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Academic literature on the topic 'Molécules-Plateforme'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Molécules-Plateforme"
Fellenberg, Ana Katiuce. "Nanoconfinement pour la synthèse de molécules plateforme à partir des oxydes de carbone." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR069.
Full textEnergy and environmental impacts drove the industrial processes. A sustainable route to produce fuels starts using biomass as raw material. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is a promising alternative way for conversion of renewable feedstocks to chemicals and fuels. Even FT synthesis is considered a well-established technology, there are chemistry fundamentals to be better and deeply understood. Besides, the FT process depends strongly on the catalyst performance. The utilization and transformation of CO2 into value-added chemicals have been of global interest, from both theoretical and practical viewpoints. One example of CO2 conversion to a useful liquid hydrocarbon is hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid (HCOOH). The state-of-the-art hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid is produced over homogeneous catalysts. However, there are a few works showing that highly dispersed supported metal catalysts are able to carry out this reaction. The high activity of these catalysts could be assigned to their ability to stabilize the active metal in a state of single-metal atoms or heterogenized metal complexes, which may demonstrate a higher activity than metal atoms on the surface of metal nanoparticles.In this work we have considered two different confined spaces of carbon-based materials, CNTs and COFs, and evaluated the nanoconfinement of iron, copper and ruthenium active species for CO and CO2 hydrogenation reactions to produce value-added chemicals and platform molecules.In the iron catalysts for FT synthesis supported by carbon nanotubes, the active phase was nanoconfined inside the channels or localized on the outer surface. In most of previous work, the distribution of metal nanoparticles inside or outside carbon nanotubes is considered to be immobile during the catalyst activation or catalytic reaction. In this work, we uncovered remarkable mobility of both iron and copper species in the bimetallic catalysts between inner carbon nanotube channels and outer surface, which occurs in carbon monoxide and syngas, while almost no migration of iron species proceeds in the monometallic catalysts. This mobility is enhanced by noticeable fragility and defects in carbon nanotubes, which appear on their impregnation with the acid solutions of metal precursors and precursor decomposition. Remarkable mobility of iron and copper species in bimetallic catalysts affects the genesis of iron active sites, and enhances interaction of iron with the promoter. In the bimetallic iron-copper catalysts, the major increase in the activity was attributed to higher reaction turnover frequency over iron surface sites located in a close proximity with copper.For CO2 hydrgentaion to formic acid, we propose a strategy based on COF materials with different structures and chemical compositions for mediation of ruthenium dispersion and design of efficient catalysts for low-temperature CO2 hydrogenation to formic acid. Operando characterization combined with catalytic tests revealed that the density of nitrogen functional groups in the COF matrix was the key factor affecting the dispersion and performance of COF-supported ruthenium catalysts. The catalyst performance primarily arises from ruthenium capability to persist as single atoms in specific sites and resist its reduction to the metallic state. The proposed strategy for mediating metal dispersion can be extended to develop a variety of COF-supported single-atom catalysts for different reactions
Lahmar, Mehdi. "Mise au point d'une plateforme innovante de criblage et développement de nouvelles molécules anti-hépatite C." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077113.
Full textThe objective of this project is to develop free to operate and innovative molecules targeting the NS5B polymerase. The NS3 protease and the protease/helicase of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). My PhD work consisted in contributing to the development of a cell-based platform innovative in its concept and radically different from the existing ones. The two hybrid System in yeast was used, in an original way, to identity "3D-Sensor" peptides sensitive to the target's conformational changes in presence of known ligands. The System was then transferred to human cells to generate the 443D-Screen" platform. This cellular platform was validated with the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and showed selectivity and robustness. Screening of a small molecule library enabled the identification of 7 novel compounds that alter ERa conformation and display a potential original mechanism of action. In fact these compounds are not detected by assays classically used in the pharma industry. The NS5B polymerase and the NS3 protein are validated targets for the control of HCV replication. The 3D-Screen platform applied to NS5B, NS3 protease as well as the protease/ helicase, demonstrated its relevance for the identification of molecules targeting these proteins. Screening enabled the identification of 12 anti-NS5B compounds and 5 anti-NS3 ones. The anti-viral activity of these compounds was confirmed in the replicon System. The unique properties of the 3D-Screen platform were also used to predict the activity of compounds on a panel of mutants resistant to NS5B polymerase or NS3 protease inhibitors developed by other companies and tested in clinical trials
Goudot, Alice. "Développement d'une plateforme de criblage pour la recherche de nouvelles molécules anti-infectieuses : applications à Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ECDL0023/document.
Full textPseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is one of the predominant bacterium encountered in nosocomial infections. PA infections often lead to chronic inflammation and eventually to death despite aggressive antibiotic therapy. A promising approach is to inhibit the virulence factors of PA such as PA-IL, PA-IIL, FliD (lectins). Therefore, there is a great interest for studying carbohydrate/lectin interactions in order to design new treatments. The goal of this work is the research for inhibitory molecules (glycoclusters ) of these lectins involved in the virulence of PA. An innovative screening tool for studying carbohydrate/lectin interactions has been developed (glycoarray). Glycoarray are microstructured glass-slides, chemically functionalized in order to immobilize, organized and orderly, glycoclusters at the surface. The immobilization method is the specific immobilization method based on DNA hybridization called DDI (DNA Directed Immobilization). This miniaturized analytical biosystem allows multiplex test performed in one single microwell. Moreover, three independent methods of affinity measurement (direct fluorescence read-out, IC50 and Kd) have been developed and validated by a comparative study giving a similar ranking of glycoclusters for their affinity towards PA-IL. These measurements on glycoarrays consume only a few picomoles glycoclusters compared to conventional methods (ITC, ELLA...) that require micromoles of products. Using these glycoarrays, the screening of a library of hundreds of glycoclusters presenting different topologies, multivalencies, charges and linkers led to the identification of two structures showing a very strong affinity for PA lectins. These glycoclusters are currently in vitro assay and in vivo. These interaction studies on DDI-glycoarray were extended to other pathogens such as Burkholderia ambifaria bacteria, Viscum album or against the influenza virus. In the future, to better understand the mechanisms of sugar / protein interactions, it would be interesting to monitor in real time the interactions using label-free detection systems such as, for example, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Also, the last chapter gives the beginnings of an adaptation of the method of DDI glycoarray on gold surface
Pham, Quang Trung. "Couplage et validation de l'extension GeantA-DNA dans la plateforme de simulation Monte Carlo GATE pour l'irradiation de molécules d'ADN dans un environnement de grille de calcul." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22456/document.
Full textThe Monte Carlo simulation methods are successfully being used in various areas of medical physics but also at different scales, for example, from the radiation therapy treatment planning systems to the prediction of the effects of radiation in cancer cells. The Monte Carlo simulation platform GATE based on the Geant4 toolkit offers features dedicated to simulations in medical physics (nuclear medicine and radiotherapy). For radiobiology applications, the Geant4-DNA physical models are implemented to track particles till very low energy (eV) and are adapted for estimation of micro-dosimetric quantities. In order to implement a multi-scale Monte Carlo platform, we first validated the physical models of Geant4-DNA, and integrated them into GATE. Finally, we validated this implementation in the context of radiation therapy and proton therapy. In order to validate the Geant4-DNA physical models, dose point kernels for monoenergetic electrons (10 keV to 100 keV) were simulated using the physical models of Geant4-DNA and were compared to those simulated with Geant4 Standard physical models and another Monte Carlo code EGSnrc. The range and the stopping powers of electrons (7.4 eV to 1 MeV) and protons (1 keV to 100 MeV) calculated with GATE/Geant4-DNA were then compared with literature. We proposed to simulate with the GATE platform the impact of clinical and preclinical beams on cellular DNA. We modeled a clinical proton beam of 193.1 MeV, 6 MeV clinical electron beam and a X-ray irradiator beam. The beams models were validated by comparing absorbed dose computed and measured in liquid water. Then, the beams were used to calculate the frequency of energy deposits in DNA represented by different geometries. First, the DNA molecule was represented by small cylinders : 2 nm x 2 nm ( 10 bp), 5 nm x 10 nm ( nucleosome) and 25 nm x 25 nm ( chromatin fiber). All these cylinders were placed randomly in a sphere of liquid water (500 nm radius). Then we reconstructed the DNA molecule in Geant4 by reading PDB (Protein Data Bank) files representing twelve base pairs of the DNA molecule and a dinucleosome (347 base pairs). Finally, we developed a tool to correlate the positions of direct energy deposit in liquid water with the coordinates of the base pairs of DNA to calculate the number of single and double strand breaks in DNA. All calculations in this work were perfomed on the European Grid Infrastructure; performance tests are available to estimate the utility of this type of architecture for Monte Carlo calculations
Legaz, Sophie. "Les nanoparticules de poly(acide lactique) comme plateforme d'imagerie et de vectorisation de molécules actives chez Drosophila Melanogaster : analyses in cellulo et in vivo du couple GAL4/UAS." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10293.
Full textThe biodegradable NanoParticles (NPs) of PolyLactic Acid) (PLA) are promising vectors for vaccination and therapeutic delivery. However, their in vivo evaluation is not always successful. NPs being undetectable in deep tissues, one of the challenges is the difficulty to follow the cellular uptake of these nanomaterials at the organism level. The aim of this thesis is to validate the use of PLA NPs as an imaging and drug vectorization platform in Drosophila melanogaster, and to analyze their fate in the whole fly body. The Drosophila model was chosen for its small footprint, the ease of breeding, the variety of transgenic lines, and the power of genetic tools available. Tt also allows to carry out in vivo mechanistic studies in a limited time window. We evaluated in cellulo and in vivo toxicity of these NP to determine optimal experimental conditions. Then the potential of PLA NPs was evaluated in cellulo on transiently transfected Drosophila cells by a plasmid carrying the GFP gene under the control of the UAS promoter. A simple observation by fluorescence microscopy of NPs vectorizing the gal4 gene or the GAL4 protein can confirm the effective delivery of active molecules into the cell through the binding of GAL4 protein to the UAS promoter. Finally, these formulations were orally administered to transgenic Drosophila UAS-RFP to confirm the previous in vivo results. GAL4 is a promising tool for indirect monitoring of NPs in transgenic organisms
Canault, Baptiste. "Développement d'une plateforme de prédiction in silico des propriétés ADME-Tox." Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE2048/document.
Full textAbsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination (ADME) and Toxicity (Tox) properties are crucial for the success of clinical trials of a drug candidate. During this process, chemoinformatics is regularly used to predict the ADME-Tox profile of bioactive compounds and to improve their pharmacokinetic properties. In silico approaches have already been developed to improve poor pharmacokinetics and toxicity of lead compounds. These predictive models, based on the quantification of structure-activity relationships (QSAR), were not always efficient enough due to the low number of accessible biological data and their heterogeneity induced by the differences in experimental assays or the significant experimental error. In this thesis, we first built a database containing 150,000 data points for about 50 ADME-Tox properties. In order to valorize all this data, we then proposed an automatic platform for creating predictive models. This platform, called MetaPredict, has been designed to optimize each step of model development, in order to improve their quality and robustness. Third,, we promoted the statistical models using the online application of MetaPredict platform. This application has been developed to facilitate the use of newly built models, to provide a simplified interpretation of the results and to modulate the obtained observations according to the needs of the researchers. Finally, this platform provides an easy access to the ADME-Tox models for the scientific community
Mazaleyrat, Estelle. "Croissance, structure et propriétés électroniques du graphène épitaxié sur rhénium, vers une plateforme bidimensionnelle et supraconductrice." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY079.
Full textThe realization of graphene-based hybrid structures, where graphene is associated with other materials, offers a promising avenue for testing a variety of phenomena. In particular, one can induce properties in graphene by proximity effects. Here, the targeted graphene-based system consists of a quasi free-standing graphene platform with induced superconducting character and in close vicinity to magnetic impurities. According to recent theoretical articles, such a sample could exhibit unconventional Yu-Shiba-Rusinov (YSR) states.Although the targeted graphene-based system was not fabricated yet, we have addressed, with the help of surface science tools, all three ingredients required for its realization (quasi-free standing graphene, induced superconducting character and proximity to magnetic impurities).As previously demonstrated, graphene can be rendered superconducting by growing it directly on top of a superconducting material such as rhenium. Structural aspects related to graphene grown on Re(0001) were investigated. In particular, we showed that increasing the number of annealing cycles positively contributes to growing high-quality extended graphene domains. The structure of a surface rhenium carbide, which constitutes a usually ill-characterized object, was studied as well.Additionnally, a defect appearing as a depression in the nanorippled structure of graphene on strongly interacting metals such as Re(0001) and Ru(0001) was investigated and ascribed to stacking faults either in graphene or in the metal substrate.Using superconducting graphene grown on Re(0001) as a starting point for the fabrication of the targeted graphene-based system, we recovered the quasi free-standing character of graphene (lost due to its strong interaction with the rhenium substrate) via intercalation of sub-monolayer to few layers of gold atoms. A high density of defects observed in gold-intercalated graphene on Re(0001) was attributed to the intercalation process itself. Besides, we demonstrated that the rhenium-induced superconducting character in graphene was not affected by gold intercalation. At this point, two of the three requirements for realizing the targeted graphene-based system were fulfilled.Provided that we bring magnetic impurities in close proximity to such a sample, few-nanometers extended YSR states could be observed. Preliminary results involving two original magnetic verdazyl compounds were presented, one of which was deposited on a model system, namely Cu(111). Before turning to quasi-free standing superconducting graphene as a hosting material for these magnetic compounds, further investigations on model systems are needed. Indeed, we could not resolve the precise structure of the molecular assemblies covering the Cu(111) surface yet, and the thermal stability of the compounds was discussed
Digan, Laura. "Production de molécules plateformes pour la valorisation des déchets organiques solides : étude de processus physiques et biologiques impactant la qualité du mélange d'acides organiques." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ISAT0051.
Full textThe consumption of exhaustible and non-renewable petroleum resources leads to the search for new production routes for the chemical industry. In addition, the global production of Household Solid Waste (HSW) is expected to keep growing. Among a variety of recovery methods, acidogenic fermentation of HSW makes it possible to meet two objectives: treating this waste and reducing its quantity while producing biobased platform molecules of interest for chemical industry such as organic acids.The leach-bed reactor or LBR was chosen due to the high total solids content of HSW and the process cost efficiency. The technology consists of a discontinuous solid-state fermentation process in which a liquid phase is recirculated within a static solid waste bed. Moreover, the use of a mixed culture in fermentation aims to provide microbial diversity, and thus the robustness to face changes in environmental conditions. This strategy also eliminates the need to sterilise the environment. Finally, in this work, the main substrate studied was a reconstitution of HSW.The first part of this work concerns the understanding of the biological and chemical processes and their interaction, during the acidogenic fermentation in sequential batch reactors. The impact of different factors on the hydrolysis of the complex solid substrate and the production of metabolites was studied: the pH, the addition of an exogenous inoculum at start-up and the acclimation of the initial microbial population to the environmental conditions. It was confirmed that pH plays a key role in substrate solubilisation, metabolites production and product spectrum. The analysis of the evolution of microbial communities was assessed, which allowed to correlate the selection of certain families of bacteria with the performances observed. Furthermore, it was feasible to carry out acidogenic fermentation with the unique use of the indigenous microbial consortium and the addition of an external inoculum did not contribute to improve the performances. On the other hand, reusing the microbial communities, acclimated to the operating conditions through the sequential batches, was decisive for increasing the production of metabolites. These conclusions were also compared to results of supplementary experiments obtained at high total solids content.The total solids content has a considerable influence on the fermentation reactions. However, its sole consideration is insufficient because the solid waste bed constitutes a complex multiphase porous medium in which the distribution of water and transfer processes are also essential. Thus, the second part of this work aimed at characterising the physical and hydrodynamic features of the waste bed in a LBR under abiotic conditions. For this, reconstituted HSW as well as real HSW were used. By performing several percolation and drainage cycles, before and after compaction of the waste beds, their physical structure and the distribution of water in their compartments were determined. The application of a classical dual porosity model to represent these cycles helped to demonstrate the existence of a static water fraction in the macroporosity. An improved dual porosity model was proposed to reproduce more adequately the water flow dynamics in the waste bed. Water transfer coefficients between the compartments were then estimated using this new model.The multidisciplinary work carried out in this thesis, focused on two complementary aspects of acidogenic fermentation in a LBR and also brought new perspectives. For instance, the recirculation strategy, the pH control within this complex medium as well as the validation on real waste are all topics to further study in order to implement the optimal and reproducible production of platform molecules by this process, in accordance with the subsequent targeted uses