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Journal articles on the topic 'Monetary policy – Europe, Eastern'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Stann, Carsten M., and Theocharis N. Grigoriadis. "Monetary Policy Transmission to Russia and Eastern Europe." Comparative Economic Studies 62, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 303–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41294-020-00114-3.

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2

Junicke, Monika. "TREND INFLATION AND MONETARY POLICY IN EASTERN EUROPE." Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, no. 4 (July 20, 2017): 1649–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100517000372.

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I use a two-country dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with a nonzero steady-state inflation to study monetary policy in transition economies. In particular, my analysis focuses on whether inflation targeting is based on a consumer price index (CPI) or its producer counterpart, producer price index (PPI). This issue is specifically relevant for transition economies as they might be subject to Balassa–Samuelson effects arising from trading in international markets. Under these circumstances, domestic inflation is possibly higher than imported inflation, hence targeting PPI inflation may prove more effective in influencing domestic macroeconomic variables than targeting CPI inflation. Using a Bayesian methodology, I find that the central banks of three Eastern European countries (namely, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland) are likely to target PPI inflation rather than CPI inflation. This result is in line with the theoretical predictions in the literature, and is robust across several Taylor-type rules.

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3

Opiela, Timothy P. "Banking and Monetary Policy in Eastern Europe: The First Ten Years." Journal of Comparative Economics 31, no. 3 (September 2003): 584–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0147-5967(03)00047-7.

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4

Radovic, Irena. "Challenges for monetary policy in the enlarged European monetary Union." Panoeconomicus 56, no. 1 (2009): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0901095r.

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The eastward enlargement of the Euro area entails significant implications for the accession candidates in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), the existing Euro system and the monetary policy of the European Central Bank (ECB). The present analysis assesses the challenges and critical aspects in monetary policy modeling with special emphasis to enlargement. The focus is on the difficulty of implementing a unique currency policy in view or growing heterogeneity within the enlarged monetary union, and secondly - the issue of the voting mechanism within the ECB. When analyzing those two issues, it is conclusive that the difficulties for the ECB and the current Euro zone members will increase. For the enlarged Euro zone, which is becoming more divergent, it will be very hard to find adequate recipes to meet the needs and requirements of all. The big question is: whether centralization of monetary policy is a sustainable and superior solution?.

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5

Benecká, Soňa, Ludmila Fadejeva, and Martin Feldkircher. "The impact of euro Area monetary policy on Central and Eastern Europe." Journal of Policy Modeling 42, no. 6 (November 2020): 1310–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2020.05.004.

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6

Zbierzchowska, Dorota. "Consequences of Employing Different Exchange Rate Regimes in the Situation of Financial Crisis on the Example of Central-Eastern European Countries." Equilibrium 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2010): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2010.003.

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It is characteristic for the countries of Central-Eastern Europe to employ a great variety of exchange rate regimes: by resigning from their own currency and participating in monetary unions through the systems of currency board arrangement; by employing the systems of conventional fixed pegged arrangements; and by the floating systems. In the situation of global financial crisis and liberalization of capital flow in the Central-Eastern Europe countries profits and dangers of using certain solutions in the scope of exchange rate are clearly visible. The aim of this paper is to present theoretical profits and costs of utilizing various kinds of exchange rate regimes and their consequences for the autonomy of monetary policy. The paper also compares contemporary economical situation of the Central-Eastern European countries, what allows the author to indicate those countries, where the limitations stemming from the accepted system of exchange rate had negative consequences for the condition of their economy in general.

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7

Begg, David K. H. "Monetary Policy in Central and Eastern Europe: Lessons After Half a Decade of Transition." IMF Working Papers 96, no. 108 (1996): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451853056.001.

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Begg, D. "Monetary policy during transition: progress and pitfalls in central and eastern Europe, 1990-6." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 13, no. 2 (June 1, 1997): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/13.2.33.

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Pesuth, Tamás. "“Digital transformation leads to new jobs creation with higher wages.” = Interview with Boris Vujčić, Governor, Croatian National Bank." Köz-gazdaság 16, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/retp2021.01.01.

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This year the Lamfalussy Award was received by Boris Vujčić, Governor of the Croatian National Bank. The Lamfalussy Award, established by the National Bank of Hungary is dedicated to recognise exceptional international achievements influencing international monetary policy. We are honored to be able to conduct the following interview with Governor Vujčić, that can help us to better understand the economic policy and thinking in our region, in Central and Eastern Europe.

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10

Grabia, Tomasz. "Interest Rate Policy Of Selected Central Banks In Central And Eastern Europe." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 18, no. 1 (March 20, 2015): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2015-0002.

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The aim of this article is to present and evaluate interest rate policies of three selected central banks in Central and Eastern Europe (Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary) from 2001 to 2013. The study consists of an introduction (Section 1) and three main parts. The introduction contains a theoretical description of the role of interest rate policy, the dilemmas connected with it, as well as an analysis of the strategies and goals of monetary policies of the National Bank of Poland (NBP), the Czech National Bank (CzNB), and the National Bank of Hungary (NBH) in the context of existing legal and institutional conditions. In turn, the first empirical part (Section 2) examines how the analysed central banks responded to changes in inflation, unemployment, and economic growth rates. The tools of the analysis are the nominal and real interest rates of those banks. The subsequent research part (Section 3) attempts to evaluate the degree of the contractionary nature of interest rate policies in specific countries in the context of the Taylor rule. The text ends with a summary (Section 4) encompassing concise conclusions drawn from the earlier analyses.

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11

Balino, Tomas J. T., Juhi Dhawan, and V. Sundararajan. "Payments System Reforms and Monetary Policy in Emerging Market Economies in Central and Eastern Europe." Staff Papers - International Monetary Fund 41, no. 3 (September 1994): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3867433.

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12

El-Shagi, Makram, and Kiril Tochkov. "Shadow of the colossus: Euro area spillovers and monetary policy in Central and Eastern Europe." Journal of International Money and Finance 120 (February 2022): 102501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2021.102501.

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13

International Monetary Fund. "The Payments Systems Reforms and Monetary Policy in Emerging Market Economies in Central and Eastern Europe." IMF Working Papers 94, no. 13 (1994): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451842944.001.

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14

Deng, Haoran, Tzuhan Lin, Zihao Ma, and Yixi Wang. "The impact of European Monetary Union on different countries within the EU." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 2 (November 6, 2022): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v2i.2371.

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The decision on the establishment of economic and Monetary Union will be regarded as a major event in the economic history of Europe. A stable European monetary structure will affect the future not only of the Member States of the Community, but also of the whole world. It is likely to serve as a guidepost for the economic policies of future members of the European Community, such as Austria, Sweden and Finland, as well as the emerging market economies of Central and Eastern Europe. These countries are looking forward to closer links with the European Community. Monetary union would also provide a currency for the European Community. The creation of economic and monetary union is a complex undertaking from both a technical and a political point of view. It requires a high degree of consistency between economic policy and performance. At the same time, it would greatly reduce the economic autonomy of participating countries. The traditional differences in the economic and monetary policies of the member states of the European Community also have different effects. Therefore, this paper mainly studies the influence of EMU on different EU countries by studying the EU's political ideology, historical and economic development, economic main body structure and cultures of different EU countries.

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15

Schadler, Susan, and Adam Bennett. "Interest Rate Policy in Central and Eastern Europe: The Influence of Monetary Overhangs and Weak Enterprise Discipline." IMF Working Papers 92, no. 68 (1992): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451848946.001.

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16

Zawojska, Aldona. "Strefa euro a nowe kraje członkowskie Unii Europejskiej - dywergencja czy konwergencja gospodarcza?" Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 53 (September 25, 2004): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2004.53.12.

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Economic and Monetary Union is unique in that it combines centralised conduct of monetary policy by the European Central Bank (ECB) with national sovereignty over fiscal and other economic policies. Its main goals are providing greater macroeconomic stability and improving economic efficiency in the euro area. After implementation of the EU enlargement on l May 2004, the ten new EU member states now face the challenge of joining the Eurozone. Central and East European Countries (CEEC) differ significantly with regards to their economic performance. Of the eight countries in Central and Eastern Europe joined the EU, only Estonia and Lithuania currently meet all the Maastricht convergence criteria. EU membership gives the opportunity to catch up, but the actual economic outcomes depend on the quality of domestic policies.

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17

Masson, Paul. "Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy of Transition Economies of Central and Eastern Europe after the Launch of EMU." IMF Policy Discussion Papers 1999, no. 005 (July 1999): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451972641.003.

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18

Hegerty, Scott W. "Inflation Volatility, Monetary Policy, and Exchange-Rate Regimes in Central and Eastern Europe: Evidence from Parametric and Nonparametric Analyses." Eastern European Economics 55, no. 1 (December 16, 2016): 70–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00128775.2016.1253022.

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19

Kim, Jong-Hee. "Monetary policy spillovers and currency crisis in comparative perspective: East Asia before the 1997 crisis and Eastern Europe after tapering." World Economy 40, no. 12 (February 20, 2017): 2752–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12484.

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20

Kapounek, Svatopluk, and Lubor Lacina. "Taylor rule and EMU Monetary Policy Determination and ECB's Preferences." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 54, no. 6 (2006): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200654060085.

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The aim of the article is to evaluate the preferences of the ECB in monetary policy and to compare them with preferences of the central banks of new EU member countries from Central and Eastern Europe. The ECB's responsibility for the primary objective (price stability) often contrasts with the requirement for economic growth stabilization policy from the national governments. There are doubts if the current members of Eurozone constitute an optimum currency area (the Eurozone 12 is recently the combination of rapidly growing and slow-growing - low inflationary countries). The differences between the countries will even expand during the European monetary union enlargement by new EU member countries. Consequently the probability of asymmetric shocks will increase. The main question is the ability of ECB to fulfill the needs of all EMU member countries in terms of optimal monetary policy. In the first part the authors analyze differences between the preferences of the ECB and national authorities (governments). The negative experiences of Ireland, Italy and other EMU members with current status quo help us to understand fear of future member countries from possible impact of common monetary policy on their national economies. The second part of the paper deals with interest rates determination by ECB and compares it with expectations (requirements) from EMU member and EMU candidate countries. The main contribution of the article may be seen in central bank's preferences analyses – the preferences are defined as the parameters in Taylor rule (the weights given by ECB and national authorities to the price stability and economic growth stimulation). The hypothesis is defined as following: are the preferences of ECB in line with the preferences of national central banks of EMU candidate countries? The empirical analysis is based on the Taylor rule decomposition. The hypothesis is tested by regression analysis. Time series regression model uses relations between the inflation target, potential output, current macroeconomic situation on the one side and current monetary policy strategy, represented by interest rates, on the other side. A range of empirical studies refers to differences between the desired interest rates of member and future member countries of EMU. The level of desired interest rates changes continuously according to the current economic situation of individual national economies. The differences are given by dissimilarities in financial systems, transmission mechanisms, and historical context of monetary arrangements. The authors suppose that the national authorities' and central banks' preferences are constant in the short time or identical before and after enlargement. The main idea of the article is that the traditional approach, which compares desired interest rates by national central banks, is irrelevant before full membership in EMU. The center of the problem is the mutual agreement on preferences of common monetary policy. The answer to the question: how to evaluate real impact of common monetary policy on real economy of EMU candidate countries after their entrance to Eurozone, is expected result of the article.

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Mastilo, Zoran, Nenad Božović, and Dejan Mastilo. "Central Bank in the Function of Development of National Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 90 (April 2021): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.90.26.

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The paper addresses and evaluates the currency board policy and assesses whether the currency board, as a form of monetary policy, is in the function of development of Bosnia and Herzegovina's national economy. In this context, a hypothesis that the currency board provides the foundation for growth and development of a transition economy is being put to the test. To test the hypothesis, the paper compares the movement of economic growth indicators (gross domestic product) among the countries of South Eastern Europe with the primary focus on Bosnia and Herzegovina. By comparing the obtained results, as well as by applying the correlation and regression analysis, by means of simple linear regression, it is proven that the currency board does not represent an obstacle to economic growth, but is the basis for establishing the stability of the economy and the basis for sustainable growth and development able to adequately respond to shocks.

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22

Feldmann, Magnus. "Emerging Varieties of Capitalism in Transition Countries." Comparative Political Studies 39, no. 7 (September 2006): 829–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414006288261.

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This article analyzes patterns of economic coordination in Estonia and Slovenia, two postsocialist countries in Central and Eastern Europe, by using the varieties of capitalism (VOC) framework. The article argues that Estonia and Slovenia are very good examples of liberal and coordinated market economies. Market-based coordination of economic relations predominates in Estonia, whereas Slovenia has highly institutionalized coordination. Industrial relations and wage bargaining arrangements are the main focus, but other areas studied by the VOC literature are briefly considered as well. The article also accounts for the origins of these arrangements by examining the interaction of two sets of factors: economic organization and industrial relations under the old system, on one hand, and strategic policy choices, especially the effects of privatization and monetary policy on formalizing coordination, on the other. The article considers some general implications of this analysis for studying successful postsocialist transition and comparative capitalism.

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23

Jan, Asad, Ather Elahi, and M. A. Zahid. "Managing Foreign Exchange Inflows: An Analysis of Sterilisation in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 44, no. 4II (December 1, 2005): 777–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.777-792.

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A number of developing countries from Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe have experienced surge in capital inflows during recent years.1 These inflows have potential effects on macroeconomic stability; export competitiveness, and inflation. If not properly managed, these inflows can induce appreciation of local currency leading to serious repercussions for the rest of the economy. Under these conditions, the proactive role of monetary authorities in the management of capital inflows was highly desirable, wherein they intervened in the domestic exchange market in order to contain volatility in exchange rate besides accumulation of foreign exchange reserves. The main instruments available to deal with the possible effects of large capital inflows include sterilised intervention, fiscal tightening, trade and exchange liberalisation including easing controls on capital outflows. The foreign exchange interventions are typically accompanied by active sterilisation policy to keep inflation under control.

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Proskurnina, Nadiia, Jürgen Kähler, and Rosario Cervantes-Martinez. "The impact of real exchange rates on price competitiveness in Eastern European countries." Economics of Development 19, no. 1 (June 5, 2020): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ed.19(1).2020.05.

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The subject of this paper is empirical research on studies of exchange rates in Eastern European countries, such as Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, (North) Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Slovenia, in order verify the validity of theories that explain these changes. This research aims to explain the mixed evidence of the Balassa-Samuelson effect in Ukraine, taking into account the intentions of Ukraine to become a member of the European Union. Unlike previous works, the attention is shifted to a review of empirical evidence and the identification of main factors that limit the ability to verify the theory. The main conclusion is that all the currencies studied underwent substantial real appreciations during the study period. Thus, it can be concluded that an adequate monetary policy in countries under study is very important, given that local exchange markets are not sustainable enough and the volatility of exchange operations is higher than in countries with developed economies. However, the Balassa-Samuelson Hypothesis (BSH) can explain the impact of the real exchange rate due to changes in productivity in countries in transition.

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Beck, Krzysztof. "Monetary Policy, Capital Mobility, Inflation, and Wages in Eastern European Economies: Selected Papers from the International Conference “Economic Turmoil in Contemporary Europe III”." Eastern European Economics 57, no. 4 (May 27, 2019): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00128775.2019.1621678.

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Kemme, David M. "The Real and Monetary Impacts of Exogenous Economic Disturbances Upon Centrally Planned Economies: With an Application to Poland." Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 405 (January 1, 1985): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.1985.18.

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The impact of international economic disturbances upon the centrallyplanned economies (CPEs) of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe has been aparticularly important area of research. Neuberger and Tyson (1980) and thenumerous contributors to that volume provide a bench mark for the developmentof open economy macroeconomics of CPEs. This paper provides an extension ofthe work of Wolf ( 1978b), ( 1980), inter alia, for the CPE and modifiedcentrally planned economy (MCPE). The analysis below explicitly considers thereal and monetary impacts of exogenous disturbances in a model with two typesof monies - enterprise deposits and household currency - and both consumergoods and intermediate products (or capital services), each of which may havea fixed or market determined price. The model is unique not only in itsdetail but also in that it provides a flow of funds approach whichincorporates wealth effects. The fundamental result is that exogenousdisturbances do have an impact - either real or monetary - upon the domesticeconomy of the CPE even though price-equalization taxes or subsidies eliminatethe most direct potential impacts. Only via a finely tuned policy of price ortax (subsidy) adjustments or the imposition of trade controls can the impactbe completely eliminated. This result is contrary to the accepted wisdom thatthe price-equalization mechanism in CPEs completely and automaticallyinsulates the domestic economy.

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UKHNAL, Nataliia. "The specifics of fiscal policy under the conditions of pandemic shock." Naukovi pratsi NDFI 2021, no. 2 (November 15, 2021): 96–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/npndfi2021.02.096.

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The development the conceptual principles of fiscal policy is impossible without understanding the consequences of the global epidemiological crisis and assessing the actions of governments aimed at minimizing existing problems and preventing a potential negative impact on the national economy. The article evaluates the peculiarities of the formation of anti-crisis fiscal and monetary measures, to which more than 10% of world GDP is directed , in the context of global pandemic recession and challenges caused by the lack of preparedness in healthcare facilities and systems. The peculiarity is revealed that in the developed countries there is a wide fiscal space in comparison with the developing countries. The purpose of the article is to show the features of socio-economic processes and main measures of financial policy aimed at minimizing the negative consequences of the pandemic shocks. The scientific novelty is to identify ways to strengthen the resilience of the financial system and government support for entrepreneurship in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus in the context of necessary measures and restrictions related with the COVID-19 pandemic. The tools of budget, tax and social support, creation of stabilization packages, liquidity programs for commercial banks, mobilization of financial resources through the creation of funds, in particular through international cooperation, are considered on the example of the Eastern Partnership countries. It is substantiated the necessity of using by the national governments of anti-crisis measures of fiscal policy and the creation of mechanisms for emergency mobilization of financial resources and material resources to increase competitiveness and long-term demand, providing compliance with the priorities of environmental safety and objectives of social justice. Given climate change and environmental degradation, further search is needed to increase the resilience of the economy and society to future shocks.

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Pop-Eleches, Grigore. "Crisis in the Eye of the Beholder." Comparative Political Studies 41, no. 9 (October 17, 2007): 1179–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414008317950.

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This article analyzes the interaction between economic crises and partisan politics during International Monetary Fund program initiation in Latin America in the 1980s and Eastern Europe in the 1990s. The author argues that economic crises are at least in part in the eye of the beholder, and therefore policy responses reflect the interaction between crisis intensity and the government's partisan interpretation of the crisis, which in turn depends on the nature of the economic crisis and its broader regional and international environment. Using cross-country statistical evidence from the two regions, the article shows that certain types of crises, such as liquidity shortfalls, elicit similar responses across the ideological spectrum and regional contexts. By contrast, debt repayment and domestic crises are more prone to divergent ideological interpretations, but the extent of partisan divergence is context sensitive in that it occurred during the Latin American debt crisis but not in the post-communist transition.

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Baybikov, Vyacheslav Y. "THE FISCAL AND ECONOMIC POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN MINISTER OF FINANCE S. Y. VITTE AND CRITICISM OF IT FROM S. F. SHARAPOV (XIX – BEGINNING OF XX CENTURY)." Economic History, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.042.014.201803.326-335.

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Introduction. In 1842 Russian Finance Ministry was leaded by S. Y. Vitte. On his initiative serious economic reforms were carried out: the implementation of monetary reform, the construction of Siberian railway line and the adoption of the new statutes of the State Bank. However, the fiscal and monetary policy of S. Y. Vitte had its supporters as well as its opponents. Among those who were against the measures taken by S. Y. Vitte a well known (in those days) economist and publicist S. F. Sharapov, who especially defended the rights of the peasantry and argued that the development of Russian economy was different from the way of Eastern Europe. Materias and Methods. Despite many publications on this topic there has not been yet full research on the reorganizations undertaken by S. Y. Vitte and the alternative models put forward by his opponents and which specific direction of the fiscal and monetary policy were criticized. The aim of the given article is the analysis of the major reforms made by S. Y. Vitte, the critique on the part of his adversaries and familiarizing with the alternative suggestions. One can best understand it on the economic activity of S. F. Sharapov, who was the main opponent of most of the reorganizations. Results and Discussion. Among the main directions of the policy carried out by Finance Ministry in 1892–1903 one can single out the following: the preparation and implementation of monetary reform, which became the cornerstone of Vitte economic policy and the construction of railroads. Monetary reform was conducted gradually during 1895–1897. At the moment of its preparation S. F. Sharapov severely criticized the fiscal policy carried out by S. Y. Vitte. Unlike the supporters of the metal money circulation, he considered that the basis of the monetary system of Russia must be a paper rouble, which was pegged neither to gold nor to silver. S. F. Sharapov also came out against the wide range of the construction of railroads. In spite of the popularity of his ideas in the Russian society S. F. Sharapov did not get the support of the representatives of the main socio-political tendencies. There turned out to be more supporters of monetary reform and economic reorganizations. Conclusion. As for the monetary reform – the most important event in the activity of S. Y. Vitte – there is still a difference of opinion who was right: the supporters of introducing gold standard in Russia or its opponents “the nominalists” remains an open question. In 1898 summing up the results of the economic reform S. Y. Vitte ascertained that “money supply in Russia has been put to order and has been performing as soundly as in those states, where this branch of economy has long been in perfect order”. Subsequent events confirmed that “the nominalists” might have been right. Nowadays world monetary systems do not foresee the exchange of monetary units for gold and currencies are not pegged at the exchange rate of gold. The era of gold standard has come to an end and at present exchange rates and the stability of a monetary unit of this or that country depend on the state of the economy of this country. As far as railroad construction is concerned it should justly be noted, that a great deal of railroads as well as the construction of factories and plants in the whole world has caused damage to the environment as was foretold by S. F. Sharapov. Yet, when the territory of Russia was covered by rail network it resulted in a transfer of economic and cultural centres – cities through which railroads were laid began to develop rapidly and the cities without railroad connection started falling into decay. Thus Russia changed greatly.

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Paduszyńska, Marta, and Magdalena Lesiak. "Analysis of banking sector stability using the taxonomic measure of development." Ekonomia i Prawo 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 741–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eip.2022.040.

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Motivation: The stability of the financial system means that the entire system performs its key functions properly. It is a prerequisite for sustained economic growth. Maintaining stability of the banking sector is of particular importance for the firmness of the financial system, as it plays a key role in financing the economy, transmission of monetary policy impulses, and monetary settlements. Therefore, in the context of financial security, it is extremely important to analyse the banking stability. Aim: Assessment of the stability of banking sectors of the Central and Eastern European EU Member States and a comparative analysis and classification of the CEE countries in terms of selected indicators characterising the stability of their banking sectors using the model method of linear ordering, i.e. the Hellwig’s method. The analysis will verify the thesis whether banks in countries of lower national income (according to the World Bank’s classification) perform worse in terms of stability than banks in countries of higher national income. To illustrate the situation in the field of banking sector stability more clearly, the authors presented the dynamics of all variables considered from the point of view of the analysis (dynamics were presented for 2015 and 2019 in relation to the base year, which was assumed to be 2011). Results: A multivariate analysis was used in the comparative analysis of banking sectors development in Central and Eastern Europe. For this purpose, the development pattern method was used so that a synthetic indicator of the development of the banking sector with regard to its stability was calculated. Based on the proposed measure of development, a ranking of the Central and Eastern European EU Member States was prepared for 2019. It should be emphasized that the thesis outlined in the article was not empirically confirmed, namely, banks from countries of lower national income (according to the World Bank classification) did not have much worse results than banks from countries of higher national income.

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Grabowski. "Givers or Recipients? Co-Movements between Stock Markets of CEE-3 and Developed Countries." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 18, 2019): 6495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226495.

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In this paper, time-varying co-movements between the stock markets of Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and the capital markets of developed countries in stable and crisis periods are studied. The parameters of the VAR-AGDCC-GARCH (Vector Autoregressive- Asymmetric Generalized Dynamic Conditional Correlation-Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity) model are estimated, and volatility spillovers are calculated. The evidence suggests that the level of correlation between stock return shocks of Central and Eastern European countries increased significantly in the period of financial turmoil and was high in the period of the US sub-prime crisis, as well as during the euro area sovereign debt crisis. After the announcement of the OMT (Outright Monetary Transactions) program, the evolution of the stock market indices in Central and Eastern Europe countries (CEECs) have followed different paths. An analysis of the volatility spillovers indicates that CEECs are the recipients of volatility. In the period of 2004–2019, they received much volatility—from Germany and the US, in particular. They also received much volatility from Spain during the euro area sovereign debt crisis. After 2012, volatility transmission to Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary dropped significantly.

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Funk, Lothar. "Labour Market Trends and Problems in the EU’s Central and Eastern European Member States: Is Flexicurity the Answer?" Journal of Contemporary European Research 5, no. 4 (December 21, 2009): 557–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v5i4.254.

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Throughout the 1990s, international organisations, such as the International Monetary Fund mainly based their policy proposals for transition economies and the high unemployment, low growth countries in Western Europe, on economic “orthodoxy”. This approach predominantly followed neoclassical economics in which market liberal solutions predominate. These suggestions were controversial; the early results of these policies appeared to be disappointing. Policymakers sought alternative reform proposals and the idea of “flexicurity” has gradually emerged to the political buzzword. Flexicurity combines flexibility with security and suggests that rather generous unemployment benefits and spending on active labour market policies can be aligned with a flexible, employment-friendly labour market. Originating in Denmark, the European Commission and the International Labour Organisation have promoted flexicurity more or less independent of specific single country cases, and based their approach on more abstract, generalised relationships between flexibility and security. These bodies argue for an alternative policy to pure orthodox deregulation and liberalisation for the member states of the European Union (EU) and the former transition economies that joined the EU since 2004. After a review of common labour market-related characteristics and problems of the EU’s central and eastern European members, the article summarises and critically evaluates the main elements of flexicurity suggestions. It further compares them to the relevant policy proposals based primarily on more orthodox economic analysis. The analysis shows that several preconditions for a successful flexicurity strategy are still lacking across the new member states. Moreover, the article demonstrates that current proposals by the critics of a single-minded flexicurity approach by no means always disregard potentially positive effects of improving the supposed trade-offs between flexibility and security. At least a limited convergence between flexicurity and a renewed orthodoxy in the economic mainstream can be detected.

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Shnyrkov, Oleksandr, Rita Zablotska, and Oleksii Chugaiev. "THE IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONS ON SERVICES EXPORTS OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 5 (February 8, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-5-9-17.

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Besides labor, capital and technology, institutions are another important factor of production and exports. They set a framework of motivation for economic activities and their efficiency. The previous research provided evidence for the effect of institutions on international trade and development. This paper focuses on the effect of institutional progress on export competitiveness of several services sectors in Central and Eastern Europe in the post-crisis period (2011-2017). In the analyzed period the services exports growth turned out to be more stable than the goods exports growth. The multi-country models showed that several types of institutional improvements affected the exports growth in the medium run. Excluding outliers, using weighted enlarged sample and alternative method for measuring exports growth were applied to assess robustness of the research results. Labor force growth, GDP and GDP per capita were initially used as control variables, but in most cases their effect for exports growth was insignificant in Central and Eastern Europe. Sector specific approach to the analysis turned out to be the most effective to understand the transmission mechanism of the effect under the situation of services heterogeneity. Monetary freedom (currency stability and market-based prices) stimulates exports of transport services. The rule of law (contract enforcement, property rights, efficiency of police and courts, absence of crime and violence etc.) is important for raising international tourism receipts. Information and communication technologies services exports depend primarily on voice and accountability (democratic principles, respects human rights and free media). As for financial and insurance services exports, no significant institutional factor was found. Control of corruption, political stability, labor freedom, government integrity, government effectiveness and lower government size also may be important, but their effect is not robust or cannot be distinguished from the effect of the abovesaid factors. It is more likely that fighting corruption may have a positive impact on the services exports than on the goods exports. The latter depend positively on the level of investment freedom. Using the selected EU Member States in Central and Eastern Europe as a benchmarking level enabled us to estimate a potential effect for services exports in case of Ukraine if it reaches their level of institutional development. In particular the institutional progress can boost Ukrainian transport, tourism, information and communication technologies services exports by 30-200% or by 10-15% of its GDP.

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DANYLYSHYN, Bohdan, and Yevhen STEPANIUK. "NECESSARY STEPS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE'S ECONOMY AND BANKING SECTOR DURING AND AFTER THE CORONAVIRUS CRISIS." Economy of Ukraine 2021, no. 1 (January 24, 2021): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2021.01.040.

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The COVID-19 epidemic in Ukraine and around the world has led to unprecedented restrictive measures by countries to counter the spread of viral diseases and support national health systems. At the same time, the quarantine measures introduced in Ukraine rather exposed and deepened the negative trends in the economy, which have been observed since the second half of 2019. In the first nine months of 2020, Ukraine\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s real GDP fell by 5.4% and consumer inflation last year was below the target range of the NBU, which indicates signs of full-fledged stagnation in the real sector of the economy. The efficiency of the financial intermediation and monetary transmission in Ukraine remains low. The stagnation of bank lending has been going on for the third year in a row, and the measures taken by the NBU to stimulate the economy have not been effective enough. The loan-to-deposit ratio is following the downward trend since 2015. The risk of lower revenues of the state budget of Ukraine and increasing the cost of government borrowing significantly complicates the implementation of state programs to support the economy. The lack of sufficient fiscal space to finance public expenditures at an affordable cost puts Ukraine on an unequal footing with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the context of overcoming the crisis. In order to counter the COVID-19 crisis, countries use a combination of government fiscal mechanisms with monetary and macroprudential instruments of central banks. Given the risk of a vicious cycle of deterioration of the financial condition of the banking and corporate sectors in Ukraine, authors justified a comprehensive approach to improving public economic and financial policy, which will synergize the effect of the measures taken and ensure long-term sustainable growth of Ukraine's economy based on effective credit support of the banking system.

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Bilenko, Yuriy. "ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES BETWEEN TWO GLOBAL CRISES AND BEYOND." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 8, no. 4 (November 30, 2022): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2022-8-4-8-18.

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The aim of the article is to assess the factors of economic growth of the CEE countries over the 30-year history, the productivity of capital and human resources, the resilience of these countries to the negative impact of the global financial crisis. Methodology. The Solow growth model was used to estimate the growth rates of capital, labor and total factor productivity (TFP). The impact of macroeconomic indicators on GDP and TFP growth is assessed. The group of Central and Eastern European countries that joined the European Union was chosen for the analysis: Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, as well as post-Soviet European countries: Ukraine, Belarus, Russia and Moldova and Albania in the period from 1991 to 2019. Results. TFP makes a significant contribution to the economic growth of CEE countries. During the period of market reforms, TFP significantly decreased, and during the boom of 2000-2008 it fully ensured the growth of the CEE economies, after the crisis of 2008, the contribution of TFP decreased by 2 times. In the conditions of recovery, TFP growth is positively influenced by inflation, negative CA balance, and unemployment reduction. In the post-crisis period, a decrease in inflation, a positive CA balance, and an increase in unemployment had a positive impact on TFP growth. During a depression, the influence of capital becomes dominant. Restrictive monetary policy contributes to the efficiency of CEE economies. In the short run, unemployment increases, but in the long run it decreases significantly due to the growth of investment and exports. Practical implications. The analysis makes it possible to identify effective macroeconomic policies to stimulate the productivity of the economies of Central and Eastern Europe during the period of economic recovery and depression. Value/originality. A long-term study of the economic performance of CEE countries using the Solow methodology has revealed the behavior of total factor productivity in different periods of modern economic history and its contribution to economic growth.

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Petkov, Boris T. "Excessive Debt or Excess Savings -- Transition Countries Sovereign Bond Spread Assessment." International Business Research 10, no. 3 (February 10, 2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v10n3p91.

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We study the sovereign yield spreads determinants in transition – Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and Caucasus and Central Asia (CCA) -- countries and try to provide an answer to the key question: was the narrowing of the spreads and their compression a result of improvement of CEECCA countries sovereign’s macroeconomic policy (implemented in early to mid 2000s), or was it due to global excess liquidity provision? If better domestic macroeconomic policy efforts and solid reforms implemented in this period have led to: i) improvement in sovereign debt management e.g., by increasing the average debt portfolio duration and reducing the stock of FOREX debt; ii) development of domestic financial markets with enlargement of the investor’s base and enhancement of the risk management techniques; iii) continuing financial liberalization; iv) sustainable fiscal adjustment, reserve accumulation and price stability; and v) adoption of the most conductive to prosperity institutional structure, then it would be expected that any tighter monetary policy environment in the developed economies should have only a tiny effect on spreads.The models are estimated on an individual basis -- country by country -- using a framework allowing for fractionally integrated variables (ARDL) as well as, by utilising panel data (cross-sectional-time-series) estimation whenever data availability allows.We utilise daily data over the period 2006-2012 and quarterly data over the period 2002-2011. These are the periods for which meaningful comparable data are available for Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Poland, Russia, Serbia, and Ukraine (in various combinations).We are careful not to attempt to split the sample into (say two) potential segments for comparison of “normal” versus “crises” period estimates (as customary) as since 2002 / 2003 the transition economies have started to experience the powerful financial effect generated by the excess global liquidity, i.e., the entire period under consideration is constituted by two phases characterised by: i) excess liquidity (2002-2008); and, ii) the Great Depression Mark II (2008 – to present).

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Mutar Mahdi AL- SULTANI, Hanaa. "GEOGRAPHY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO DECISION- MAKING IN FOREIGN POLICY(RUSSIA AND UKRAINE MODEL) ((RESEARCH ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF GEOGRAPHY WITH OTHER SCIENCES))." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 6 (November 1, 2022): 432–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.20.26.

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Geography is the science that studies all natural and human phenomena in one place Geography studies the natural factors that affected the land inhabited by man, Describes human populations in terms of their relationship to the environment Political geography is the study of political units and their problems from the point of view of geography, The survey studies the relief and climate areas that affect the conditions of states and the phenomena in them. As for the political decision, it is very measure that the state takes to prevent any interference in the affairs of its society, and the political decision is formulated in a thoughtful way to solve a specific problem or crisis that passes in the country The process of making and implementing decisions goes through multiple stages، starting with the preparatory stage, identifying the variables related to the problem to be studied, then choosing the goal and drawing the strategy (identifying alternatives)،then comes the decision-making stage،i.e. translating the decision into practical reality through actions، activities and work programs, Responsibility for the decision-making process is borne by a group of official and nonofficial bodies، the official bodies the constitution, then the legislative and executive authorities As for the unofficial bodies ، they include political parties, pressure groups، and public opinion،for political decisions to be correct, they must serve the public interest, be built on scientific foundation، and take in to account the objective circumstances..objective circumstances. Ukraine experienced a state of internal crises after the dissolution of the Soviet Union، as crises became represented by the dissolution of parliament and re-elections،which are frequent and accelerating events ،As the international Monetary Fund provided aid to reform the economic conditions of Ukraine after the transitional period it passed through،Ukraine became the coveted country and an open field for occupation by powerful countries. This is due to the weakness of Ukrainian politics. Ukraine distinguished location, which made it control the center of land and sea transportation between Asia and Europe،Russia decided that it was difficult to leave Ukraine to the west so Russia intervened militarily under the transfer from the Russian parliament on 28\2\2014 to protect Russian minorities and maintain influence in the city of Sevastopol, which is the last base in Crimea, The motive of the attack was to protect the region from the interference of other countries، to realize the dream of Russian to get on ports in the warm waters of the Indian Ocean, and to save world trade routes where Russia's ships have been frozen for months in the Arctic annually. Russia made the decision to attack Ukraine، and the first thing it started was the bombing of the Donbas region، which is located in eastern Ukraine، which is characterized by its mineral wealth and the presence of coal mines ، and thus Russia worked to create a state of paralysis in the airports located in eastern and northern Ukraine. Keywords: Geography, Foreign Policy, Russia and Ukraine

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Bomhoff, Eduard J. "Monetary reform in Eastern Europe." European Economic Review 36, no. 2-3 (April 1992): 454–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(92)90102-3.

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Potyl’chak, Oleksandr, and Vladyslav Herasymenko. "PRAGUE GROSCHEN IN THE RESEARCH OF CZECH NUMISMATICS." Ukrainian Numismatic Annual, no. 5 (December 30, 2021): 281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2616-6275-2021-5-281-298.

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The aim of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the formation, development and current state of research in Czech numismatics of the XIX - early XXI centuries in the context of coinage, penetration and use of Prague groschen as a means of payment in Central and Eastern Europe in the late Middle Ages and early modern times. The research methodology is outlined by the principles of scientificity, historicism, objectivity, and the main methods used in the study were historiographic analysis and historiographic synthesis, as well as general scientific methods of generalization and systematization. The scientific novelty is determined by the attempt to comprehensively analyze and generalize the historiographical achievements of Czech numismatics in the context of the problem of the participation of Prague money in the circulation of Central and Eastern Europe in the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. The process of formation, development and current state of Czech and Slovak numismatics in the study of chronology and geography of Grossi pragenses penetration into the coin markets of Central and Eastern Europe in the XIV-XV centuries are considered. The authors have singled out periodization of the historiographical process of numismatic research of the outlined problem is formulated and substantiated, the range of issues that need further study and scientific interpretation. Conclusions. The analysis of the historiographical work outlined in the topic of the article allows distinguishing three consecutive periods of numismatic research on the issue of minting and circulation of Prague groschen. The first period of Czech and Slovak historiography of the problem covers the 80's of the XIX - 30's of the XX century. Beginning with sporadic attempts to describe and register the known types of Prague groschen minted by Czech kings from Wenceslas II (1278-1305) to Ferdinand I (1526-1562). At the beginning of the twentieth century, these studies grew into purposeful scientific cataloguing, study, and systematization of metrological indicators of coins, details of their images, legends, and countermarks. Special studies of the preconditions for the preparation and conduct of the monetary reform of Wenceslas II, the rate of coins minted by him, and the peculiarities of the issuance policy of this monarch were begun. At the same time, a description of the stamp versions of Vladislav II's money (1471-1516) was initiated. However, the technical imperfection of the equipment for visual inspection and photo-fixation of numismatic material at that time often caused incomplete or inaccurate data. The second period of numismatic research on our topic covered the 1950s - early 1990s. At this time there is not only an expansion of the study of the history of minting and circulation of Prague groschen but also qualitative changes in the methodology of numismatic research. The stamp varieties and chronology of the issue of Prague groschen, including those minted during the reigns of John of Luxembourg, Wenceslas IV and Charles IV, Wladyslaw II, and Louis I, have been studied. Scholars described and analyzed countermarks (overprinting) on coins, drew attention to the historical and art analysis of the iconography of Prague groschen; the quality of coinage. The third, modern period of development of Czech and Slovak numismatic studies on the history of minting and circulation of Prague groschen began in the first half of the 1990s. This historiographical period differs from the previous ones primarily by the intensive replenishment of the database of numismatic sources on the topic. On the other hand, the study of coinage and circulation of Prague groschen from purely historical or numismatic grow into interdisciplinary, increasingly numismatists, to search or confirm data, use not only relevant methods of numismatics (methods of stamping and comparative analysis, topography of treasures and individual coins). allocation of periods of money circulation, methods of analysis of the composition of coin treasures), complex methods of special historical disciplines, but also modern non-destructive methods of natural sciences (Physico-chemical analysis of coin metal, spectral research, etc.). Technical perfection of modern devices used by scientists for visual inspection and macro photography of coins facilitates complete research. The current stage of research of Czech numismatists in the field of our problem is characterized by a combination of research efforts in the study of some theoretical and applied issues of minting and circulation of Prague groschen. In particular, data on recently discovered treasures of Prague groschen are published, the history of their minting in the archaic period (1300-1385) is studied, and little-known and previously unknown variants of stamps of these coins are studied. The new source base describes the technological and typological features of numerous coinage varieties of Prague groschen of Wenceslas IV (1378-1419) and Ferdinand I (1526-1562), coins are arranged in detail by type and catalogued. A separate area of numismatic research became the issue of counterfeiting Prague groschen.

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40

Tsagkari, Anastassia. "Monetary policy in Europe after Maastricht." International Affairs 70, no. 1 (January 1994): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2620760.

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Hefeker, Carsten. "Monetary policy for a larger Europe." Intereconomics 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 178–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03032106.

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Barker, Elisabeth. "Soviet policy in Eastern Europe." International Affairs 61, no. 3 (1985): 526–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2618727.

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Croan, Melvin, and Sarah Meiklejohn Terry. "Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe." Russian Review 45, no. 3 (July 1986): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/130124.

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Gali, J., and R. Perotti. "Fiscal policy and monetary integration in Europe." Economic Policy 18, no. 37 (October 1, 2003): 533–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0327.00115_1.

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Clausen, Volker. "Money demand and monetary policy in Europe." Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 134, no. 4 (December 1998): 712–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02773294.

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Miller, Merton H. "SOME REFLECTIONS ON RECENT MONETARY TURMOIL IN EASTERN EUROPE." Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 11, no. 3 (September 1998): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6622.1998.tb00502.x.

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Cerqueira, Pedro, Monica Ioana Pop Silaghi, Andreea Stoian, and Camelia Turcu. "Perspectives on Financial, Monetary, and Economic Developments in Eastern Europe." Eastern European Economics 56, no. 5 (August 22, 2018): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00128775.2018.1506990.

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Neave, Guy. "Policy-making: perspectives from Eastern Europe." Higher Education Policy 14, no. 3 (September 2001): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0952-8733(01)00020-4.

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Fischer, Bernhard. "Development policy lessons for Eastern Europe." Intereconomics 28, no. 6 (November 1993): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02926211.

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Lang, Franz Peter. "Strategic trade policy for Eastern Europe." Intereconomics 27, no. 4 (July 1992): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02926375.

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