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1
Carter, Joseph G., and George R. Clark. "Classification and Phylogenetic Significance of Molluscan Shell Microstructure." Notes for a Short Course: Studies in Geology 13 (1985): 50–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0271164800001093.
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Like most classifications of molluscan shell microstructure published during the past 25 years (e.g., MacClintock, 1967; Kobayashi, 1964, 1971; Taylor, Kennedy and Hall, 1969, 1973; Grégoire, 1972a), the present one is based largely on Bøggild's (1930) monographic work, redefined from a modern perspective of combined light and scanning electron microscopy. However, this is the first attempt to integrate shell microstructure terminology for mollusks with that employed by students of bryozoan and brachiopod shell microstructure (e.g., Williams, 1968a,b, 1970, 1973; Williams and Wright, 1970; Armstrong 1968, 1969; Sandberg, 1971, 1977; Brunton, 1972; MacKinnon, 1974, 1977; MacKinnon and Williams, 1974; Iwata, 1981, 1982). An integration of nomenclatorial schemes is desirable for purposes of interphylum comparison, and is presently needed because there is considerable overlap and inconsistency in the application of microstructural terminology even within single molluscan classes. The present synthesis of shell microstructure nomenclature is possible primarily because of the extensive data base of invertebrate shell mineralogy, microstructure and especially ultrastructure published in more than 300 references in the past 15 years. To these data, the authors have contributed original information of shell mineralogy and microstructure for scores of Recent and fossil mollusks, brachiopods and bryozoans, with a clear emphasis on bivalved mollusks. Many inadequately described microstructure terms have been reanalyzed during the course of this study, either by examining species cited in the literature, or by using closely related species. Perhaps because they are better studied, but probably for other reasons as well, the diversity of molluscan shell microstructures is considerably greater than that of brachiopods and bryozoans combined (Carter, 1979). Consequently, most of the present nomenclature is based on mollusks, and only three of the major microstructural arrangements described in this guide (crossed bladed, semi-nacreous and semi-foliated) were known first in brachiopods or bryozoans and later recognized in molluscs.
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George J., Vazurkar N., Gite V.A., Jadhav T.S., and Dhangada P. "Comparative Study of Molluscan Diversity of Kelve and Shirgaon Beach, Palghar, Maharashtra (India)." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 30, suppl (2024): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2024.v30i01s.014.
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Coastal ecosystems, encompassing various habitats such as mangroves, coral reefs, beaches, cliffs, lagoons, and estuaries, are vital for the diversity of life. Mollusks, belonging to the phylum Mollusca in the animal kingdom, play a significant role in coastal ecosystems. They serve as important members of the food chain and exhibit remarkable ecological adaptations to various habitats. This research aims to investigate the diversity of mollusks at Kelwa and Shirgaon beaches in Palghar district, Maharashtra. The study will reveal the molluscan diversity at these specific locations, providing insights into their biological classification through systematic arrangement and accompanying shell photographs.
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Sulistiyo, Restu Budi, and Fakhri. "Malacofauna from Cappa Lombo Site: Environmental Reconstruction and Subsistence Strategies of The Bontocani Highland Karst Region, South Sulawesi." KALPATARU 32, no. 1 (July 30, 2023): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.55981/kpt.2023.1045.
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The remains of mollusk shell fragments are ecofacts that can explain the environmental conditions occupied by humans, especially in the context of the Holocene period in Sulawesi. This research answers questions related to the types of mollusks found in the cultural layer and aims to identify malacofauna remains at the Cappa Lombo site, Bontocani, South Sulawesi. The data collection method was carried out through excavation, and the analytical method involved taxonomic identification, external morphological identification, taxonomic classification, and documentation. This study successfully identified 10 families consisting of 15 genera and species. Terrestrial gastropod mollusks consist of the families Alycaeidae, Cyclophoridae, Ariophantidae, Dyakiidae, Clausiliidae, Achatinidae, and Camaenidae. Freshwater gastropods consist of 2 families, namely Pachychilidae and Viviparidae, while the bivalve class is only represented by the Cyrenidae family, which inhabits estuaries. Based on this identification, this research shows that the reconstruction of the environmental conditions around this site indicates a wet rainforest environment, which tends to be covered with vegetation and primary tropical forest. Additionally, during the occupancy period, there was a change in land use around this site. Data on the presence of mollusks also indicate consumption. Although mollusks were not a primary dietary source, humans during the Holocene at this site were able to utilize the aquatic environmental resources around the site they inhabited.
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Babushkin, Evgeny S., Ivan O. Nekhaev, Maxim V. Vinarski, and Liubov V. Yanygina. "Aliens and Returnees: Review of Neobiotic Species of Freshwater Mollusks in Siberia from the Kazakhstan Steppe to the Arctic Tundra." Diversity 15, no. 3 (March 21, 2023): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15030465.
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This article reviews all available information on the species composition, current distribution, and origins of the neobiotic (non-indigenous and restoring the lost range) freshwater mollusks in Siberia. An extensive literary search has been carried out, and virtually all existing publications of recent decades on the findings of freshwater mollusk species new to Siberia were taken into account. We examined extensive malacological collections of some of Russia’s and Kazakhstan’s scientific organizations. The core of the examined material is our own observations and collections made in various parts of Siberia and adjacent areas. An annotated checklist of neobiotic species of mollusks reliably recorded in Siberia is presented, and probable mechanisms and “corridors” of infiltration of these species into the region are discussed. Most of the discovered snail species belong to a group popular among aquarists, and their source of introduction is obvious. Another large portion of species infiltrate into the region with the development of fish farming. A classification of species of neobiotic freshwater mollusks of Siberia was proposed and a forecast was made for changes in the Siberian freshwater malacofauna for the coming decades. In our opinion, at present it is possible to accept the newest stage in the genesis of the freshwater malacofauna of Siberia, occurring in conditions specific to the Anthropocene.
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Fusco, Giovanna, Aniello Anastasio, David H. Kingsley, Maria Grazia Amoroso, Tiziana Pepe, Pina M. Fratamico, Barbara Cioffi, Rachele Rossi, Giuseppina La Rosa, and Federica Boccia. "Detection of Hepatitis A Virus and Other Enteric Viruses in Shellfish Collected in the Gulf of Naples, Italy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14 (July 19, 2019): 2588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142588.
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To assess the quality of shellfish harvest areas, bivalve mollusk samples from three coastal areas of the Campania region in Southwest Italy were evaluated for viruses over a three-year period (2015–2017). Screening of 289 samples from shellfish farms and other locations by qPCR and RT-qPCR identified hepatitis A virus (HAV; 8.9%), norovirus GI (NoVGI; 10.8%) and GII (NoVGII; 39.7%), rotavirus (RV; 9.0%), astrovirus (AsV; 20.8%), sapovirus (SaV; 18.8%), aichivirus-1 (AiV-1; 5.6%), and adenovirus (AdV, 5.6%). Hepatitis E virus (HEV) was never detected. Sequence analysis identified HAV as genotype IA and AdV as type 41. This study demonstrates the presence of different enteric viruses within bivalve mollusks, highlighting the limitations of the current EU classification system for shellfish growing waters.
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Karetin, Yuriy A., Aleksandra A. Kalitnik, Alina E. Safonova, and Eduardas Cicinskas. "Description and classification of bivalve mollusks hemocytes: a computational approach." PeerJ 7 (June 21, 2019): e7056. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7056.
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The fractal formalism in combination with linear image analysis enables statistically significant description and classification of “irregular” (in terms of Euclidean geometry) shapes, such as, outlines ofin vitroflattened cells. We developed an optimal model for classifying bivalveSpisula sachalinensisandCallista brevisiphonataimmune cells, based on evaluating their linear and non-linear morphological features: size characteristics (area, perimeter), various parameters of cell bounding circle, convex hull, cell symmetry, roundness, and a number of fractal dimensions and lacunarities evaluating the spatial complexity of cells. Proposed classification model is based on Ward’s clustering method, loaded with highest multimodality index factors. This classification scheme groups cells into three morphological types, which can be distinguished both visually and by several linear and quasi-fractal parameters.
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Movsesyan, S. O., M. A. Nikoghosian, R. A. Petrosian, N. B. Terenina, M. S. Panayotova-Pencheva, A. W. Demiaszkiewicz, M. V. Voronin, D. N. Kuznetsov, and M. V. Vardanyan. "Life Cycles of Lung Helminths in Terrestrial Mammals from Eastern Europe and Their Biological Classification." Известия Российской академии наук. Серия биологическая, no. 5 (September 1, 2023): 507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102634702260114x.
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This article has been prepared based on the results of many years of the authors' studies in the framework of scientific cooperation between Academies of Science of Russia, Armenia, Bulgaria and Poland. It is a continuation of one published in Annals of Parasitology: Biodiversity of Lung Helminths in Terrestrial Mammals from Eastern Europe (2021). To determine the biological diversity of lung helminths various vertebrate hosts were studied, including 7 species from Armenia, 13 from Russia, 7 from Bulgaria and 10 from Poland, as well as many invertebrate potential hosts, mainly land mollusks. Three types of development cycles were found to be characteristic for lung helminthes: 1 – Nematodes from family Dictyocaulidae developing in a direct way without using intermediate hosts, geohelminths or monoxenous type of development. 2 – Those nematodes life cycles of which include intermediate hosts which are mainly land mollusks. These are species from family Protostrongylidae – biohelminths, dixenous type. 3 – Life cycles also include intermediate hosts, but here they are vertebrate. This type includes cestodes Echinococcus granulosus and Alveococcus multilocularis – biohelminths, dixenous type.
8
Filipenco, Serghei. "Structure of the zoobenthos communities from Dubasari and Kuchurgan reservoir based on the zoogeographic classification." Akademos, no. 2(69) (August 2023): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52673/18570461.23.2-69.03.
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The Dubasari reservoir is located on the river Nistru, while the Kuchurgan reservoir is a lake type and serves as a cooling reservoir for the Moldovan Thermal Power Plant. Reservoir zoobenthos is mainly formed of thermophilous Palearctic species of the Holarctic region (mainly oligochaetes and chironomids), including PontoCaspian relicts (polychaetes, higher crustaceans, and mollusks). There are 18 species of Ponto-Caspian relicts in the Dubasari reservoir and 25 species in the Kuchurgan reservoir. North American and Southeast Asian introduced species in the zoobenthos of the Dubasari reservoir are represented by one species, and in the Kuchurgan reservoir by three species. The most significant commonality (0,74 according to the Sorensen index) and similarity (0,59 according to the Jaccard index) of the species composition of zoobenthos are typical for the Ponto-Caspian fauna of reservoirs.
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Budd, Ann F., Charles T. Foster, John P. Dawson, and Kenneth G. Johnson. "The Neogene Marine Biota of Tropical America (“NMITA”) database: Accounting for biodiversity in paleontology." Journal of Paleontology 75, no. 3 (May 2001): 743–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000039779.
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The reliability of any survey of biodiversity through geologic time depends on the rigor and consistency by which taxa are recognized and samples are identified. The main goal of the Neogene Marine Biota of Tropical America (‘NMITA’) project is to create an online biotic database (http://nmita.geology.uiowa.edu) containing images and synoptic taxonomic information that are essential to collecting and disseminating high-quality taxic data. The database consists of an inventory of taxa collected as part of several large multi-taxa fossil sampling programs designed to assess marine biodiversity in tropical America over the past 25 m.y. In the first phase of the project, data for ~1,300 taxa and ~3,800 images are currently being entered into a relational database management system on an IBM RS6000 at the University of Iowa. Eleven taxonomic groups are represented: bivalves, gastropods (muricids, marginellids, strombinids), bryozoans (cheilostome, cyclostome), corals (azooxanthellate, zooxanthellate), benthic foraminifers, ostracodes, fish. The lowest taxonomic rank is species (genera/subgenera in mollusks) and the highest is family. Data that are collected and displayed on taxon pages include: (1) taxonomic authorship, synonyms, type specimens, and diagnostic morphologic characters; (2) images of representative specimens and associated museum catalog and measurement data; (3) distributional information including geologic ages, stratigraphic units, and spatial locations; and (4) higher level classification (genera and families) and bibliographic information. Illustrated glossaries of morphologic terms, character matrices, and identification tools are being developed for corals and mollusks. Interactive geographic maps and stratigraphic columns have been designed to provide information about taxa collected at different locations.
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Popov, A. N., Kanomata Yoshitaka, M. K. Rudenko, and B. V. Lazin. "A Functional Analysis of Lithics of the Early Iron Age Yankovsky Culture: New Findings." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 50, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2022.50.2.060-070.
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We present the results of a functional analysis of lithics of the Yankovsky culture (800 BC to the turn of the millennium) from two sites–Cherepakha-7 and Solontsovaya-2, excavated over large areas during salvage works in 2015 and 2017, respectively. Such tools are traditionally described as axes, adzes, chisels, knives, spearheads, and projectile points. Certain findings of the functional analysis disagree with this classification. The question arises of the correspondence between formal typological and traceological criteria. For functional analysis, the so-called Keeley method, or High Power Approach, was used, along with the classification of polishing types, elaborated at Tohoku University (Japan). Functions of 28 of the 62 tools selected for high-precision functional analysis were assessed. The existing nomenclature of woodworking tool types is clarified, information on the technique of harvesting herbaceous plants and on leatherworking tools is significantly specified. More details are provided on tools involved in bone carving, as well as those used to open shells of bivalve mollusks. The High Power Approach has enhanced our understanding of the functions of stone tools, which, despite the use of metals, were basic in Yankovsky technologies. Further directions of traceological studies are suggested.
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Furtado, Daniel P., Edson A. Vieira, Wildna Fernandes Nascimento, Kelly Y. Inagaki, Jessica Bleuel, Marco Antonio Zanata Alves, Guilherme O. Longo, and Luiz S. Oliveira. "#DeOlhoNosCorais: a polygonal annotated dataset to optimize coral monitoring." PeerJ 11 (November 6, 2023): e16219. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16219.
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Corals are colonial animals within the Phylum Cnidaria that form coral reefs, playing a significant role in marine environments by providing habitat for fish, mollusks, crustaceans, sponges, algae, and other organisms. Global climate changes are causing more intense and frequent thermal stress events, leading to corals losing their color due to the disruption of a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic endosymbionts. Given the importance of corals to the marine environment, monitoring coral reefs is critical to understanding their response to anthropogenic impacts. Most coral monitoring activities involve underwater photographs, which can be costly to generate on large spatial scales and require processing and analysis that may be time-consuming. The Marine Ecology Laboratory (LECOM) at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) developed the project “#DeOlhoNosCorais” which encourages users to post photos of coral reefs on their social media (Instagram) using this hashtag, enabling people without previous scientific training to contribute to coral monitoring. The laboratory team identifies the species and gathers information on coral health along the Brazilian coast by analyzing each picture posted on social media. To optimize this process, we conducted baseline experiments for image classification and semantic segmentation. We analyzed the classification results of three different machine learning models using the Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME) algorithm. The best results were achieved by combining EfficientNet for feature extraction and Logistic Regression for classification. Regarding semantic segmentation, the U-Net Pix2Pix model produced a pixel-level accuracy of 86%. Our results indicate that this tool can enhance image selection for coral monitoring purposes and open several perspectives for improving classification performance. Furthermore, our findings can be expanded by incorporating other datasets to create a tool that streamlines the time and cost associated with analyzing coral reef images across various regions.
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Lindberg, David R. "Aplacophorans, Monoplacophorans, Polyplacophorans, Scaphopods: the Lesser Classes." Notes for a Short Course: Studies in Geology 13 (1985): 230–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0271164800001202.
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The “primitive,” “minor” or “lesser” classes of the Mollusca comprise four groups that are typically recognized at the class level in most classification schemes. These classes are: (1) the Aplacophora, (2) the Monoplacophora, (3) the Polyplacophora, and (4) the Scaphopoda. Members of these classes are bilaterally symmetrical and typically possess a ventral muscular foot and a dorsal epidermal tissue (the mantle) that secretes a calcareous covering. Between these two structures lie the viscera. The space that develops between the mantle and the foot of the mollusc is referred to as the mantle cavity. Into this cavity open the ducts from the excretory, alimentary, and reproductive systems; gills are also typically located in this space. The anterior end of these molluscs is marked by a muscular head in which most of the ganglia are concentrated. The mouth is situated ventrally and opens internally into the pharynx which contains, at its anterior end, the radula and its associated musculature and support structures. The intestinal tract is typically arranged in complex loops.
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Greco, Samuele, Marco Gerdol, Paolo Edomi, and Alberto Pallavicini. "Molecular Diversity of Mytilin-Like Defense Peptides in Mytilidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia)." Antibiotics 9, no. 1 (January 19, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9010037.
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The CS-αβ architecture is a structural scaffold shared by a high number of small, cationic, cysteine-rich defense peptides, found in nearly all the major branches of the tree of life. Although several CS-αβ peptides involved in innate immune response have been described so far in bivalve mollusks, a clear-cut definition of their molecular diversity is still lacking, leaving the evolutionary relationship among defensins, mytilins, myticins and other structurally similar antimicrobial peptides still unclear. In this study, we performed a comprehensive bioinformatic screening of the genomes and transcriptomes available for marine mussels (Mytilida), redefining the distribution of mytilin-like CS-αβ peptides, which in spite of limited primary sequence similarity maintain in all cases a well-conserved backbone, stabilized by four disulfide bonds. Variations in the size of the alpha-helix and the two antiparallel beta strand region, as well as the positioning of the cysteine residues involved in the formation of the C1–C5 disulfide bond might allow a certain degree of structural flexibility, whose functional implications remain to be investigated. The identification of mytilins in Trichomya and Perna spp. revealed that many additional CS-αβ AMPs remain to be formally described and functionally characterized in Mytilidae, and suggest that a more robust scheme should be used for the future classification of such peptides with respect with their evolutionary origin.
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Takao, Yoshitake, Keizo Nagasaki, Kazuyuki Mise, Tetsuro Okuno, and Daiske Honda. "Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Single-Stranded RNA Virus Infectious to a Marine Fungoid Protist, Schizochytrium sp. (Thraustochytriaceae, Labyrinthulea)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 8 (August 2005): 4516–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.8.4516-4522.2005.
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ABSTRACT Thraustochytrids are cosmopolitan osmoheterotrophic microorganisms that play important roles as decomposers, producers of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and pathogens of mollusks, especially in coastal ecosystems. SssRNAV, a novel single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus infecting the marine fungoid protist Schizochytrium sp. (Labyrinthulea, Thraustochytriaceae) was isolated from the coastal water of Kobe Harbor, Japan, in July 2000, and its basic characteristics were examined. The virus particle is icosahedral, lacks a tail, and is ca. 25 nm in diameter. SssRNAV formed crystalline arrays and random assemblies within the cytoplasm of host cells, and it was also concentrated along the intracellular membrane structures. By means of one-step growth experiments, the lytic cycle and the burst size were estimated to be <8 h and 5.8 × 103 to 6.4 × 104 infectious units per host cell, respectively. SssRNAV had a single molecule of ssRNA that was approximately 10.2 kb long, three major proteins (37, 34, and 32 kDa), and two minor proteins (80 and 18 kDa). Although SssRNAV was considered to have some similarities with invertebrate viruses belonging to the family Dicistroviridae based on its partial nucleotide sequence, further genomic analysis is required to determine the detailed classification and nomenclature of SssRNAV. Our results indicate that viral infection is one of the significant factors controlling the dynamics of thraustochytrids and provide new insights into understanding the ecology of these organisms.
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O’Mahony, Micheál. "EU Regulatory Risk Management of Marine Biotoxins in the Marine Bivalve Mollusc Food-Chain." Toxins 10, no. 3 (March 10, 2018): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10030118.
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Food safety risk assessment in the European Union (EU) recognises consumer illness that arises from marine biotoxins as a risk associated with bivalve mollusc consumption. EU food regulations contain various general food safety obligations, which should contribute significantly to managing this risk. EU food regulations additionally impose various specific obligations on both Food Business Operators and Competent Authorities in order to manage the marine biotoxin food safety risk in the bivalve mollusc food-chain. These have a particular focus on the pre-harvest component of the food-chain. A central component of these specific systems is the requirement for ongoing monitoring of phytoplankton and biotoxin concentrations in water and molluscs, respectively. This monitoring explicitly brings a potential outcome of closing production areas delineated by classification to prohibit the harvest of bivalve molluscs as food from those areas when acceptable biotoxin concentrations are exceeded. This review considers the utility of these systems, at conceptual and practical levels, and explores their contribution to an effective regulatory risk management approach.
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Nenciu, Magda-Ioana, Victor Niță, Fabio Massa, Davide Fezzardi, and Linda Fourdain. ""Let’s Talk Seafood: Romanian Acceptability of Marine Aquaculture at a Glance "." Cercetări Marine - Recherches Marines 51, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 156–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.55268/cm.2021.51.156.
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"Despite the continuous population growth and the need for high-quality food, the social acceptance or non-acceptance of aquaculture by the inhabitants of a particular region affects the development of the sector by modulating consumption and, implicitly, profitability of this activity. In the Mediterranean and Black Sea areas, there was a rapid expansion of aquaculture after the 1990s, but regulation from a legislative point of view was much slower than the development of the sector itself, at least in the Black Sea region. The process of selecting suitable locations, as well as the allocation of zones for aquaculture (AZA), are relatively recent issues promoted by the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM). Moreover, the social acceptability of aquaculture and, implicitly, of the resulting products (shellfish and or finfish) also concerns the issues related to food safety and public health risks all the more so. In this respect, the major problem that prevented both the cultivation and harvesting of bivalves from the natural environment in Romania was the lack of a microbiological classification of Black Sea waters, as required by Regulation (EC) no. 627/2019 - an aspect finally settled in 2020 by the initial classification of all designated production and relaying areas of live bivalve mollusks - Chituc - Perișor, Mamaia Bay and Agigea - Mangalia - in class A. In this context, the attitudes and preferences of seafood consumption and the perception and acceptance of marine aquaculture in Romania were explored by developing and submitting a survey with 26 closed questions, with multiple choice answers. A total of 499 questionnaires were collected from a wide range of respondents all around the country, mainly focusing on the residents from the coastal area, but also from the rest of the country, including Bucharest. The results of the survey were analyzed and they indicate that, in Romania, despite the environmental and administrative-legislative drawbacks (the latter partially resolved through the microbiological classification) that have hindered, so far, the development of mariculture, there is potential for enhancing social acceptability of this activity. Most respondents were open to consuming aquaculture products, considering, in total, that shellfish aquaculture can bring multiple benefits from the economic, social and environmental point of view. Key-Words: mariculture, shellfish, social acceptability, public perception, food safety "
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Kulakova, O. Yu. "Seashells in Dutch Still-Life Painting of the 17th Century." Art & Culture Studies, no. 2 (June 2021): 104–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.51678/2226-0072-2021-2-104-121.
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Dutch still-life is a distinctive cultural phenomenon of the 17th century. Collecting of rarities, curiosities, plants, paintings, sculptures and many other rare things was characteristic for that period. Seashells which were brought from the exotic countries attracted the attention and love of collectors and artists. J. Hoefnagel was one of the first who took an interest to seashells in the emblems. In the early Dutch flower still-life shells were found occasionally but from the beginning of the first quarter of the 17th century artists started to add these graceful creations almost into all compositions with flower bouquets and fruits. New type of still-life with seashells appeared abundantly in painting of Balthasar van der Ast, Jan Davidsz de Heеm, Abraham Beyeren, Willem Kalf and others. While the naturalism in still-life painting brought to the maximum, there was a problem of veracity in depicting shells in the engravings, for example, in Rembrandt’s work. This problem was eventually solved only in the second half of the 17th century, so engravings and zoological illustrations began to show the curl of the shells in its correct direction, exactly clockwise. This research poses problems of the appearance of shells as collectibles and Dutch still-life’ motifs, visual traditions and shells’ classification in the paintings. The article is relevant with interdisciplinary method; some mollusks zoological names with indication of their origin place are given; the cultural and historical context is generalized; the stylistic analysis takes into account the emblematics’ traditions.
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Wedel, Joachim. "Pleistocene molluscs from research boreholes in the Heidelberg Basin." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 57, no. 3/4 (April 1, 2009): 382–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3285/eg.57.3-4.6.
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Abstract. Cores cut in the research boreholes at Viernheim and Parkinsel P34 and P35 in Ludwigshafen were analysed to investigate their fossil content, and particularly the remains of molluscs. The selected material was suitable for reconstructing the palaeoclimatic conditions and simplifies the chronostratigraphic classification of individual beds. Two mollusc species and one rodent species from the Lower Pleistocene (Lower Biharium) were identified in the northern Upper Rhine Graben for the first time (in the Viernheim borehole). The fossils from the Lower Pleistocene sections of the Viernheim borehole are clearly related to the Uhlenberg fauna from Bavarian Swabia dated as Upper Villanium/Tegelen.
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Wishnu, Narendra Prasidya, Retno Hartati, Jusup Suprijanto, Nirwani Soenardjo, and Gunawan Widi Santosa. "Komunitas Makrozoobentos pada Substrat Dasar Lunak Di Muara Sungai Wulan, Demak." Buletin Oseanografi Marina 9, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/buloma.v9i1.27431.
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Muara Sungai Wulan yang terletak di Pantai Demak, Jawa Tengah,merupakan habitat yang baik bagi komunitas makrozoobentos. Habitat tersebutdicirikan dengan sedimen pasir, lanau dan lempung, karena pada beberapa tempat merupakan substrat dasar lunak yang didominasi oleh sedimen lanau. Identifikasi jenis makrozoobentos dan analisis keanekaragamannya penting untuk menentukan kondisi ekosistem substrat lunak tersebut.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi jenis dan mengetahui struktur komunitas makrozoobentos pada substrat lunak di perairan Delta Wulan, Demak. Metode survei eksploratif diaplikasikan pada penelitian ini dan purposive random sampling dilakukan pada saat mengambil sample sedimen pada12 titik penelitian dengan menggunakan van veen grab sampler. Analisa makrozobentos dan ukuran butir dilakukan terhadap sampel sedimen. Penelitian menemukan 24 spesies makrozoobentos yang termasuk dalam 4 filum, yaitu Arthropoda, Cnidaria, Echinodermata dan Moluska. Titik 5 adalah titik dengan nilai kelimpahan dan keanekaragaman tertinggi adalah Anadara. Terdapat dominansi 4 species yang berbeda disemua titik pengambilan sampel, yaitu Anadara sp., Paphia sp., Cominella sp. dan Gemmula sp. Sedimen pada daerah penelitian termasuk klasifikasi lanau komposisi pasir 2,5-22,14%, lanau 67,82-94,79% dan lempung 0-22,86% serta kandungan bahan organik total yang dikategorikan rendah-sedang dengan nilai berkisar 3,0-14,83%. Adanya dominasi jenis tersebut, maka substrat lunak merupakan habitat yang baik untuk moluska, khususnya bivalvia, sehingga daerah tersebut menjadi tempat penangkapan kerang. Wulan estuary, located in Demak regency, Central Java, is a suitable habitat for the macrozoobenthos community. The habitat is characterized by sand, silt, and clay sediments, which in some places are soft substrates dominated by silt sediments. Identification of macrozoobenthos types and diversity analysis is important to determine the condition of the soft substrate ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to identify species and determine the structure of the macrozoobenthos community on soft substrates in the waters of Delta Wulan, Demak. Explorative survey method was applied in this study while purposive random sampling was carried out to collect the sediment samples at 12 research stations using a Van Veen grab sampler. Macrozoobenthos and grain size analyzes were performed used the sediment samples obtained. The study found 24 species of macrozoobenthos, which included 4 phyla, namely Arthropods, Cnidaria, Echinoderms and Molluscs. Station 5 has the highest value of abundance and diversity Anadara. Four different genera are dominant at all sampling points, namely Anadara sp., Paphia sp., Cominella sp., and Gemmula sp. Sediments in the study area included silt classification in which the composition of sand 2,5-22,14%, the silt of 67,82-94,79%, and loam of 0-22,86% and total organic matter content which was categorized as low-moderate with values ranging from 3,0-14,83%. The dominance evidence in this estuary concluded that soft substrate is a suitable habitat for mollusks, primarily bivalves; therefore this was the capture area of bivalve.
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Porto, Yuri Duarte, Fabiola Helena dos Santos Fogaça, Adriana Oliveira Andrade, Luciana Kimie Savay da Silva, Janine Passos Lima, Jorge Luiz da Silva, Bruno Serpa Vieira, Adelino Cunha Neto, Eduardo Eustáquio de Souza Figueiredo, and Wagner de Souza Tassinari. "Salmonella spp. in Aquaculture: An Exploratory Analysis (Integrative Review) of Microbiological Diagnoses between 2000 and 2020." Animals 13, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13010027.
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The present study aimed to characterize, through descriptive statistics, data from scientific articles selected in a systematic integrative review that performed a microbiological diagnosis of Salmonella spp. in aquaculture. Data were obtained from research articles published in the BVS, Scielo, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science databases. The selected studies were published between 2000 and 2020 on samples of aquaculture animal production (fish, shrimp, bivalve mollusks, and other crustaceans) and environmental samples of aquaculture activity (farming water, soil, and sediments). After applying the exclusion criteria, 80 articles were selected. Data such as country of origin, categories of fish investigated, methods of microbiological diagnosis of Salmonella spp., sample units analyzed and most reported serovars were mined. A textual analysis of the word cloud and by similarity and descending hierarchical classification with the application of Reinert’s algorithm was performed using R® and Iramuteq® software. The results showed that a higher percentage of the selected articles came from Asian countries (38.75%). Fish was the most sampled category, and the units of analysis of the culture water, muscle and intestine were more positive. The culture isolation method is the most widespread, supported by more accurate techniques such as PCR. The most prevalent Salmonella serovars reported were S. Typhimurium, S. Weltevreden and S. Newport. The textual analysis showed a strong association of the terms “Salmonella”, “fish” and “water”, and the highest hierarchical class grouped 25.4% of the associated text segments, such as “aquaculture”, “food” and “public health”. The information produced characterizes the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in the aquaculture sector, providing an overview of recent years. Future research focusing on strategies for the control and prevention of Salmonella spp. in fish production are necessary and should be encouraged.
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Inkhavilay, Khamla, Chirasak Sutcharit, Ueangfa Bantaowong, Ratmanee Chanabun, Warut Siriwut, Ruttapon Srisonchai, Arthit Pholyotha, Parin Jirapatrasilp, and Somsak Panha. "Annotated checklist of the terrestrial molluscs from Laos (Mollusca, Gastropoda)." ZooKeys 834 (April 3, 2019): 1–166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.834.28800.
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The land area of Laos is composed of a large variety of undisturbed habitats, such as high mountainous areas, huge limestone karsts and the lower Mekong Basin. Therefore, Laos is expected to have a high species diversity, especially for the land snails. However, with respect to research on malacology, Laos is probably the least well-researched area for land snail diversity in Indochina (including Laos) over the past few centuries. The handful of species lists have never been systematically revised from the colonial period to the present, so these classifications are outdated. Herein we present the first comprehensive annotated checklist with an up-to-date systematic framework of the land snail fauna in Laos based on both field investigations and literature surveys. This annotated checklist is collectively composed of 231 nominal species (62 ‘prosobranch’ and 169 heterobranches), of which 221 nominal species are illustrated. The type specimens of 143 species from several museum collections and/or 144 species of newly collected specimens are illustrated. There are 58 species recorded as new to the malacofauna of the country, and two new replacement names are proposed as Hemiplectalanxangnica Inkhavilay and Panha, nomen novum (Ariophantidae) and Chloritiskhammouanensis Inkhavilay and Panha, nomen novum (Camaenidae). Four recently described species of the genus Amphidromus from Laos, “thakhekensis”, “richgoldbergi”, “attapeuensis” and “phuonglinhae” are synonymized with previously described species. In addition, thirteen nominal species are listed as uncertain records that may or may not occur in Laos. This annotated checklist may inspire malacologists to carry on systematic research in this region.
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Stöger, I., J. D. Sigwart, Y. Kano, T. Knebelsberger, B. A. Marshall, E. Schwabe, and M. Schrödl. "The Continuing Debate on Deep Molluscan Phylogeny: Evidence for Serialia (Mollusca, Monoplacophora + Polyplacophora)." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/407072.
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Molluscs are a diverse animal phylum with a formidable fossil record. Although there is little doubt about the monophyly of the eight extant classes, relationships between these groups are controversial. We analysed a comprehensive multilocus molecular data set for molluscs, the first to include multiple species from all classes, including five monoplacophorans in both extant families. Our analyses of five markers resolve two major clades: the first includes gastropods and bivalves sister to Serialia (monoplacophorans and chitons), and the second comprises scaphopods sister to aplacophorans and cephalopods. Traditional groupings such as Testaria, Aculifera, and Conchifera are rejected by our data with significant Approximately Unbiased (AU) test values. A new molecular clock indicates that molluscs had a terminal Precambrian origin with rapid divergence of all eight extant classes in the Cambrian. The recovery of Serialia as a derived, Late Cambrian clade is potentially in line with the stratigraphic chronology of morphologically heterogeneous early mollusc fossils. Serialia is in conflict with traditional molluscan classifications and recent phylogenomic data. Yet our hypothesis, as others from molecular data, implies frequent molluscan shell and body transformations by heterochronic shifts in development and multiple convergent adaptations, leading to the variable shells and body plans in extant lineages.
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Andriishyn, B., N. Balandiukh, O. Hnatyna, I. Dykyy, O. Ivanets, I. Koltun, K. Lesiv, et al. "Animal key species of the ecosystems of western Ukraine." Visnyk of Lviv University. Biological series, no. 87 (November 11, 2022): 112–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vlubs.2022.87.10.
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The attention in the article is paid to the key species research importance. Their classification was discussed in our article published in “Studia Biologica” (Y. Tsaryk, O. Reshetylo, I. Tsaryk, Biol. Stud. 2019: 13(1); 161–168). The main emphasis was made on ecological key species, while other categories were analyzed as well (protective, social etc.). A row of potential key species in different ecosystems was proposed based on the original field research. So, such phytophagous insects like the alder leaf beetles Agelastica alni, Linaeidea aenea, and the mother of pearl moth Patania ruralis are proposed to be the key species in forest ecosystems. Altogether in terrestrial ecosystems such species as the common carder bee Bombus pascuorum and the buff-tailed bumblebee B. terrestris are tend to be the key species among the pollinators (excluding European honey bee Apis mellifera). Ants are important invertebrate key species as well: Formica – in forest ecosystems, Lasius, Myrmica and Tetramorium – shrub and meadow ones. Almost the same we can say about some species of amphibians (the common toad Bufo bufo, the common frog Rana temporaria, and the edible frog Pelophylax esculentus). Eurasian jay Garrulus glandarius, the great tit Parus major, and woodpeckers, the great spotted woodpecker Dendrocopos major in particular, are among the birds’ key species on our minds. European otter Lutra lutra is the possible key species in freshwater ecosystems. Zooplankton as a whole community might be considered a key “species” too. The great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is the key species among freshwater mollusks. The fish of Barbatula, Cobitis, Sabanejewia, Misgurnus genera, and Eudontomyzon representatives are the key species in streams and rivers. European beaver Castor fiber, European otter L. lutra, the white stork Ciconia ciconia, and reed warblers are thought to be the key species in semiaquatic ecosystems. The presented data about the key species need further research on their population and consortive organizations, as well as their functional role in the support of ecosystem stability under the environmental stochasticity, has to be clarified.
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Gural-Sverlova, Nina, and Roman Gural. "New data on the distribution of anthropochorous species of land molluscs in western regions of Ukraine and possible approaches to their classification." Proceedings of the State Natural History Museum, no. 39 (November 11, 2023): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36885/nzdpm.2023.39.111-122.
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On the basis of own data, materials transferred to the laboratory of malacology or the malacological collection of the State Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Lviv, as well as a critical analysis of observations in two citizen science databases (iNaturalist, UkrBIN), new records of some anthropochorous land mollusc species in Western Ukraine, and in particular, in Lviv and its immediate surroundings, are described. In tabular form, the temporal and spatial presence in the western part of Ukraine of 23 species that could appear here only due to anthropochory is analyzed. Maps of the findings of Cepaea nemoralis, Deroceras caucasicum, Oxychilus draparnaudi, and O. translucidus in and near Lviv are given. Known reliable localities of C. nemoralis in Volyn, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, Rivne, Ternopil, and Khmelnytskyi regions are listed. Similar information is presented for the related species Cepaea hortensis from all administrative regions of Western Ukraine, except for Lviv region, where this species is widespread in settlements. According to the time of penetration into Western Ukraine, among the anthropochorous species of land molluscs, relatively recent invaders prevail, which were first reliably discovered not earlier than in the 1990s. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, optimal conditions for the introduction and subsequent acclimatization in urbanized biotopes of many adventitious species of land molluscs, in particular thermophilic species of Mediterranean or Crimean origin, emerged in Western Ukraine. In addition to global warming, this was facilitated by the intensification of trade and transport links with other regions of Ukraine and other European countries, as well as the activities of garden centres. Besides the time of entry into the analyzed area, anthropochorous species of land molluscs can be classified according to the ways of this penetration (from other regions of Ukraine or from other European countries located to the west of it), the nature of their present distribution in Western Ukraine, as well as the ability or inability to enter natural biotopes outside settlements.
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Speck, Giselle Mari, Cristhiane Guertler, Walter Quadros Seiffert, Lizandra Garcia Lupi Vergara, and Eugenio Andrés Díaz Merino. "Work Ergonomic Analysis: Application of a Postural Study on the Oysters Cultivation." Journal of Health Sciences 21, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2447-8938.2019v21n1p15-20.
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O cultivo de moluscos marinhos é uma atividade de grande importância no Brasil proporcionando a geração de emprego e renda para pescadores artesanais e comunidades pesqueiras, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento local. Entretanto, este tipo de cultivo ainda é realizado de forma bastante artesanal com intensa utilização de mão de obra. Diante disso, este estudo teve por objetivo realizar uma descrição das posturas e movimentos de maricultores durante a realização da atividade de classificação de ostras. Participaram voluntariamente dez funcionários de uma fazenda marinha no município de Florianópolis, SC. Para análise da postura e movimentos, utilizou-se o método Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) e método NIOSH juntamente com a observação in loco e entrevistas com os maricultores. A tarefa de classificação de ostras apresenta médio risco de lesão ou doenças ocupacionais, principalmente na região cervical e membros superiores, pois é desenvolvida com acentuada flexão de cabeça e ombros, o que exige muito da musculatura envolvida para manter a postura e realizar movimentos repetitivos. Muitos trabalhadores apresentam dores musculares nos ombros, lombar, mãos, punhos e dedos. Adaptações simples e economicamente viáveis devem ser adotadas, pois através da avaliação ergonômica é possível realizar intervenções que estão ao alcance dos trabalhadores. Necessita-se transmitir os conhecimentos para que os trabalhadores tenham consciência das posturas que devem adotar na realização desta atividade aquícola e assim promover uma melhor qualidade de vida desta população.Palavras-chave: Aquicultura. Ergonomia. Saúde do Trabalhador.AbstractThe cultivation of marine mollusks is an activity of great importance in Brazil, providing employment and income for artisanal fishermen and fishing communities, contributing to local development. However, this type of cultivation is still carried out in a very handmade way with intense use of labor. The objective of this study was to describe the postures and movements of fish farmers during the oyster classification activity. Ten employees of a marine farm participated in the municipality of Florianópolis, SC. For the analysis of the posture and movements, the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method and NIOSH method were used along with in situ observation and interviews with the workers. The task of oysters classification presents an average risk of injury or occupational diseases, especially in the cervical region and upper limbs, as it is developed with marked flexion of the head and shoulders, which requires a lot of the muscles involved to maintain the posture and perform repetitive movements. Many workers have muscle pains in the shoulders, lower back, hands, wrists and fingers. Simple and economically viable adaptations should be adopted, because through ergonomic evaluation it is possible to carry out interventions that are within the reach of the workers. It is necessary to transmit knowledge so that the workers are aware of the postures that they must adopt in the accomplishment of this aquaculture activity and thus to promote a better quality of life of this population.Keywords: Aquaculture. Ergonomics. Occupational Health.
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Yochelson, Ellis L. "Definition of Mollusca II." Notes for a Short Course: Studies in Geology 13 (1985): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0271164800001056.
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Definition and classification probably rank second only to marriage as a source of controversy, but it is not in that spirit in which I want to write; I only want to show that there may be more than one viewpoint about Mollusca. Problems of definition and classification are different. Workers may agree on the defintions of phyla and classes, yet disagree on their arrangement. Definition and classification each have two separate and distinct phases: the work itself on developing a concept; and the general acceptance of this concept. New ideas by their very nature go against prevailing opinion; it is not a new idea itself which is the critical feature as is its acceptance. Acceptance of definition and/or classification tends to be a passive process and most teachers are content to quote uncritically that which is in the latest textbook.
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Lukyanenko, Oleksandr. "GLOBAL MOTIVATIONS AND AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT TRENDS." Green, Blue & Digital Economy Journal 1, no. 2 (December 3, 2020): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5169/2020-2-21.
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The natural and geographical, resource, economic and environmental conditions, global motivations, key trends, specific features of formation and prospects for aquaculture development are researched. It is emphasized that fishing and aquaculture have a special place in solving the global food problem, while significantly affecting the aquatic environment. The interdisciplinary nature of scientific research in the conceptual format of fisheries economics, management of marine ecosystems, aquaculture, green and blue technologies are illustrated. The positioning of fisheries and aquaculture in the format of global problems of mankind and sustainable development in terms of environmentally irresponsible use of bioresources, especially the World Ocean is made, attention is focused on the potentially catastrophic consequences of its pollution, the problem of restoring fish stocks based on climate change is emphasized. The economic, ecological and social expediency of accelerated development of aquaculture, its institutional, functional and organizational-regulatory separation in the structure of global fisheries is substantiated, considering its complexity and inter-sectoral diversification, the author's model of aquaculture is proposed with classification identification of its categories (internal natural, artificial and combined reservoirs and marine, coastal and combined areas), types (with and without feed), species (bony fish, crustaceans, mollusks, other aquatic animals, algae), and consumer products (food, non-food, dual use). The scale, structure and dynamics of aquaculture development have been identified and assessed, and its growing importance in global fisheries has been confirmed. The analysis of the regional structure of aquaculture production by continents is carried out, its distribution by categories and species in Asia, North and South America, Europe, Africa and Oceania is characterized. The special leadership status of China in the global production of aquaculture products is illustrated. It is confirmed that aquaculture is becoming the main source of human fish consumption. The key trends in the development of aquaculture in the European Union have been identified and assessed. The special features of the formation of the relevant market are described. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the scale of aquaculture production only in Norway is comparable to the aggregate indicator of the EU countries. The volumes and structure of aquaculture financing from the budget of the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund are analyzed. Using Spearman's correlation ranks, the peculiarities of aquaculture consumption in terms of volume and price characteristics are studied. The conclusions of the research are substantiated, which confirm the hypothesis of perspective prospects of aquaculture advanced development using the modern innovative technologies and the effective system of its global regulation.
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Ibrahim, Putri Sapira. "KARAKTERISTIK DAN ASPEK BIOLOGI Scaphopoda (MOLUSKA)." OSEANA 44, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oseana.2017.vol.42no.2.24.
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CHARACTERISTICS AND BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF Scaphopoda (MOLLUSCS). Scaphopoda are bilaterally symmetrical marine molluscs, commonly known as the "tusk shells" because their shells are conical. There are approximately 900 species of Scaphopoda, found in soft silty marine sediments, which they burrow in search of food. Scaphopoda feeds on microorganisms, their diet dominated by foraminiferans. Hermaphroditic scaphopoda has been reported but rare. The biodiversity of Scaphopoda had been underestimated because the taxonomic and biological aspects of scaphopoda have not been well studied. Classification, morphology, reproduction, behavior, habitat, and distribution of Scaphopoda are discussed in this paper.
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Walker, J. C. "Classification of Australian buliniform planorbids (Mollusca: Pulmonata)." Records of the Australian Museum 40, no. 2 (May 26, 1988): 61–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.40.1988.151.
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Hickman, Carole S., and David R. Lindberg. "Perspectives on Molluscan Phylogeny." Notes for a Short Course: Studies in Geology 13 (1985): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0271164800001068.
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Achieving consensus on the definition of the Mollusca is fortunately not prerequisite to the exercise of taxonomic classification and phylogenetic analysis. Definitions emerge from analysis, and it is therefore germane to consider the ways in which analytic procedures and underlying assumptions may affect growth of knowledge of the Mollusca.
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Wilson, I. G., and J. E. Moore. "Presence ofSalmonellaspp. andCampylobacterspp. in shellfish." Epidemiology and Infection 116, no. 2 (April 1996): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800052377.
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SUMMARYBivalve molluscs, (cockles, mussels, scallops and oysters) were examined according to EC shellfish bed classification regulations for faecal coliforms,Escherichia coliand salmonella, and for coliforms and campylobacter which are not specified by these regulations. Salmonella serotypes were detected in 8% of 433 molluscs. Seven salmonella isolations (2%) were made from category A beds, nominally suitable for immediate consumption according toE. colicounts. A higher percentage of salmonella isolates (6%) was detected in shellfish which require relaying or depuration prior to eating. In another survey, thermophilicCampylobacterspp. were found in 42% of 380 shellfish. These findings show that shellfish bed classification on the basis of indicator organisms alone is not sufficient to assure the absence of bacterial, and no doubt viral, pathogens. Depuration and end product specifications which require the absence of salmonellae are an essential part of these regulations. Microbiologists may wish to consider whether tests for pathogens such as salmonella and campylobacter should be included when determining the suitability of shellfish for human consumption.
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STEINER, GERHARD. "PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION OF SCAPHOPODA." Journal of Molluscan Studies 58, no. 4 (1992): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/58.4.385.
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Tattersfield, Peter, Ben Rowson, Christine F. Ngereza, and Terry Harrison. "Laetoli, Tanzania: Extant terrestrial mollusc faunas shed new light on climate and palaeoecology at a Pliocene hominin site." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (May 16, 2024): e0302435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302435.
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Laetoli, Tanzania is one of the most important palaeontological and palaeoanthropological localities in Africa. We report on a survey of the extant terrestrial gastropod faunas of the Laetoli-Endulen area, examine their ecological associations and re-examine the utility of Pliocene fossil molluscs in palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Standardised collecting at 15 sites yielded 7302 individuals representing 58 mollusc species. Significant dissimilarities were found among the faunas of three broad habitat types: forest, woodland/bushland and open (grassland and scattered, xeric shrubland). Overall, more species were recorded in the woodland/bushland sites than in the forest sites. Open sites were less diverse. Environmental factors contributing most strongly to the separation of habitat types were aridity index and elevation. The results are supplemented with new mollusc data from the Mbulu Plateau south of Lake Eyasi, and compared to the list of species cumulatively recorded from the Ngorongoro area. Some regional variation is apparent and historical factors may explain the absence of some fossil taxa from Laetoli today. Differences in seasonality separated upland forest sites on the Mbulu plateau from those at Lemagurut at Laetoli. Indicator species were identified for each habitat. These included several large-bodied species analogous to the Laetoli Pliocene fossil species that were then used for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Based on the estimated aridity index, and adopting the widely used United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) global climate classification, the four stratigraphic subunits of the Upper Laetolil Beds (3.6–3.85 Ma) would be placed in either the UNEP’s Dry Sub-humid or Semi-arid climate classes, whereas the Upper Ndolanya Beds (2.66 Ma) and Lower Laetolil Beds (3.85-<4.36 Ma) would be assigned to the Humid and Semi-arid climate classes respectively. Pliocene precipitation at Laetoli is estimated as 847–965 mm per year, refining previous estimates. This is close or slightly higher than the present mean annual precipitation, and is likely to have corresponded to a mosaic of forest, woodland and bushland within a grassland matrix consistent with other reconstructions.
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Hogg, Jabez. "The Lingual Membraneof Mollusca, and its Value in Classification." Journal of Microscopy 145, no. 2 (February 1987): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1987.tb04727.x.
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Šatović-Vukšić, Eva, and Miroslav Plohl. "Classification Problems of Repetitive DNA Sequences." DNA 1, no. 2 (November 2, 2021): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dna1020009.
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Repetitive DNA sequences, satellite DNAs (satDNAs) and transposable elements (TEs) are essential components of the genome landscape, with many different roles in genome function and evolution. Despite significant advances in sequencing technologies and bioinformatics tools, detection and classification of repetitive sequences can still be an obstacle to the analysis of genomic repeats. Here, we summarize how specificities in repetitive DNA organizational patterns can lead to an inability to classify (and study) a significant fraction of bivalve mollusk repetitive sequences. We suggest that the main reasons for this inability are: the predominant association of satDNA arrays with Helitron/Helentron TEs; the existence of many complex loci; and the unusual, highly scattered organization of short satDNA arrays or single monomers across the whole genome. The specificities of bivalve genomes confirm the need for introducing diverse organisms as models in order to understand all aspects of repetitive DNA biology. It is expected that further development of sequencing techniques and synergy among different bioinformatics tools and databases will enable quick and unambiguous characterization and classification of repetitive DNA sequences in assembled genomes.
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Smith, Martin R. "Mouthparts of the Burgess Shale fossils Odontogriphus and Wiwaxia : implications for the ancestral molluscan radula." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1745 (August 22, 2012): 4287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1577.
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The Middle Cambrian lophotrochozoans Odontogriphus omalus and Wiwaxia corrugata have been interpreted as stem-group members of either the Mollusca, the Annelida, or a group containing Mollusca + Annelida. The case for each classification rests on the organisms' unusual mouthparts, whose two to three tooth-rows resemble both the molluscan radula and the jaws of certain annelid worms. Despite their potential significance, these mouthparts have not previously been described in detail. This study examined the feeding apparatuses of over 300 specimens from the 505-million-year-old Burgess Shale, many of which were studied for the first time. Rather than denticulate plates, each tooth row comprises a single axial tooth that is flanked on each side by eight to 16 separate shoehorn-shaped teeth. Tooth rows sat on a grooved basal tongue, and two large lobes flanked the apparatus. New observations—the shape, distribution and articulation of the individual teeth, and the mouthparts' mode of growth—are incompatible with an annelid interpretation, instead supporting a classification in Mollusca. The ancestral molluscan radula is best reconstructed as unipartite with a symmetrical medial tooth, and Odontogriphus and Wiwaxia as grazing deposit-feeders.
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Bouchet, P., Y. I. Kantor, A. Sysoev, and N. Puillandre. "A new operational classification of the Conoidea (Gastropoda)." Journal of Molluscan Studies 77, no. 3 (July 26, 2011): 273–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyr017.
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Fedosov, Alexander E., Gavin Malcolm, Yves Terryn, Juliette Gorson, Maria Vittoria Modica, Mandë Holford, and Nicolas Puillandre. "Phylogenetic classification of the family Terebridae (Neogastropoda: Conoidea)." Journal of Molluscan Studies 85, no. 4 (November 2019): 359–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyz004.
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ABSTRACT The conoidean family Terebridae is an intriguing lineage of marine gastropods, which are of considerable interest due to their varied anatomy and complex venoms. Terebrids are abundant, easily recognizable and widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters, but our findings have demonstrated that their systematics requires revision. Here we elaborate the classification of Terebridae based on a recently published molecular phylogeny of 154 species, plus characters of the shell and anterior alimentary system. The 407 living species of the family, including seven species described herein, are assigned to three subfamilies: Pellifroniinae new subfamily, Pervicaciinae and Terebrinae. The Pellifroniinae comprises five deep-water species in two genera, Pellifronia and Bathyterebra n. gen. Pellifroniinae possess a radula of duplex marginal teeth, well-developed proboscis and venom gland, and a very small rhynchodeal introvert. The Pervicaciinae includes c. 50 species in the predominantly Indo-Pacific genera Duplicaria and Partecosta. Pervicaciinae possess salivary glands, a radula of solid recurved marginal teeth and a weakly developed rhynchodeal introvert, but lack proboscis and venom gland. The remaining Terebridae species are classified into 15 genera in the subfamily Terebrinae (including four genera described herein); nine genera are defined on the basis of phylogenetic data and six solely on shell morphology. The Indo-Pacific genera Profunditerebra n. gen., Maculauger n. gen. and Myurellopsis n. gen. each include about a dozen species. The first is restricted to the deep waters of the Indo-West Pacific, while the latter two range widely in both geographic and bathymetric distribution. Neoterebra n. gen. encompasses about 65 species from a range of localities in the eastern Pacific, Caribbean, and Atlantic, and from varying depths. To characterize the highly diversified genera Terebra, Punctoterebra, Myurella and Duplicaria, each of which comprise several morphological clusters, we propose the use of DNA-based diagnoses. These diagnoses are combined with more informative descriptions to define most of the supraspecific taxa of Terebridae, to provide a comprehensive revision of the group.
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Wang, Xue Feng, Zhi Ming Liu, and Wen Jian Wu. "Progress of Molluscan Nacre Proteins Research." Advanced Materials Research 998-999 (July 2014): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.998-999.283.
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Nacre composing the inner layer of mollusk shell is a typical product of biomineralization. While main components of the organics in nacre are proteins, which mediate its distinctive lamellate structure. Although kinds of nacre proteins have been reported, the whole process of nacre formation is still unclear—especially on molecular level. In this paper, homology, structure, classification and mineralization characters of nacre proteins are elaborated and summarized.
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da Costa, Manuel Beja, Magdalena Jurczuk, Bernardo Marques, and João Nuno Silva. "Evaluation of new approaches to the access of official monitoring results for live bivalves molluscs." European Journal of Public Health 29, no. 5 (February 27, 2019): 821–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz018.
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Abstract Background Live bivalve molluscs, echinoderms, tunicates and marine gastropod are referred in EU food laws, and require member states to implement official controls in classified production areas, with the monitoring and classification of those areas. If, due to contaminant tests results, a production area is closed, any product from there is prohibited to be commercialized. Mobile applications optical character recognition (OCR) functionalities could ease the access to contaminant levels and production area classifications. This study verifies what information is available in live bivalves’ labels, describes an OCR algorithm for those labels and evaluates it. Methods 86 labels were selected from four sale points in Lisbon, and photographed using smartphones. Each label was evaluated by a human to determine what data was available (either required or not). An OCR algorithm was developed and applied on the collected labels and validated against the data extracted by the human analysis. Results The analysis shows that all the labels included the required information, and 63% of the labels included the identifier for the production zone. The label-reading algorithm performs with an accuracy of 79.85% for the individual values. Conclusion High accuracy of the developed label-reading algorithm shows potential for providing instant automatic access to the date and production area, but is affected by the variability on the label structure. Although not required by food laws, the majority of the sampled labels included complementary information (classified production area) that will allow access to more precise information about the existing biotoxin tests and analysis results.
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Zenetos, Argyro. "Classification and Interpretation of the Established Mediterranean Biocoenoses Based Solely on Bivalve Molluscs." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 76, no. 2 (May 1996): 403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400030630.
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Based on the bivalve fauna known from an extensively studied zone, along the infralittoral in the Patras Gulf, a biotope approach was attempted using numerical taxonomy methods. The efficiency of various combinations of similarity measures and clustering techniques is discussed for this type of data (single group – binary). Four main station groups were delimited which were further assigned to the biotopes of known Mediterranean biocoenoses. The four groups correspond to: (a) the biotope of the Posidonia beds (HP) and that of coarse sands and fine gravels under the influence of bottom currents (SGCF). The limits of these two biocoenoses are not clear-cut, (b) The biotope of the coastal detritic bottoms (DC) usually occurring in deeper areas but met in the infralittoral under environmental stress, (c) A transitional zone where degenerating Posidonia meadows are gradually replaced by Cymodocea and Zostera, facies of the muddy sand in sheltered areas biocoenoses (SVMC). This degradation can be attributed to various disturbing factors including natural environmental changes, (d) The biotope of fine well-sorted sands (SFBC). A typical malacofauna is present with the addition of some species. Regardless of the differences, Pérès & Picard's (1964) scheme is more appropriate in the Mediterranean ecosystems than any other northern European scheme.
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Lee, Hsin, Sarah Samadi, Nicolas Puillandre, Mong-Hsun Tsai, Chang-Feng Dai, and Wei-Jen Chen. "Eight new mitogenomes for exploring the phylogeny and classification of Vetigastropoda." Journal of Molluscan Studies 82, no. 4 (September 26, 2016): 534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyw027.
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Landing, Ed, and Guy M. Narbonne. "Scenella and “a chondrophorine (medusoid hydrozoan) from the basal Cambrian (Placentian) of Newfoundland”." Journal of Paleontology 66, no. 2 (March 1992): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000033837.
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In a recent article, Narbonne et al. (1991) documented that the stratigraphic range of the chondrophorine Kullingia delicata continues above the the uppermost Precambrian (Vendian) into the lowermost Cambrian (Placentian Series) of the Avalonian faunal province. The revised text published in the Journal of Paleontology includes several references to Scenella Billings, 1872, as a Cambrian chondrophorine. This classification is in error and unfortunately serves to reinforce several recent reports that conclude that Scenella is a chondrophorine rather than a helcionacean mollusk.
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Puillandre, N., T. F. Duda, C. Meyer, B. M. Olivera, and P. Bouchet. "One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails." Journal of Molluscan Studies 81, no. 1 (September 5, 2014): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyu055.
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Kits, Karel S., and Huibert D. Mansvelder. "Voltage gated calcium channels in molluscs: classification, Ca2+ dependent inactivation, modulation and functional roles." Invertebrate Neuroscience 2, no. 1 (June 1996): 9–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02336657.
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HADFIELD, MICHAEL G., and MEGUMI F. STRATHMANN. "HETEROSTOPHIC SHELLS AND PELAGIC DEVOLOPMENT IN TROCHOIDEANS: IMPLICATIONS FOR CLASSIFICATION, PHYLOGENY AND PALAEOECOLOGY." Journal of Molluscan Studies 56, no. 2 (1990): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/56.2.239.
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VON SALVINI-PLAWEN, L. "CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE ORDER CAVIBELONIA (MOLLUSCA: SOLENOGASTRES)." Journal Molluscan Studies 70, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/70.1.73.
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Doyle, Darragh, Martin P. Gammell, and Róisín Nash. "Morphometric methods for the analysis and classification of gastropods: a comparison using Littorina littorea." Journal of Molluscan Studies 84, no. 2 (March 27, 2018): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyy010.
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TËMKIN, ILYA. "Morphological perspective on the classification and evolution of Recent Pterioidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 148, no. 3 (November 2006): 253–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00257.x.
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TAYLOR, JOHN D., EMILY A. GLOVER, LISA SMITH, PATRICIA DYAL, and SUZANNE T. WILLIAMS. "Molecular phylogeny and classification of the chemosymbiotic bivalve family Lucinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163, no. 1 (August 19, 2011): 15–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00700.x.
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