Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mollusques – Conservation des ressources'
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BERTRAND-DESBRUNAIS, ANNA. "Conservation in vitro des ressources genetiques des cafeiers." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066417.
Full textFadlaoui, Aziz. "Modélisation bioéconomique de la conservation des ressources génétiques animales." Université catholique de Louvain, 2006. http://edoc.bib.ucl.ac.be:81/ETD-db/collection/available/BelnUcetd-11072006-151544/.
Full textTrommetter, Michel. "Rationalisation économique de la conservation des ressources génétiques végétales." Grenoble 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE21005.
Full textThis work analyses the economic consequences of the loss of biodiversity, more precisely of genetic resources (rg). This loss of diversity prooves the necessity of in-situ (natural park) and ex-situ (gene banks) conservation. The focus is on this second type of conservation that is used for the gr conservation. The final objective is to define a conservation organisation compatible with the maximisation of collective utility. If it's clear that there is an interest increasing, some questions still remain : what should be conserved and how ? what financing should be chosen ? to answer these questions, this work is shared in three parts : 1. We present an introduction of the conservation as it is now. The combination cost advantage risk is one of the most important factor of decvision. So it's necessary to analyse the economic analyses of decision in uncertain future. 2. We study thoroughly the "option value" models developed by c. Henry in 1974 and we propose a more general model. It is prooved that the irreversibility concept is too limitative. This might involve mistakes in the decision's rule. 3. These results constitute the base of a sequential model of decision to explain the organisation of gr conservation. We make some simulations to define the good interval for conservation and what type of conservation is recommended as well as
Rodary, Estienne. "Les espaces naturels : l'aménagement par la participation ? : mise en réseau et territorialisation des politiques de conservation de la faune en Zambie et au Zimbabwe." Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE1041.
Full textNicolè, Florence. "Biologie de la conservation appliquée aux plantes menacées des Alpes." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE10127.
Full textThrough concrete examples of endangered plants chosen in the flora of the French Alps, this work presents the application of three main aspects classically used in conservation biology: the study of genetic variation, the study of reproductive performance and reproductive system and the study of population dynamics. First, we show that molecular markers are a useful tool to resolve taxonomic ambiguities and verify the status of conservation unit in the case of Potentilla delphinensis Gren. And Godron. They also allowed us to establish a strategy for population reinforcement of Dracocephalum austriacum L. Then, we show that the reproductive performances and the reproductive system are good indicators of population viability (Androsace septentrionalis L. And Cypripedium calceolus L. ). We also demonstrate the relevance of population matrix models and population viability analyses to understand better the biology and the ecology of an endangered species and to estimate its vulnerability (Cypripedium calceolus L. And Astragalus alopecurus Pallas). The combination of the different approaches on Dracocephalum austriacum indicate that genetic and demographic aspects interact and should be considered together to predict the viability of the populations. Finally, we propose theoretical and methodological recommendations, especially on the application of demographic approaches to endangered plants. Pragmatic applied management guidelines are proposed to enhance the protection of the flora
Kjaergaard, Thorkild. "Den danske Revolution 1500-1800 : en økohistorisk tolkning /." Kobenhavn : Gyldendal, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35523075z.
Full textTorri, Maria Costanza. "La conservation et l'utilisation durable des ressources naturelles et la gestion participative, le cas de la région de la réserve naturelle des tigres de Sariska, Rajasthan, Inde /." Montpellier : CIHEAM-IAMM, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39950244c.
Full textBibliogr. p. 210-215. Résumé en français et en anglais. CIHEAM = Centre international des hautes études agronomiques méditerranéennes. IAMM = Institut agronomique méditerranéen de Montpellier.
Chansigaud, Valérie. "Des facteurs sociaux et culturels influençant la biologie de la conservation : l'exemple des invertébrés." Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE1040.
Full textNarat, Victor. "Interactions bonobos-habitats-humains : habituation, écologie,santé et conservation." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0030.
Full textA better understanding of the interactions between great apes, habitats and humans is critical for the conservation of these threatened primate species. The purpose of this PhD work is to analyze the interactions between bonobos (Pan paniscus) and a particular socio-ecological system (SES) – a forest-savanna mosaic habitat, unusual for bonobos, in a community-based conservation created by an ethnic group with an eating-taboo on this species. The study site, inhabited by the Batéké people, is located in the Territoire de Bolobo at the southwestern most extent of the bonobo distribution area and only 300 km from the capital city, Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo). This work is based on an interdisciplinary approach linking primatology, ecology, parasitology and ethnoecology. We have analyzed the evolution of the habituation process and have shown how the features of the SES could influence it. Baseline data on the diet of this bonobo community were collected highlighting the role of filler fallbackfood of fruits of Klainedoxa gabonensis and the importance of pioneer species. Whereas bonobos and humans share a common area butavoid direct encouters, we did not find frequent intestinal helminths cross-species transmissions between these two species. Finally, we have shown how the community-based conservation project was unusual and used the conservation dynamics to reach local development goals. This dynamics changes local representations toward bonobos, which have become a driving force of local development. Each of these disciplinary approaches has improved current knowledge on free-ranging bonobos, and the confrontation of the different results was used to assess this new bonobo study site as a long -term study one
Raffin, Coralie. "Bases biologiques et écologiques de la conservation du milieu marin en mer d'Iroise." Brest, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BRES2020.
Full textThis study allows an approach to management and protection of the marine environment of the Iroise Sea which is based on biological and ecological knowledge gained for the whole area. This work forms part of the national and international concern for biodiversity conservation by the acquisition and synthesis of scientific knowledge and their restitution with the other interested parties of conservation management. The biological richness of this marine area is attested by the presence of flagship-species, but the benthic environment has remained largely ignored. This study provides data which complete knowledge on the sedimentology of the Iroise's bottoms and allows the specification of the sedimentary cover and its space and seasonal variability. A broad range of sediment types is represented, with a basic importance of cobbles and gravels and the organization of the sediments in superimposed layers, inducing a high habitat complexity ; moreover, space variability masks seasonal variability. Following this, the study of the benthic fauna of the soft sediment bottoms allows the definition of the habitats and communities of the marine environment of Iroise, with six main units of communities of species, each comprising several facets, of which some have great ecological and patrimonial values. The importance of the frontal zone and its influence on the benthic communities are highlighted. An analyse of the use of space and resources in the Iroise Sea is outlined, as well as an assessment concerning the biodiversity and the current state of international reflections on marine protected areas. The final synthesis identifies the interests of the habitats and communities of Iroise and the potential anthropogenic threats in the short and medium term. The priorities and solutions for the conservation of this marine environment are discussed and a multiple-use zoning plan is proposed within the context of the future National Marine Park of the Iroise Sea
Khan, Rahman. "Objectifs et dynamique de ressources : une perspective motivationelle." Thesis, Pau, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PAUU2071.
Full textThis dissertation explores the goal-striving process in work settings. Based on the conservation of resources conceptualization, the current research examines how resource dynamics shape individual's behavior during goal pursuit. In this research three independent studies probe the resource mechanism. Specifically, the first study presents the investment of personal resources like self-efficacy, optimism and subjective well-being based on the value placed on end result(s) (goal attainment) or striving experience (goal commitment). Cross-cultural data collected from salespeople working in France, Pakistan and the USA support the hypothesized reciprocal relationships. The second study explores the curvilinear interactive role of grit and perceived organizational support in an individual's goal progress. Time lagged data collected from university professors working in the USA confirm the curvilinear relationship between grit and goal progress. The linkage between perceived organizational support and goal progress appears to be linear. The third study of this dissertation tests the mechanism through which fear of goal failure can predict unethical behavior. This study also explores the moderating role of conscientiousness and moral attentiveness during this process. The current research contributes to the field by testing various hypothesized models in work settings
Guilloux, Bleuenn. "Les ressources génétiques marines, la Recherche & Développement et le droit." Nantes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NANT4033.
Full textAdvances in Research & Development reveal the immense diversity and potential of Marine Genetic Resources. Under International Law, no specific regime exists pertaining to these complex and paradoxical objects of Use. The Convention on the Law of the Sea sets up a framework partially unsuitable to this new category of resources. The Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol cover only those within national spaces. Patents allow the holder to exercise a monopoly on a plethora of biotechnological creations with extensive claims, questioning the common nature of Biodiversity and Knowledge. They interfere with research and Biodiversity Law goals. Legal and practical rules of physical and functional access are geometrically variable. These rules focus on the economic valorization of Research, crystallizing conflicts of interests between providers and users. Sustainable Research & Development is essential for marine Biodiversity Knowledge and Protection. The legal characterization of Marine Genetic Resources as Commons, standardized contractual tools, distributed Research & Development infrastructures, the negotiation of an international agreement on the Sustainable Utilization and Conservation of Marine Biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, could lift these inconsistencies
Cheylan, Marc. "Les Reptiles du paléarctique occidental : diversité et conservation." Paris, EPHE, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995EPHE3034.
Full textDje, Yao. "Conservation des ressources génétiques des races locales de sorgho en Afrique du Nord occidentale." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211888.
Full textBarrière, Olivier. "Gestion des ressources naturelles renouvelables et conservation des écosystèmes au Sahel : le foncier-environnement." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010299.
Full textThe objet of the study is related to the research on a coviability between humans and ecosystems within a sahelian context whose environmental, socioeconomical and political data have deeply evolued since at least twenty years. An approach based on the anthropo-juridical study of the various exploitation systems and their interactions infers the fundamental imbrication of the land (defined as the substrate support of the biotic elements and the ecological process) and of the environment (composed in particular of the renewed resources as stakes of power relations). This approach in environmental law is made from a methodological attitude taking into account three observation scales : the village territory, the province and the region. Constituing the binomial spaceresource as unit of observation and as operative concept in every scales, it explores the relation man-natural environment by decorticating the land tenure frame of each of the exploitation systems taken individually and in interaction with the others. The aim is to think the principles of a right considering the interactions which weigh on the behaviour of individuals, on their decision and their action in terms of management of natural resources and which integrate the necessity of the longterme coviability of the biodiversity and of the cultural diversity. This right should constitute a change lever and allow to move from the conflicting and disorganized situation that the analysis of the social structures shows to a juridical situation where the liberty margin of the social actors and their respective responsability shares are clarified in accordance with the rights they have on the space-resources and in which they must be, in other respects, secured
Courquin, Betty. "Prise en compte de l’adaptation locale et de la dépression hybride en biologie de la conservation : exemple de Biscutella neustriaca, endémique de Haute Normandie." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10129/document.
Full textIn conservation management of threatened populations or species, reintroduction and reinforcement procedures constitute essential tools. However, transplanted individuals may either establish in the introduction site or be poorly adapted to it. Moreover outcrosses may either increase or decrease outbred progeny fitness, by heterosis or outbreeding depression respectively. In this context, understanding the pattern of genetic and adaptive differentiation between populations is essential for the elaboration of conservation strategies. The objective of the present study is to apply this proposition in the context of the conservation program of Biscutella neustriaca, a declining species. First, we investigated progeny fitness from crosses between populations at distinct geographic scales. Second, we examined ecological differences between habitats, genetic differences in life-history traits between populations and the pattern of local adaptation in greenhouse and in introduction sites. Third, we compared the efficiency of two conservative reinforcement strategies. Finally after a synthesis of these three parts we developed a protocol for the conservation of B. neustriaca and more widely we identified the parameters to include for a successful transfer of individuals in threatened species or for a better understanding of failed attempts
Talla, Tene Marius Rostand. "Le droit positif camerounais face aux impératifs de conservation de la faune sauvage et de promotion des populations autochtones." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008VERS025S.
Full textThe environment’s protection does not have any more cease to be a priority for the subjects of the International law. Since the Summit of Rio de Janeiro on the environment and the development, this concern caused at the international level was taken more and more into account by the States. Cameroun did not remain with the margin of this process since many legal provisions were taken in order to protect nature and its resources in fact those consisted wild fauna. Indeed, while taking as a starting point the International law of the environment, the Cameroonian legislator devoted the principle of conservation of wildlife by recommending the control of hunting activities, by attaching a major importance to the protected areas and by controlling the use of the faunal resources at commercial purposes. These measurements were also combined with the other supposed ones to improve the living conditions of the autochthon communities like the facilitation of the access to the natural resources and the implication of those in the management of wild fauna. However, this regulation knows important limits primarily made up by the restriction of the principle of participation and the multiple difficulties of a functional nature. All these limits result in to relativize the results obtained by the policies of conservation of fauna and promotion of the rights of the autochthon communities to Cameroun. To ameliorate the situation, of important measures should be taken in particular the improvement of decentralization’s policy, the participation’s principle reinforcement, the reinforcement of the control of the commercial exploitation of the wildlife resources and the at last, the equipment of autochthon communities of a clear statute taking that is taking in consideration their particularities
Le, Hardy Magali. "Que reste-t-il de la liberté de la pêche en haute mer ? : essai sur le régime juridique de l'exploitation des ressources biologiques de la haute mer /." Paris : Pédone, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38854673q.
Full textNotice réd. d'après la couv. Bibliogr. p. 389-414. Webliogr. p. 414-415.
Rafaly, Vonintsoa. "La conservation des ressources halieutiques en haute mer : du régime classique de la responsabilité à la responsabilisation des états." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT3003.
Full textDoes everything have to change for everything to stay as it is ? The Law of the Sea is subject to continuous development to maintain the balance between freedom of resource exploitation and emerging environmental pressure. But does everything has to change ? The aim of this study is to get to the heart of the matter, especially regarding state responsibility in the conservation of marine biological resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Between crisis and evolution, the law of the sea has to find its feet regarding the challenges the international community is facing. In order to maintain a sustainable conservation of resources, the consideration of common interest and environmental requirements has led to a reconceptualisation of state responsibility, where international cooperation has its importance. The Law of the Sea has thus made their own and updated some international law and environmental law concepts, through emerging mechanisms to initiate new forms of state responsibility
Dinh, Thi Thuy Van. "Le Traité international sur les ressources phytogénétiques pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture : instrument innovant pour la gestion de l'agro-phytodiversité." Limoges, 2010. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/d26605e7-38ab-4945-98d6-bf9c1411526e/blobholder:0/2010LIMO1001.pdf.
Full textPlant genetic ressources for food and agriculture (PGRFA) are crucial for humanity. We inherit an amazing diversity of genetic ressources thanks to the work of generations of farmers (in situ conservation) and genebanks (ex situ conservation). The loss of the ressources would result in the potential for major food insecurity. Adopted in 2001, the International Treaty on PGRFA promotes an understanding of the importance of theses ressources and the implementation of solutions for their conservation and sustainable use. The Treaty has two main innovative elements: the recognition of farmers' rights to the ressources that past generations of farmers have developed, and the constitution of a Multilateral System of Access to and Benefit-Sharing of theses ressources. This thesis investigates the scope and application of the Treaty through a detailed study of its concepts and mechanisms and the relationship between the Treaty and other international texts (Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, patent law of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Law). It analyses the effectiveness of legal means of implementation of the Treaty at regional, sub-regional and national levels. The establishment of this Multilateral System is a new and innovative tool of the management of natural ressources. In fact, it is an application of the concept of « common heritage of mankind » because it ensures that the genetic ressources held under the sovereignty of individual States are available to others. The concept of farmers' rights in the Treaty is complementary to existing Breeders' Rights, recognizing the active role of farmers in the conservation of PGRFA. The identification of mechanisms for the successful implementation of these two facets, several of which are explored within the thesis, is essential to the success of the Treaty
Le, Hardy Magali. "Problèmes juridiques posés par l'exploitation des ressources biologiques de la haute mer." Nice, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NICE0033.
Full textDagher-Pineri, Nesrine. "La Cour internationale de justice et le droit international de la mer : l'accès aux ressources marines biologiques, la gestion et la conservation des ressources." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX32043.
Full textCarrier-Vernhet, Amandine. "Implication organisationnelle et épuisement professionnel : une analyse par la théorie de la conservation des ressources." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00770161.
Full textGambardella, Sophie. "La gestion et la conservation des ressources halieutiques en droit international : l'exemple de la Méditerranée." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1043.
Full textFisheries management and conservation in the Mediterranean relies primarily upon the responsibility of two regional fisheries management organizations: the General fisheries commission for the Mediterranean and the International commission for the conservation of Atlantic tunas. The legal regime is thus built in two distinct arenas and is also nourished by the influence of other conventional regimes. This institutional duplication could thus have resulted in conflicts of norms of management, conservation or even of interpretation. And yet, the observed institutional fragmentation does not appear as an obstacle to unity at the heart of the system. A unity of methods and means of implementation of fisheries management and conservation in the Mediterranean derives from the degree of interaction between the two commissions. The regime thus appears as a set, an indivisible whole. Nevertheless, the existence of such unity is not tantamount to effectiveness and efficiency of the system
Gangloff, Benoît. "Systematics and phylogeography in gadfly petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes) and implications for conservation." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Gangloff-Benoit/2010-Gangloff-Benoit-These.pdf.
Full textProcellariiformes are seabirds showing a set of characters rendering them particularly attractive to research. They are the most diverse seabird group, and probably also the most threatened, with 44. 7% species classified Vulnerable or worse under IUCN criteria. As many seabirds, they are fascinating models to study patterns and processes of population and species differentiation, being under contradictory evolutionary forces: on the one hand being extremely vagile allow them to disperse very far, which is supposed to enhance gene flow between populations, thus reducing their differentiation and diversification ; on the other hand, being extremely philopatric, they often return to breed in their natal colony, a pattern supposed to enhance population differentiation. Living in the ocean, they also constitute good models to investigate differentiation processes in the absence of physical barrier to gene flow. In addition, partly as a result of the opposite evolutionary forces just described, their taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships are complex, have proved very frustrating over the decades and have therefore been in a state of flux over the years. The development of molecular ecology in the last two decades have provided some new powerful tools to elucidate some of the phylogenetic uncertainties, to understand the observed phylogeographic patterns and have a better grasp at the underlying processes promoting diversification in these birds. These tools also allow a better understanding of population structure and relationships and can greatly help to the prioritisation and design of conservation actions directed at conserving these organisms. In this thesis, by means of molecular ecology tools, I investigated the phylogenetic relationships and phylogeography of several taxa belonging to family Procellariidae, the most speciose in order Procellariiformes. I studied these at two levels: first at the genus level by describing phylogenetic relationships in genus Pseudobulweria, probably the most endangered seabird genus in the world; and second at the taxon and population level I focused on the Macaronesian group of gadfly petrels and on the Gould’s petrel complex, in particular regarding the relationships between its Australian and New Caledonian subspecies. Using a multiloci approach for each of these investigations provided a mean to improve our understandings : in Pseudobulweria the species tree approach used allowed inferring the phylogenetic relationships between all the taxa in the genus for the first time and to solve a taxonomic issue regarding the status of Beck’s petrel ; in Northeast Atlantic gadfly petrels, I showed that the divergence of the three taxa living in that region is much more recent than previously thought and that the three populations deserve at least the status of Evolutionary Significant Units ; in Gould’s petrel I showed that the two population currently recognised as subspecies are not structured genetically and the lineages have not diverged. These investigations underline the necessity to incorporate new methods and multiple loci when investigating the phylogenetic and phylogeographic patterns in organisms to fully capture their complexity
Thi, Huong Trang Tran. "The Nagoya protocol on access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilization : integration into national laws in particular in Vietnam." Limoges, 2012. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/cdfabc5a-e279-4b24-97a8-2ca557382e8b/blobholder:0/2012LIMO1009.pdf.
Full textLes ressources génétiques sont une composante de la nature qui doit être protégée pour ses valeurs économiques, sociales et culturelles. En approchant des ressources génétiques en vertu de deux aspects de la "conservation " et du "développement", l'un des trois objectifs du Protocole de Nagoya est l'accès aux ressources génétiques à la Convention sur la diversité biologique (CDB) et un partage juste et équitable des avantages découlant de leur utilisation. Le Protocole de Nagoya adopté en octobre 2010 lors de la 10e Conférence des Partis à la CDB, marque un tournant pour la gouvernance internationale de la biodiversité et un jalon dans le développement du régime international régissant la biodiversité. Toutefois, le Protocole a été qualifié d' "imparfait" et d' "incomplet" en raison d'ambiguitiés, de lacunes et de généralités. Chaque Etat partie au Protocole doit élaborer une législation nationale pour répondre à ses obligations, et combler les lacunes par une mise en conformité avex celui-ci. L'étude de l'intégration du protocole dans le droit national est importante parce qu'il s'agit du premier instrument juridique dans ce domaine et que l' analyse de sa transition met en lumière les différentes voies envisageables. Cependant, celle-ci peut soulever de nombreux problèmes et necesite de définir et d'analyser ces bases pour trouver des solutions. La première partie de cette thèse propose une analyse des problèmes du Protocole dans le contexte international, les relations avec les autres traités internationaux pertinents et tous les problèmes intrinsèques du Prtotocole dans ses aspects juridiques, scientifiques et techniques. La seconde partie de la thèse clarifie tous les problèmes juridiques pertinents de l'intégration dans la législation nationale et traite de la faiblesse du droit international au regard des systèmes juridiques monistes et dualistes, les traités non-auto-éxécutoires, les principes, méthodes et mesures. Elle analyse également les droits nationaux du Brésil, d' Afrique du Sud, de la France et un regard plus proche dans la pratique avec la législation nationale du Vietnam
Sarthou, Jean-Pierre. "Contribution à l'étude systématique, biogéographique et agroécocénotique des Syrphidae (Insecta. Diptera) du Sud-Ouest de la France." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT021A.
Full textMouly, Arnaud. "Systématique de la tribu des Ixoreae A. Gray (Rubiaceae) : phylogénie, biogéographie et taxonomie." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MNHN0012.
Full textRubiaceae (also known as coffee family) is one of the largest flowering plant families with ca. 14000 species and 700 genera. The family comprises two to three subfamilies depending on the subfamilial limits used. The tribe Ixoreae, belonging to the subfamily Ixoroideae, is a recently recognized group within Rubiaceae that was classified under the tribe Pavetteae until 2000. A phylogenetic study of Ixoroideae, based on rbcL data and numerous Pavetteae genera confirmed that Ixoreae and Pavetteae, both in a narrow sense, were not closely related. Recently, the results of a combined molecular analysis based on rbcL, rps16, and trnT-F sequence data of Ixoreae and its allied genera led to a proposition of a narrowly circumscribed Ixoreae (including Captaincookia, Doricera, Hitoa, Ixora, Myonima, Sideroxyloides Thouarsiora, and Versteegia) and descriptions of two new tribes, Aleisanthieae Mouly, J. Florence & B. Bremer (Aleisanthia and Aleisanthiopsis) and Greeneeae Mouly, J. Florence & B. Bremer (Greenea and Greeniopsis). Plus, this latter study additionally revealed the polyphyly of the presently circumscribed Ixora with ca. 500 species. More recently, another combined chloroplast (rps16 and trnT-F) and nuclear (ETS) analysis was performed to rigorously assess the generic limits within the newly circumscribed Ixoreae. This study further confirmed the polyphyly of Ixora, as all sequences species of its allied genera (Captaincookia, Doricera, Hitoa, Myonima, Sideroxyloides, Thouarisora, Versteegia) were nested within the studied Ixora species. Accordingly, we merged all the allied genera in Ixora, making Ixoreae a monogeneric tribe. Within this broad Ixora concept, the five strongly supported clades can be defined geographically: two Asian, a South-American, an Afro-Malagasy, a Mascarene, and a Pacific clades. Ixoreae appears to have originated from a Malesian common ancestor. Based on relaxed molecular dating, Ixoreae appeared ca. 20 My ago, and the diversification of the current lineages occurred ca. 14 My ago. The possible times and modes of dispersal and diversification were proposed and discussed for clade of Ixora sensu lato. From a study of ca. 350 Ixoreae species, a new survey of morphological characteristics was established, and the evolution of morphological and reproductive characters were interpreted in the light of phylogenetic relationships, especially in the Captaincookia group. The processes of speciation were so examined, notably focusing on the putative hybrid origin of the I. Coccinea lineage. As complementary results of this research, several unknown taxa of Ixora were found and described, and a particular attention was given to their conservation status
Jacquet, Karine. "Biodiversité et perturbations : dynamique de l'avifaune après incendie et ses relations avec la dynamique végétale." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20142.
Full textFire is a key mechanism influencing the composition and evolution of the Mediterranean ecosystems. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the post-fire dynamics of vegetation and its associate avifauna, by monitoring 126 plots in the Albera massif (Pyrénées-Orientales). These plots can be divided into six vegetal formations ranging from grasslands to holm oak forests representing formations found along a natural gradient. Two other formations are caracterized by the presence of the cork oak. Our results show growing recovery times as a function of the vegetal volume. The resilience to the prefire state is very short in grasslands, but is estimated at 40 years for the vegetation structure and 30 years for the avifauna of the holm oak forests. These recovery times are shorter in the cork oak forests, six and 16 years respectively, due to the particular regeneration of this tree. After a second fire, we found a significant decrease in the regeneration speed of vegetation and avifauna in the cork oak formations and perhaps in the tall maquis, but not in the low maquis. A study of landscape dynamics of the Albera for 41 years using aerial photographs has shown that, in spite of the occurrence of large wildfires in this country, the landscape tends to close up due to a high rural depopulation , with an encroachment of forest to the detriment of open habitats. Consequences of this closure are negative for a set of rare and endangered bird species linked to open habitats. Our work show that wildfires, by opening some habitats, create temporarily favourable conditions for these species. The possible role of fire in habitat management of these species is therefore considered
Teixeira, Cavalcante Ana Rachel. "Eléments pour une ontologie juridique de la protection intégrée de la biodiversité." Limoges, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIMO1010.
Full textLouhichi, Kamel. "Utilisation d'un modèle bio-économique pour analyser l'impact des politiques agri-environnementales : cas des techniques de conservation des eaux et du sol en Tunisie : application à la ferme Sawaf /." Montpellier : Institut agronomique méditerranéen, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37028977r.
Full textGuyader, Olivier. "Évaluation économique de la régulation des pêches : le cas du thon germon de l'Atlantique Nord-Est /." Paris ; Montréal (Québec) ; Budapest [etc.] : l'Harmattan, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37643081r.
Full textEn appendice, choix de textes et documents. Bibliogr. p. 307-332.
Gorsse, Benoît. "Les landes sèches des monts de Lacaune /." [Nages] (Ferme de Rieumontagné, 81320) : Centre de recherches du patrimoine de Rieumontagné, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40081133m.
Full textLauvie, Anne. "Gérer les populations animales locales à petits effectifs : Approche de la diversité des dispositifs mis en oeuvre." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003464.
Full textEKSOMTRAMAGE, THEERA. "Cryoconservation de cals embryogenes pour la conservation des ressources genetiques de canne a sucre (saccharum sp. )." Rennes 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993REN10054.
Full textLacoeuilhe, Aurélie. "Gestion de la biodiversité sur les sites anthropisés : de l'échelle des sites d'entreprises à celle du paysage." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0006.
Full textNoiville, Christine. "Les régimes juridiques des ressources génétiques marines : contribution à la notion d'intégration des objectifs écologiques aux objectifs économiques." Dijon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996DIJOA001.
Full textBastos, Rodolpho Zahluth. "Rivalités géopolitiques sur la biodiversité, l'enjeu de régulation de l'accès aux ressources génétiques au Brésil." Paris 8, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA083074.
Full textThe regulation of access to genetic resources is one of the central themes discussed in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992. The Convention grants the countries the sovereign right to formulate and establish the conditions of access to the genetic resources available in their territories in order to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the use of it. Brazil as one of the richest countries in biodiversity in the world is very concerned in this question. However, since the adoption of the CBD, Brazilian governments seem inefficient to establish laws and policies for controlling the exchanges of genetic resources to allow "access and benefit-sharing" (ABS). The implementation of ABS in Brazil seems very complex, plenty of issues and rivalries from many agents. This PhD thesis aims to expose the raisons of this malfunctioning from the standpoint of different conflict levels. A three scale analysis (international, national, local) is developed trying to clarify the main issues of biodiversity regulation
Motte-Bienabe, Estelle. "Les politiques de conservation de la diversité biologique : évaluations, critères de décision et incitations." Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON10071.
Full textZarrella, André-Dominique. "La politique internationale des pêcheries en Méditerranée : exploitation, gestion et conservation des ressources naturelles de la mer." Montpellier 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON10008.
Full textMediterranean sea is actually suffering from an overfishing of its resources because of a lack of an international control policy of its fisheries. There is urgency and at the same time difficulties to cure this delicate situation, so many are the conflicts between traditional fisheries and states in Mediterranean sea. It seems impossible to adapt the oceanic fisheries control policy to the Mediterranean sea. The only solution is to create a project of partition of its natural resources from the new international law of the sea and concept of enclosed sea
N'Nan, Oulo. "Utilisation des biotechnologies pour les échanges et la conservation des ressources génétiques du cocotier (Cocos nucifera L. )." Angers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ANGE0003.
Full textThe coconut is a plant with recalcitrant oleaginous seed, with embryo with no dormancy and voluminous. Most of coconut conservation is realised in field in regional collections, where risks of genetic erosion are important, because of floods, pests and diseases. This conservation mode appears to be problematic, and makes germplasm exchanges between producer's countries uneasy. In vitro culture and overall conservation through cryopreservation appear as the complementary way, which had to resolve field conservation problems. Works coconut cryopreservation had started since embryo in 1984 with zygotic embryo. Whereas faced lethal yellowing, cause by phytoplasma, which is suggested to be in embryo, plumule (caulinary meristem with two to four primordia) appear to be an attractive starting material for cryopreservation. Plumule is known to be free from viral diseases, and as it make possible the use of encapsulation-dehydration techniques. Works were consisted of defining a protocol of plumule cryopreservation. Four techniques, encapsulation - osmoprotection - dehydration, encapsulation - osmoprotection - vitrification, encapsulation - dehydration with fast or slow dehydration were tested. Two cryoprectants were uséd: sucrose and glucose. Plantlets (20%) were obtained with encapsulation dehydration with fast dehydration technique with sucrose as cryoprotectant. In parallel, validation of the cryopreservation process of complete mature zygotic embryos through the largest diversity representative of all the différent area of coconut culture was developed, and it good performance confirmed (20 to 70%) plantlets. To confirm the safety of the exchange of coconut through zygotic embryo form or plumule form, LY-like disease infected plant material, in the form of zygotic embryos, were collected from LY-like disease infected Ghanaian area. Research of the presence of the phytoplasma, infectious agent of LY disease, inside of the tissue of embryo was performed by PCR by the amplification of the 16S sequence characteristic of the phytoplasma. Specific coconut phytoplasma have not been detected in embryos coming from diseased coconut tree. This work has permit to show that recovery in plantlet after freezing was feasible with complete zygotic embryo, as well as with plumule smaller tissue. The absence of the phytoplasma in zygotic embryo does not permit us to confirm or not works of authors who show the presence of phytoplasma in embryo
Kiema, Sébastien. "Elevage extensif et conservation de la diversité biologique dans les aires protégées de l’Ouest burkinabé : arrêt sur leur histoire, épreuves de la gestion actuelle, état et dynamique de la végétation." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE2031.
Full textKhattali, Hatem. "Identification des ressources locales, jeux d'acteurs et processus de patrimonialisation : cas du village de Chenini, gouvernorat de Tataouine (sud-est tunisien)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB213.
Full textThe main objective of the thesis is to analyse the "heritagization" process in Chenini, an historical village located in south-eastern Tunisia. Involvement and positioning of actors, as agents of development, concerning the conservation and the make use of the local heritage capital have been highlighted. Qualitative analysis of actors's games and the performance of the local institutional network have been performed. SWOT method has been used to identify the heritage capital in Chenini and to analyse the strengths and weaknesses, and to identify both the opportunities and the threats faced by local stakeholders. MACTOR method and power and interest matrix have been used to gauge the balance of power between actors and study their convergences and divergences when faced with a certain number of associated stakes and objectives. Data have been gathered using structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and focus group together with public and private actors, NGOs and local population. Our results showed that the specificity of the territory, its capabilities and constraints, as well as economic, social and political conditions have allowed the development of an ancestral know-how adapted to a harsh environment. Despite the importance of this authentic Berber heritage and the confirmed socio cultural identity, the village of Chenini cannot initiate a real territorial dynamic. In fact, the divergence of actor's objectives caused a drawback of the conservation, and development of the local heritage capital and their economic integration. The multiplicity of actors involved in the territory at different scales and emerging conflicts of interest between them resulted in disorderly development strategies enable to make use of the local resources. We conclude that the additional income-generation and the sustainability of the local heritage capital need the development of new modes of governance based on the local specificities which allows the overcoming of conflicts between actors
Mobaied, Samira. "La dynamique spatiotemporelle de la végétation et l'organisation de la biodiversité des interfaces lande-forêt tempérée : implication pour la gestion conservatoire des réserves naturelles." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MNHN0004.
Full textEuropean heathlands were maintained by traditional agro-pastoral practices over the last 3000 years. Since 1950s, these traditional land uses have almost completely disappeared. As a result, heathland areas have been drastically reduced and have been overrun by grasses and woody species. Heathlands conservation requires consistent and permanent management action to control the natural succession. The ‘Trois Pignons’ forest (Fontainebleau, France) consists of a mosaic of heathlands and forests which are integrated into the Managed Biological Reserves (RBD). Since 1992, the managers of this RBD aim to maintain heathlands. In this context, we study in a first part, heathland vegetation dynamics at different spatial and temporal scales. Results show a gradual change from Ericaceae species in pure stand to a mosaic of grasses and Ericaceae, despite the application of measures to maintain this habitat in managed heathland. The development of grasses is correlated with thinness of the spatial variability of soil properties and the spatial variability of reforestation. In a second part, we assess changes in forest cover between 1946 and 2003. Results show the loss of 60% of heathlands during 1946–2003 associated to a similar increase in forest areas and the persistence of C. Vulgaris in coniferous stands and young mixed stand. We also study relationship between landscape spatio-temporal heterogeneity and biodiversity in mosaic-landscapes. The results indicate that in the areas of high spatio-temporal heterogeneity, a general increase is observed in species richness, in particular for vascular plants, bryophytes and carabids. The study demonstrates how spatial methods can contribute to the design of reliable management methods of habitats such as the heathlands, and enable us to offer recommendations as to how to better manage heathland semi-natural habitats of the Fontainebleau forest and elsewhere in Europe
Laurent, Luc. "Une Approche de biologie de la conservation appliquée à la population de tortue marine caretta caretta de Méditerranée." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066143.
Full textBonnet-Garnier, Amélie. "Étude chromosomique et moléculaire de la sous-famille des Cervinae : application des résultats à la gestion des troupeaux en captivité d'espèces menacées." Tours, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOUR4023.
Full textCheval, Hélène. "Quelles interactions à la biodiversité pour l’implication des individus à sa conservation ? : la construction de nouvelles approches et méthodes de mesure." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066671.
Full textSprawling urban environments are dramatically reducing opportunities for people to interact with nature. According to the extinction of experience hypothesis, this widening separation between people and the nature may entail disaffection, lack of knowledge towards biodiversity and its conservation. While this principle has been widely adopted and quoted, strong evidence is lacking. The objective of the thesis is to test this hypothesis and to explore what types of connection to biodiversity are linked to involvement of individuals into conservation. In that aim, we developed new approaches and methods to measure individual behaviors and their interactions with nature. We first investigated the role of the presence of nature in people’s surroundings in an actual conservation behavior: organic consumption at a nationwide scale based on the sales of supermarket stores from the E. Leclerc group. We then studied the role of various types of everyday life relations to nature in people’s knowledge, sense of connectedness to nature and their individual behaviors in an urban context using a questionnaire. Finally, a 3D computer program creating virtual gardens allowed us to explore which biodiversity and relation to nature people want in public gardens. This thesis supports the negative effect of urbanization in individuals’ implication in conservation. Our results highlight the importance of maintaining daily access to local and ordinary biodiversity, particularly in artificial environments, and experiencing the interdependence between humans and biodiversity
Romaniuc, Neto Sergio. "Taxonomie et biogéographie des genres sorocea a. St. -hil. , clarisia ruiz & pavon et trophis p. Browne (moraceae - urticales) : mise en évidence de centres d'endémisme et de zones à protéger au Brésil." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MNHN0009.
Full textZakovska, Karolina. "La protection de la biodiversité marine en droit international : à la recherche d'un cadre d'harmonisation d'une réglementation disparate." Nantes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NANT4020.
Full textOceans represent over 90% of the biosphere; life abounds there in countless forms that interact with each other. This diversity is essential for the integrity of marine ecosystems, which in turn provide basic services to humanity. However, the diversity of marine life is threatened by the irresponsible behaviour of man causing marine pollution, habitat destruction and overexploitation of marine living resources. Given the discordance between the natural characteristics of the oceans (especially the relative homogeneity of the marine environment) and their fragmented legal regime, action at the international level taking into account the complexity of marine ecosystems is necessary to address the dangers that marine biodiversity faces. However, such action is complicated by the disparate nature of international law in this field. Evolving on an ad hoc basis in response to specific problems identified by scientists, international law perceives different marine organisms either as natural resources or as endangered components of nature, and thus subjects them to different rules and institutions. This disparity does not prevent effective action for the benefit of marine biodiversity on condition, however, that the relevant actors respect the general principles of environmental law. These principles make it possible to overcome the disparate nature of international law by creating a general harmonisation framework within which the rôle of all existing institutions would be respected and their efforts for the benefit of marine biodiversity would be mutually supportive
Hardy, Pierre-Yves. "Gestion viable et résilience de la petite pêche côtière des îles coralliennes." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MNHN0005.
Full textThe achievement of the Millennium Development Goals including poverty alleviation, food security together with biodiversity conservation is seriously challenged in coral reef regions. In this context, the role played by small-scale fisheries is critical, especially in the sub-tropical South West Pacific region. Using the Solomon Islands as a case-study, the present thesis aims to identify management strategies that ensure the sustainability and resilience of both fisheries and the underlying marine biodiversity, accounting for macro and micro-level ecological and economic drivers. To do so, we develop several bio-economic dynamic models that account for multi-fleets and multiple coral reef species, holothurians as well as skipjack tuna, a pelagic resource that can be caught inshore using Fishing Aggregative Devices (FADs). Parameters of the models are calibrated using both local data from the Solomon Islands and relevant literature on reef ecosystems. The choice of the fishing effort as control variable in the system allows us to account for the flexibility of the local customary marine tenure systems frequently found in the Pacific. Scenarios and projections derived from the model are compared using viability criteria. The co-viability of the system is satisfied by balancing ecological and economic constraints that are defined by biodiversity conservation, food security and minimum cash requirements. In addition we propose to measure the resilience of the system through the concept of time-of-crisis. The research points out to a series of important results: first, scenarios analysis highlights the need to adjust fishing effort in favour of the tuna resource in order to secure co-viability at the 2050 horizon. Second, simulations and game theory are used to show how cooperation amongst fishers with a particular fish catch allocation can foster the viability and resilience of the whole system. Third, while accounting for ecological and economic uncertainties in the dynamics and state of the model, the model shows on how FADs can play a major role for the viability and resilience of the small-scale fishery. Overall these different results emphasize the importance of ecosystem-based management approach, and the need for the carefully planned development of small-scale tuna fisheries