Academic literature on the topic 'Mondulkiri'

Introduction: The persistent increase of resistance to existing antimalarials underscores the needs for new drugs. Historically, most of the successful antimalarial are derived from plants. The leaves of the S. cymosum is one of the plant materials used by traditional healers in malaria-endemic areas in Bangladesh for treatment of malaria. Here, we investigated the crude extract and its fractions against chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive 3D7, CQ-resistant Dd2, and artemisinin (ART)-resistant IPC 4912 Mondulkiri strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Methodology: The antimalarial activities were tested using HRP II based in-vitro antimalarial drug sensitivity ELISA described by WWARN and half inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were calculated by non-linear regression analysis using GraphaPad Prism. The cytotoxicity of the crude methanolic extract was assessed using the MTT assay on Vero cell line. Results: The methanolic crude extract revealed promising activity against 3D7 (IC50 6.28 µg/mL), Dd2 (IC50 13.42 µg/mL), and moderate activity against IPC 4912 Mondulkiri (IC50 17.47 µg/mL). Among the fractionated portions, the chloroform fraction revealed highest activity against IPC 4912 Mondulkiri (IC50 1.65 µg/mL) followed by Dd2 (1.73 µg/mL) and 3D7 (2.39 µg/mL). The crude methanolic extract also demonstrated good selectivity with the selectivity indices of > 15.92, > 7.45, and > 6.91 against 3D7, Dd2, and IPC 4912, respectively when tested against Vero cell line. Conclusions: This is the first report on S. cymosum for its putative antimalarial activity, and is imperative to go for further phytochemical analyses in order to investigate possible novel antimalarial drug compound(s).

Lestes nigriceps Fraser, 1924 was described from a male (later the lectotype) and two non-conspecific females collected in 1922 at Pusa, Bihar State, India, and has never been reported since. In June 2018 a population of L. nigriceps was unexpectedly found in eastern Cambodia, Mondulkiri Province. The Cambodian males, their variation and, for the first time, the true female of L. nigriceps is described.

AbstractThe pygmy slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus is a little-studied primate endemic to Vietnam, Laos, southern China and eastern Cambodia. Our study aimed to gain local knowledge on the distribution and ecology of, and threats to, the species by interviewing hunters, traders and wildlife protection staff, and to verify this information using a spotlighting survey in three major reserves in Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia. Encounter rates of pygmy loris were assessed along 29 transects (129.5 km), yielding observations of 26 individuals. Mean encounter rates were 0.40 km-1 in Seima Protection Forest, 0.10 km-1 in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary and 0.00 km-1 in Mondulkiri Protected Forest. Informants had knowledge of where populations occurred, their diet, sociality and habitat preferences. Widespread large population declines were reported and informants linked this to high hunting pressure, particularly in 2001 and 2002. In late 2008 and 2009 we resurveyed three transects that had high encounter rates in early 2008 and failed to detect any lorises. Local informants reported high hunting pressure during the previous wet season in two of these sites, and a gold mine development was underway in the third site. Urgent actions are required to address these population declines and to assess the conservation status of pygmy lorises throughout eastern Cambodia.

Coeliccia rolandorum sp. nov. is described from the eastern Cambodia (holotype: Cambodia, Mondulkiri Province, Buu Sraa Waterfall environs, 12°34' N 107°24' E, ~780 m a.s.l., 16 June 2014, RMNH) and southern and central Vietnam. It is related to C. kazukoae, which is known from the Cardamom and Sankamphaeng Mts., and replaces it in eastern Indochina. New distributional data on C. kazukoae are presented and its characters are discussed with respect to their change with age.

Shade is a natural condition for coffee plants; however, unshaded plantations currently predominate in Asia. The benefits of shading increase as the environment becomes less favorable for coffee cultivation, e.g., because of climate change. It is necessary to determine the effects of shade on the yield of Coffea canephora and on the soil water availability. Therefore, three coffee plantations (of 3, 6, and 9 ha) in the province of Mondulkiri, Cambodia, were selected to evaluate the effect of shade on Coffea canephora yields, coffee bush trunk changes, and soil moisture. Our study shows that shade-grown coffee delivers the same yields as coffee that is grown without shading in terms of coffee bean weight or size (comparing average values and bean variability), the total weight of coffee fruits per coffee shrub and the total weight of 100 fruits (fresh and dry). Additionally, fruit ripeness was not influenced by shade in terms of variability nor in terms of a possible delay in ripening. There was no difference in the coffee stem diameter changes between shaded and sunny sites, although the soil moisture was shown to be higher throughout the shaded sites.

AbstractThe banteng Bos javanicus is a globally threatened species of wild cattle restricted to South-East Asia. We report the first robust estimate of banteng density and population size from anywhere in the species' global range, using distance-based line transect sampling within two protected areas, Mondulkiri Protected Forest and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, which form part of the Eastern Plains Landscape, Cambodia. We surveyed 110 line transects multiple times during the dry seasons of 2009–2010 and 2010–2011. In a total survey effort of 1,310 km there were 63 encounters with banteng. The mean estimate of the population across the 3,406 km2 study area is 3,200 (95% confidence interval 1,980–5,170). This suggests that the protected area complex of the Eastern Plains Landscape supports the majority of the global population of banteng. Stronger protection, both in the form of increased anti-hunting and poaching patrols and integrated land-use planning to prevent habitat loss within protected areas, is essential for securing wild cattle populations in the Eastern Plains Landscape.

Cambodia has become a principal target of transnational (and domestic) land grabs over the past decade, mostly in the form of economic land concessions (ELCs). The northeastern part of the country—where the majority of Cambodia’s indigenous people reside—is a particular hotspot. In this article, we discuss three policy mechanisms that the Cambodian government has employed to extend and legitimize land exclusions in the name of national economic development through the example of two indigenous villages in Srae Preah Commune, Mondulkiri Province. First, we show how the allocation of two ELCs has deprived indigenous communities of their communally managed land. Second, we examine how communal land titling processes have failed to provide indigenous villagers with effective legal mechanisms to counteract ELCs and land encroachment by internal migrants. Third, we elucidate how the promotion of cash crop production contributed to livelihood and land use transitions from a reliance on forest resources in 2003 to a dependence on cash crops in 2012 to a struggle to remain resilient amid a slump in crop prices in 2018. We conclude that the combination of these policies has undermined communal ownership and livelihood resilience under a situation of limited exit strategies.

In this article we presented the casual photographic records of butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) made along with the studies on the Odonata fauna in 33 localities of two eastern provinces of Cambodia, Ratanakiri and Mondilkiri in 2013-2018. The butterflies were photographed in purely natural conditions without any restriction of their freedom and mobility, using two cameras, Olympus Camedia C8080 and Canon EOS 350D, the latter with the lens Sigma AF 24-70 mm F2.8 EX DG MACRO. Coordinates were obtained with Garmine eTrex H personal GPS navigator and revised with Google Earth; elevations were retrieved from Google Earth. In total, we identified 118 and provisionally identified five species; 19 species (Abisara cf. bifasciata, Poritia cf. hewitsoni, Ahmetia achaja, Arhopala nicevillei, Sinthusa chandrana, Virachola sp. cf. kessuma, Zizeera maha, Tirumala limniace, Junonia hierta, Yoma sabina, Terinos clarissa, Euripus nyctelius, Lethe rohria, Bibasis sena, Caprona agama, C. alida, Aeromachus cf. pygmaeus, Gangara thyrsis, and Udaspes folus) and one subspecies (Kallima inachus alboinachus) are reported for Cambodia for the first time. We also illustrated these species as well as some more provisionally identified and unidentified for this region.

This thesis deals with the establishemnt of the rubber plantation Varanasi in the Bousraa village complex, Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia. The land that the project is changing from forest to plantation has been used by the Bunong, an indigenous group practicing swidden agriculture, for generations. The establishment of the plantation has led to protests, sabotage actions, the generation of dierence in the community and the dispossession of villagers, all in the name of "economic development". The central argument is that by applying the moral economy concept to the Bunong, their relationship to land can be seen as complex and "total", while the idea behind the plantation is to tap an untapped set of resources for commodity production - a purely profit-oriented outlook. This leads to the concept of "development" losing all meaning in context of the case: it becomes obvious that a rethinking of what development is and should be is necessary.

Le concept de service écosystémique est souvent utilisé pour évaluer des politiques publiques qui ont un impact à la fois sur la production agricole et sur les conditions environnementales dans lesquelles sont situées les sociétés qui les portent. En milieu rural, si traiter de l’utilisation des terres en termes de compromis entre besoin de production agricole et nécessité de préserver les autres services écosystémiques devient une approche courante pour une région et à une date précisément définis, il est plus rare que ce cadre théorique se trouve mobilisé pour évaluer des transformations dans le temps et des dynamiques spatiales. Cette recherche s’intéresse à l’offre de différents services écosystémiques dans la province de Mondulkiri au Cambodge, ceux-ci étant considérés comme le résultat de transformations passées dans l’utilisation de l’espace, dans le but ultime de cerner les solutions possibles aux défis soulevés par les compromis entre ces services. L’impact combiné de ces changements sur la production agricole, considérée globalement, est apprécié en utilisant les politiques foncières et le marché du caoutchouc comme variables principales. Les résultats de la prospective qui en est tirée confirment le caractère surdéterminant des prix du caoutchouc pour expliquer les transformations de l’utilisation de l’espace. Les politiques foncières ne présentant qu’un impact plus limité, davantage visible lorsque les prix sont hauts que dans les creux de cycle, comme c’est le cas actuellement. Les systèmes de production agricole qui s’avèrent les plus efficients économiquement pour les agriculteurs de la région apparaissent ceux combinant agriculture de défriche-brûlis sur les piémonts avec la production de manioc dans les plaines. En définitive, les stratégies envisageables pour réduire ce compromis entre services sont évalués et comparés. Les bénéfices et les coûts liés à l’utilisation de l’espace et à la gestion des écosystèmes sont évalués et comparés en fonction de plusieurs scénarios. Les résultats de cette prospective montrent qu’une politique qui favoriserait les grandes plantations présenterait des impacts économiques positifs, mais seulement lorsque les prix du caoutchouc sont élevés. L’analyze des prévisions d’utilisation des sols selon les différents scénarios et l’anticipation de leur impact suggère que, dans certains cas, la valeur ajoutée des cultures peut être suffisamment élevée pour conduire à un revenu positif, mais les compensations pour les dégradations environnementales et les couts d’opportunité demeurent incertains. En particulier, tel est le cas de la plantation d’hévéa en comparaison d’autres alternatives d’utilisation de l’espace, en particulier le maintien de la forêt ou les cultures de défriche-brûlis. Dans tous ces cas, la construction des scénarios offre un cadre transparent pour permettre que les décisions publiques puissent être basées sur des évaluations qui prennent en compte les projections de compromis environnementaux
The concept of ecosystem services (ES) is helpful to assess the benefits of policies that influence both the production of goods and services as well as the environmental conditions in which human societies are situated. In the rural sector, while addressing the trade-offs between agricultural production and the other services is now becoming common for a given stage of the land use at a precise date and for a specific region, this theoretical framework is more rarely used to measure their transformations over time and space. This dissertation generally looks at the provision of different ES in the province of Mondulkiri in Cambodia as the result of changes in the land uses, ultimately aiming at identifying feasible solutions for the possible challenges rose by the trade-offs between the different services. The combined impact of these changes on the agricultural production taken globally is appraised by using the land policies and the rubber market prices as the main variables. The results show the powerful drive of the rubber market to explain the changes in land use, the land policies demonstrating a lower impact, or more visible when the prices of the rubber are high when they decrease as it is the case nowadays. Farming systems that are the most efficient economically for the producers and ecologically in terms of ES provision, are systems in which farmers combined shifting cultivation in the mountain with cassava production in the plain. Finally, the possible strategies to mitigate trade-offs in provision of ES are evaluated and compared. The benefits and costs of the land use and ES management are measured along several designed scenarios. The findings of this study indicate that the policy favoring large-scale concessions may result in several positive effects, while only when the rubber prices are high. The analysis of the land use foresight based on various tested scenarios and their impact suggests that in some cases, the value-added of crops may be high enough to generate a positive income, but the compensation for environmental losses and opportunity costs are still uncertain. This seems to be particularly the case of rubber compared to other alternative land uses including forest or shifting cultivation. In all these cases, the scenarios may serve as a transparent framework to ensure that decisions are based on assessments that consider ecosystem trade-offs in the future

This thesis details research into the ecology and behaviour of the black-shanked douc (Pygathrix nigripes Milne-Edwards, 1871), an Endangered colobine found in eastern Cambodia and southern Vietnam. The study was conducted in Seima Biodiversity Conservation Area (SBCA), Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia, over a period of 20 months, from January 2003 to August 2004, and therefore represents the longest-term study of any species in the genus. Distributional and relative density data show that black-shanked doucs preferentially utilise evergreen forest. There they maintain the largest group sizes and highest relative densities. The species is also commonly found in semi-evergreen and mixed deciduous forest, although the latter may be sub-optimal due to limited food resources. P. nigripes additionally occurs in dry deciduous dipterocarp forest but probably only where it is associated with one of the first three forest types. Group sizes appear to be lower in suboptimal habitats as suggested by the ecological constraints model. Four major social units occur in the species: one-male units (OMUs), bands comprised of several OMUs, bachelor groups and lone males. OMUs averaged 7.5 individuals, and were composed of a single male, several females and offspring. Black-shanked doucs have a fission-fusion social system, with fusion of OMUs into bands occurring more commonly in the wet season. The maximum band size recorded was 26 individuals. Activity budgets were similar to other colobine species. Inactivity dominated with a frequency of 61%, feeding 27%, travel 6%, social behaviour 3%, and other activities 2%. Daily distribution of activities was also a typically colobine pattern with high rates of feeding in the morning, a long midday period of inactivity followed by a second feeding bout in the afternoon. Locomotion was predominantly quadrupedal although frequencies of brachiation were significant. The majority of activities occurred in the middle to upper forest canopy: only one instance of terrestriality was recorded. Several behaviours not previously documented in wild doucs were observed, including paternalistic behaviour and allomothering. Contrary to previous studies on the feeding ecology of Pygathrix, P. nigripes at the site was best characterised as a seed predator, with 40% of feeding records being dedicated to seeds. Leaves, especially young leaves, also comprised a significant part of the diet.Doucs were highly selective in their diet, feeding from only 35 positively-identified plant species and with 44% of all feeding records coming from only five species. Legume species were heavily targeted. Diets did not track resource abundance across seasons with the exception of high levels of flower consumption correlated with high availability during the dry season and seed consumption during the wet season. SBCA holds the largest known population of the species across its range and is under active conservation management by the Wildlife Conservation Society and the Forestry Administration of the Royal Government of Cambodia and therefore represents one of the best opportunities for long-term conservation of the species. Having an understanding of habitat preferences, feeding ecology and behaviour as presented in this thesis provides a basis for management of the species at this site and beyond.
Grants from the Australian National University, Primate Conservation, Inc., Conservation International’s Primate Action Fund, American Society of Primatologists, Wildlife Conservation Society, Under the Counter Publishing and Hennessey Hammocks

This chapter examines the formation of contemporary cassava trading networks in the Cambodian border province of Mondulkiri, which neighbors Tbong Khmum. In response to a boom in global demand for derivatives of industrial—or “bitter”—cassava over the last decade, the chapter unfolds how large tracts of the Cambodia–Vietnam frontier have come under smallholder cassava cultivation to supply processing industries in Vietnamese border provinces. The chapter recounts how the subtle material and social variations in Mondulkiri have produced two distinct commodity networks circulating dried cassava chips and fresh cassava tubers. The chapter then distills the key actors and relationships in these networks and the negotiations and practices involved in mobilizing the cassava trade. It then turns to the specific role of migration in the development of new agricultural lands, where cassava has been a crucial pioneer crop. The chapter emphasizes that cassava networks have both adapted to and shaped diverse localities through related processes, such as migration and land claiming. The commodification processes that migration and cassava have set in train ensure that market formation continues even if cassava-specific networks are disrupted.

This chapter looks at the disruptive synergies between smallholder agriculture, largescale plantations, and other landscape transitions in Mondulkiri. Focusing on two settlements in Mondulkiri, the chapter tracks the emergence of a postboom rupture at the site of a large rubber concession, which interacts with accumulated environmental and social pressures, such as debt, soil, and resource exhaustion. It shows how the disparate social groups experience the effects of these transformations differently. The chapter then jumps to demonstrate how land and migration interact with smallholder crop booms and economic land concessions (ELCs) for rubber. It then discusses the lowland village of Phum Prambei, and illustrates how a combination of smallholder markets, timber extraction, ELCs, land depletion, and debt have escalated livelihood pressures and environmental change.