Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Moment of frictional forces'

The objective of the research programme has been to develop design parameters applicable to in-service submarine pipeline buckling behaviour. The programme has involved experimental and theoretical studies and computer graphics are widely employed throughout. Initially, as detailed in Chapter 1, the necessary buckling mechanisms in. pipelines subjected to axial compression have been identified and analysed in the form of relatively basic fully mobilised studies. In addition, errors and limitations contained within these studies have been determined and delineated. Consequently, geotechnical experimentation as reported in Chapter 2 was deemed necessary particularly given the dearth of information available relating to the nature of the friction resistance force between the pipeline and its supporting medium. Full scale values for the axial and lateral friction coefficients together with their respective fully mobilised displacements have been deduced upon the basis of model tests. A semi-empirical formula has thereby been produced for use in design practice. Further, a novel interpretation of sea bed recovery, or the pipeline's submerged self-weight inertial characteristics associated with vertical buckling, has also been determined. Following on from the above geotechnical study,more refined quasi-idealised analyses,dealt with in Chapter 3, have been undertaken incorporating the appropriate full scale deformation-dependent axial and lateral friction-response loci together with the respective sea bed recovery characteristics. These analyses enable, for the first time, definition of the appropriate critical temperature rise at which axial-flexural bifurcation occurs. Finally, noting that previous buckling analyses have been based on quasi-idealised buckling phenomena, attempts have also been made to incorporate practical submarine pipeline imperfections. Pipelines are not perfectly straight in field conditions and, consequently, the imperfection studies denoted in Chapter 4 have attempted to model the appropriate behaviour. Design charts have been produced accordingly and suggestions made regarding further studies.

Дисертаційна робота присвячена дослідженню впливу гідродинаміки в'язких і аномально в'язких мастильних матеріалів у конічних зазорах зі змінною величиною конусності. Подібні завдання є актуальними при дослідженні конічних опорних підшипників, які знайшли широке застосування в гідротурбінобудуванні та інших сферах гідромашинобудування. Одним з важливих питань у даному напрямку є визначення крутного моменту сил в'язкого тертя в щілинних конічних зазорах. В роботі, проведено критичний аналіз досліджень, присвячених даній темі, зроблено висновок про недостатність досліджень і поставлена задача, розв’язання якої пропонується в даній роботі. На підставі досліджень інших авторів виведені основні критерії подібності, які можуть охарактеризувати цей процес поведінки рідини в зазорі, де одна з поверхонь (внутрішня) може обертатися навколо своєї осі. Проведено фізичне і математичне моделювання поведінки рідини в конічних підшипниках. На підставі експериментальних досліджень були отримані функціональні залежності визначення крутного моменту як функції частоти обертання внутрішнього конуса, в'язкості змащує рідини, ширини щілинного зазору між конічними поверхнями. Отримані результати були зіставлені з аналогічними даними для циліндричних щілинних зазорів (циліндричних підшипників ковзання). Представлені рекомендації по розрахунку основних характеристик потоку. Проведення математичне моделювання дало можливість оцінити ступінь відмінності між результатами експерименту і теорії, пояснити розбіжності в результатах. Одним з найважливіших моментів дослідження є результат, пов'язаний з поведінкою аномально-в'язких рідин (деякі з мастильних матеріалів за своєю поведінкою близькі до рідин, поведінка яких можна описати рівнянням Освальда де Віля). Проведене моделювання процесів, що розглядаються в конічних щілинних зазорах, дало можливість забезпечити раціональний вибір змащувальних матеріалів для зниження моменту тертя (сил тертя) в конічних зазорах.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pulsating vibration on the sliding resistance between orthodontic brackets and stainless steel wires. Brackets were placed at two different angulations (0° and 5°) to simulate leveling of a tipped tooth during tooth movement. Pulsating vibration was delivered via the AcceleDent device. Background: Friction is defined as a force that retards or resists the relative motion of two objects in contact, and its direction is tangential to the common boundary of the two surfaces in contact. This has been of interest to the orthodontist since the mid-20th century. Since the time of Stoner’s paper in 1960, the orthodontic literature has been full of studies done on friction in orthodontics including: friction with different ligation methods, friction among different arch wire materials, friction and different bracket materials, and friction with various slot designs. Understanding friction has led to the emergence of new technologies in orthodontics. One of the most popular is the self-ligating bracket. This popularity arose from claims that they reduce friction during treatment. Other innovations have been introduced in the field of orthodontics to help accelerate tooth movement. Among these innovations is the application of a pulsating vibration during active orthodontic treatment. Such pulsating vibration can be delivered during orthodontic treatment by AcceleDent, which is a hands- free device designed by OrthoAccel Technologies, Inc., Bellaire, TX. The company claims the output force helps accelerate bone turnover. The following study investigated whether it could decrease treatment time via a different mechanism: decreasing frictional resistance to tooth movement along the arch wire. Methods: A paper template was made of a typodont tooth with a bracket window cut out. The bracket cut out was made with the bracket window angulated 0° and 5°. 0.022” x 0.028” standard prescription edgewise brackets (American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, WI) of ceramic, twin and self-ligating design were bonded to 3 maxillary 1st premolar typodont teeth using the template. The teeth were leveled with a 0.019” x 0.025” SS arch wire and placed in a metal scaffold. They were held in place with Aquasil Ultra XLV wash material PVS (DENTSPLY Caulk, Milford, DE.). Only the middle bracket was adjusted for angulation and accuracy was checked with the iPhone 6 level. The AcceleDent Aura device (OrthoAccel Technologies, Inc., Bellaire, TX). was attached to the occlusal surface of the teeth via cable ties. The AcceleDent Aura device provided 30 Hz of pulsating vibration. All tests were performed with a 0.019” x 0.025” SS arch wire pulled through the brackets via a Universal Testing Machine (Instron, Grove City, PA) at a crosshead speed of 2.5mm/min for 30 seconds. Frictional resistance was measured by averaging 6 recordings every 5 seconds. Results: The pulsating vibration provided by the AcceleDent device significantly reduced the resistance to sliding for each bracket type at both 0° and 5° (p<0.05). Ceramic brackets had the highest resistance to sliding of all bracket types. Conclusions: Pulsating vibration via the AcceleDent Aura device reduces the resistance to sliding between a bracket and arch wire in vitro. This may potentially decrease overall treatment time but more in vivo studies need to be done to evaluate this.

Symmetrical steel moment frames that are subjected to sidesway forces due to unsymmetrical live loads will undergo sidesway. The P-delta effects on a moment frame under the influence of sidesway forces is studied. The effective length method is used for the second-order analysis specified in the American Institute Steel Construction - Load and Resistance Factor Design (AISC-LRFD). This study investigates the P-delta effects on a multi-story, multi-bay steel moment frame subjected to sidesway forces caused by various unsymmetrical live load patterns. The study focuses on the interaction of axial and bending moment in the columns. The actual response of a moment frame is estimated by amplifying the results of a first-order elastic analysis using moment magnification factors. The moment magnification factors for each story of the steel moment frame are summarized.

In endoprosthesis surgery there are typically a high percentage of implant defects, these can lead to failure of the whole prosthesis. One type of total hip replacement function loss is acetabular cup loosening from the pelvic bone. This disertation examines manufacture perturbations as one of the possible reasons for this kind of failure. Both dimension and geometry manufacturing perturbations of ceramic head and polyethylen cup were analyzed. We find that perturbations in the variables analysed here affect considered values of contact pressure and frictional moment. Furthermore, contact pressure and frictional moment are quantities affecting replacement success and durability. From obtained results it can be recommended to fit head and cup with a clearance of between 0 mm and 0.05 mm. It can not be recommend using interference type of fit because of strong deterioration of the contact conditions. Roundness perturbation of ceramic head should not exceed 0.025 mm.

Ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries within athletics in the United States with approximately one-million student athletes experiencing ankle sprains each year. Studies argue excessive or rapid ankle inversion occurring from jump landings may cause ankle sprains. Also, the effect of limb dominance on risk of ankle sprain is not well documented. The aim of this study was to determine if there is an affect of leg dominance on landing mechanism of the ankle joint that predisposes either ankle joint to greater risk of ankle sprain. Twelve recreationally active subjects were recruited and completed four maximal vertical jumps. Ground reaction force, marker position data and maximal vertical jump height were collected using two Bertec Force plates, a 10-camera motion capture system, and a Vertec Vertical Jump Trainer, respectively. Cortex and Visual3D software programs were used to process the motion capture data and to calculate peak vertical ground reaction forces(vGRF), loading rate, and ankle joint moments. There were no statistically significant differences in ankle joint moment or loading rate between limbs, but peak vGRF were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the non-dominant ankle. The results suggest the non-dominant ankle displays higher injury potential, as the non-dominant leg accumulates a larger peak landing force.

In this thesis, I demonstrate the dynamic way in which musical processes can be described as metaphors. Using Steve Larson’s three main metaphors (gravity, inertia, and magnetism) as a starting point, I propose additional metaphors (friction, repulsion, momentum, wave, orbit, and oscillation) to analyze the first movements of Mozart’s Piano Concerto No. 20 in D minor, K 466 and Schumann’s Piano Concerto in A minor, op. 54. These metaphors provide a means to discuss points of convergence and divergence between the Classical style and the early-Romantic style. Additionally, most theorists of the energeticist tradition only discuss motion through prose; I introduce a way to represent these metaphors as musical examples. By focusing on the listener’s experience through musical motion, the model proposed in this thesis is useful, not only for the theorist, but for all who wish to communicate ideas about music in a dynamic way.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 2006.
"Title from dissertation home page (viewed June 28, 2007)." Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-06, Section: B, page: 3092. Adviser: Joel M. Stager.

Pour comprendre l’étiologie des chutes chez la personne âgée, les études menées dans le domaine de la biomécanique se sont principalement attachées à évaluer les capacités d’équilibre en s’appuyant sur l’analyse des mouvements linéaires du corps. Cependant, le maintien de l’équilibre au cours de nos différentes tâches motrices nécessite à la fois un contrôle approprié des mouvements linéaires et des mouvements angulaires (de rotation) des segments corporels. Ainsi, ce travail doctoral vise à identifier et comprendre les modifications du contrôle des mouvements angulaires du corps chez les personnes âgées à travers l’étude du moment cinétique du corps, qui est reconnu comme étant un paramètre mécanique hautement contrôlé par le système nerveux central pour le maintien de l’équilibre. Nos études mettent en évidence qu’au cours de la tâche d’exécution du pas volontaire, les personnes âgées présentent une modification dans le contrôle du moment cinétique du corps. Globalement, nos résultats montrent que les personnes âgées ont une amplitude du moment cinétique du corps plus importante que des individus jeunes - en particulier dans le plan sagittal -, et que cela est exacerbé avec l’augmentation de la vitesse d’exécution du mouvement (ou de progression). En outre, nos résultats mettent en exergue que cette modification dans le contrôle du moment cinétique du corps avec l’âge est directement imputée aux changements au niveau des moments cinétiques segmentaires, avec les personnes âgées présentant des moments cinétiques du tronc et des membres inférieurs plus élevés que les adultes jeunes. Pour finir, nous avons observé une relation entre l’amplitude du moment cinétique du corps au cours de la tâche d’exécution du pas volontaire et des mesures de force musculaire et d’équilibre chez des participants jeunes et âgés. Ces résultats suggèrent que les modifications dans le contrôle du moment cinétique du corps avec l’âge, qui pourraient imposer une plus grande difficulté pour le contrôle de l’équilibre et potentiellement un plus grand risque de chute lors de la tâche d’exécution du pas volontaire chez la personne âgée, peuvent être en partie attribuées à la perte de force musculaire des membres inférieurs et à la détérioration des autres systèmes impliqués dans le contrôle de l’équilibre avec le vieillissement. Ensemble, nos travaux concourent à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes sous-jacents l’altération du contrôle de l’équilibre chez la personne âgée et offrent une base à de futures études visant à réduire l’incidence des chutes au sein de cette même population
In order to understand the etiology of falls in the elderly, studies in the field of biomechanics have mainly focused on assessing balance abilities, relying on the analysis of linear body movements. However, maintaining balance during our various motor tasks requires both appropriate control of linear movements and angular (rotational) movements of body segments. Thus, this doctoral work aims to identify and understand changes in the control of angular body movements in old adults through the study of whole-body angular momentum, which is recognized as a mechanical parameter highly controlled by the central nervous system to maintain balance. Our studies reveal that during the volitional stepping task, old adults exhibit an alteration in the control of the whole-body angular momentum. Overall, our results show that old adults have a higher range of whole-body angular momentum than their younger counterparts – particularly in the sagittal plane – and this is exacerbated with the increase in progression velocity. Furthermore, our results highlight that this age-related changes in the control of whole-body angular momentum is directly ascribed to changes in segmental angular momenta, with old adults having higher trunk and lower limb angular momenta than young adults. Finally, we observed a relationship between the range of whole-body angular momentum during the stepping task and measurements of muscle strength and balance in young and old adults. These results suggest that age-related changes in the control of whole-body angular momentum, which may impose greater challenge for balance control and potentially a greater risk of fallingduring the volitional stepping task in old adults, can be partially attributed to the decline in lower limb muscle strength and the impairment of other systems involved in balance control with aging. Together, our results contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying impaired balance control in old adults and provide a basis for future studies to reduce the incidence of falls in this population

O objetivo principal do estudo é comparar o teste em 3 pontos com braquetes com o teste de resistência ao deslizamento utilizando um novo dispositivo que realiza a mensuração simultânea do coeficiente de atrito, das forças e dos momentos nos braquetes de ancoragem e da força de desativação no braquete desalinhado, exercidos por fios ortodônticos. Os objetivos secundários foram desenvolver o dispositivo e comparar, no teste em 3 pontos: (i) a influência, nas grandezas e no coeficiente de atrito cinético, da variação da simetria nas distâncias inter-braquetes, do tipo de braquete de ancoragem (canino ou 2º pré-molar), do deslocamento (3 ou 5mm) do braquete central, do sentido do desalinhamento (vestibular ou lingual) do braquete central e da marca de fio-braquete; (ii) as 3 formas de cálculo do coeficiente de atrito cinético; (iii) os 10 ciclos, para vestibular ou lingual, para verificar se eles são semelhantes ou não entre si. Foram utilizados braquetes autoligáveis (dentes 13, 14 e 15) e fios 0.014\'\' NiTi e CuNiTi das marcas Aditek e Ormco. O teste de resistência ao deslizamento foi realizado no desalinhamento lingual, nos dois deslocamentos e na configuração simétrica. O teste em 3 pontos com braquetes foi realizado no desalinhamento lingual e vestibular, nos dois deslocamentos e na configuração simétrica e assimétrica. Por meio da ANOVA, foram comparados, entre os dois tipos de teste: (A) as grandezas e o coeficiente de atrito e (B) o coeficiente de atrito gerado apenas no braquete de 2º pré-molar. Utilizando-se do mesmo teste estatístico foram comparados, no teste em 3 pontos com braquetes: (A) na configuração simétrica, algumas grandezas e o coeficiente de atrito advindos da variação da marca de fio-braquete, do deslocamento, do desalinhamento e do tipo de braquete; (B) algumas grandezas e o coeficiente de atrito gerados na configuração simétrica e assimétrica; (C) os valores das 3 formas de cálculo do coeficiente de atrito na configuração simétrica; e (D) algumas grandezas e o coeficiente de atrito encontrados nos 10 ciclos. Resultados: (A) a maioria dos valores das grandezas e do coeficiente de atrito gerados pelos dois tipos de teste foram diferentes estatisticamente; (B) o braquete de 2º pré-molar apresentou valores de coeficiente de atrito diferentes entre os dois tipos de teste; (C) na configuração simétrica, as variáveis foram estatisticamente significantes na maioria dos casos para as grandezas analisadas e para o coeficiente de atrito; (D) houve diferença entre a configuração simétrica e assimétrica; (E) o coeficiente de atrito baseado nas duas normais e na força de atrito se aproximou mais da realidade clínica e foi sensível à variação da geometria da relação fio-braquete; e (F) os 10 ciclos para lingual foram semelhantes entre si em 70% dos casos e os 10 ciclos para vestibular foram diferentes em 57% dos casos. Conclusões: o teste em 3 pontos com braquetes é diferente do teste de resistência ao deslizamento; a variação das configurações geométricas e da marca de fio-braquete pode influenciar nos valores das grandezas e do coeficiente de atrito cinético; os 10 ciclos para lingual foram mais semelhantes entre si que os 10 ciclos para vestibular.
The main objective of the study is to compare the three-bracket bending test with the resistance to sliding test using a new device that performs simultaneous measurement of coefficient of friction, the forces and moments on the anchor brackets and deactivation force in misaligned bracket, exercised by orthodontic wires. Secondary objectives were to develop the device and compare, in the three-bracket bending test: (i) the influence, on the physical quantities and on the kinetic friction coefficient, of the variation of the symmetry in the inter-bracket distance, of the type of anchor bracket (canine or 2nd premolar), of displacement (3 or 5mm) and misalignment (buccal or lingual) of the central bracket, and of the wire and bracket brand; (ii) the three ways to calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction; (iii) the 10 cycles, for buccal or lingual, to see if they are similar or not. Self-ligating brackets were used (teeth 13, 14 and 15) and wires 0.014 \'\' NiTi and CuNiTi of Aditek and Ormco brands. The resistance to sliding test was conducted on the lingual misalignment, on both displacements and on symmetrical configuration. The three-bracket bending test was held at the lingual and vestibular misalignment, at both displacements and at the symmetrical and asymmetrical configuration. Through ANOVA, were compared, between the two types of tests: (A) the quantities and the coefficient of friction and (B) the coefficient of friction generated only in the second premolar bracket. Using the same statistical test were compared, in three-bracket bending test: (A) in symmetrical configuration, the quantities and the coefficient of friction arising from the variation in the wire and bracket brands, displacement, misalignment and the type of bracket; (B) the quantities and the coefficient of friction generated by the symmetric and asymmetric configuration; (C) the values of the three ways of calculating friction coefficient; and (D) the quantities and the coefficient of friction encountered in 10 cycles. Results: (A) most of the values of the quantities and the coefficient of friction generated by the two types of test were statistically different; (B) the 2nd premolar bracket showed different friction coefficient values between the two types of test; (C) in the symmetrical configuration, the variables were statistically significant in the most of cases for quantities and the friction coefficient; (D) was found difference between symmetric and asymmetric configuration; (E) the friction coefficient based on both normal forces and frictional force was closer to the clinical reality and was sensitive to variations in the geometry of the wire-bracket relationship; and (F) the 10 cycles for lingual were similar in 70% of cases and the 10 cycles for buccal desalignment were different in 57% of cases. Conclusions: The three-bracket bending test is different from the resistance to sliding test; the variation of geometric configurations and wire and bracket brands may influence the values of the quantities and the coefficient of kinetic friction; the 10 cycles for lingual were more similar to each other than the 10 cycles for buccal.

Cette thèse a eu pour objectif la synthèse de nanocristaux de semi-conducteur de forme allongée et leur assemblage contrôlé entre des électrodes. L'alignement de ces nanorods à grande échelle permet d'obtenir des matériaux ayant des propriétés optiques et électriques intrinsèquement anisotropes. Nous avons synthétisé des nanorods de CdSe dans une large gamme de rapports de forme (de 1,6 à 10), et des hétérostructures cœur sphérique de CdSe et coquille allongée de CdS. Nous avons utilisé les techniques de spectroscopie UV-vis et PL pour caractériser les propriétés optiques des nanorods ; leur morphologie et leur structure ont été étudiées par MET et diffraction des rayons X. La mise en œuvre d'un dispositif pour réaliser l'assemblage en parallèle de plusieurs électrodes a permis d'implémenter une technique rapide et reproductible. Bien que l'application d'un champ électrique seul permet de guider les nanorods entre les électrodes, le contrôle de l'assemblage et leur alignement est réalisé grâce à l'application simultanée d'un champ électrique et d'une excitation ultraviolette pendant l'évaporation d'une goutte de solution colloïdale. Différents paramètres expérimentaux ont été explorés pour identifier leurs influences sur les assemblages. Ces derniers ont ensuite été caractérisés par des techniques de microscopie (électronique à balayage et optique), révélant un degré d'alignement considérable des nanorods de CdSe selon les lignes de champ électrique quand il y a l'action synergique d'un champ électrique et d'une source UV.

The aim of the final thesis is to design and structural design report of selected elements of prefabricated storage hall. Processing of foundation drawing, element composition and for each designed element formwork drawing and reinforcement. It is a single-storey hall, where the main structural system consists of a transversal frame columns and prestressed girder. In this final thesis I designed and structural assessed prestressed girder, reinforced concrete purlin, roof bracing, column, grade beam and foundation pad. The calculation software Scia Engineer is used to calculate the effects of internal forces. The results are compared using a simplified method. The design and structural assessment are made according to valide standards. The designed construction complies with the limit state of ultimate and serviceability.

The thesis describes the analysis and design part of reinforced concrete frame structure. Calculation was made by program SCIA Engineer and verified by manual calculations using simplified methods. Static solution includes an assessment of floor slabs, columns and stairs. The output is then individual drawings of reinforcement. The thesis also includes a study determining the effective width for single rib.

CATD was not only adequate for analyzing the pursuit of erratically moving prey but also worked well when analyzing the pursuit of prey that remained stationary. It cannot be fully concluded that bats utilize the CATD strategy to successfully capture erratically flying prey. The angle remains relatively constant but does not exhibit a zero change in angle as by definition. The large forces experienced by the bat were seen when the bat began to rotate its body about its pitch axis or when the bat made a large turn. Moments were seen specifically when the bat began to bank into its last and final turn towards its target.; Digital recordings of three different species of bats were studied in this thesis to determine the forces and moments that were experienced throughout the bat's flight. The recordings were also studied to determine the pursuit strategies that were most effective for the bat to quickly capture its prey. A pursuit strategy is a strategic way to travel that will allow a pursuer to capture/approach their target the quickest. Therefore when a bat utilizes a particular pursuit strategy, it will adjust its position/ direction vector in a particular way that will allow it to approach its target very quickly. Data was collected directly from the video by manual collection utilizing Microsoft Visual Studio to extract frames, collect and record the data. This research was conducted to determine when throughout the flight the bat would experience significant forces and moments. The location and magnitude of the forces were reported along with an explanation of why the bat was experiencing a peak at each specific time. The forces and moments that the bat experienced thought-out the flight pursuit were calculated by relative velocity and acceleration calculations. In all four scenarios the bat experienced forces in relation to rotating its body about its center of mass. Forces were specifically seen when the bat periodically began to rotate its body before the final plunge to capture its prey. Prey avoidance and pursuit strategies were also studied and observed in this thesis which included the constant bearing and the constant absolute target direction. The intent was to determine which pursuit strategy bats use to quickly capture their prey. The constant bearing strategy is utilized to pursue prey moving along a smooth path, on the other hand the Constant Absolute Target Direction (CATD) pursuit strategy is utilized to capture erratically moving prey. For most of the bats analyzed, it was seen that the CATD strategy proved to be the preferred pursuit strategy.
B.S.M.E.
Bachelors
Mechanical, Material and Aerospace Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science

The main purpose of this project is to investigate different tool steels in terms of their ability to withstand material transfer buildup, so-called galling, occurring in SMF (sheet metal forming) operations. The ability to withstand galling is vital to optimize cost-effectiveness and increase the work tool’s effective operational time. This investigation studies four different tool steels, including a TiN-coating, with the intention of evaluating the microstructures, chemical composition and hardness effect on galling resistance in dry conditions using a slider-on-flatsurface (SOFS) tribo-tester which measures the coefficient of friction during sliding.

An OP (optical profilometer) was used to measure the size and geometry of lump growth on the tool and damage on the work sheet. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to identify the interacting tribological mechanisms exhibited at different stages during the slide. The SEM figures confirmed three different types of characteristic patterns exhibited in the tracks after tribo- testing which were categorized as mild adhesive, abrasive and severe adhesive damage.

A SEM figure that illustrates a ragged contact surface and an obvious change in the sheet materials plastic behavior is in this report regarded as a sign of severe adhesive contact, the characteristics could possibly be explained by local high temperature and high pressure followed by a sudden pressure drop and creation of hardened welds or solders between the two surfaces which increase the frictional input needed for further advancement. Friction coefficients observed in the initial 100% mild adhesive stage were, μ=0,22-0,26 succeeded by abrasive SEM characteristics often in association with mild adhesive contact and friction values between μ=0,25-0,4 which where sometimes followed by severe adhesive SEM characteristics in 100% of the contact zone with friction values between μ=0,34- 0,9 respectively. The tool material that performed best according to the friction detection criteria was Sv21 closely followed by Sleipner (TiN coated) and Va40 (HRC 63.3). Unfortunately was the friction criteria, a significant raise in friction for defining a sliding length to galling, not adequate for dry conditions due to immediate material transfer succeeded by cyclic changes between partial or 100% abrasive+mild adhesive and severe adhesive contact. The mechanism that change abrasive wear in association with mild adhesive contact, (moderate friction input), to sever adhesive wear, (higher friction input), is dependent on lump shape (lump geometry) and can appear at comparably low speeds 0,04-0,08 [m/s] and low friction energy input (μ=0,34), the magnitude of the change in friction is therefore not always significant and hardly detectable on the friction graph. This was quite unexpected but could be explained by concentration of friction energy rater than the absolute amount. The problem with using friction graphs for galling evaluation was increased even further when a very small lump size and low corresponding rate of material transfer to the tool surface caused a sustainable high raise in friction (μ≈0,3→0,6) on a TiN-coated tool steel called Sleipner.

A hardly detectable or similar friction raise for Sv21 and Va40 showed much larger corresponding lump size and rate of material transfer. This means that friction graphs demonstrate a clear problem with quantifying lump size [m3] and rate of  material transfer [m3/s]. Another phenomenon called stick slip behavior, material transfer and lump growth followed by a sudden decrease in lump size and transfer of material back to the work sheet, is also not possible to detect on a friction graph. Because a drop in friction can easily be a change in contact temperature and lump attack angle due to a growing lump and not a decreasing lump.

 

The conclusion, a friction graph is not suited for galling evaluation and ranking in dry SOFS conditions. A ranking should primarily be based on dimensional OP measurements of the cross section of formed tracks and scratches or preferably by repeated OP measurements of the tool surface during a single test, the last revel the exact lump growth history and true lump growth even in the sliding direction.

 

civilingenjörsexamen

Tato práce se se zabývá návrhem kinematiky zavěšení kol obou náprav. Na základě analýz jízdních dat, multi-body simulací v softwaru Adams Car, simulací v Matlabu a analytických kalkulací v Mathcadu, je navržena řada změn s cílem zlepšit jízdní vlastnosti vozu Formule student, tyto změny jsou následně implementovány do CAD modelu vozu. Jednotlivé změny kinematiky náprav jsou provedeny na základě analýzy konkrétního problému, který se snaží řešit. Jednou z problematik je zástavbová náročnost systému odpružení a zavěšení zadních kol, zde je cílem snížit hmotnost, výšku těžiště a moment setrvačnosti. Další problematikou je geometrie předního kola, kde je cílem zlepšit využití pneumatik a snížit síly v řízení. Dále se práce zabývá simulacemi elastokinematiky zadní nápravy, součástí je také návrh měřícího zařízení. V poslední části je zkoumán vliv provedených změn i elastokinematiky na jízdní dynamiku vozu v ustálených stavech za pomocí MM metody simulované s modelem celého vozu v Adams Car a zpracované v Matlabu.

As the main topic this thesis describes the design and evaluation of selected reinforced concrete members of the prefabricated reinforced concrete industrial building with administration at ultimate limit state in accordance with applicable standards. Movable overhead crane with carrying capacity of 50 tons is the main distinction of the industrial hall. Lateral frame whit main structural parts which are roof prestressed girder, load-bearing column supporting the overhead crane and drilled pile transferring loads from the upper construction to the load bearing subsoil, is designed in particular. Furthermore, design of the Gerber beam which forms the slab construction in the administrational part of the building is elaborated. Structural design and evaluation of other structures of the building is not part of this thesis.

碩士
中國醫藥大學
臨床醫學研究所碩士班
97
Sliding a tooth along an archwire is a very common orthodontic procedure, especially during closure of spaces in the extraction case. A frictional force generated at bracket/archwire interface tends to resist the desired movement, thus reduce the efficiency of orthodontic treatment. Therefore, understanding the frictional force between brackets and archwires is one of the important issues. The objectives of this in vitro study were to evaluate the frictional mechanism between different sets of the orthodontic brackets and archwires during sliding, and surface characteristics of the archwires including hardness, surface topography and surface roughness. Three types of preadjusted maxillary canine brackets were selected in this study: metal brackets, plastic brackets with metal slot, and self-ligating brackets. Four types of archwires were also used: stainless steel wires, Sentalloy nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) alloy wires, low-stress hysteresis (LH) wires, and Beta-titanium wires (TMA). The experiment were divided into two parts: (1) frictional force testing: each bracket-archwire combination was subjected to 10 independent evaluations, giving a total of 120 trials in this study. Testing was performed on a material testing machine with a 10-N load cell. The static frictional friction, peak point of friction, was used as the evaluation index. (2) measurement of the surface characteristics of archwires: surface hardness, surface roughness, and surface topography obtained from metallographic microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results of the study showed that the significant differences were observed in the frictional forces among the different combinations of brackets and archwires. Basically, Self-ligating brackets showed the lowest frictional forces in all type of archwires. Furthermore, except to the stainless steel wires group, no significant difference between metal brackets and plastic brackets. For the three types of brackets, TMA wires showed the highest frictional force and stainless steel wires showed the lowest. In addition, no significant difference between LH wires and Sentally Ni-Ti alloy wires were observed. Compared to the new archwire, from the SEM image at 1000 magnitude, the surface topography of the tested wires were quite different: LH wires and Sentally Ni-Ti alloy wires appeared full continuous lines due to the obvious difference of surface hardness of both wires and stainless steel wires. TMA wires showed irregular rough surface that are attributed to the phenomenon of adhesion and abrasion. Comparing the results from four types of archwires in this study, no correlation was found between the increase surface roughness and frictional force.

Trabalho final do 5º ano com vista à atribuição do grau de mestre no âmbito do ciclo de estudos de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra.
Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare, in vitro, the resistance to sliding generated by conventional, active self-ligating and passive self-ligating brackets with stainless steel and nickel-titanium wires and to evaluate the effect of binding upon resistance to sliding In addition to this, the influence of bracket´s slot surface characteristics on measured friction was estimated. Materials and Methods: The following 0,022 inch slot brackets were essayed: Damon® Q™, Prodigy SL™ (Sybron Dental Specialties Ormco™, Orange, California, USA), Smart-Clip™SL3, Victory Series™ (3M Unitek Orthodontic Products, Monrovia, California, USA), Morelli® Roth Standard and Morelli® Roth SLI (Morelli Ortodontia, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil). These brackets were coupled with either 0.016 x 0.022 inch stainless steel (Dentaurum GmbH, Ispringen, Germany) or nickel-titanium (DM Ceosa, Madrid, Spain) archwires. Alicona InfiniteFocus® optical 3-dimensional micro coordinate system (Alicona Imaging GmbH, Grambach/Graz, Austria) and Alicona IFM version 3.5.1.5 software (Alicona Imaging GmbH, Grambach/Graz, Austria) were used for assessing roughness average, root mean square and mean peak to valley height of roughness profile of slot surface. For Damon brackets, a slot profile analysis was executed in order to evaluate the contact areas between bracket and archwire Results: Statistically significant higher resistance to sliding is observed in conventional brackets comparing to passive and active self-ligating brackets. No statistically significant differences were found between passive and active self-ligating brackets and between archwire materials in 0 degrees angulations. For 5 degrees angulations, stainless steel showed statistically significant higher resistance to sliding. No statistically significant differences in resistance to sliding were found between 0 and 5 degrees of bracket tipping. Higher values of roughness average and root mean square were correlated with friction forces lower than 3N while lower roughness values were associated with higher frictional forces. In Damon brackets, the embossed numbers in the slot are not likely to contact with the archwire since they are approximately 5.5μm lower than the lateral boxes. Conclusion: Self-ligating brackets are helpful for obtaining low frictional forces. When coupled with a small rectangular archwire, slight bracket angulations or tooth tipping may not influence resistance to sliding. However, different alloys reveal dissimilar frictional behavior when angulations are present. Surface roughness seems to have an inverse correlation with frictional forces.

Several standardized courses for Formula SAE (FSAE) testing are introduced and described with sufficient detail to be reproduced by any Formula SAE team. Basic analysis methods for the courses are given as well as explanations of how those analyses could be used. On-car data from the Global Formula Racing (GFR) SAE cars is used to verify the analysis methods, give estimates to unknown variables, and show the relevance of the standard testing courses. Using the courses and methods described in this paper should allow standardized comparison of FSAE car performance, as well as provide a method to verify simulations and evaluate changes in vehicle performance from tuning. Instrumentation of all suspension member forces with strain gauge load cells is shown to be an extremely powerful tool for measuring vehicle performance and quantifying vehicle dynamic characteristics. The design and implementation of strain gauge load cells is described in detail to provide a template for reproducing similar results in other vehicles. Data from the GFR 2011 FSAE car is used throughout the paper to: show the design process for making effective suspension member load cells, show the calibration processes necessary to ensure quality data is collected, illustrate the calculation of suspension corner forces, and show the effectiveness of measuring vehicle dynamic characteristics with this technique. Using the methods described in this paper should provide data that allows a more complete and thorough understanding of on-car vehicle dynamics. This data may be used to validate vehicle models.
Graduation date: 2012

A number of recent research studies have investigated the performance of panel zones in seismic-resistant steel Special Moment Resisting Frames (SMF). These recent studies investigated various options for attaching doubler plates to the column at beam-column joints in SMF for purpose of increasing the shear strength of the panel zone. This previous work was primarily focused on doubler plates that extend beyond the top and bottom of the attached beams, and considered cases both with and without continuity plates. As an extension to this previous research, this thesis explores the situation when a doubler plate is fitted between the continuity plates. The objective of this research was to evaluate various options for welding fitted doubler plates to the column and continuity plates through the use of finite element analysis, and to provide recommendations for design. The development and validation of the finite element model are described, along with the results of an extensive series of parametric studies on various panel zone configurations and attachment details for fitted doubler plates. Based on the results of these analyses, recommendations are provided for design of welds used for attaching fitted doubler plates in the panel zone of SMF systems.
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