Journal articles: 'Molten aluminium material'

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Kucharčík, L., M. Brůna, and A. Sládek. "Influence of Chemical Composition on Porosity in Aluminium Alloys." Archives of Foundry Engineering 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2014-0026.

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Abstract Porosity is one of the major defects in aluminum castings, which results is a decrease of a mechanical properties. Porosity in aluminum alloys is caused by solidification shrinkage and gas segregation. The final amount of porosity in aluminium castings is mostly influenced by several factors, as amount of hydrogen in molten aluminium alloy, cooling rate, melt temperature, mold material, or solidification interval. This article deals with effect of chemical composition on porosity in Al-Si aluminum alloys. For experiment was used Pure aluminum and four alloys: AlSi6Cu4, AlSi7Mg0, 3, AlSi9Cu1, AlSi10MgCu1.

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Alhussein, Abdulaziz, Piotr R. Scheller, and Wen Yang. "Reaction between MgO-SiO2 refractory material and Fe-Al alloy." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 5 (2018): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018079.

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The interaction between molten Fe-Al alloy containing 5.1 wt.% aluminium and MgO-SiO2-based refractory was investigated. In high-frequency induction furnace at 1550 °C refractory samples were immersed in liquid alloy for 1 min, 2 min, 10 min, 20 min, 30 min and 60 min. Scanning electron microscope was employed to investigate phases at the interface and inclusions in the Fe-Al alloy. Forsterite phase in refractory was transformed to MgO·Al2O3 spinel, owing to the reduction of iron oxide and silica in forsterite by aluminium in the Fe-Al alloy at the interface. The interface layer separated locally from the refractory material and formed cluster and single particles in the Fe-Al alloy. In view on the reaction rate, the disintegration of the refractory material increased the reaction area but interfered with increasing thickness of the spinel layer. The dissolution rate of silica into the molten alloy decreased with increasing the reaction time because of the slowed down transport of aluminium diffusing through increasing spinel layer became the rate controlling step.

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Petric, M., S. Kastelic, and P. Mrvar. "Selection of electrodes for the ˝in situ˝ electrical resistivity measurements of molten aluminium." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 49, no. 3 (2013): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb130118029p.

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The aim of this paper is the selections of proper electrode material for four-probe technique electrical resistivity measurement of aluminium and aluminium alloys. The biggest problem of electrodes is oxidation during measurement causing high contact resistance and giving wrong results. Various materials have been tested and aluminium electrodes have been chosen. Advantage of aluminium electrodes is that they are melted in specimen right after the pouring and causing no interface which is resulting with any contact resistance. The device together with measuring cell for ?in situ? measurement of electrical resistivity was developed using four-probe DC technique.

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Faleh, Hazim, Muna Noori, Florin Ştefănescu, Gigel Neagu, and Eduard Marius Stefan. "Wettability in Aluminium-Graphite Particles Composites (Review)." Advanced Materials Research 1143 (February 2017): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1143.64.

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The paper presents some aspects regarding the wetting conditions in aluminium – graphite composite. The wettability depends on several factors like the presence of the oxide skin at the melt surface, formation Al4C3 at the interface between Al and particles, temperature, pressure etc. In this paper, the conditions of perfect wettability of carbon by molten Al achieved under MCl–K2TiF6 molten salts (fluxes), alloying of the melt with surface active elements, heat treatment of reinforcement material and coating of the particles with a metallic thin layer.

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Ghias, A. Siddique Ahmed, and B. Vijaya Ramnath. "Investigation of Tensile Property of Aluminium SiC Metal Matrix Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.252.

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The composite material is a combination of two or more materials with different physical and chemical properties. The composite has superior characteristics than those individual components. A hybrid composite is the one which contains at least three materials. When the matrix material is a metal, the composite is termed as metal matrix composites (MMC). The MMC is a composite material with two constituent parts, one being a metal. The other material may be another metal, ceramic or fiber. Among all the MMC’s, Aluminium is the most widely used matrix material due to its light weight, high strength and hardness. This paper deals with the fabrication and mechanical investigation of hybrid metal matrix composite Al - SiC. The fabrication is done by stir casting by adding the required quantities of additives into the stirred molten Aluminium. The results show significant effect of mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield stress and flexural strength. The internal structure of the composite is observed using Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and found that are formation of pores in them.

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Šolc, Marek, Eva Grambalová, and Marian Šofranko. "The Quality Interaction of Molten Salts in the Systems SiO₂-Al₂O₃." Advanced Materials Research 849 (November 2013): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.849.20.

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The aim of this study was to realize and evaluate laboratory corrosion tests associated with problems such as wear of refractory materials, for example, at processing of aluminium. Corrosion tests were carried out by static crucible corrosion test in laboratory resistive furnace at 850 °C during 2 hours in air atmosphere. Two types of aluminum-silica molded refractories were used as a corroding material. As corrosive media were applied pure chlorides, namely: sodium chloride, potassium chloride. The results of corrosion tests were evaluated by macroscopic, microscopic, chemical and semiquantitative EDX analysis.

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MAHRAN, Gamal Mohamed Attia, Abdel-Nasser Mohamed OMRAN, and El-Sayed Sedek ABU SEIF. "The Formation Mechanism and Characterization of Al-Si Master Alloys from Sodium Fluosilicate." Materials Science 26, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.26.2.21896.

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A modified Al-Si alloy containing up to 15 wt.% Si has been obtained from the reaction of sodium fluosilicate (Na2SiF6) with molten aluminum. This work attempted to estimate the mechanism of the reaction of Na2SiF6 with molten aluminum to produce Al-Si alloys. The effect of temperature, Na2SiF6/Al Wt ratio and reaction time on the formation of Al-Si alloy were investigated. The thermodynamic data, kinetic and rate of the reaction were studied. The results showed the possibility of the reaction between Na2SiF6 and molten aluminum thermodynamically, and that this reaction might be controlled chemically. The current study aims to optimize the factors that affecting the preparation of a modified Al-Si alloy from a reduction of sodium fluosilicate using molten aluminium. Temperature 950 oC, reaction time 20 – 25 min and Na2SiF6/Al Wt ratio related to the applied Si percentage. The prepared alloys could be modified due to the presence of Na2SiF6 in the used material as a source of sodium in response to modifying the produced Al-Si alloys. The microstructure by using LOM, SEM, and EDX proved that the needle-like silicon converts to fine fibrous. The volume fraction of primary Si reduces and the eutectic point moves to a higher silicon concentration. The modification improves the wear characteristics and increases the tensile and hardness.

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Shcherbakova, Galina I., Maxim S. Varfolomeev, and Pavel A. Storozhenko. "Solution to Technological Problems of Raising the Reliability and Quality of Castings Based on Titanium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 946 (February 2019): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.258.

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We consider the problems of the complex application of the aluminium-yttrium binder in the fabrication of high-temperature resistant melting crucibles and investment molds thermoschemically resistant to titanium melts. The results of the contact interaction investigations of a molten titanium alloy with a material of aluminum-yttrium ceramics are presented. The usage of ceramic products of α-Al2O3–Y3Al5O12∙α-Al2O3 composition under conditions of high-temperature melting and pouring under vacuum minimizes the physicochemical interaction and significantly reduces the alpha case layer on cast products, thereby improving their operational properties.

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Taylor, John A. "The Dark Side of Light Metals: Energy Wasted and Unnecessary CO₂ Emitted as a Consequence of the Re-Oxidation of Molten Aluminium." Materials Science Forum 690 (June 2011): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.690.429.

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Aluminium is often referred to (quaintly, though sometimes disparagingly) as “solidified electricity”. By this, it is implied that we need to be cautious about aluminium and question its use since it is a very energy-intensive engineering material. Fortunately, solid aluminium and its alloys have also had good press, being highly versatile and durable in service and being readily recyclable (at about 5% of the energy required to produce the primary Al initially). However, the ground is shifting again and with the present growing focus on embodied energy and carbon footprints, aluminium’s processing and use is being revisited.

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Laukant, H., C. Wallmann, M. Korte, and Uwe Glatzel. "Flux-Less Joining Technique of Aluminium with Zinc-Coated Steel Sheets by a Dual-Spot-Laser Beam." Advanced Materials Research 6-8 (May 2005): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.6-8.163.

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Joining of iron with aluminium in the liquid phase is complicated due to the formation of brittle intermetallics within Fe-Al melts. In this work we present the technology of a laser weldingbrazing (LWB) process to join zinc-coated steel and aluminium sheets in an overlap geometry. The process is divided into welding of the aluminium sheet and brazing of filler material and molten aluminium sheet onto the zinc-covered steel sheet to avoid the liquid stage of iron. It is possible to join those materials with a single laser beam. However, with a second laser beam, the melt flow can be controlled more effectively and the wetting behaviour can be improved by preheating the zinc-covered steel sheet surface. This is beneficial since the process works without any flux agent. Wetting lengths increase by using this technique and generate a joint that exceeds the tensile strength of the base material. Due to the zinc cover on the steel sheet there are two possible filler materials that have miscibility with zinc as well as aluminium. Zinc based filler materials have the advantage of a lower melting point and thus lower process temperatures. And aluminium based filler wires result in more ductile brazed seams, making it possible to deform such joints in a later application as tailored blanks.

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Dr. S. Rajesham, Dr. M. Manzoor Hussain, S. Venkata Narasimha Rao,. "ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SEMI SOLID PROCESSED ALUMINIUM 7075 ALLOY." INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY 9, no. 2 (March 24, 2021): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/itii.v9i2.329.

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At present for industries it is a challenge to produce products of good quality and should have high durability. In this engineering world there is great a great need of various engineering materials to satisfy these engineering needs. The material usage mainly depends on the material strength and properties. Aluminum-7075 alloy is primarily used for transport applications, such as aerospace, maritime and automotive industries, thanks to its good mechanical properties and a low density. For the semi-solid formation of aluminium alloys, a homogenous equiased grain structure is required. The stress mediated melting mechanism is one of the approaches used to achieve such a microstructure. The present work describes the synthesis of Al 7075 semi solid metal matrix composite reinforced with graphene and the characterization of their mechanical properties. Graphene is added to aluminium-7075 and samples are prepared both with stirring and without stirring at varying temperatures. The samples are prepared at 6800c, 7100c, 7400c, 7700c, 8000c, 8300c, 8600c, 8900c, 9200c. At these temperature the material is mostly semi-solid Aluminium 7075 and graphene is added to this semi-solid molten melt and stirred with stirrer. The specimens are prepared according to ASTM standards. The tests like hardness, tensile, impact and compression tests are performed and the values are compared. The tensile power, hardness, compression reduces as its temperature increases. The specimens are analysed using ANSYS software. The specimens with stirring has good mechanical properties than without stirring. Graphene has good mechanical characteristics such as strength and hardness.

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Sugiyama, Sumio, Meng Yi, and Jun Yanagimoto. "Refining and Recycling of Metal Scraps by Semisolid Processing." Solid State Phenomena 192-193 (October 2012): 494–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.192-193.494.

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In this study, the authors propose a new refining process different from the rheorefining (a screen method) or the melt zone method. This new refining process is based on the gradient of solidification speed of the molten metal poured into a container. The molten metal in the cylindrical container firstly solidifies to columnar crystals from the wall of the container and a liquid phase gradually changes to semisolid state and progresses to the central portion of the container. After an intended semisolid state is achieved, a backward extrusion is carried out to extract the liquid phase component. The liquid component is known to contain a lot of impurity substances. For the refining trials, three aluminium alloys were selected: wrought aluminium alloy A2011, cast aluminium alloy AC4C and aluminium beverage can scraps. Backward extrusion (extraction) was applied twice, and the amount of pure Al increased from 90.59 % in the initial ingot to 96.34 % in the refined material. This new refining process can easily achieve the purification level of the rheorefining or the melt zone method.

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Aubrey, Leonard S., Rudolph Olson, and David D. Smith. "Development of a Phosphate - Free Reticulated Foam Filter Material for Aluminium Cast Houses." Materials Science Forum 630 (October 2009): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.630.137.

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Filtration of molten aluminium using porous reticulated ceramic foam was developed in 1974 by SELEE Corporation. Since that time, there have been significant technical advances in filter bowl design and construction, preheat systems, development of fine pore size filters, development of compact two-stage filtration systems, filter gasket materials, and equipment automation. One area that has remained relatively unchanged has been the refractory filter material technology. The refractory material utilized by all of the major cast house filter suppliers is based on an alumina aggregate grain bonded with aluminium phosphate (AlPO4). This filter material, commonly referred to as “PBA” in the aluminium industry, has become an industry wide standard and accounts for nearly 99% of the filters supplied to cast houses worldwide. There are significant technical limitations of PBA filters in terms of refractory performance, as well as potential environmental, health and safety concerns. This paper describes the development of a cost effective replacement filter material that overcomes the limitations of PBA filters. The new material utilizes a low expansion – low modulus aggregate material and a non-phosphate bond. The result is a significant reduction in mechanical failures during use, improved filtration performance and elimination of the issue of potential environmental, health and safety concerns.

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Nguyen, Thong Duy, Nga Thi Tuyet Tran, and Hong Thi Dinh. "Refining of degasifying and removing of non-metallic impurities during aluminium alloy production." Science and Technology Development Journal 18, no. 3 (August 30, 2015): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v18i3.870.

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In melting aluminum and aluminum alloy, molten aluminum reacts readily with oxygen, cacbon monoxide and cacbon dioxide; it also reacts with adsorbed water, water present in hydrated oxide films on metal charges, water vapor in the atmosphere of the furnace to form oxides and hydrogen. As a result, a higher level of hydrogen is retained in the metal. In solid aluminum, hydrogen in excess of the solution limit can precipitate as H2 at grain boundaries. Thus, refining and degasifying can be improved mechanical properties of material.

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Marimuthu, S., J. Dunleavey, Y. Liu, B. Smith, A. Kiely, and M. Antar. "Water-jet guided laser drilling of SiC reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 26-27 (May 2, 2019): 3787–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319848062.

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Laser drilling of monolithic materials like metals and alloys is a well-established process and used extensively in a wide range of applications in many sectors including aerospace, medical and automotive. However, conventional laser drilling of materials like metal matrix composites is challenging due to the differences in the chemical and physical properties of the hard ceramic reinforcement particles and the soft-metal matrix. The water-jet guided laser process has the potential to machine advanced materials such as an aluminium metal matrix composite reinforced with silicon carbide particles (Al MMC), with exceptional quality. The main objective of this research is to understand the material removal mechanism associated with water-jet guided laser drilling of Al MMCs and compare this with conventional laser drilling of Al MMC. Experimental results showed that the water-jet guided laser process is an excellent technique for drilling holes in composite materials like metal matrix composites. During water-jet guided laser drilling of Al MMC, the material has been removed by cold ablation, without leaving any residual melt layer within the bulk material. Both soft-matrix and hard-particles are removed by the same process of cold ablation, which is completely different to the conventional laser drilling process in which the solid SiC are ejected without melting, along with the molten aluminium.

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Kashitani, Yuta, Shinichi Nishida, Junshi Ichikawa, Hiroto Ohashi, Naoshi Ozawa, Ryosuke Okushima, Tomoya Suzuki, Yuto Takigawa, and Hideto Harada. "Twin Roll Casting of Aluminium Alloy ADC12, A3003, A7075." Key Engineering Materials 735 (May 2017): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.735.18.

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This paper describes a vertical type twin roll strip casting process for producing aluminum alloy strip of ADC12, A3003 and A7075. Twin roll casting process is able to produce a strip from molten metal directly. Thus this process has a possibility to reduce total cost of sheet making comparing to conventional rolling process. Aluminum alloy ADC12 is a casting material that is used for die casting. A3003 is known as a wrought aluminum alloy for aluminum can body sheet. The A3003 sheet is generally produced by rolling, so it is effective for reducing a process cost to produce the strip by twin roll casting process. Aluminum alloy A7075 has high tensile strength, and it is known as a material for aerospace application. The sheet is manufactured in small quantities comparing to the other sheet aluminum alloy. It is supposed that the demand of high tensile strength aluminum sheet such as A7075 is going to increase for weight saving of structural material. In this study, twin roll casting experiment was performed to produce these three aluminum alloy strip in same experimental conditions. Castability, surface conditions and strip thickness were estimated. It was possible to cast these aluminum alloy strip.

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Okayasu, Mitsuhiro, and Lele Yang. "Corrosion characteristics of a tungsten alloy die-casting mould material in molten aluminium alloy." International Journal of Cast Metals Research 31, no. 3 (November 17, 2017): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13640461.2017.1405528.

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Tański, Tomasz, Leszek Adam Dobrzański, Wojciech Pakieła, Krzysztof Labisz, Marek Roszak, and Błażej Tomiczek. "Structure and Properties of the Aluminium Alloy AlSi12CuNiMg after Laser Surface Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.40.

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The investigations results concern the influence of laser heat treatment on the structure and mechanical properties of aluminium alloy, where the mutual relationships were tested and presented in this paper. The aim of this investigations was to improve the mechanical and wear resistance properties of the top surface layers of the aluminium alloy AlSi12CuNiMg by remelting and feeding the tungsten carbide powder in to the molten material and next quick solidification. The powder of tungsten carbide has been introduced in the liquid metal using gravity feeder at a constant rate of 3 g/min. In order to remelting the aluminium alloy surface, there has been used the high power diode laser HPDL, with an applied power of the laser beam in the range between 1.6 kW and 2.0 kW. The linear laser scan rate of the beam was set as much as 0.4 m/min. As a result of laser treatment of aluminium alloy a composite layer with higher hardness and enhanced wear resistance compared to the base material has been obtained.

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Seah, K. H. W., J. Hemanth, and S. C. Sharma. "Effect of high-rate heat transfer during casting on the strength, hardness and wear behaviour of aluminium—quartz particulate metal matrix composites." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 217, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 651–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440503322011371.

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This paper describes research on aluminium-based metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with quartz particles cast in sand moulds using high-rate heat transfer techniques during solidification by means of metallic and non-metallic chills. The MMCs were fabricated by dispersing 3, 6 and 9 wt% of quartz particles ranging from 30 to 100μm in size in molten aluminium alloy above the liquidus temperature. The resulting composites, cast using chills, were tested for their strength, hardness and wear resistance. These properties of the MMCs were found to improve with the rate of heat transfer during casting. This rate of heat transfer is in turn dependent on the chill size and the chill material. After wear testing, the material surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the wear mechanisms were analysed.

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Maleque, M. A., M. R. Karim, and N. Yassin. "Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite: Improving Wear Performance through Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.278.

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The main objectives of the present study are to develop/manufacture SiC reinforced aluminium matrix composite (SiCp/AMC) with different reinforcement combinations using stir casting method and investigate the effects of heat treatment on wear performance. AMCs were prepared using 20 vol% SiC with three different reinforcement combinations into aluminum matrix. Stir casting is a primary process of composite production whereby the reinforcement ingredient material is incorporated into the molten metal by stirring. The reinforcement combination consists of 20% (single particle size), 7% and 13% (double particle size) and 5%, 5% and 10% (triple particle size). The triple particle size (TPS) composite consist of SiC of three different sizes viz., coarse, intermediate and fine. The solution heat treatment was carried out on cast specimens at 540 0C for four hours followed by precipitation treatment. The wear test was carried out using a pin-ondisc type tribo-test machine under dry sliding condition. The wear morphology of the damaged surface was also studied using optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) in this investigation.

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Tański, T., W. Pakieła, D. Janicki, B. Tomiczek, and M. Król. "Properties of the Aluminium Alloy EN AC-51100 after Laser Surface Treatment." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0035.

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In this paper, the influence of a laser surface treatment on the structure and properties of aluminium alloy has been determined. The aim of this work was to improve the tribological properties of the surface layer of the EN AC-51100 aluminium alloy by simultaneously melting and feeding silicon carbide particles into the molten pool. The silicon carbide powder was introduced into the liquid metal using a gravity feeder within a constant feed rate of 1 g/min. A high power diode laser (HPDL) was used for remelting. Laser beam energies used in experiments were 1.8 kW, 2.0 kW and 2.2 kW, combined with the constant velocity of 50 mm/min. As a result of the laser treatment on the aluminium alloy, a composite layer with greater hardness and wear resistance compared to the based material was obtained.

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Pakieła, W., L. A. Dobrzański, K. Labisz, T. Tański, K. Basa, and M. Roszak. "The Effect of Laser Surface Treatment on Structure and Mechanical Properties Aluminium Alloy ENAC-AlMg9." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 1343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0221.

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Abstract In this work, the influence of a high power diode laser surface treatment on the structure and properties of aluminium alloy has been determined. The aim of this study was to improve the mechanical and tribological properties of the surface layer of the aluminium alloy by simultaneously melting and feeding tungsten carbide particles into the molten pool. During the process was used high-power diode laser HPDL. In order to remelt the aluminium alloy surface the HPDL laser of 1.8, 2.0 and 2.2 kW laser beam power has been used. The linear laser scan rate of the beam was set 0.5 cm/s. In order to protect the liquid metal during laser treatment was used argon. As a base material was used aluminium alloy ENAC-AlMg9. To improve the surface mechanical and wear properties of the applied aluminium alloy was used biphasic tungsten carbide WC/W2C. The size of alloying powder was in the range 110-210 µm. The ceramic powder was introduced in the remelting zone by a gravity feeder at a constant rate of 8 g/m.

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Popov, Vladimir V., Alla Pismenny, Natalya Larianovsky, Anna Lapteva, and Daniel Safranchik. "Corrosion Resistance of Al–CNT Metal Matrix Composites." Materials 14, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 3530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133530.

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The design of aluminium–graphite metal matrix composites (MMCs) with advanced mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance is in demand for aerospace, transportation, and industrial applications. Breakthroughs in this field are limited due to the tendency of aluminium–graphite MMCs to corrode. In the present research, aluminium-based MMCs were produced by a relatively novel combined two-staged method. Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were added into molten Al1070 and processed by high-pressure die casting followed by cyclic extrusion. For the composites produced by this method, it was previously demonstrated that mechanical properties are improved in comparison with pure aluminium alloys. In the current study, the manufactured Al–MWCNT composites were investigated by electrochemical tests (such as open circuit potential), potentiodynamic tests, linear polarization tests, and electrochemical impedance spectra to understand the corrosion resistance of the obtained composite material. The experimental testing of the corrosion resistance of Al–MWCNT MMCs showed that due to the advantages of the fabrication method, the addition of CNTs to aluminium does not cause a radical decrease of corrosion resistance.

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Pakieła, Wojciech, and Zbigniew Brytan. "Laser Surface Alloying of Aluminium Alloys with Cu/Fe Metallic Powders." Solid State Phenomena 308 (July 2020): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.308.64.

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In this paper, the influence of laser surface alloying on the structure and mechanical properties of aluminium alloy was analysed. As a parent material aluminium EN AC-51300 alloy was applied. The laser surface alloying was executed by direct introduction of metallic powder Fe/Cu into the remelted area (molten pool). As a heat flux, the Hight Power Fiber Laser (HPFL) has been used. Metallic powder before the treatment was mixed in a ball mill and dried on the hot plate (90°C temperature). The mechanical and tribological properties of alloyed surface were analysed including hardness (HRF), microhardness (HV0.1) and ball-on-plate wear test. The structure of the laser alloyed surface was evaluated by light and scanning electron microscopy.

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Prasad, Lalta, Niteesh Kumar, Anshul Yadav, Anil Kumar, Virendra Kumar, and Jerzy Winczek. "In Situ Formation of ZrB2 and Its Influence on Wear and Mechanical Properties of ADC12 Alloy Mixed Matrix Composites." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 2141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092141.

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In this work, aluminium alloy ADC12 reinforced with various amounts of ZrB2 (0 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 6 wt.%, 9 wt.%) were synthesized by an in-situ reaction of molten aluminium with inorganic salts K2ZrF6 & KBF4. XRD, EDAX, and SEM techniques are used for the characterization of the fabricated composite. XRD analysis revealed the successful in situ formation of ZrB2 in the composite. From the SEM images, it was concluded that the distribution of reinforcement was homogeneous in the composites. A study of mechanical and tribological properties under the dry sliding condition of ZrB2-reinforced ADC12 alloy has also been carried out. It is seen that there is an increase in tensile strength by 18.8%, hardness by 64.2%, and an increase in wear resistance of the material after reinforcement. The ductility of the material decreased considerably with an increase in the amount of reinforcement. The composite’s impact strength decreased by 27.7% because of the addition of hard ZrB2 particulates.

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Bek, Marko, Joamin Gonzalez-Gutierrez, Christian Kukla, Klementina Pušnik Črešnar, Boris Maroh, and Lidija Slemenik Perše. "Rheological Behaviour of Highly Filled Materials for Injection Moulding and Additive Manufacturing: Effect of Particle Material and Loading." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (November 11, 2020): 7993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10227993.

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Within this paper, we are dealing with a mixture of thermoplastic polymer that is filled with inorganic fillers at high concentrations up to 60 vol.%. A high number of particles in the compound can substantially change the rheological behaviour of the composite and can lead to problems during processing in the molten state. The rheological behaviour of highly filled materials is complex and influenced by many interrelated factors. In the present investigation, we considered four different spherical materials: steel, aluminium alloy, titanium alloy and glass. Particles with similar particle size distribution were mixed with a binder system at different filling grades (30–60 vol.%). We showed that the rheological behaviour of highly filled materials is significantly dependent on the chemical interactions between the filler and matrix material. Moreover, it was shown that the changes of the particle shape and size during processing lead to unexpected rheological behaviour of composite materials as it was observed in the composites filled with glass beads that broke at high contents during processing.

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Bach, Friedrich Wilhelm, A. Beniyash, K. Lau, and R. Versemann. "Joining of Steel-Aluminium Hybrid Structures with Electron Beam on Atmosphere." Advanced Materials Research 6-8 (May 2005): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.6-8.143.

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Against the background of the required weight reduction in transportation through lightweight construction, the application of hybrid structures, where dissimilar materials are joined together, has a high technical and economical potential. In the field of sheet machining, combinations of steel and aluminium are especially interesting. In comparison to conventional steels, the application of aluminium alloys as supporting materials makes a distinct weight reduction possible. On the other hand, steels have advantages in the fields forming and welding. The application of modern high-strength steels with reduced sheet thicknesses allows weight reduction, too. But joining of material combinations of steel and aluminium is problematic. On the one hand brittle intermetallic compounds are formed between steel and aluminium. On the other hand the aluminium melt has a bad wetting behaviour. Different physical properties of both materials have to be considered, too. To achieve sufficient mechanical properties of such joinings it is necessary to limit growth of intermetallic compounds between steel and aluminium. This can be actualized by an exact energy supply. With the electron beam on atmosphere a precise and easily controllable energy supply is possible. The publication demonstrates successful investigations, which were performed with the 175 kVNVEBW (Non Vacuum Electron Beam Welding) installation at Institut of Materials Science, University of Hanover. With NVEB joining hybrid structures between zinc coated steels and 5.xxx and 6.xxx aluminium alloys were produced. In a welding-brazing process (the steel remained in the solid phase whereas the aluminium was molten) combinations with acceptable mechanical properties could be joined. By use of optimized joining parameters as well as a surface activating flux, both, a good wetting and a thin intermetallic compound < 10 µm were attained. Another possible strategy is a pure brazing process, for which an example is also given in the paper. The paper shows metallurgical and mechanical investigations, among other things results of element distribution analysis and tensile tests.

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Cassayre, Laurent, Pierre Chamelot, L. Arurault, L. Massot, and Pierre Taxil. "Oxidation of Stoichiometric Nickel Ferrites Used as Inert Anodes for Aluminium Electrolysis in Molten Cryolite Mixtures." Materials Science Forum 595-598 (September 2008): 593–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.595-598.593.

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Thanks to their good electronic conductivity and their low solubility in cryolite melts, nickel ferrites are considered to be among the most suitable ceramic materials that could be used as inert anodes in the electrowinning of aluminium. In this work, electrodes composed of single phased and stoichiometric nickel ferrite NixFe3-xO4 (0≤x<1) have been studied by electrochemical techniques (linear voltammetry and potentiostatic electrolysis) in a molten cryolite mixture at 960°C. The aim was to understand the oxidation reactions susceptible to take place inside the material under anodic polarization and oxygen evolution. Ex situ characterization of the electrodes by SEM-EDX and microprobe analysis allows proposing a degradation mechanism of the pure nickel ferrites: the formation of haematite Fe2O3 at the grain boundaries was evidenced and it resulted in a slow degradation. The influence of the Ni content in the ceramic phase was investigated, and it was shown that rich-Ni compositions exhibit a better resistance to corrosion.

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Nimbalkar, V. M., S. G. Pandav, M. R. Mohape, V. P. Deshmukh, S. Deole, A. S. Tambavekar, V. R. Baviskar, S. R. Sable, and M. M. Chitale. "Development of Novel Al-Alloy (Al-5Mg)/10Wt.%TiB₂ Metal Matrix Composites by In Situ Reaction Synthesis." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 460–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.460.

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The present paper describes a cost effective route to produce Al alloy-10 wt % TiB2 metal matrix composites by in-situ molten flux assisted reaction synthesis. Now a days main focus is given to aluminium alloy as a matrix material due to its unique combination of good corrosion resistance, low density, superior mechanical properties, good vibration damping, higher wear resistance due to which alloy finds extensive applications in naval applications. With TiB2 as particulate addition in Al-Alloy (Al-5Mg) matrix properties of alloy can greatly be improved.

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Kurniawan, Ipung, Bayu Aji Girawan, and Saeful Nurrohman. "RANCANG BANGUN DAPUR CRUCIBLE TIPE PENUANGAN TUNGKIK KAPASITAS 15 KG DENGAN BAHAN BAKAR GAS LPG." Infotekmesin 9, no. 01 (July 22, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35970/infotekmesin.v9i01.1.

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This research aims to; 1) Designing and making aluminium melting crucible casting with the capacity15 kg; 2) Conducting the test of chemical composition of the first and second melting result. Theresearch used field and library research. From the result of the design, it could be obtained that thedimension of melting casting has 547 mm diameter, 3 mm thick, 410 mm high. Whereas, molten cup has 178 mm diameter, 8 mm thick, and 230 mm high. The result of the first melting chemicalcomposition test and the second one do not work out a significant change. The material of the firstmelting result still contains 89,52% of aluminium (Al), while the main fusion is 7,71% of zinc (Zn)and 1,84% of silicon (Si), and in the second melting result still contains 89,55% of Alumunium (Al),while the main fusion is 7,51% of zinc (Zn) and 1,94% of silicon (Si).

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Yuchun, Li, Zhou Tao, Zhou Kechao, Liu Yong, Liu Fang, and Zhang Fang. "A new corrosion‐resistant material for use as an inert anode in electrolytic molten salt aluminium extraction systems." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 51, no. 1 (February 2004): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035590410512708.

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Wibner, Stefan, Helmut Antrekowitsch, and Thomas C. Meisel. "Studies on the Formation and Processing of Aluminium Dross with Particular Focus on Special Metals." Metals 11, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11071108.

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In terms of production volume, aluminium is the leading metal in non-ferrous metallurgy. In particular, the recycling of aluminium-containing residues has strongly increased in recent years and will continue to gain importance in the future. Due to the high affinity of aluminium to oxygen, the oxidation of the molten bath is unavoidable, which leads to the formation of dross on the surface. This has a high content of metallic aluminium and therefore represents a valuable residual material that must be further processed. In the presented work, a study is conducted on the formation and possible further processing of aluminium dross. Within the scope of this experimental work, the pyrometallurgical treatment of Al-dross in the salt drum furnace was evaluated on the basis of an experiment in a TBRC (top blown rotary converter) by adding a salt mixture. In addition, the behaviour of special metals, in particular the rare earth elements (REEs), was investigated during such a melting process. This knowledge will be particularly important in the future, as inadequate scrap processing leads to more of these partially valuable contaminants entering the aluminium scrap cycle. The result of the experimental study was that the metal yield of the dross used in the melting experiment at the Chair of Nonferrous Metallurgy was higher than that achieved by external reprocessing. Regarding the distribution of the rare earths, there was a direct transition of these from the dross into the emerging salt slag phase.

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Taminger, Karen M., Robert A. Hafley, and Marcia S. Domack. "Evolution and Control of 2219 Aluminium Microstructural Features through Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 1297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.1297.

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Electron beam freeform fabrication (EBF3) is a new layer-additive process that has been developed for near-net shape fabrication of complex structures. EBF3 uses an electron beam to create a molten pool on the surface of a substrate. Wire is fed into the molten pool and the part translated with respect to the beam to build up a 3-dimensional structure one layer at a time. Unlike many other freeform fabrication processes, the energy coupling of the electron beam is extremely well suited to processing of aluminum alloys. The layer-additive nature of the EBF3 process results in a tortuous thermal path producing complex microstructures including: small homogeneous equiaxed grains; dendritic growth contained within larger grains; and/or pervasive dendritic formation in the interpass regions of the deposits. Several process control variables contribute to the formation of these different microstructures, including translation speed, wire feed rate, beam current and accelerating voltage. In electron beam processing, higher accelerating voltages embed the energy deeper below the surface of the substrate. Two EBF3 systems have been established at NASA Langley, one with a low-voltage (10-30kV) and the other a high-voltage (30-60 kV) electron beam gun. Aluminum alloy 2219 was processed over a range of different variables to explore the design space and correlate the resultant microstructures with the processing parameters. This report is specifically exploring the impact of accelerating voltage. Of particular interest is correlating energy to the resultant material characteristics to determine the potential of achieving microstructural control through precise management of the heat flux and cooling rates during deposition.

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Verma, Deep, P. Chandrasekhar, S. Singh, and S. Kar. "Investigations into Deformation Characteristics during Open-Die Forging of SiCp Reinforced Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites." Journal of Powder Technology 2013 (October 10, 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/183713.

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The deformation characteristics during open-die forging of silicon carbide particulate reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites (SiCp AMC) at cold conditions are investigated. The material was fabricated by liquid stir casting method in which preheated SiC particles were mixed with molten LM6 aluminium casting alloy and casted in the silicon mould. Finally, preforms obtained were machined in required dimensions. Two separate cases of deformation, that is, open-die forging of solid disc and solid rectangular preforms, were considered. Both upper bound theoretical analysis and experimental investigations were performed followed by finite element simulation using DEFORM, considering composite interfacial friction law, barreling of preform vertical sides, and inertia effects, that is, effect of die velocity on various deformation characteristics like effective stress, strain, strain rate, forging load, energy dissipations, and height reduction. Results have been presented graphically and critically investigated to evaluate the concurrence among theoretical, experimental, and finite element based computational findings.

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Hehsan, H., and Roslee Ahmad. "The Effect of Vortex well Thickness on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Aluminium LM6." Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (December 2013): 1219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.1219.

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Gating system in a casting mold consists of a series of channels and reservoirs designed to feed molten metal to all parts of the mold cavity. The design of the system is the principle means by which the mold designer can control the rate of the metal flow and promote the desirable temperature distribution of cooling that will take place within the filled cavity. This research was conducted to determine the effects of vortex well thickness on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Aluminium LM6 in sand casting process. The experimental results show that increasing the vortex well thickness leads to a significance improvement on the flexural strength of the cast material. In addition, casting defects such as shrinkage porosity and gas porosity would be minimized as the thickness of the vortex well increases.

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Mkoko, Zwelinzima, and Khaled Abou-El-Hossein. "Diamond Insert Wear when Turning Rapidly Solidified Aluminium RSA 443 of High-Silicon Content." Materials Science Forum 828-829 (August 2015): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.828-829.265.

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Rapid solidification of molten metals has been recently used to generate a new group of alloys having ultra-fine microstructures and high end mechanical properties. Therefore, such alloys can be successfully used in the optics industry to produce diamond machined mirrors and mould inserts for plastic lens injection. Rapidly solidified aluminium grades characterised by their ultra-fine grains can be used to replace traditional optical aluminium such as 6061-T6 which has coarse microstructure when making optics. However, there is currently no data available on the performance of these new grades in terms of diamond tool wear when machined in single-point diamond turning operation. This paper reports on the wear mechanisms of natural diamond tools when turning RSA 443 which is a new aluminium grade produced by rapid cooling process. Although this new aluminium grade enjoys fine microstructure, it is harder than traditional optical aluminium because of its increased content of silicon (about 40%). Therefore, there is a need to establish a deeper understanding of diamond tool performance when using diamond turning of optical components from this material. In this study, three machining parameters, namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut, were varied at three levels and the edge wear of the diamond inserts was observed using scanning electron microscopy after 4 km of cutting distance. The first observations from this preliminary study show that tool wear of diamond is more sensitive to the change in cutting speed than it is for other cutting parameters. Wear is relatively high (12 µm) at the lowest cutting speed (500 rpm). However, at high cutting speed (3000 rpm) the edge wear was small (3 µm). This could be attributed to the increased impacts of cut the material on the cutting edge. The study also reports on the surface finish obtained at the different combinations of cutting parameters.

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Tamasgavabari, Reza, Kurosh Jafarzadeh, Masumeh Madanipoor, and Hassan Badri. "An investigation into dissolution behavior of pre-oxidized Ni-6Al-10Cu-11Fe-15Cr nickel base alloy in molten cryolite." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 62, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-10-2013-1305.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper was the investigation of corrosion behaviour of Ni-6Al-10Cu-11Fe-15Cr alloy, as a candidate material for inert anodes in aluminium electrolysis industries. Design/methodology/approach – The samples were prepared by casting, and then were oxidized at 1,000°C for 30, 70 and 100 hours, respectively. To determine corrosion resistant of the samples, they were exposed to molten cryolite at 930°C for 70 hours. Then the surface layers were studied. Findings – Results showed that by extension of corrosion time, thickness of oxide layers increases. In addition, it was found that Al2O3 and Cr2O3 are the major oxide compounds that appear on the surface of the sample. Originality/value – In this paper, the Ni-6Al-10Cu-11Fe-15Cr nickel base alloy has been selected to study its corrosion behaviour in molten cryolite as a candidate for inert anodes. It was found out that by addition Al and Cr into the alloy composition, due to formation of Al2O3 and Cr2O3 following oxidation, the substrate was protected from corrosion attacks.

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Abdullah, Isam Tareq, Sabah Khammass Hussein, and Abbas Khammas Hussein. "Joining of AA6061 to polyvinyl chloride via hot extrusion." International Journal of Structural Integrity 11, no. 2 (October 29, 2019): 286–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-08-2019-0081.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to join aluminium alloy AA6061 with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheets using the friction spot technique. Design/methodology/approach The AA6061 specimen was drilled with a semi-conical hole and put over the PVC specimen with a lap configuration. A friction spot technique was used to generate the required heat to melt and extrude the PVC through the aluminium hole. In this study, three process parameters were used: time, plunging depth and rotating speed of the tool. Thermal finite element model was built to analyse the process temperature. Effect of the process parameters on the joint shear strength and temperature was analysed using the design of experiments method. The microstructure investigation of the joint cross section was examined. Findings The input heat melted and extruded the polymer into the aluminium hole with the aid of tool pressure. A mechanical interlock was observed at the interface line between the polymer and aluminium. The scattered aluminium fragments into the molten polymer increased the shear strength of the joint. The hole diameter exhibited the highest effect on the joint strength compared with the other parameters. Specimen of minimum hole diameter recorded the maximum shear strength of 224 MPa. The proposed model gave a good agreement with the experimental data. Originality/value For the first time, the PVC was joined with AA6061 by the hot extrusion using the friction spot technique. The shear strength of joint reached 7.5 times of the base material (PVC).

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Szymaneka, M., B. Augustyn, D. Kapinos, S. Boczkal, and J. Nowak. "The Production of Material with Ultrafine Grain Structure in Al-Zn Alloy in the Process of Rapid Solidification." Archives of Foundry Engineering 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2014-0037.

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Abstract In the aluminium alloy family, Al-Zn materials with non-standard chemical composition containing Mg and Cu are a new group of alloys, mainly owing to their high strength properties. Proper choice of alloying elements, and of the method of molten metal treatment and casting enable further shaping of the properties. One of the modern methods to produce materials with submicron structure is a method of Rapid Solidification. The ribbon cast in a melt spinning device is an intermediate product for further plastic working. Using the technique of Rapid Solidification it is not possible to directly produce a solid structural material of the required shape and length. Therefore, the ribbon of an ultrafine grain or nanometric structure must be subjected to the operations of fragmentation, compaction, consolidation and hot extrusion. In this article the authors focussed their attention on the technological aspect of the above mentioned process and described successive stages of the fabrication of an AlZn9Mg2.5Cu1.8 alloy of ultrafine grain structure designated for further plastic working, which enables making extruded rods or elements shaped by the die forging technology. Studies described in the article were performed under variable parameters determined experimentally in the course of the alloy manufacturing process, including casting by RS and subsequent fragmentation.

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Domack, Marcia S., Karen M. Taminger, and Matthew Begley. "Metallurgical Mechanisms Controlling Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Alloy 2219 Produced by Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 1291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.1291.

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The electron beam freeform fabrication (EBF3) layer-additive manufacturing process has been developed to directly fabricate complex geometry components. EBF3 introduces metal wire into a molten pool created on the surface of a substrate by a focused electron beam. Part geometry is achieved by translating the substrate with respect to the beam to build the part one layer at a time. Tensile properties have been demonstrated for electron beam deposited aluminum and titanium alloys that are comparable to wrought products, although the microstructures of the deposits exhibit features more typical of cast material. Understanding the metallurgical mechanisms controlling mechanical properties is essential to maximizing application of the EBF3 process. In the current study, mechanical properties and resulting microstructures were examined for aluminum alloy 2219 fabricated over a range of EBF3 process variables. Material performance was evaluated based on tensile properties and results were compared with properties of Al 2219 wrought products. Unique microstructures were observed within the deposited layers and at interlayer boundaries, which varied within the deposit height due to microstructural evolution associated with the complex thermal history experienced during subsequent layer deposition. Microstructures exhibited irregularly shaped grains, typically with interior dendritic structures, which were described based on overall grain size, morphology, distribution, and dendrite spacing, and were correlated with deposition parameters. Fracture features were compared with microstructural elements to define fracture paths and aid in definition of basic processingmicrostructure- property correlations.

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Pachaiyappan, R., R. Gopinath, and S. Gopalakannan. "Processing Techniques of a Silicon Carbide Heat Exchanger and its Capable Properties – A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.513.

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Silicon carbides is a composite ceramic material produced from inorganic non-metallic substances, formed from the molten mass which solidifies on cooling and simultaneously matured by the action of heat. It is used in various applications such as grinding wheels, filtration of gases and water, absorption, catalyst supports, concentrated solar powers, thermoelectric conversion etc. The modern usage of silicon carbide is fabricated as a heat exchanger for high temperature applications. Leaving behind steel and aluminium, silicon carbide has an excellent temperature withstanding capability of 1425°C. It is resistant to corrosion and chemical erosion. Modern fusion reactors, Stirling cycle based gas turbines, evaporators in evaporative cooling system for air condition and generator in LiBr/H2O absorption chillers for air conditioning those systems heat transfer rate can be improved by replacing a present heat exchanger with silicon carbide heat exchanger. This review presents a detailed discussion about processing technique of such a silicon carbide. Modern known processing techniques are partial sintering, direct foaming, replica, sacrificial template and bonding techniques. The full potential of these materials can be achieved when properties are directed over specified application. While eyeing over full potential it is highly dependent on processing techniques.

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Haga, T., and K. Miyazaki. "Semi-continuous caster for plate." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 2, no. 84 (October 1, 2017): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7782.

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Purpose: Development of a semi-continuous caster that can cast a single plate and a clad plate of Al-40%Sn-1%Cu alloy used for sliding bearings. Design/methodology/approach: A semi-continuous caster to cast a single plate and a clad plate directly from molten metal was designed and assembled. The cast single plate has a thickness ranging from 10 mm to 30 mm, a width of 400 mm, and a length of 500 mm to 1,000 mm. The cast clad plate has a thickness ranging from 10 mm to 30 mm, a width of 50 mm, and a length of 300 mm. Findings: The semi-continuous caster successfully produced both a single plate and a clad plate of Al-40%Sn-1%Cu alloy. Influence of casting conditions on the properties of the plate, including the thickness, porosity, and surface quality were investigated in the single plate casting. The mixing and diffusion of the alloy elements at the interface was also investigated in the clad plate casting. Research limitations/implications: The cast Al-40%Sn-1%Cu alloy plate has not yet been tested as a sliding bearing material, so the efficacy of the material still requires investigation. Practical implications: The semi-continuous caster described in this paper enables the “small lot” production made from single and clad plates of aluminium alloy. Originality/value: Development of a semi-continuous caster that can cast both single and clad plates of aluminium alloy. Investigation of the relationship between the casting conditions and plate quality.

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Himmel, Benjamin, Dominik Rumschoettel, and Wolfram Volk. "Tensile properties of aluminium 4047A built in droplet-based metal printing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 25, no. 2 (March 4, 2019): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-02-2018-0039.

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Purpose Directly printing molten metal droplets on a build platform to create full dense metal parts is a promising additive manufacturing process. This study aims of to analyse the effects of the thermal conditions on the resulting tensile properties of parts made from aluminium 4047A built in droplet-based metal printing. Design/methodology/approach A drop-on-demand print head with pneumatic actuation is used to eject droplets on a nickel sheet mounted on the heated build platform. Tensile specimens are machined from cuboid blocks built by successive droplet deposition and tested in a universal testing machine. The ultimate tensile strength, uniform elongation and yield strength are evaluated and presented. Micro-sections are taken from the printed blocks to examine the internal pores and the metal’s microstructure. Findings With an increase in the interface temperature the uniform elongation increases from 0.5 to 12%, while the yield strength decreases from 130 to 90 MPa. The ultimate tensile strength increases from 130 MPa to a maximum of 190 MPa at an interface temperature of 530º C and slightly falls for higher interface temperatures. Those values are in the same range as conventionally casted parts of the same alloy. The authors’ hypothesis is that the main effect responsible for the mechanical properties is the wetting of solid material by the liquid droplet and not remelting, as has been reported in literature. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that mechanical properties of aluminium 4047A built by a droplet-based additive manufacturing process are published for different interface temperatures. It is also the first time that the main effect on mechanical properties is attributed to wetting instead of remelting.

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Lusquiños, F., M. Boutinguiza, R. Comesaña, A. Riveiro, F. Quintero, and Juan Pou. "Production of Calcium Phosphate Particles from Marine Wastes by Gas Jet Assisted Laser Heating." Materials Science Forum 587-588 (June 2008): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.587-588.497.

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There are many manufacturing techniques to form metallic particles with certain size and properties. The laser heating method has been successfully applied to generate metallic particles when a supersonic gas flow is assisting this process. The metallic target is heated, melted and vaporised and micro-particles are carried away by a gas flow stream. The high-velocity gas is used to solidificate molten particles and to condensate the metallic vapour resulting in the formation of fine particles. Several attempts were carried out for the production of metallic particles by laser supersonic heating method, obtaining spherical micro-particles (1- 50 "m) of copper, steel, or aluminium. This work presents the application of this method to generate particles from fish bone, in order to obtain a material with a composition close to the inorganic part of the bones. A pulsed Nd:YAG laser has been used to obtain calcium phosphate micro- and nanoparticles. Microparticles size ranges from 10 to 100"m, whereas the nanoparticles have diameters as small as 2 nm. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) allowed us to identify the nanoparticles as whitlockite.

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Kumar, Arvind, and Ram Naresh Rai. "Evaluation of Wear Properties of Stir Cast AA7050 -10% B₄C Ex Situ Composite through Fuzzy-TOPSIS MCDM Method." Solid State Phenomena 291 (May 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.291.1.

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The present paper discussed the dry sliding wear and friction behavior of flux assisted stir cast AA7050-10% B4C composite. The K2TiF6 flux improves the wettability of B4C in molten aluminium. The casted composite were heat treated as per T-6 standard. The microstructure studies confirm the uniform distribution of B4C with the layers of Ti compound around it. Both As Casted Composite hereafter called as ACC and Heat Treated Composite hereafter called as HTC under gone dry sliding wear test at room temperature. The experiments were designed using Taguchi L18 mixed design. The responses of the experiment were optimized using fuzzy-TOPSIS MCDM method. From the experimental investigation it was concluded that wear rate of the composite material is a function of normal loads and sliding speed. Moreover, wear rate, coefficient of friction and amount of heat generation for HTC is comparatively less than ACC. This may due to the homogeneous distribution of particles and also formation proper interfacial bond between matrix and reinforcements after heat treatment.

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Krisbianto, Dedy, Dwi Rahmalina, and Agri Suwandi. "OPTIMASI DESAIN GATING SYSTEM PROSES DIE CASTING COLD CHAMBER MENURUNKAN CACAT PRODUK." JURNAL KAJIAN TEKNIK MESIN 4, no. 2 (September 27, 2019): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52447/jktm.v4i2.1627.

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Untuk mendapatkan hasil akhir produk yang baik pada proses produksi die casting cold chamber dengan bahan material aluminium ADC12 yang sering dihadapi untuk proses akhir proses produksi die casting antara lain porosity , sebelum pembuatan produk perlu dilakukan simulasi desain produk. Modifikasi desain produk dapat memakai program Solidworks baik untuk desain simulasi 3D, manfaat simulasi desain produk untuk mengetahui secara dini hasil produk yang akan dibuat, yang perlu diperhatikan adalah desain gate runner pada die casting karena dapat mengetahui kecepatan aliran logam ke desain produk, untuk mengatuhui aliran cairan logam yang masuk ke dies, bisa melakukan simulasi dengan memakai program simulasi MAGMASOFT dapat mendeteksi cacat produk akhir tanpa melakukan try and error manual.Diperlukan parameter yang dilakukan, slow shot, A 0.4, B 0.5 m/s, fast shot, A3.5, B 3.5 m/s, temperatur Molten, 670, B 670 ◦c, cycle time, A 55, B 55 detik, diameter biskuit, A85, B 90 mm. Dalam desain modifikasi gating system A dari hasil X-Ray porosity pada produk mencapai 12.18% sedangkan pada desain modifikasi B menunjukan penurunan cacat porosity mencapai 3.17% sehingga desain B dapat direkomendasikan untuk produk masal.

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Vivekananda, A. S., S. Balasivanandha Prabu, and R. Paskaramoorthy. "Processing-structure-property correlations of in situ Al/TiB2 composites processed by aluminothermic reduction process." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 25, no. 5 (September 25, 2018): 869–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2017-0014.

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AbstractThis paper reports the influence of process parameters on the size and distribution of in situ titanium diboride (TiB2) particles within the aluminium (Al) matrix. TiB2 particles were formed as a result of the in situ reaction of potassium hexafluorotitanate (K2TiF6) and potassium tetra fluoroborate (KBF4) with molten Al. Two process parameters, namely, the addition time (AT) and holding time (HT) of precursor salts, were considered. The Al/TiB2 composites were produced by allowing the in situ reaction to occur at various ATs (10, 20, and 30 min) and HTs (20, 30, and 40 min). Results showed that the formation of TiB2 was confirmed by XRD analysis. The microstructure, TiB2 particle size, hardness, yield strength (YS), and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) were strongly affected by the said process parameters. The variations in hardness and UTS were highly consistent with those found in the microstructure of the composites. Compared with the Al parent material, the increase in the average hardness and UTS of the composite were 51% and 44%, respectively. This improvement was achieved for the composite sample fabricated with 20 min of AT and 30 min of HT. At this condition, the composite displayed near-uniform particle distribution.

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SHIM, SUNG-YONG, HYUNG-WON PARK, IN-SANG JEONG, and SU-GUN LIM. "THE OPTIMIZING CONDITIONS BY TAGUCHI METHOD FOR FABRICATING SEMI-SOLID Al–Zn–Mg ALLOY SLURRY BY COOLING PLATE METHOD." Surface Review and Letters 17, no. 02 (April 2010): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x10013709.

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In order to optimize the condition for the semi-solid Al–Zn–Mg aluminium alloy fabricated by cooling plate method, the Taguchi design was used. The cooling plate method effectively separating the grains formed from the mold wall can be used to form a semi-solid material by flowing molten metal over an inclined Cu plate and casting in a mold for the near-net shape component. In Taguchi's design method, the higher signal vs noise (S/N) ratio the better. Therefore, the manufacturing conditions were arranged as a table of orthogonal arrays (L9(34)), and the influence of two factors, pouring temperature and cooling plate angle, was examined. From the observed microstructures, the grain size and aspect ratio were measured by image analyzer. The results indicated that the pouring temperature exerts the main effect on the spherical microstructures since the S/N ratio, which is the sensibility of the surrounding environment, was the highest. The optimum condition for the Al–Zn–Mg alloy was a cooling plate angle of 40° and a pouring temperature of 680°C. The grain size and aspect ratio were 70 μm and 1.3, respectively.

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Brezinova, Janette, Miroslav Džupon, Jan Vinas, Anna Guzanová, Viktor Puchý, Jakub Brezina, Dagmar Draganovská, and Marek Vojtko. "PROGRESSIVE CMT CLADDING FOR RENOVATION OF CASTING MOLD." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 26, no. 3 (September 3, 2020): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ams.26.3.565.

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The paper presents the results of the research focused on the possibility of renewal of molded parts of molds in high-pressure casting of aluminum alloys by cladding welding. Two materials - Thermanit 625 and Thermanit X - were tested. Weld-on layers were produced by CMT - Cold Metal Transfer technology in a protective atmosphere of Ar. The cllad resistance in the molten melt of the aluminum alloy EN AB AlSi8Cu3 for 120 and 300 minutes was evaluated. Furthermore, ball-on-disc wear resistance of welds was assessed. The results were compared with the reference material - AISI / SAE 309 base tool steel.

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Ariati, Myrna, Dwi Marta Nurjaya, and Rizki Aldila. "Die Soldering Phenomenon on the H13 Tool Steel with Shot Peening and Nitriding Surface Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 1101 (April 2015): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1101.157.

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Die soldering occurs when molten aluminum sticks to the surface of a die material and remains there after the ejection of the part. This resulted in low productivity and economic value in the foundry industry. Nitriding surface treatment is considered as an effective way in enhancing the service life of AISI H13 steel dies and to prevent soldering effect. The focus of this paper is to investigate the influence of three different surface conditions in terms of roughness, gas nitriding and pretreatment prior to gas nitriding on the soldering effect. Three kind of samples made of AISI H13 steel were pretreated (quenched and tempered) and followed by : shot peened, gas nitrided and shot peening followed by gas nitriding, were immersed in liquid melted ADC 12 Aluminium alloy at 30 seconds, 30 minutes, 2 hours and 5 hours, at a constant temperature of 680oC in a holding furnace. Characterizations on the surface of the steel were focused on the optical microstructure, microhardness profile, FE SEM observation and enegy dispersive spectrometry mapping. It was found that shot peening prior to nitriding gives a higher surface hardness and depth of nitride layer of H13 tool steel, 1140 HV (>70 HRC) and 120.5 μm, than the nitriding only process, 1033 HV (68 HRC) and 105 μm. The higher the hardness and depth of nitride layer expected would reduce the die soldering effect at the surface of the H13 tool steel dies. It was also found that the only shot peening treatment resulted in a tendency of soldering accompanied by the formation of intermetallic layers ; while soldering is not found on the nitrided and shot peened-nitrided samples.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Molten aluminium material'

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