Relevant bibliographies by topics / Monetary policy – Europe, Eastern

Academic literature on the topic 'Monetary policy – Europe, Eastern'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Monetary policy – Europe, Eastern"

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Stann, Carsten M., and Theocharis N. Grigoriadis. "Monetary Policy Transmission to Russia and Eastern Europe." Comparative Economic Studies 62, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 303–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41294-020-00114-3.

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Junicke, Monika. "TREND INFLATION AND MONETARY POLICY IN EASTERN EUROPE." Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, no. 4 (July 20, 2017): 1649–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100517000372.

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I use a two-country dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with a nonzero steady-state inflation to study monetary policy in transition economies. In particular, my analysis focuses on whether inflation targeting is based on a consumer price index (CPI) or its producer counterpart, producer price index (PPI). This issue is specifically relevant for transition economies as they might be subject to Balassa–Samuelson effects arising from trading in international markets. Under these circumstances, domestic inflation is possibly higher than imported inflation, hence targeting PPI inflation may prove more effective in influencing domestic macroeconomic variables than targeting CPI inflation. Using a Bayesian methodology, I find that the central banks of three Eastern European countries (namely, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland) are likely to target PPI inflation rather than CPI inflation. This result is in line with the theoretical predictions in the literature, and is robust across several Taylor-type rules.
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Opiela, Timothy P. "Banking and Monetary Policy in Eastern Europe: The First Ten Years." Journal of Comparative Economics 31, no. 3 (September 2003): 584–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0147-5967(03)00047-7.

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Radovic, Irena. "Challenges for monetary policy in the enlarged European monetary Union." Panoeconomicus 56, no. 1 (2009): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0901095r.

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The eastward enlargement of the Euro area entails significant implications for the accession candidates in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), the existing Euro system and the monetary policy of the European Central Bank (ECB). The present analysis assesses the challenges and critical aspects in monetary policy modeling with special emphasis to enlargement. The focus is on the difficulty of implementing a unique currency policy in view or growing heterogeneity within the enlarged monetary union, and secondly - the issue of the voting mechanism within the ECB. When analyzing those two issues, it is conclusive that the difficulties for the ECB and the current Euro zone members will increase. For the enlarged Euro zone, which is becoming more divergent, it will be very hard to find adequate recipes to meet the needs and requirements of all. The big question is: whether centralization of monetary policy is a sustainable and superior solution?.
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Benecká, Soňa, Ludmila Fadejeva, and Martin Feldkircher. "The impact of euro Area monetary policy on Central and Eastern Europe." Journal of Policy Modeling 42, no. 6 (November 2020): 1310–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2020.05.004.

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Zbierzchowska, Dorota. "Consequences of Employing Different Exchange Rate Regimes in the Situation of Financial Crisis on the Example of Central-Eastern European Countries." Equilibrium 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2010): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2010.003.

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It is characteristic for the countries of Central-Eastern Europe to employ a great variety of exchange rate regimes: by resigning from their own currency and participating in monetary unions through the systems of currency board arrangement; by employing the systems of conventional fixed pegged arrangements; and by the floating systems. In the situation of global financial crisis and liberalization of capital flow in the Central-Eastern Europe countries profits and dangers of using certain solutions in the scope of exchange rate are clearly visible. The aim of this paper is to present theoretical profits and costs of utilizing various kinds of exchange rate regimes and their consequences for the autonomy of monetary policy. The paper also compares contemporary economical situation of the Central-Eastern European countries, what allows the author to indicate those countries, where the limitations stemming from the accepted system of exchange rate had negative consequences for the condition of their economy in general.
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Begg, David K. H. "Monetary Policy in Central and Eastern Europe: Lessons After Half a Decade of Transition." IMF Working Papers 96, no. 108 (1996): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451853056.001.

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Begg, D. "Monetary policy during transition: progress and pitfalls in central and eastern Europe, 1990-6." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 13, no. 2 (June 1, 1997): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/13.2.33.

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Pesuth, Tamás. "“Digital transformation leads to new jobs creation with higher wages.” = Interview with Boris Vujčić, Governor, Croatian National Bank." Köz-gazdaság 16, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/retp2021.01.01.

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This year the Lamfalussy Award was received by Boris Vujčić, Governor of the Croatian National Bank. The Lamfalussy Award, established by the National Bank of Hungary is dedicated to recognise exceptional international achievements influencing international monetary policy. We are honored to be able to conduct the following interview with Governor Vujčić, that can help us to better understand the economic policy and thinking in our region, in Central and Eastern Europe.
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Grabia, Tomasz. "Interest Rate Policy Of Selected Central Banks In Central And Eastern Europe." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 18, no. 1 (March 20, 2015): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2015-0002.

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The aim of this article is to present and evaluate interest rate policies of three selected central banks in Central and Eastern Europe (Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary) from 2001 to 2013. The study consists of an introduction (Section 1) and three main parts. The introduction contains a theoretical description of the role of interest rate policy, the dilemmas connected with it, as well as an analysis of the strategies and goals of monetary policies of the National Bank of Poland (NBP), the Czech National Bank (CzNB), and the National Bank of Hungary (NBH) in the context of existing legal and institutional conditions. In turn, the first empirical part (Section 2) examines how the analysed central banks responded to changes in inflation, unemployment, and economic growth rates. The tools of the analysis are the nominal and real interest rates of those banks. The subsequent research part (Section 3) attempts to evaluate the degree of the contractionary nature of interest rate policies in specific countries in the context of the Taylor rule. The text ends with a summary (Section 4) encompassing concise conclusions drawn from the earlier analyses.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Monetary policy – Europe, Eastern"

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Houben, Aerdt Carl Frans Joseph. "The evolution of monetary policy strategies in Europe /." [S.l. : s.n.], 1999. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sub-hamburg/309561779.pdf.

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Batagelj, Leon. "Competition policy in countries of Central and Eastern Europe : competition in Europe or competition for Europe." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81242.

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Competition policy is an important tool for assurance of the efficient allocation of resources in functioning market economies. Applicability of modern competition policy to situations in former planned economies, however, raises doubts because of fundamentally different states of competition in such markets. This study analyses development of competition policy in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic. Particular attention is given to the influence of the EU competition policy in the framework of negotiations for final membership in the EU.
This study proposes reassessment of the competition policy of the three countries in order to better tackle the economic complexities of transition to fully functioning market economies. Harmonization of competition policy of the three candidate countries for EU membership with competition policy of the EU assumes appropriateness of EU competition policy for transition situations. Contrary to this assumption, the thesis argues that competition policy in transition should be tailored closely to the needs of transition. Since harmonization of competition law is only an instrument to evaluate whether a candidate country has a functioning market economy that can be integrated in the EU Internal Market, competition policy aimed at better promoting competition should be welcomed.
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Ellis, Joseph Michael. "Flat Tax Revolution?: Policy Change and Policy Diffusion in Eastern Europe." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/94739.

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Political Science
Ph.D.
Why have Eastern European states adopted flat tax policies? That is what this dissertation answers. This is a curious development given that flat tax policies were noticeably absent from the landscape of most of the world, including Eastern Europe. Fives cases of adoption are examined, including Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. I argue that two simultaneous processes occur in Eastern Europe that makes adoption viable. First, at the domestic level, the idea of the flat tax is held in esteem by a number of actors, specifically: elite carriers, tax and financial ministers, think tanks and right-wing political parties. They champion this idea to its adoption, or at the least, introduce the flat tax into the policy-making apparatus. Second, at the international level, policy diffusion of the flat tax is taking place. In other words, the experience of previous adopters impacts the decisions of future adopters. Examining both cognitive heuristics theory and rational learning I argue that there are "varieties of diffusion" during the diffusion of the flat tax. Additionally, though this dissertation concerns itself primarily with adoption, I also investigate two cases of non-adoption in Poland and Hungary. What is argued is "diffusion without adoption" occurs. The idea of the flat tax diffused, but the adoption was not politically, ideologically, and economically feasible.
Temple University--Theses
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Phelps, Peter. "Euro area enlargement and the prospects for business cycle synchronisation of Central and Eastern European countries." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648101.

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Catenaro, Marco. "Macroeconomics policy interactions in the European Monetary Union." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2000. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/804936/.

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Marian, Svetlana. "Russia's Foreign Policy in Eastern Europe: The Moldovan Question." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79750.

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This thesis provides an empirical contribution to the existing literature regarding Russian foreign policy and its application in Russia's near abroad. The primary case study is Russian foreign policy instruments applied to the Eastern European country of Moldova. This thesis directly cites the Russian National Security Concept (RNSC) documents from 2000 and 2016 as the foundation for analysis of Russian foreign policy actions applied to both Eastern Europe and Moldova. A summation of the type of instruments used within Moldova, either "soft power" or "hard power" resources, citing specific examples of each, is included. The result of this thesis is a foundation for future research of Russian foreign policy based on Russian foreign policy documents, as it pertains to the former republics of the Soviet Union.
Master of Arts
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Rannenberg, Ansgar. "Explaining medium run swings in unemployment : shocks, monetary policy and labour market frictions." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/974.

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The literature trying to link the increase in unemployment in many western European countries since the middle of the 1970s to an increase in labour market rigidity has run into a number of problems. In particular, changes in labour market institutions do not seem to be able to explain the evolution of unemployment across time. We conclude that a new theory of medium run unemployment swings should explain the increase in unemployment in many European countries and the lack thereof in the United States. Furthermore, it should also help to explain the high degree of endogenous unemployment persistence in the many European countries and findings suggesting a link between disinflationary monetary policy and subsequent increases in the NAIRU. To address these issues, we first develop an endogenous growth sticky price model. We subject the model to an uncorrelated cost push shock, in order to mimic a scenario akin to the one faced by central banks at the end of the 1970s. Monetary policy implements a disinflation by following an interest feedback rule calibrated to an estimate of a Bundesbank reaction function. 40 quarters after the shock has vanished, unemployment is still about 1.8 percentage points above its steady state. The model also partly explains cross country differences in the unemployment evolution by drawing on differences in the size of the disinflation, the monetary policy reaction function and wage setting. We then draw some conclusions about optimal monetary policy in the presence of endogenous growth and find that optimal policy is substantially less hawkish than in an identical economy without endogenous growth. The second model introduces duration dependent skill decay among the unemployed into a New-Keynesian model with hiring frictions developed by Blanchard/Gali (2008). If the central bank responds only to inflation and quarterly skill decay is above a threshold level, determinacy requires a coefficient on inflation smaller than one. The threshold level is plausible with little steady-state hiring and firing ("Continental European Calibration") but implausibly high in the opposite case ("American calibration"). Neither interest rate smoothing nor responding to the output gap helps to restore determinacy if skill decay exceeds the threshold level. However, a modest response to unemployment guarantees determinacy. Moreover, under indeterminacy, both an adverse sunspot shock and an adverse technology shock increase unemployment extremely persistently.
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Ali, Mobarak. "Eastern Europe foreign policy convergence with Western Europe on the Middle East, 1990-1992." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390195.

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Dmitrijeva, Jekaterina. "Unemployment and labour market policy in Central and Eastern Europe." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EVRY0002/document.

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Transition vers l’économie de marché et accession a l’Union Européenne ont profondément modifié la structure et le fonctionnement des économies d’Europe Centrale et de l’Est. Cette thèse propose une analyse des évolutions observées sur les marchés du travail régionaux et nationaux des nouveaux pays membres de l’Union Européenne ainsi qu’une évaluation des politiques publiques mises en œuvre dans ce contexte de transition économique. L’analyse du processus d’appariement entre travailleurs et employeurs révèle l’importance de la demande de travail dans la création de nouvelles embauches en Lettonie, Slovénie et Estonie et souligne la nécessité d’intégrer flux (chômeurs et emplois vacants) et effets spatiaux dans la modélisation. L’efficacité des politiques publiques est attestée au niveau macro et microéconomiques et démontre l’influence positive des programmes de formation sur les taux de sortie du chômage et l’employabilité des participants
During the transition to market economy and the accession to the EU Central and Eastern European countries have witnessed remarkable changes in the structure and functioning of national economies. This thesis aims to assess the development of aggregate and regional labour markets in new EU member states through this eventful period and to investigate the role of active labour market policy in moderating the consequences of transitional shock and improving the performance of the labour market. The analysis of the process of worker-firm matching in Latvia, Slovenia and Estonia reveals that in transition - EU accession context the hiring process is labour demand driven and displays the existence of stock-flow patterns and spatial spillovers. The effects of ALMP programs are confirmed to be positive at both macroeconomic and individual levels: involvement of unemployed in training increases aggregate outflows from unemployment to jobs and increases individual employability of participants
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Dmitrijeva, Jekaterina Laurent Thierry. "Unemployment and labour market policy in Central and Eastern Europe." S. l. : Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://www.biblio.univ-evry.fr/theses/2008/2008EVRY0002.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Monetary policy – Europe, Eastern"

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Winkler, Adalbert, ed. Banking and Monetary Policy in Eastern Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403907684.

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Corbett, Jenny. Financial reform in Eastern Europe: Progresswith the wrong model. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1991.

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Koch, Elmar B. Exchange rates and monetary policy in Central Europe: A survey of some issues. Vienna: Oesterreichische Nationalbank, 1997.

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W, Mullineux A., ed. Financial reform in Central and Eastern Europe / edited by Andy Mullineux. Commack, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 1996.

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1962-, Winkler Adalbert, ed. Banking and monetary policy in Eastern Europe: The first ten years. New York: Palgrave, 2001.

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Peter, Havlik, Radzyner Olga, Oesterreichische Nationalbank, and Wiener Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche, eds. Monetary policy in Central and Eastern Europe: Challenges of EU integration. Vienna: Oesterreichische Nationalbank and the Vienna Institute for Comparative Economic Studies, 1996.

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Begg, David K. H. Monetary and exchange rate policies, EMU and Central and Eastern Europe. London: CEPR, 1999.

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Charles, Enoch, and Ötker İnci, eds. Rapid credit growth in Central and Eastern Europe: Endless boom or early warning? Basingstoke [England]: Palgrave Macmillan/International Monetary Fund, 2007.

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1937-, Williamson John, ed. Currency convertibility in Eastern Europe. Washington: Institute for International Economics, 1991.

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1946-, Baldassarri Mario, and Mundell Robert A, eds. The Single market and monetary unification. New York: St. Martin's Press in association with Rivista de Politica Economica, SIPI, Rome, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Monetary policy – Europe, Eastern"

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Nölling, Wilhelm. "What Must be Done for Eastern Europe?" In Monetary Policy in Europe after Maastricht, 216. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22725-9_25.

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Zeitinger, Claus-Peter. "Financial Institution-Building in Eastern Europe." In Banking and Monetary Policy in Eastern Europe, 185–204. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403907684_9.

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Reininger, Thomas. "Monetary Policy and Banking Systems." In The New Capital Markets in Central and Eastern Europe, 39–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56520-5_3.

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Bokros, Lajos. "Financial Sector Development in Central and Eastern Europe." In Banking and Monetary Policy in Eastern Europe, 11–40. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403907684_2.

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Ciarlone, Alessio, and Andrea Colabella. "International Spillovers of Non-standard Monetary Policy: Evidence From Central and Eastern Europe." In Financial and Monetary Policy Studies, 271–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-79075-6_14.

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Winkler, Adalbert. "Introduction." In Banking and Monetary Policy in Eastern Europe, 1–8. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403907684_1.

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Hainz, Christa, and Monika Schnitzer. "The Development of the Banking Sector in Eastern Europe: The Next Decade." In Banking and Monetary Policy in Eastern Europe, 205–16. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403907684_10.

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Buch, Claudia M. "Governance and Restructuring of Commercial Banks." In Banking and Monetary Policy in Eastern Europe, 43–71. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403907684_3.

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Neuhauss, Werner. "Refinancing Banks in an Unstable Financial Environment." In Banking and Monetary Policy in Eastern Europe, 72–86. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403907684_4.

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Árvai, Zsófia, and János Vincze. "Models of Financial Crises and the ‘Boom’ of Financial Crises in Transition Countries." In Banking and Monetary Policy in Eastern Europe, 89–103. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403907684_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Monetary policy – Europe, Eastern"

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Drăgoi, Violeta Elena. "Orientation Of The Monetary Policy Of The Nbr In Simulating Econonmic Growth." In 2nd Central and Eastern European LUMEN International Conference - Multidimensional Education and Professional Development. Ethical Values. Cognitive-crcs, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2017.07.03.21.

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Đogo, Marko. "DERIVING THE IMPOSSIBLE TRINITY OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND ITS CONNECTION WITH THE OTHER TWO IMPOSSIBLE TRINITIES." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2022.0022.

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The experience of Eastern European countries indicates that a country cannot simultaneously give up autonomy of monetary and fiscal policy and control of labour mobility without all three causing a reduction in potential GDP at the same time. Namely, if a country opts to peg its currency to the currency of a larger (more developed) country and pursues a restrictive fiscal policy, it will probably 2 lead the workforce to emigrate. This universal rule applies to both developing and developed countries. Nevertheless, the specificity of the developing countries' position is that once the labour force leaves the country, it will almost certainly never return. Therefore, labour mobility should be regarded as entirely different when it takes place between countries at distinct levels of development and when it serves as a mechanism for achieving an external balance between countries at similar income levels. As far as we understand, the just described experience of Eastern European developing countries has not yet been formalized anywhere as economic legality, i.e. trilemma. Thus, this paper can be an introduction to the theory of the impossible trinity of developing countries, explaining the basic concepts, connections between them and open questions.
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Kuklina, T. V., and P. Y. Didyk. "The interaction of monetary and fiscal policy in times of crisis." In IX International symposium «Humanities and Social Sciences in Europe: Achievements and Perspectives». Viena: East West Association GmbH, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ix-symposium-9-289-294.

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Jursa, Lukáš. "THE TRANSMISSION MECHANISM OF MONETARY POLICY IN EUROPE: EVIDENCE FROM SMALL MACRO-ECONOMIC MODEL." In 17th International Bata Conference for Ph.D. Students and Young Researchers. Tomas Bata University in Zlín, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7441/dokbat.2021.21.

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Kalvet, T. "International mobility to support innovation in Eastern Europe: Estonia, a case study." In 2009 Atlanta Conference on Science and Innovation Policy. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acsip.2009.5367818.

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Aydemir, Ahmet Fatih, and Ahmet Alkan Çelik. "The Relations between Stabilization Policies and Economic Growth in the Economies of Central Asia and Caucasia." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00399.

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In the early 1990s, with the fall of communism and the dissolution of USSR, the so-called transition economies have emerged in Eastern Europe and the former USSR. Within this transition period from planned to market economies, fiscal and monetary discipline has not been adequately emphasized while the crucial aim of these economies is to realize price liberalization, privatization and economic stabilization. Hence, the problems of income distribution and growth have not been able to be solved. In this paper, we analyze the relations between economic growth and fiscal and monetary discipline in the economies of Central Asia and Caucasia since their independence. We use WDI-2010 data of the World Bank in order to develop a model including fiscal and monetary variables, which aims to represent the growth experiences of the aforementioned countries.
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Steinhauser, Dušan, Stanislav Zábojník, and Zuzana Borovská. "Impact of the US Trade Policy on Trade Flows Distortion of Selected Commodity Groups." In The 20th International Joint Conference: Central and Eastern Europe in the Changing Business Environment. Prague University of Economics and Business, Oeconomica Publishing House, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/pr.2020.cer.2395.25.

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Ružeková, Viera, and Ján Hrinko. "The Impact of Economic Diplomacy on the Fulfilment of the Slovak Pro-export Policy Goals." In 21st International Joint Conference Central and Eastern Europe in the Changing Business Environment : Proceedings. University of Economics in Bratislava, Vydavateľstvo EKONÓM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/pr.2021.krn.4816.17.

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Yurik, Sergey, Nikolay Pushkin, Jaroslav Halík, and Valentina Yurik. "Mirror Comparison of Czech Export and Russian Import Statistics: Tips for Business and Trade Policy." In The 20th International Joint Conference: Central and Eastern Europe in the Changing Business Environment. Prague University of Economics and Business, Oeconomica Publishing House, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/pr.2020.cer.2395.28.

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Gerginova, Tatjana. "Policy for Effective Realization of Corporate Security." In Twelfth Biennial International Conference Criminal Justice and Security in Central and Eastern Europe: From Common Sense to Evidence-based Policy–making. University of Maribor Pres, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-174-2.31.

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Reports on the topic "Monetary policy – Europe, Eastern"

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Gali, Jordi, and Roberto Perotti. Fiscal Policy and Monetary Integration in Europe. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9773.

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Giavazzi, Francesco, and Alberto Giovannini. Can The European Monetary System Be Copied Outside Europe? Lessons From Ten Years of Monetary Policy Coordination In Europe. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2786.

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Uhlig, Harald. Monetary policy in Europe vs the US: what explains the difference? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14996.

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Fischer, Stanley. Monetary Policy and Performance in the U.S., Japan and Europe, 1973-86. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2475.

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Favero, Carlo, Francesco Giavazzi, and Luca Flabbi. The Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy in Europe: Evidence from Banks' Balance Sheets. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7231.

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Bergsen, Pepijn, Leah Downey, Max Krahé, Hans Kundnani, Manuela Moschella, and Quinn Slobodian. The economic basis of democracy in Europe: structural economic change, inequality and the depoliticization of economic policymaking. Royal Institute of International Affairs, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784135362.

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- To understand contemporary challenges to European democracy, it is crucial to look beyond the surface of politics and consider the deeper relationship between democracy and the economy. Instead of focusing exclusively on the rise of ‘populism’, it is necessary to acknowledge the multiplicity of threats to European democracy, in particular those arising from the structure of European economies and economic policymaking. - Understanding these weaknesses in the functioning of European democracies is crucial to an effective approach to future economic transformations, in particular the green transition, but also for dealing effectively and equitably with challenges such as higher inflation. It is important that the relevant policy changes and responses are democratically legitimate and do not foster the kind of political backlash that previous economic transformations did. - Over the past 40 years, economic inequality – ranging from income inequality to discrepancies in wealth and economic security – has widened throughout developed economies. In turn, these developments have generated increasing political inequality, as economic policymaking has served the interests of the well-off. - Democratic systems have also been made less responsive to electorates through the ‘depoliticization’ of policymaking, in particular economic policy, as a result of its insulation from national-level democratic scrutiny. The expansion of technocratic modes of governance – notably through independent central banks and EU-level institutions – has in many cases entrenched the policy preferences of specific groups in institutions removed from direct democratic control. - As this depoliticization has to a large extent made democratic contestation over economic policy redundant, politics has increasingly been polarized around ‘cultural’ questions. But such a focus on culture is unlikely to address the inequalities behind the dysfunction of democracies in Europe. - Strengthening European democracy requires a ‘repoliticization’ of economic policymaking, including both fiscal and monetary policymaking. In the specific context of the EU, this would mean opening up more policy space for national decision-makers and parliaments – in particular by giving them a more influential role in fiscal policy, and by making monetary policy more democratic.
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7

Lucas, Brian. Behaviour Change Interventions for Energy Efficiency. Institute of Development Studies, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.138.

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Behavioural interventions are policies and programmes that incorporate insights from scientists who study human behaviour (such as psychology and behavioural economics), with the aim of encouraging socially desirable behaviours by removing barriers and creating incentives or disincentives (Cornago, 2021). Very few behavioural interventions for energy efficiency have been documented in Eastern Europe and the Western Balkans, and none in North Macedonia. The limited experience that has been documented in the region consists of a few small trials which used behavioural principles to inform households about approaches to energy conservation, but none of these trials have demonstrated a significant effect on behaviour. Behavioural interventions have been widely used elsewhere in the world, particularly in North America, Western Europe, and Australia, and there are many studies evaluating their impacts in these regions (Andor & Fels, 2018, p. 182). This report focuses primarily on household energy efficiency, and particularly on the most widespread and well-documented interventions, which are those related to providing feedback on energy consumption and labelling consumer goods. Although behavioural interventions have been shown to produce significant impacts and to be cost-effective in many situations, the available evidence has some limitations. Many examples that have been documented are small-scale trials or pilot projects; large-scale, institutionalised policy interventions based on behavioural insights are rare (Users TCP and IEA, 2020, p. 22). In many studies, experiments with small sample sizes and short durations show larger impacts than larger and longer-term studies, suggesting that pilot studies may over-estimate the savings that might be achieved by large-scale programmes (Andor & Fels, 2018, p. 182; Erhardt-Martinez et al., 2010, p. iv). The amount of energy saved by behavioural interventions is often fairly small and varies widely from one programme to another, suggesting that the effectiveness of these interventions may be highly dependent on local context and on details of design and implementation. Finally, many studies rely on participants reporting their intentions, and on hypothetical rather than actual purchasing decisions, and some studies have found a divergence between stated intentions and actual behaviour (Grünig et al., 2010, p. 41; Users TCP and IEA, 2020, pp. 75–76; Yang et al., 2015, pp. 21–22).
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Lucas, Brian. Lessons Learned about Political Inclusion of Refugees. Institute of Development Studies, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.114.

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Most refugees and other migrants have limited opportunities to participate in politics to inform and influence the policies that affect them daily; they have limited voting rights and generally lack effective alternative forms of representation such as consultative bodies (Solano & Huddleston, 2020a, p. 33). Political participation is ‘absent (or almost absent) from integration strategies’ in Eastern European countries, while refugees and other migrants in Western Europe do enjoy significant local voting rights, stronger consultative bodies, more funding for immigrant organisations and greater support from mainstream organisations (Solano & Huddleston, 2020a, p. 33).This rapid review seeks to find out what lessons have been learned about political inclusion of refugees, particularly in European countries.In general, there appears to be limited evidence about the effectiveness of attempts to support the political participation of migrants/refugees. ‘The engagement of refugees and asylum-seekers in the political activities of their host countries is highly understudied’ (Jacobi, 2021, p. 3) and ‘the effects that integration policies have on immigrants’ representation remains an under-explored field’ (Petrarca, 2015, p. 9). The evidence that is available often comes from sources that cover the entire population or ethnic minorities without specifically targeting refugees or migrants, are biased towards samples of immigrants who are long-established in the host country and may not be representative of immigrant populations, or focus only on voting behaviour and neglect other forms of political participation (Bilodeau, 2016, pp. 30–31). Statistical data on refugees and integration policy areas and indicators is often weak or absent (Hopkins, 2013, pp. 9, 28–32, 60). Data may not distinguish clearly among refugees and other types of migrants by immigration status, origin country, or length of stay in the host country; may not allow correlating data collected during different time periods with policies in place during those periods and preceding periods; and may fail to collect a range of relevant migrant-specific social and demographic characteristics (Bilgili et al., 2015, pp. 22–23; Hopkins, 2013, p. 28).
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