreeing on appropriate measures and VfM contractual mechanisms by both public and private stakeholders at the contract inception to guide future renegotiation. An assessment of the factors, impacts, and outcomes of the renegotiation is necessary during the stages of implementation of the PPP road projects to develop an understanding of the implications of the renegotiation on VfM. The knowledge of the impacts of renegotiations during implementation will inform the responsible stakeholder's decision on the appropriate actions required to address any observed deviations from the project performance indicators or value for money criteria defined at the inception of the contract. The public and private partners can achieve their respective VfM objectives while also achieving user's satisfaction through the adoption of the proposed VfM renegotiation framework. There is, however, a need for the public and private partners who will be the primary beneficiary of the framework to be proactively involved in the use of the framework from contract inception to handing over of the project residual value to the client. The formulation of measures for renegotiation at the outset of the contract as indicated in the framework is essential to achieving VfM at renegotiation. Also, the client should ensure that flexibility is built into the agreement regarding the contract mechanisms for payment from the beginning, to allow either party to introduce proposals that can enhance the achievement of VfM at renegotiation or change negotiation.
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Lonsdale, Jeremy Stephen John. "Advancing beyond regularity : developments in value for money methods at the national audit office 1984-1999." Thesis, Brunel University, 2000. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5220.
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This thesis examines the development of value for money (VFM) audit methods used by the National Audit Office (NAO) and considers what factors have influenced the identified changes. It also considers how developments compare with those elsewhere in Europe. The thesis is based on examination of more than 300 NAO reports, interviews with senior staff, focus groups, a thorough review of relevant literature, and comparisons with four other state audit offices. The thesis argues that VFM audit has developed into a strong form of evaluative activity, despite a number of constraints. The NAO enjoys a unique combination of the statutory power to initiate wide-ranging reviews; the right to demand documents and gain access to people; and the existence of a powerful parliamentary committee to review its work and ensure a government response to reports. Additionally, during the 1980s and 1990s, the NAO developed its VFM work, and in particular, the methods used, to become a more robust discipline. Although document review and interviews form the basis of much of the work, other methods have been added to the core repertoire, in particular, questionnaires. In addition, a broader range of methods has been used on occasions, from focus groups to systems dynamics. These developments are explained in terms of a response to broader changes in the administrative environment, in particular, new public management reforms. These have increased interest in public sector performance, enhanced the quality of information available, and given greater emphasis to service quality. Consequently, the NAO has sought to demonstrate it can 'add value' and encourage beneficial improvements to public services. Developments in methods are seen as one important way of doing this. The thesis places developments in the context of the growth of evaluative activities in the UK, whilst emphasising the particular focus of VFM work on accountability, and its links with financial audit.
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Reimer, Sean. "The Practicality of Statistics: Why Money as Expected Value Does Not Make Statistics Practical." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/997.
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This thesis covers the uncertainty of empirical prediction. As opposed to objectivity, I will discuss the practicality of statistics. Practicality defined as "useful" in an unbiased sense, in relation to something in the external world that we care about. We want our model of prediction to give us unbiased inference whilst also being able to speak about something we care about. For the reasons explained, the inherent uncertainty of statistics undermines the unbiased inference for many methods. Bayesian Statistics, by valuing hypotheses is more plausible but ultimately cannot arrive at an unbiased inference. I posit the value theory of money as a concept that might be able to allow us to derive unbiased inferences from while still being something we care about. However, money is of instrumental value, ultimately being worth less than an object of “transcendental value.” Which I define as something that is worth more than money since money’s purpose is to help us achieve “transcendental value” under the value theory. Ultimately, as long as an individual has faith in a given hypothesis it will be worth more than any hypothesis valued with money. From there we undermine statistic’s practicality as it seems as though without the concept of money we have no manner of valuing hypotheses unbiasedly, and uncertainty undermines the “objective” inferences we might have been able to make.
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Isaacs, Mogamat Zane. "Exploring government immovable asset management with reference to four selected case studies of closed down schools on the Cape Flats – post 1994 democracy." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4202.
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Masters in Public Administration - MPAGovernment’s immovable assets are fundamental in achieving its service delivery objectives. If not put to productive uses the welfare of a country, or even its national income, could be reduced significantly. The value for money principle should resonate through effective asset management. “Poor management” of closed school buildings worth millions may be regarded as “financial wastage”. Four case studies reflecting various outcomes of re-use, abandonment and demolition will be reviewed. The application of legislation and policy on government immovable asset management are problematic when schools are closed down. The study focus will be on government immovable asset management and not the reasons for school closures. Literature in this field is very limited. The research findings could add value to the subject field by minimising the chances of a possible repetition of “bad management” of closed schools. Currently in public discourse is the possible closure of 26 schools in the Western Cape. The research could be used as a guiding document for stakeholders, administrators and other research scholars. The research objectives are to formulate a clear understanding on: The Governance of immovable asset management in government; The Responsibility of the different state stakeholders and their interaction on immovable asset management; and The participation of non-state stakeholders. A Qualitative research design is followed. Tools consist of four case studies, semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. A literature review and study of applicable legislative and policy documents was done and empirical data analysed. An international best practice model is also discussed. This study has revealed various research findings through the primary and secondary sources collected. Based on these findings specific recommendations are made to the various stakeholders. The wellbeing of all stakeholders and respondents were set above outcomes and objectives that the research could generate.
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Gibson, Amanda White. "Relationships, Credit, and Value: Analyzing Money as a Social Institution in Late Eighteenth-Century Virginia." W&M ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626983.
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Mendas, Zrinka Ana. "Ambiguities and complexities of obtaining value for money in the National Health Service : storytelling approach." Thesis, Kingston University, 2010. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20887/.
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This thesis examines a quest for Value for Money in the United Kingdom National Health Service, and how this quest has evolved over time. In the 1980s and 1990s the main issue was efficiency. After 1997 the focus shifted to effectiveness in achieving centrally determined targets. This thesis argues that in spite of considerable achievements, the Value for Money approach has "crowded out" CARE. Essentially, CARE involves sympathy, empathy and compassion. It has so many different manifestations in practice that a) it can only be shown through narratives, and b) this requires a more decentralised-bottom up approach than has been adopted by the Value for Money strategy. We represent Value for Money as a Grand Narrative in the sense of Lyotard (1979, 1984), and treat it as a representation of the archetypal Net Present Value model. The Grand Narrative is adapted to form the proposition of an Adapted Grand Narrative; that is, if implementers of the Value for Money strategy have different views of the categories than the designers of the strategy, then it will not be carried out as originally conceived. To capture the idea of CARE, a story approach, which we summarise as multi narratives, is adopted. The multi narratives derived from interviews are deconstructed using panel data, further stories and Socratic Dialogue, including ongoing academic dialogues. Using an openended interview approach, we find that disparity exists between the Value for Money strategy as perceived by the strategy designers in one part of the National Health Service hierarchy (or network) and those implementing the same strategy in another. The methodology adopted in the thesis becomes part of its recommendations. Asking people who implement strategies to tell individual stories that illustrate CARE will enhance the Value for Money strategy, and CARE can then become a route for enhancing the existing Value for Money strategy by placing value on the stories about the delivery of CARE. CARE, we will demonstrate, has multidimensional qualities, with some unique characteristics determined by situations and experiences. The framework of the approach emerges from a wide range of current and historic literatures related to Value for Money, ranging from the models of Irving Fisher to postmodern and post-structural perspectives of deconstruction, narratives, Socratic Dialogue, Differance, and the presence of the 'Other'. This multidisciplinary approach constitutes a significant contribution to the body of academic knowledge. In addition to this academic contribution, practical aspects result from the commissioning of parts of the study by the National Health Service.
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Mezhvinsky, Dimitry. "Looking to Sell: Assessing the Real World Value of Virtual Property." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1240432454.
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Osborne, Michael James. "The use and meaning of all solutions (interest rates) to the time value of money equation." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2010. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/7288/.
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The time value of money (TVM) equation is a key equation in economics and finance. It takes the form of an nth order polynomial having n roots. It is usual to calculate and use only one root (interest rate). The remaining (n-1) roots are mostly complex or negative, and are usually discarded. In this thesis it is shown that the unorthodox roots (interest rates) should not be ignored because they have utility and meaning. New expressions are developed for existing concepts in economics and finance. The concepts include duration in bond mathematics, net present value (NPV) in capital budgeting, the value of a stock of capital in capital theory, and the total charge for credit in loan analysis. The new expressions for these concepts employ all possible interest rates as components. The new expressions provide solutions to puzzles. In bond mathematics, the new equation for duration delivers what previous formulas for duration fail to provide: an accurate measure of the impact of a change in interest rate on the price of a bond. In capital budgeting, the new equation for NPV offers a resolution to the debate about the relative merits of NPV and internal rate of return (IRR) as investment criteria. In economics, a solution is proposed to the reswitching debate in the Cambridge capital controversies. In credit analysis, a new relationship is developed between the total charge for credit and the orthodox measure of the cost of a loan, the annual percentage rate (APR). The result implies that the complicated APR need no longer be the focus of consumer credit legislation; the total charge for credit and its variants suffice. The new analysis not only employs all interest rates, it also endows them with meaning. The suggested interpretation of a complete cluster of interest rates sheds new light on the meaning of orthodox rates such as IRR and APR.
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Aboushiwa, Mohammed A. "Promoter briefing on the procurement and selection of contract strategy offering the best value for money." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488330.
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Shreim, Obeid Saad. "Value for money auditing : its development and application with special reference to the U.K. public sector." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238158.
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Khorrami, Babak. "Static and dynamic inventory models under inflation, time value of money and permissible delay in payment." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2023.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 126 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-108).
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Eliassen, Oliver, and Amelie Dahlgren. "Making Smart Money : An Evaluation of Fundamental Smart Beta Investment Strategies." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325919.
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In recent decades, many investors have abandoned hopes of achieving above market returns through active management, and consigned themselves to passive investing in the form of market capitalization based portfolios. Using Swedish stock exchange data from 2002-2016, this thesis investigates if there is a way to harmonize the strengths of active management, yielding potential above market returns, and passive index investing, implying lower fees and transparency. Based on observations from 275 companies, analysed through market model regressions, the results suggest that fundamentally invested value and quality portfolios create an alpha of 1-2 percent quarterly relative the market capitalization benchmark portfolio. Moreover, the results constitute basis for performing real investments, as they take into consideration the transaction costs implied by portfolio turnover. Furthermore, the findings of greater risk-adjusted returns through fundamentally weighted portfolios stand in opposition to the efficient market hypothesis.
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Andon, Paul James Accounting Australian School of Business UNSW. "(Per)Forming a public private partnership: the agency of accounting and other practices." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Accounting, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43527.
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This thesis investigates the accounting and other practices performed as part of trials experienced by interested actors in forming a Public Private Partnership (PPP) scheme. Prompted by the high visibility of PPP schemes and a lack of understanding about the situated roles and effects of accounting and other practices in motivating and appraising such schemes, two practice-oriented research problems are investigated. Firstly, how does an ambition for a PPP scheme form in particular times and places. Secondly, what is the agency of accounting and other appraisal processes in trialling a proposed PPP scheme. Following an introductory section, this thesis proceeds via three papers. The first paper reviews the extant accounting-related literature on PPP schemes along five research themes adapted from Broadbent & Laughlin (1999, 2004), highlighting the literary contributions and future research opportunities in this area. The second and third papers focus on the experiences of interested actors in trialling possibilities for a public housing PPP in the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW), using field-based research. The aim of the second paper is to understand how an ambition for a PPP can become accepted through efforts to ??envisage value?? for such schemes in particular times and places. The third paper investigates the roles and effects of accounting and other appraisal practices mobilised to translate an ambition for a PPP scheme into an agreement that promises a ??Value for Money?? (VFM) outcome. Collectively, these papers contribute to extant knowledge about the involvement of accounting and other practices in the performance of ??value?? in PPP schemes by: (i) illustrating how an ambition for a PPP scheme forms through ??envisaging value??; (ii) explicating the agency of accounting and other practices in conferring VFM with situated meaning; (iii) contradicting the dominant status attributed to the involvement of accounting calculations in PPP schemes; and (iv) highlighting the various ways in which interested actors can cope with and act in the face of significant uncertainties. Overall, these contributions further our understanding of how proposed PPP schemes are (per)formed through the complex of activities (including accounting) and interests tied to the achievement of such schemes.
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Au, Chung-man Johnsman, and 歐中民. "The development of value for money auditing in the public sector in Hong Kong: problems and issues." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31964217.
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Au, Chung-man Johnsman. "The development of value for money auditing in the public sector in Hong Kong : problems and issues /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13552946.
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Roper, Zachary Joseph Jackson. "The manifold role of reward value on visual attention." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2005.
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The environment is abundant with visual information. Each moment, this information competes for representation in the brain. From billboards and pop-up ads to smart phones and flat screens, in modern society our attention is constantly drawn from one salient object to the next. Learning how to focus on the objects that are most important for the current task is a major developmental hurdle. Fortunately, rewards help us to learn what is important by providing feedback signals to the brain. Sometimes, in adolescence for example, reward seeking can become the pre-potent response. This can ultimately lead to risky and impulsive behaviors that have devastating consequences. Until recently, little has been known about how rewards operate to influence the focus of attention.
In this document, I first demonstrate the robustness of various behavioral paradigms designed to measure reward processing in vision. I found that even mundane rewards, such as images of money, are effective enough to prime the attentional system on the basis of value. Remarkably, this effect extended to images of Monopoly money. This observation suggests that whole classes of visual stimuli, such as food, pornography, commercial logos, corporate brands, or money, each with its own reward salience value, are likely vying for representation in the brain. This work has implications for the growing digital economy as it suggests that novel value systems, such as the digital currency Bitcoin, could eventually become as psychologically relevant as physical currency provided sufficient use and exposure. Likewise, this work has implications for gamification in the industrial setting.
Next, I examined the sensitivity of the system to make optimal economic decisions. When faced with an economic choice normative theories of decision-making suggest that the economic actor will choose the response that affords the greatest expected utility. Contrary to this account, I developed a new behavioral paradigm (reward contingent capture) and reveal that the attentional homunculus is a fuzzy mathematician. Specifically, I found that low-level attentional processes conform to the same probability distortions observed in prospect theory. This finding supports a unified value learning mechanism across several domains of cognition and converges with evidence from monkey models.
Then, I demonstrate the influence of rewards on high-order search parameters. I found that images of money can implicitly encourage observers to preferentially adopt one of two search strategies – one that values salience versus one that values goals. Together, my results expose two distinct ways in which the very same rewards can affect attentional behavior – by tuning the salience of specific features and by shaping global search mode settings.
Lastly, I draw from my empirical results to present a unified model of the manifold role of rewards on visual attention. This model makes clear predictions for clinical applications of rewarded attention paradigms because it incorporates a dimension of complexity upon which learning processes can operate on attention. Thus, future work should acknowledge how individual traits such as developmental trajectory, impulsivity, and risk-seeking factors differentially interact with low- and high-level attentional processes.
In sum, this document puts forward the notion that rewards serve a compelling role in visual awareness. The key point however is not that rewards can have an effect on attention but that due to the nature of visual processing, reward signals are likely always tuning attention. In this way we can consider reward salience an attentional currency. This means then that deciding where to attend is a matter of gains and losses.
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Derengoski, Gilmar. "A teoria do valor em O Capital de Marx: análise das relações sociais no modo de produção capitalista." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2018. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3994.
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The present dissertation pretens conceptualize the value theory in Karl Marx through his most expressive book: The Capital - Critique of Political Economy - Book I - The Process of Capital Production (2013). As well as analyzing the social relationship inserted in the capitalist system mode of production. For this work, we searching demonstrate in detail the operation of capitalist system. We showing for Marx the capitalist mode of production is guid by the production and exchange of products. For this purpose we show in detail on the relationship between producers and consumers as a fundamental base for the totally operation of the system. Starting from the most simplest relationship and arriving in the most complex. For this idea we conceptualize the goods according of inseparable two sides: value of use and value of change. Then we go in to the concrete and objective relationship of the system, in the market effectively. We also going present the genesis of money-form and how this becomes universal equivalent for market changes. Evidencig the fetishistic character of the goods when the capitalist system is consolidated. Finally, we go evidencing how the accumulation of money replaces the production of goods for the human subsistence by the production of products with the objective of accumulation of money, the accumulation of riches. What finishing up conditioning reality and making appearance overcome the essence, thus transforming social relationship, which leave to be direct and concrete and become indirect and abstract.
A presente dissertação tem por objetivo conceituar a teoria do valor em Karl Marx através de sua obra de maior expressão: O Capital – Crítica da economia política – Livro I – O processo de produção do capital (2013). Bem como de analisar as relações sociais inseridas no modo de produção capitalista. Para isso procuramos demonstrar detalhadamente como o sistema capitalista funciona. Evidenciaremos que para Marx o modo de produção capitalista é pautado pela produção e pela troca de produtos. Para tal intento trabalhamos detalhadamente a relação entre produtores e consumidores como pilar fundamental para o pleno funcionamento do sistema. Partindo das relações mais simples e chegando nas mais complexas. Para isso conceituamos a mercadoria segundo seus dois lados indissociáveis: valor de uso e valor de troca. Em seguida adentramos na relação concreta e objetiva do sistema, no mercado efetivamente. Apresentamos também a gênese da forma-dinheiro e como ela se torna equivalente universal para as trocas de mercadorias. Destacando o caráter fetichista da mercadoria quando o sistema capitalista se encontra consolidado. Por fim, procuramos destacar como o acúmulo de dinheiro substitui a produção de mercadoria para a subsistência humana pela produção de mercadoria com o objetivo de acúmulo de dinheiro, o acúmulo de riquezas. O que acaba por condicionar a realidade e fazer com que a aparência se sobreponha a essência, transformando assim as relações sociais, que deixam de ser diretas e concretas e passam a ser indiretas e abstratas.
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Norman, Rachel. "Monitoring global water and sanitation." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8474.
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The process of determining outputs and outcomes plays a key role in the setting of global targets, in defining national sector policy and strategic plans and in ensuring a continuous, safe supply of affordable water. Each of these actions, are integrally linked by aggregated data sets generated through an effective monitoring and evaluation (M&E) process. This thesis examines the various components of M&E across three case studies: Global, Kenya and Uganda, including aspects such as whether roles and responsibilities are realistically assigned and whether there is a recurring set of core indicators being monitored and reported. The research has also sought to establish an evidence base of the associated costs and efficacy of use of M&E. Through purposive and snowball sampling, fieldwork was undertaken across the case studies with 85 key stakeholders. Programme, national and global level data sets were collected through structured literature reviews, document and data archive reviews, key informant and semi-structured interviews. Qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods were applied. The results demonstrate that despite having a recurring global goal and associated target, the number and variety of indicators reported against has grown over time and at each level. In turn this is placing a burden on already resource constrained countries. Regardless of the various principles of harmonization and alignment, countries are still required to manage internally and externally driven parallel systems. Whilst the research suggests the costs of M&E are escalating, the full extent of this increase remains unknown as does the extent of efficacy of use of M&E. Despite evidence that country-led M&E processes are at some level achieving their objectives, with the continuing complexities of the sector particularly around the accompanying aid architecture, M&E is not currently ‘fit for purpose’ for use in the WASH sector and is unlikely to be providing value for money.
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Theel, Thomas M. "The relation between currency value and stock returns evidence from Germany /." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3/rp/theelt/thomastheel.pdf.
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Pickles, Anthony J. "The pattern changes changes : gambling value in Highland Papua New Guinea." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3389.
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This thesis explores the part gambling plays in an urban setting in Highland Papua New Guinea. Gambling did not exist in (what is now) Goroka Town before European contact, nor Papua New Guinea more broadly, but when I conducted fieldwork in 2009-2010 it was an inescapable part of everyday life. One card game proliferated into a multitude of games for different situations and participants, and was supplemented with slot machines, sports betting, darts, and bingo and lottery games. One could well imagine gambling becoming popular in societies new to it, especially coming on the back of money, wage-work and towns. Yet the popularity of gambling in the region is surprising to social scientists because the peoples now so enamoured by gambling are famous for their love of competitively giving things away, not competing for them. Gambling spread while gifting remained a central part of the way people did transactions. This thesis resists juxtaposing gifting and selfish acquisition. It shows how their opposition is false; that gambling is instead a new analytic technique for manipulating the value of gifts and acquisitions alike, through the medium of money. Too often gambling takes a familiar form in analyses: as the sharp end of capitalism, or the benign, chance-led redistributor of wealth in egalitarian societies. The thesis builds an ethnographic understanding of gambling, and uses it to interrogate theories of gambling, money, and Melanesian anthropology. In so doing, the thesis speaks to a trend in Melanesian anthropology to debate whether monetisation and urbanisation has brought about a radical split in peoples' understandings of the world. Dealing with some of the most starkly ‘modern' material I find a process of inclusive indigenous materialism that consumes the old and the new alike, turning them into a model for action in a dynamic money-led world.
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Oganezov, Karen N. "Inventory models for production systems with constant/linear demand, time value of money, and perishable/non-perishable items." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4822.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2006.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 152 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-129).
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Wong, Tak-wing Albert, and 黃德榮. "An evaluation of the impact of value for money audits conducted by theDirector of Audit in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31964850.
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Pilkington, William F. "Risk, politics, and money: the need for a value-based model for financing public health preparedness and response." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/44645.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedOur federal, state, and local governments are not investing in the design and improvement of strategies for evaluating the costs associated with natural and man-made disasters and events. In this era of fiscal conservatism, one of the biggest challenges in designing and funding public health preparedness is deciding exactly how much to invest and determining the impact of those investments. This thesis developed a rigorous scientific model to evaluate the benefit of using value-based tools to enhance the effectiveness of public health preparedness programs. The key question that framed this research was: Are public health departments that use value-based decision-making more likely to demonstrate and document higher levels of preparedness competencies? Although this research failed to demonstrate a statistically significant relationship between preparedness competency and value-based decision-making, there were some findings to indicate that VBDM may be useful in decisions that determine the financing of public health preparedness. The ability to analytically demonstrate the benefit of public health preparedness might prove beneficial in attracting additional public funding as well as private funding.
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Ahumada, Pablo Emiliano. "The Theoretical Relevance Of An Updated Marxian Theory Of Commodity In Economics." Master's thesis, Lincoln University. Commerce Division, 2007. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20080319.150942/.
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How does material production become socially recognised in capitalism? This is a
fundamental question to be addressed in capitalist production, since material production takes
place privately and independently in a global and atomistic system. This thesis shows that the
question is tackled by Marx in the first three chapters of Capital. The process of social
recognition of material production is that of the realisation of work carried out privately and
independently as part of the social labour. For Marx this occurs through the private and
independent work becoming objective social labour as the substance of the value of
commodities, and through the latter finding its necessary developed mercantile expression in
the price form of commodities. Therefore, private and independent work becomes social
labour through the recognition of its product as equivalent to a certain amount of money.
The thesis argues that Marxs answer is powerfully insightful but flawed because it did not
succeed in fully characterising the historical specificity of commodity. Commodity is not
merely the differentiated unity of use value and value but of use value and mercantile use
value, and of labour value and mercantile value. The former dialectic is immediate and
distinguishes between the utility of commodity as a direct means of consumption or
production and that as a means of exchange, fully determining the behaviour of the private
and independent commodity producer. The latter dialectic is objective and distinguishes
between commodity as the embodiment of the social labour necessary to reproduce it and as the embodiment of command over social labour, enabling the adjustment of the productive
structure. Both dialectics are mediated by the mercantile form of value, which allows the
indirect expression of labour value as the gravitational force of the system. The theory of
commodity offered in this thesis, unlike that of Marx, consistently hinges on the atomistic
private and independent commodity producer.
The thesis shows that commodity production is the organisation of societys labour for its
material reproduction, just as in any previous mode of production. The discovery of the
generic aspect of commodity production breaks the false immediate link between production
and supply, and that between the labour theory of value and both the supply-side-determined
theory of price and the single-factor theory of production. The thesis also shows that the
mercantile form of value is what allows societys labour to become an objective and
autonomous materially abstract substance regulating the adjustment of the productive system
under the form of material signals. This is the specific aspect of a global mode of production
comprised of free and independent individuals. The mercantile form of value is thus Adam
Smiths invisible hand.
Finally, the thesis analyses some implications of the framework with regard to the analysis of
monetary phenomena, capital accumulation and sustainable development, and reviews the
most popular Marxian topic in Economics: the transformation of values into prices of
production.
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Wong, Tak-wing Albert. "An evaluation of the impact of value for money audits conducted by the Director of Audit in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14035479.
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Revina, Daria, and Bringel Netto Camilo Lopes. "Precarious working conditions in gig organisations: saving money or losing value? : A qualitative study of food deliverers in Sweden." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177521.
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Background: Considering the growing popularity of gig organisations and the socioeconomic situation enabling precarity in this type of firms, there is the need to investigate potential gains and losses of this type of work contract from the organisational side. Aim: The aim is to understand the benefits and losses platform organisations may face by offering precarious work conditions. Apart from economic influence, as on direct labour costs and staff turnover, there are expected to be cultural and social capital losses. Methodology: A qualitative study approach was chosen to discover new details and access the background of the employees. Six food deliverers from three different app-based food delivery companies in Sweden were interviewed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the problem. Findings: The empirical findings indicated that apart from decreasing direct labour costs and high turnover, offering precarious working conditions may deprive organisations of access to a qualified workforce and knowledge pool that the employees bring.