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Journal articles on the topic 'Monetary unions New Zealand'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Decker, Frank. "The Monetary Union of Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom – Its Operation, Fragmentation and Break-up." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 63, no. 2 (October 14, 2022): 375–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2022-0014.

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Abstract This article examines the monetary arrangements between Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom from the 1820s to the 1930s. It is argued that the three countries formed a monetary union for most of this period. A new analysis of inland and London exchange rates demonstrates that the union achieved a high degree of uniformity and stability, and that an international branch network of competing, private banks could successfully integrate vastly different geographic and economic areas. It is shown that the union’s break-up in the 1930s was the result of a political decision to create separate and devalued Australian and New Zealand currencies in order to mitigate some of the impacts of the Great Depression. International lending of last resort only played a limited role and helped to fix exchanges between the newly separated currencies after 1932.

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2

Haug, Alfred A. "Co-Movement Towards a Currency or Monetary Union? An Empirical Study for New Zealand." Australian Economic Papers 40, no. 3 (September 2001): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8454.00128.

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3

Masson, Paul R. "New monetary unions in Africa." Économie internationale 107, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ecoi.107.0087.

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4

Einaudi, Luca. "‘The Generous Utopia of Yesterday Can Become the Practical Achievement of Tomorrow’: 1000 Years of Monetary Union in Europe." National Institute Economic Review 172 (April 2000): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795010017200109.

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Monetary unions have been a recurring element in European history, driven by the need to overcome obstacles to trade caused by the fragmentation of political authority. Between the 14th and the 19th centuries, a series of coinage unions were set up in the German speaking world, which served as models for the Latin and Scandinavian monetary unions in 1865 and 1872. With the growing size of participating states and the transformation of money, thanks to the end of bimetallism and the wider use of bank notes and deposits, the objectives and the practical management of monetary unions became more complex and more political. Monetary union became strictly associated with European federalism and required new common institutions after the end of the classical metallic standards in 1914.

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5

Barry, Michael, and Pat Walsh. "State Intervention and Trade Unions in New Zealand." Labor Studies Journal 31, no. 4 (January 2007): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x0703100405.

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6

HARCOURT, MARK, HELEN LAM, and SONDRA HARCOURT. "Unions and Discriminatory Hiring: Evidence from New Zealand." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 44, no. 2 (March 22, 2005): 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0019-8676.2005.00388.x.

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7

Barry, Michael, and Pat Walsh. "State Intervention and Trade Unions in New Zealand." Labor Studies Journal 31, no. 4 (2007): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lab.2006.0043.

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8

Harbridge, Raymond, and Anthony Honeybone. "External legitimacy of unions: Trends in New Zealand." Journal of Labor Research 17, no. 3 (September 1996): 425–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02685858.

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9

Aguiar, Mark, Manuel Amador, Emmanuel Farhi, and Gita Gopinath. "Coordination and Crisis in Monetary Unions*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 130, no. 4 (July 15, 2015): 1727–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv022.

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Abstract We study fiscal and monetary policy in a monetary union with the potential for rollover crises in sovereign debt markets. Member-country fiscal authorities lack commitment to repay their debt and choose fiscal policy independently. A common monetary authority chooses inflation for the union, also without commitment. We first describe the existence of a fiscal externality that arises in the presence of limited commitment and leads countries to overborrow; this externality rationalizes the imposition of debt ceilings in a monetary union. We then investigate the impact of the composition of debt in a monetary union, that is the fraction of high-debt versus low-debt members, on the occurrence of self-fulfilling debt crises. We demonstrate that a high-debt country may be less vulnerable to crises and have higher welfare when it belongs to a union with an intermediate mix of high- and low-debt members, than one where all other members are low-debt. This contrasts with the conventional wisdom that all countries should prefer a union with low-debt members, as such a union can credibly deliver low inflation. These findings shed new light on the criteria for an optimal currency area in the presence of rollover crises.

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10

Williamson, David, and Candice Harris. "Talent management and unions." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 31, no. 10 (October 14, 2019): 3838–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-10-2018-0877.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the Hotel Workers Union and its impact on talent management in the New Zealand hospitality sector using the corporatist framework drawing primarily on the works of Schmitter (1979) to construct a critical, historical employment relations approach.Design/methodology/approachThe data for this paper were gathered as part of a history of employment relations in the New Zealand hotel sector from 1955 to 2000. The main methods were, namely, semi-structured interviews and archival research.FindingsThis study found a historical employment environment of multiple actors in the employment relationship, with hotel unions playing a more complex and nuanced role to influence talent management in the New Zealand hotel sector. The paper suggests that neither the hotel union nor employers effectively addressed talent management challenges in this sector.Research limitations/implicationsThe study contributes detailed empirical knowledge about historical relationships between hotel unions and talent management issues in New Zealand.Originality/valueThe paper argues that applying a corporatist perspective to the history of the Hotel Workers Union and the issues of talent management that result from that history provides a unique and insightful contribution to the field

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11

Crawford, Aaron, and Raymond Harbridge. "Eternal legitimacy of New Zealand trade unions: An update." Journal of Labor Research 19, no. 4 (September 1998): 711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12122-998-1057-4.

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12

Campbell, Joanna. "The New Zealand Civil Union Act: New Challenges for Private International Law." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 37, no. 1 (May 1, 2006): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v37i1.5561.

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This article discusses private international law issues which arise as a result of the Civil Union Act 2004, which came into force in 2005. The author first discusses what kind of recognition New Zealand may extend to foreign unions, including both civil union type relationships and same sex marriages. This discussion considers recognition under the Civil Unions (Recognised Overseas Relationships) Regulations 2005, recognition as marriage and other possible avenues of recognition. This includes a consideration of currently recognised and unrecognised relationships, and the desirability of the current approach. It also includes a discussion of the issues surrounding the recognition of these types of relationships generally; for example, validity, status and public policy. The author then considers what kind of recognition the New Zealand civil union may receive in foreign jurisdictions.

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13

Hansen, Eric, and Dimitri Margaritis. "Financial Liberalisation and Monetary Policy in New Zealand." Australian Economic Review 26, no. 4 (October 1993): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.1993.tb00808.x.

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14

Karim, Shahnawaz, Minsoo Lee, and Christopher Gan. "Real Effects of Monetary Policy in New Zealand." Australian Economic Review 40, no. 4 (December 7, 2007): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.2007.00478.x.

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15

Margaritis, Dimitri, and Darren Gibbs. "International transmission effects on New Zealand monetary policy." New Zealand Economic Papers 26, no. 1 (June 1992): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779959209544185.

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16

Harré, Laila. "Unions and Pay Equity in New Zealand: Organisation, Negotiation, Legislation." Labour & Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work 18, no. 2 (December 2007): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10301763.2007.10669366.

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17

Dowd, Kevin, and Simon Baker. "The New Zealand Monetary Policy Experiment?A Preliminary Assessment." World Economy 17, no. 6 (November 1994): 855–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.1994.tb00777.x.

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18

Oldham, Sam. "Intersections, Old and New." Counterfutures 1 (March 1, 2016): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/cf.v1i0.6443.

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Trade unions and worker cooperatives have always intersected. Worker and consumer cooperatives provided invaluable support to the early growth of trade unionism in Europe in the 19th century. Cooperatives have ebbed and flowed in their prevalence since that time. The current moment is, however, one of proliferation, with cooperatives once again forming innovative and mutually supportive relationships with trade unions. New challenges are driving these developments. The foremost of which is the record levels of carbon emissions fuelling global warming. In this article, it is shown that the intersection of cooperatives and unions can offer a powerful force in this struggle—a force capable of mobilising to defend the climate against unchecked capital. A brief general political history of cooperatives in the West is provided, followed by an appraisal of contemporary cooperative forms in the United States, Australia, and Aotearoa New Zealand.

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19

Parker, Jane, and Julie Douglas. "Can Women’s Structures Help New Zealand and UK Trade Unions’ Revival?" Journal of Industrial Relations 52, no. 4 (September 2010): 439–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185610375508.

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20

Henrickson, Mark. "Civilized Unions, Civilized Rights: Same-Sex Relationships in Aotearoa New Zealand." Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services 22, no. 1-2 (January 29, 2010): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538720903332214.

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21

Henry. "Unions in New Zealand Call on Government to Ratify Convention 87." International Union Rights 26, no. 3 (2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14213/inteuniorigh.26.3.0023.

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22

Iversen, Torben. "Wage Bargaining, Central Bank Independence, and the Real Effects of Money." International Organization 52, no. 3 (1998): 469–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081898550635.

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The effects of financial capital mobility on monetary policy autonomy are relatively well understood, but the importance of particular monetary regimes in distinct national-institutional settings is not. This article is a theoretical and empirical exploration of the effects of monetary policy regimes on unemployment in different national wage-bargaining settings. Based on a rational expectations, two-stage game of the interaction between the wage behavior of labor unions and the monetary policies of governments, I argue that monetary policies have real (employment) effects in all but the most decentralized bargaining systems. Specifically, in intermediately centralized bargaining systems a credible government commitment to a nonaccommodating monetary policy rule will deter militant wage behavior with salutary effects on unemployment. In highly centralized systems, by contrast, restrictive monetary policies will clash with unions' pursuit of wage-distributive goals and produce inferior employment performance. Only in highly fragmented bargaining systems is money “neutral” in the sense that employment performance is unaffected by monetary regimes. The model has clear consequences for the optimal design of central banks and collective bargaining arrangements and suggests new ways to study institutional change (hereunder the causal effect of increasingly globalized capital markets). The argument is supported by pooled time-series data for fifteen OECD countries over a twenty-one-year period.

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23

Kumar, Vijay, Sanjeev Acharya, and Ly T. H. Ho. "Does Monetary Policy Influence the Profitability of Banks in New Zealand?" International Journal of Financial Studies 8, no. 2 (June 9, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs8020035.

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The study investigates the relationship between monetary policy and bank profitability in New Zealand using the generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator. Our sample comprises 19 banks from New Zealand over the period 2006–2018. Our results suggest that an increase in short-term rate leads to an increase in the profitability of banks, while an increase in long-term interest rates reduces bank profitability. In addition to monetary policy variables, capital adequacy ratio, non-performing loan ratio, and cost to income ratio are also important determinants of the profitability of banks in New Zealand. Capital adequacy ratio has a positive impact on bank profitability, while non-performing loan ratio and cost to income ratio have a negative impact on bank profitability.

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24

Seheda, Liudmyla. "DIRECTIONS OF ADAPTATION OF THE NBU MONEY AND CREDIT ADJUSTMENT TO THE INFLATION TARGETING MODE ON THE EXAMPLE OF NEW ZEALAND." Economic Analysis, no. 28(1) (2018): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2018.01.196.

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Introduction. The article deals with the main problems of adaptation of the NBU monetary and credit regulation to the inflation-targeting mode. The main reasons for the low efficiency of the introduction of world experience in the field of monetary policy to domestic realities are considered. The methodical recommendations for increasing the efficiency of monetary regulation, optimizing the monetary mode of inflation targeting and implementing the monetary rule in the practice of realization of monetary policy of the NBU are developed. Purpose. The article aims to study the world experience in the field of adapting monetary and credit regulation to the monetary mode of inflation targeting on the example of New Zealand and to develop the theoretical and practical conclusions for Ukraine. Method (methodology). The following general scientific methods have been used in this research: method of synthesis and generalization (to substantiate the basic problems of monetary regulation in the context of realization of the monetary regime of inflation targeting in Ukraine); methods of analysis and comparison (to study the experience of New Zealand in the field of the formation of the monetary mode of inflationary regulation); statistical and mathematical methods (to develop monetary rule in Ukraine). Results. The main problems of low efficiency of monetary regulation in Ukraine that are related to the neglect of national interests, imbalances in the development of the national economy, inappropriate structure of exports and imports, negative business environment, and conditions for the absorption of monetary impulses have been identified. The experience of New Zealand in the field of the formation of the monetary mode of inflation targeting has been researched. It has been made the conclusion concerning a long transitional period during which, at the level of inflationary purposes, de facto, as intermediate monetary policy objectives, the exchange rate and liquidity of the banking system are used. The monetary rule for Ukraine has been developed. The methodical recommendations for increasing the effectiveness of the monetary and credit regulation of the NBU within the framework of flexible inflation targeting have been worked out.

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25

Harbridge, Raymond, and Kevin Hince. "Bargaining and Worker Representation under New Zealand's Employment Contracts Legislation : A Review After Two Years." Articles 49, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 576–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/050960ar.

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This paper examines the significant shift in the central philosophic and léegislative base of labour relations in New Zealand since the adoption of the Labour Relations Act in 1987 and the Employment Contracts Act in 1991. It reports two empirical studies. The first examines the collective bargaining System. The second study reports the structure and membership of trade unions in New Zealand in this new environment.

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26

Sibbald, Alexander, and Lynn McAlevey. "Examination of economies of scale in credit unions: a New Zealand study." Applied Economics 35, no. 11 (July 2003): 1255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840210148012.

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27

Wetzel, Kurt. "The Labour Relations of New Zealand's Health Reforms." Journal of Industrial Relations 41, no. 1 (March 1999): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569904100103.

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This paper examines factors contributing to the environment within which reform of New Zealnnd's public health care and its industrial relations system occurred. These include radical state sector; health and labour law reforms that marketised the health sector, decentralised bargaining, the ending of compulsory union membership and the elimination of the requirement that employers bargain 'in good faith'. The paper examines the implementation of these changes and their impact on various unions. Domestic service workers have fared poorly, while medical specialists have benefited from the reforms. The impact on nursing and support staff unions has varied according to regional and market pressures for different occupations. Various union strategies and structures are examined. The paper concludes that reform has ended the exceptionalism of labour relations in New Zealand.

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28

Brooke, Geoffrey T. F., Anthony M. Endres, and Alan J. Rogers. "The Economists and Monetary Thought in Interwar New Zealand: The Gradual Emergence of Monetary Policy Activism." History of Economics Review 73, no. 1 (May 4, 2019): 14–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10370196.2019.1665225.

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29

Archer, David J. "The New Zealand approach to rules and discretion in monetary policy." Journal of Monetary Economics 39, no. 1 (June 1997): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3932(97)00005-6.

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30

Krušković, Borivoje D., and Tina Maričić. "Monetary Targeting." Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcbtp-2015-0015.

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Abstract In this paper we test the existence of long-term relationship between money supply and inflation, money supply and GDP and money supply and unemployment. Three independent panel cointegration regressions are evaluated where money supply is the explanatory variable, while inflation, GDP and unemployment rates occur as dependent variables. The sample consists of 17 countries (Australia, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Switzerland, United Kingdom and United States). The data are annual and refer to the period from 1990 to 2013. The results of the empirical analysis in this paper show that there is no significant long-term relationship between inflation and money supply, while there is statistically significant long-term relationship between GDP and money supply, as well as between unemployment rates and the money supply.

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31

Asongu, Simplice. "Are proposed African monetary unions optimal currency areas? Real, monetary and fiscal policy convergence analysis." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-02-2012-0010.

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Purpose – A spectre is hunting embryonic African monetary zones: the European Monetary Union crisis. The purpose of this paper is to assess real, monetary and fiscal policy convergence within the proposed WAM and EAM zones. The introduction of common currencies in West and East Africa is facing stiff challenges in the timing of monetary convergence, the imperative of central bankers to apply common modeling and forecasting methods of monetary policy transmission, as well as the requirements of common structural and institutional characteristics among candidate states. Design/methodology/approach – In the analysis: monetary policy targets inflation and financial dynamics of depth, efficiency, activity and size; real sector policy targets economic performance in terms of GDP growth at macro and micro levels; while, fiscal policy targets debt-to-GDP and deficit-to-GDP ratios. A dynamic panel GMM estimation with data from different non-overlapping intervals is employed. The implied rate of convergence and the time required to achieve full (100 percent) convergence are then computed from the estimations. Findings – Findings suggest overwhelming lack of convergence: initial conditions for financial development are different across countries; fundamental characteristics as common monetary policy initiatives and IMF-backed financial reform programs are implemented differently across countries; there is remarkable evidence of cross-country variations in structural characteristics of macroeconomic performance; institutional cross-country differences could also be responsible for the deficiency in convergence within the potential monetary zones; absence of fiscal policy convergence and no potential for eliminating idiosyncratic fiscal shocks due to business cycle incoherence. Practical implications – As a policy implication, heterogeneous structural and institutional characteristics across countries are giving rise to different levels and patterns of financial intermediary development. Thus, member states should work towards harmonizing cross-country differences in structural and institutional characteristics that hamper the effectiveness of convergence in monetary, real and fiscal policies. This could be done by stringently monitoring the implementation of existing common initiatives and/or the adoption of new reforms programs. Originality/value – It is one of the few attempts to investigate the issue of convergence within the proposed WAM and EAM unions.

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32

Devine, Nesta, Daniel Couch, and Christoph Teschers. "University ‘Values’ and Neoliberal Marketisation." Teachers' Work 19, no. 2 (December 16, 2022): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/teacherswork.v19i2.365.

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This editorial evaluates the potential impact of neoliberal marketisation on university values and culture drawing on the example of current bargaining between unions and university management in Aotearoa New Zealand.

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33

Yiu, Chung Yim. "A Natural Quasi-Experiment of the Monetary Policy Shocks on the Housing Markets of New Zealand during COVID-19." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 16, no. 2 (January 25, 2023): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16020073.

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It is hard to experimentally test the impacts of monetary policy shocks on housing markets as it is very unlikely for a central bank to change monetary policies swiftly twice within a short period of time for exogenous reasons. However, during the pandemic, the central bank of New Zealand changed its policies 180 degree in 2 years, from an unprecedented low interest rate and a relaxed mortgage policy in 2020 to a 13-year record high interest rate and a tightened mortgage policy in 2022. Among the OECD members, New Zealand is the country that increased the interest rate the earliest and also the country that had its house prices fall the earliest. It provides natural quasi-experiments to test the monetary policy hypothesis empirically by the two policy changes as treatments on house prices. This study conducts a time series regression analysis on the housing markets of New Zealand to test the hypothesis in the pre-COVID and the COVID periods, ranging from 2016 Q2 to 2022 Q3. The results confirm that mortgage rates have a negative and significant effect on house price changes after controlling for the economic growth factor and the housing supply factor, no matter whether the monetary policy switches to expansionary or contractionary mode. The robustness test results of the housing markets show that a 1% fall/rise in the mortgage rate caused a 5.6% increase/decrease in house prices, ceteris paribus, in the COVID period. The results also do not support the housing supply hypothesis in New Zealand.

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34

Adam, Anokye M., Emmanuel N. Gyamfi, Kwabena A. Kyei, Simiso Moyo, and Ryan S. Gill. "A New EEMD-Effective Transfer Entropy-Based Methodology for Exchange Rate Market Information Transmission in Southern Africa Development Community." Complexity 2021 (November 16, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3096620.

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The desire to form monetary unions among regional blocs in Africa has necessitated the need to assess the degree of financial systems interdependencies in Africa economic blocs for their suitability to have harmonised economic policies of eventual monetary unions. In this regard, SADC has pursued policies to harmonise and integrate its financial system as a precursor to its intended monetary union. However, the ensuing risk among exchange rates of economies in SADC is presumed to rise during severe uncertainties. This study examines the degree of asymmetry and nonlinear directional causality between exchange rates in SADC in the frequency domain. We employ both the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and the Rényi effective transfer entropy techniques to investigate the multiscale information that might be disregarded and further quantify the directional flow of information. Analysis of the study is presented for four frequency-domains: high-, medium-, and low frequencies, representing short-, medium-, and long-terms, respectively, in addition to the residue (fundamental feature). We find a mixture of asymmetric and nonlinear bidirectional and unidirectional causality between exchange rates in SADC for the sampled period. The study reveals a significant positive information flow in the high frequency, but negative flow in the medium and low frequencies. In addition, we gauge a bidirectional significant negative information flow within all the 15 economies for the residue. This suggests a higher risk of uncertainties in exchange rates of SADC. Our findings for low probability events at multiscales have implications for the direction of the future of the SADC monetary union. This calls for further sustained policy harmonisation in the region.

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35

Aikman, Colin. "New Zealand and the origins of of Universal Declaration." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 29, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v29i1.6052.

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Dr Aikman here provides a personal perspective on the New Zealand's role at the United Nations Conference on International Organisation, held at San Francisco in 1945, and at the time of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at the meeting of the United Nations General Assembly, held in Paris in 1948. Dr Aikman was adviser to the member of the New Zealand delegation who presented the New Zealand case at the Paris meeting of the UN General Assembly in September 1948. The author provides New Zealand's positions on economic and social rights, trade unions, and the right to petition. The author then discusses the adoption of the Declaration, and core conventions which were later adopted. The author concludes with a discussion on the legal status of the Declaration, as well as its Māori translation.

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36

Wałdoch, Marcin. "Postawy polityczne w Nowej Zelandii wobec stanu wojennego w Polsce." Cywilizacja i Polityka 15, no. 15 (October 26, 2017): 412–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5481.

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In this article an author highlighted political attitudes towards martial low introduction in Poland (1981) among Poles in New Zealand and New Zealanders. The course of the research has revealed the following phenomena accompanying the political attitudes in New Zealand in times of martial law in Poland: worker’s unions showed dichotomy toward “Solidarity” movement; anticommunism of New Zealand government; political conflict in the circles of polish political emigration; high ability of Poles abroad to political mobilization. The conducted research allowed to positively verify the hypothesis, being an assumption that Poles as well as New Zealanders showed anticommunism attitudes in the time of martial law introduction in Poland, and New Zealand society support Poles in New Zealand in theirs anticommunism and disagreement for communism regime and dismantling of democratic opposition centered around “Solidarity”.

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37

Petrakov, N., and G. Shagalov. "Monetary Factor in Economic Integration of the CIS Countries." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 2 (February 20, 2003): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2003-2-64-77.

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On the basis of experienсe of international regional economic unions the authors prove the necessity of monetary cooperation among the CIS countries as a precondition of development of economic integration in the CIS. Basic principles of the concept of monetary and financial cooperation of the CIS countries developed at the Institute of Market Problems of RAS are discussed. The authors propose a new system of multilateral payments and settlements among the CIS countries in order to enhance their mutual economic cooperation.

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38

Stevanović, Suzana, and Ivan Milenković. "Comparative Analysis of the Implementation of the Inflation Targeting Monetary Strategy in Canada and New Zealand." Economic Themes 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ethemes-2020-0023.

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Abstract Since the 1990s there have been major changes in the way monetary policy is conducted. Since other monetary strategies did not result in the desired outcome, the first concept of inflation targeting was presented in New Zealand (1990), then in Canada (1991), England (1992), Sweden and Finland (1993), Australia and Spain (1994), Israel, Chile, Brasil, the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Serbia and other countries. Thus, the application of this monetary regime has spread from economically developed to developing countries. This article examines the adoption, the formal framework for inflation targeting and the experience of the two countries that were leaders in the adoption of this modern strategy, New Zealand and Canada. At the time of the announcement of the inflation targets, inflation in both countries was around 6%. However, there are differences regarding the time frame. So, in New Zealand in a shorter period of time, credibility should have been achieved regarding the imbalance of monetary and fiscal policy. While, on the other hand, a longer time frame is envisaged for the Central Bank of Canada regarding achieving greater flexibility to mitigate price shocks. After all the above, it can be concluded that both observed countries (Canada and New Zealand) during the period 2008-2017, achieved positive effects from inflation targeting. In this sense inflation rates in the target range of 1-3% were achieved, except for a few years after the financial crisis (2008-2011), but after certain revisions of the formal framework, both countries successfully fought for greater economic growth and financial stability. The inflation targeting regime proved to be very successful in achieving the set targets, so both Central Banks continued to constantly update the formal and informal inflation targeting frameworks, in order to continuously achieve the expected effects.

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39

George Lafferty and Shaunnagh Dorsett. "Surviving on the Brink: New Zealand Workers, Unions and Employment Relations, 1991–2008." Labour History, no. 115 (2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5263/labourhistory.115.0067.

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40

GUENDER, ALFRED V. "Is There a Bank-Lending Channel of Monetary Policy in New Zealand?" Economic Record 74, no. 226 (September 1998): 243–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1998.tb01922.x.

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41

West, Kenneth D. "Monetary policy and the volatility of real exchange rates in New Zealand." New Zealand Economic Papers 37, no. 2 (December 2003): 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779950309544383.

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Drew, Aaron, Viv B. Hall, C. John McDermott, and Robert St Clair. "Would adopting the Australian dollar provide superior monetary policy in New Zealand?" Economic Modelling 21, no. 6 (December 2004): 949–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2003.10.008.

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Harcourt, Mark, Geoffrey Wood, and Sondra Harcourt. "Do Unions Affect Employer Compliance with the Law? New Zealand Evidence for Age Discrimination." British Journal of Industrial Relations 42, no. 3 (September 2004): 527–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2004.00328.x.

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Roness, Paul G. "State employees' unions and administrative reforms: comparisons between Sweden, Norway, Australia and New Zealand." International Journal of Human Resource Management 15, no. 3 (May 2004): 466–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0958519042000181205.

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Berument, Hakan, and Richard T. Froyen. "Monetary policy and interest rates under inflation targeting in Australia and New Zealand." New Zealand Economic Papers 49, no. 2 (July 2, 2014): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779954.2014.929608.

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Abd Razak, Siti Suraya, and Nik Ahmad Kamal Nik Mahmod. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE GOOD FAITH BARGAINING PRACTICE IN THE TRADE UNION RECOGNITION PROCESS: REFORM OF THE MALAYSIAN TRADE UNION LEGAL FRAMEWORK." IIUM Law Journal 27, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 501–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v27i2.455.

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The trade union recognition process is a pre-requisite to the collective bargaining action of a trade union. The recognition is important to ascertain the competency of a trade union and the acceptance by the workers to represent them in the collective bargaining action with the employer. However, the ambiguities in the existing legislations on the trade union recognition process in Malaysia and the anti-union practices of the employer are currently depriving the workers of their rights to negotiate for better working conditions. The primary focus of the present work is to identify the weaknesses of the recognition legal framework and the anti-union practices of employers in the recognition process of trade unions. Secondly, is to critically analyse the good faith bargaining practice in other countries and its significance to the recognition process in Malaysia. To explore the anti-union tactics perpetrated by employers, semi-structured interviews have been conducted to analyse the trade unions’ experience in their recognition claims. This research employed a qualitative approach as the instrument to study the good faith bargaining practices in the Australian and New Zealand labour law framework. The findings reveal that the good faith bargaining practices in Australia and New Zealand have improved the odds for trade unions to represent the workers in negotiating collective agreements. The study finally concludes that in order to reform the recognition process of trade unions in Malaysia, the good faith bargaining practice should be implemented in the nation’s industrial relations law framework.

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Asongu, Simplice. "New empirics of monetary policy dynamics: evidence from the CFA franc zones." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 7, no. 2 (June 13, 2016): 164–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-11-2012-0079.

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Purpose – A major lesson of the European Monetary Union crisis is that serious disequilibria in a monetary union result from arrangements not designed to be robust to a variety of shocks. With the specter of this crisis looming substantially and scarring existing monetary zones, the purpose of this paper is to complement existing literature by analyzing the effects of monetary policy on economic activity (output and prices) in the CEMAC and UEMOA CFA franc zones. Design/methodology/approach – VARs within the frameworks of Vector Error-Correction Models and Granger causality models are used to estimate the long- and short-run effects, respectively. Impulse response functions are further used to assess the tendencies of significant Granger causality findings. A battery of robustness checks are also employed to ensure consistency in the specifications and results. Findings –H1. monetary policy variables affect prices in the long-run but not in the short-run in the CFA zones (broadly untrue). This invalidity is more pronounced in CEMAC (relative to all monetary policy variables) than in UEMOA (with regard to financial dynamics of activity and size). H2. monetary policy variables influence output in the short-term but not in the long-run in the CFA zones. First, the absence of cointegration among real output and the monetary policy variables in both zones confirm the neutrality of money in the long term. With the exception of overall money supply, the significant effect of money on output in the short-run is more relevant in the UEMOA zone, than in the CEMAC zone in which only financial system efficiency and financial activity are significant. Practical implications – First, compared to the CEMAC region, the UEMOA zone’s monetary authority has more policy instruments for offsetting output shocks but fewer instruments for the management of short-run inflation. Second, the CEMAC region is more inclined to non-traditional policy regimes while the UEMOA zone dances more to the tune of traditional discretionary monetary policy arrangements. A wide range of policy implications are discussed. Inter alia: implications for the long-run neutrality of money and business cycles; implications for credit expansions and inflationary tendencies; implications of the findings to the ongoing debate; country-specific implications and measures of fighting surplus liquidity. Originality/value – The paper’s originality is reflected by the use of monetary policy variables, notably money supply, bank and financial credits, which have not been previously used, to investigate their impact on the outputs of economic activities, namely, real GDP output and inflation, in developing country monetary unions.

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Sergi, Bruno S., and Yu Hsing. "Responses of Monetary Policy to Inflation, the Output Gap, and Real Exchange Rates: The Case of Australia, Canada, and New Zealand." Global Economy Journal 10, no. 2 (May 21, 2010): 1850196. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1596.

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This study shows that the policy rate reacts positively to the inflation rate, the output gap, and the lagged real effective exchange rate for Australia, Canada, and New Zealand and negatively to the current real effective exchange rate for Australia and Canada. The inflation rate has a greater impact on the policy rate for New Zealand than for Australia and Canada whereas the output gap has a greater effect on the policy rate for Australia and Canada than for New Zealand. Since the adoption of inflation targeting, the intercept of the monetary-policy function has decreased in each of the three countries, and the slope coefficient of the inflation rate has increased for Australia and New Zealand but has decreased for Canada.

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Morton, John. "The future of New Zealand conservation: Ethics and Politics." Pacific Conservation Biology 2, no. 1 (1995): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc950002.

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The natural environment raises moral questions. Its evaluation calls for a concern with ethics, visible in our public decisions and having regard ultimately to some qualities intrinsic to the system itself. This need brings no irresolvable conflict with proper economic or cultural aspirations; but there is reason and necessity to look to ecology for the normative code by which environmental decisions are to be instructed and must ultimately abide. This article examines the sufficiency of the Resource Management Act as New Zealand's base-line code of practice, and the ways it is juridically evolving. It proceeds to discuss the need and scope of public intervention, with the question, how far should governments go? It advocates that environmental regulation at the commanding heights should ? like the safeguarding of the monetary economy ? be removed from the day-to-day intervention of executive government, into the hands of a properly chosen and resourced faculty of Guardians of the Environment; and considers what should be the character and status of such a new public estate.

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Ye, Ruiping. "The Presumption of Advancement in New Zealand: A Confused and Inconsistent Existence." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 52, no. 4 (January 26, 2022): 1061–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v52i4.7431.

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This project surveys New Zealand court cases in the last 20 years (2000–2020) concerning monetary or gratuitous land transfers from parents to their children ("parent-child transfer") and examines New Zealand court approaches to the presumption of advancement concerning parent-child transfers. This article examines the status of the presumption in New Zealand, discusses the conceptual understandings of the presumption as revealed in the approaches taken by courts, and investigates the courts' approaches concerning the categories of persons who are subject to the presumption, namely mothers, adult children and sons- or daughters-in-law. This article highlights the weakened status of the doctrine and the confused and inconsistent approaches by courts in engaging (or declining to engage) the doctrine and calls for changes to clarify the understanding of the doctrine and to establish a more consistent approach.

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