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Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 September 2023

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1

Verma, Amita, Sunil Joshi, and Deepika Singh. "Imidazole: Having Versatile Biological Activities." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/329412.

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Imidazoles have occupied a unique position in heterocyclic chemistry, and its derivatives have attracted considerable interests in recent years for their versatile properties in chemistry and pharmacology. Imidazole is nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring which possesses biological and pharmaceutical importance. Thus, imidazole compounds have been an interesting source for researchers for more than a century. The imidazole ring is a constituent of several important natural products, including purine, histamine, histidine, and nucleic acid. Being a polar and ionisable aromatic compound, it improves pharmacokinetic characteristics of lead molecules and thus is used as a remedy to optimize solubility and bioavailability parameters of proposed poorly soluble lead molecules. There are several methods used for the synthesis of imidazole-containing compounds, and also their various structure reactions offer enormous scope in the field of medicinal chemistry. The imidazole derivatives possess extensive spectrum of biological activities such as antibacterial, anticancer, antitubercular, antifungal, analgesic, and anti-HIV activities. This paper aims to review the biological activities of imidazole during the past years.

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Bilal, Muhammad, Leonardo Vieira Nunes, Marco Thúlio Saviatto Duarte, Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira, Renato Nery Soriano, and Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. "Exploitation of Marine-Derived Robust Biological Molecules to Manage Inflammatory Bowel Disease." Marine Drugs 19, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19040196.

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Naturally occurring biological entities with extractable and tunable structural and functional characteristics, along with therapeutic attributes, are of supreme interest for strengthening the twenty-first-century biomedical settings. Irrespective of ongoing technological and clinical advancement, traditional medicinal practices to address and manage inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are inefficient and the effect of the administered therapeutic cues is limited. The reasonable immune response or invasion should also be circumvented for successful clinical translation of engineered cues as highly efficient and robust bioactive entities. In this context, research is underway worldwide, and researchers have redirected or regained their interests in valorizing the naturally occurring biological entities/resources, for example, algal biome so-called “treasure of untouched or underexploited sources”. Algal biome from the marine environment is an immense source of excellence that has also been demonstrated as a source of bioactive compounds with unique chemical, structural, and functional features. Moreover, the molecular modeling and synthesis of new drugs based on marine-derived therapeutic and biological cues can show greater efficacy and specificity for the therapeutics. Herein, an effort has been made to cover the existing literature gap on the exploitation of naturally occurring biological entities/resources to address and efficiently manage IBD. Following a brief background study, a focus was given to design characteristics, performance evaluation of engineered cues, and point-of-care IBD therapeutics of diverse bioactive compounds from the algal biome. Noteworthy potentialities of marine-derived biologically active compounds have also been spotlighted to underlying the impact role of bio-active elements with the related pathways. The current review is also focused on the applied standpoint and clinical translation of marine-derived bioactive compounds. Furthermore, a detailed overview of clinical applications and future perspectives are also given in this review.

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Wehbe, Rim, Jacinthe Frangieh, Mohamad Rima, Dany El Obeid, Jean-Marc Sabatier, and Ziad Fajloun. "Bee Venom: Overview of Main Compounds and Bioactivities for Therapeutic Interests." Molecules 24, no. 16 (August 19, 2019): 2997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162997.

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Apitherapy is an alternate therapy that relies on the usage of honeybee products, most importantly bee venom for the treatment of many human diseases. The venom can be introduced into the human body by manual injection or by direct bee stings. Bee venom contains several active molecules such as peptides and enzymes that have advantageous potential in treating inflammation and central nervous system diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Moreover, bee venom has shown promising benefits against different types of cancer as well as anti-viral activity, even against the challenging human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Many studies described biological activities of bee venom components and launched preclinical trials to improve the potential use of apitoxin and its constituents as the next generation of drugs. The aim of this review is to summarize the main compounds of bee venom, their primary biological properties, mechanisms of action, and their therapeutic values in alternative therapy strategies.

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Boss, Alan P., William M. Irvine, Karen J. Meech, Cristiano B. Cosmovici, Pascale F. Ehrenfreund, David W. Latham, David Morrison, and Stephane Udry. "COMMISSION 51: BIOASTRONOMY." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, T27A (December 2008): 179–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308025453.

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Bioastronomy: Search for Extraterrestrial Life was established as Commission 51 of the IAU in 1982. The objectives of the commission included: the search for planets around other stars; the search for radio transmissions, intentional or unintentional, of extraterrestrial origin; the search for biologically relevant interstellar molecules and the study of their formation processes; detection methods for potential spectroscopic evidence of biological activity; the coordination of efforts in all these areas at the international level and the establishment of collaborative programs with other international scientific societies with related interests. In 2006, Commission 51 was renamed simply Bioastronomy at the IAU General Assembly in Prague, and approved for the next six years, the default extension for an IAU Commission.

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Murad, Ferid. "Discovery of Some of the Biological Effects of Nitric Oxide and its Role in Cell Signaling." Bioscience Reports 19, no. 3 (June 1, 1999): 133–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1020265417394.

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The role of nitric oxide in cellular signaling in the past 22 years has become one of the most rapidly growing areas in biology with more than 20,000 publications to date. Nitric oxide is a gas and free radical with an unshared electron that can regulate an ever-growing list of biological processes. In many instances nitric oxide mediates its biological effects by activating guanylyl cyclase and increasing cyclic GMP synthesis from GTP. However, the list of effects of nitric oxide that are independent of cyclic GMP is also growing at a rapid rate. For example, nitric oxide can interact with transition metals such as iron, thiol groups, other free radicals, oxygen, superoxide anion, unsaturated fatty acids and other molecules. Some of these reactions result in the oxidation of nitric oxide to nitrite and nitrate to terminate its effect, while other reactions can lead to altered protein structure, function, and/or catalytic capacity. These diverse effects of nitric oxide that are either cyclic GMP dependent or independent can alter and regulate important physiological and biochemical events in cell regulation and function. Nitric oxide can function as an intracellular messenger, an autacoid, a paracrine substance, a neurotransmitter, or as a hormone that can be carried to distant sites for effects. Thus, it is a unique simple molecule with an array of signaling functions. However, as with any messenger molecule, there can be too little or too much of the substance and pathological events result. Some of the methods to regulate either nitric oxide formation, metabolism, or function have been in clinical use for more than a century as with the use of organic nitrates and nitroglycerin in angina pectoris that was initiated in the 1870's. Current and future research with nitric oxide and cyclic GMP will undoubtedly expand the clinicians' therapeutic armamentarium to manage a number of important diseases by perturbing nitric oxide and cyclic GMP formation and metabolism. Such promise and expectations have obviously fueled the interests in these signaling molecules for a growing list of potential therapeutic applications.

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6

Murad, Ferid. "Discovery of Some of the Biological Effects of Nitric Oxide and its Role in Cell Signaling." Bioscience Reports 24, no. 4-5 (August 10, 2004): 452–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10540-005-2741-8.

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The role of nitric oxide in cellular signaling in the past 22 years has become one of the most rapidly growing areas in biology with more than 20,000 publications to date. Nitric oxide is a gas and free radical with an unshared electron that can regulate an ever-growing list of biological processes. In many instances nitric oxide mediates its biological effects by activating guanylyl cyclase and increasing cyclic GMP synthesis from GTP. However, the list of effects of nitric oxide that are independent of cyclic GMP is also growing at a rapid rate. For example, nitric oxide can interact with transition metals such as iron, thiol groups, other free radicals, oxygen, superoxide anion, unsaturated fatty acids and other molecules. Some of these reactions result in the oxidation of nitric oxide to nitrite and nitrate to terminate its effect, while other reactions can lead to altered protein structure, function, and/or catalytic capacity. These diverse effects of nitric oxide that are either cyclic GMP dependent or independent can alter and regulate important physiological and biochemical events in cell regulation and function. Nitric oxide can function as an intracellular messenger, an autacoid, a paracrine substance, a neurotransmitter, or as a hormone that can be carried to distant sites for effects. Thus, it is a unique simple molecule with an array of signaling functions. However, as with any messenger molecule, there can be too little or too much of the substance and pathological events result. Some of the methods to regulate either nitric oxide formation, metabolism, or function have been in clinical use for more than a century as with the use of organic nitrates and nitroglycerin in angina pectoris that was initiated in the 1870's. Current and future research with nitric oxide and cyclic GMP will undoubtedly expand the clinicians' therapeutic armamentarium to manage a number of important diseases by perturbing nitric oxide and cyclic GMP formation and metabolism. Such promise and expectations have obviously fueled the interests in these signaling molecules for a growing list of potential therapeutic applications.

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7

Wang, Yu-Huan, Qian-Fan Yang, Xiao Lin, Die Chen, Zhi-Yin Wang, Bin Chen, Hua-Yi Han, et al. "G4LDB 2.2: a database for discovering and studying G-quadruplex and i-Motif ligands." Nucleic Acids Research 50, no. D1 (October 29, 2021): D150—D160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab952.

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Abstract Noncanonical nucleic acid structures, such as G-quadruplex (G4) and i-Motif (iM), have attracted increasing research interests because of their unique structural and binding properties, as well as their important biological activities. To date, thousands of small molecules that bind to varying G4/iM structures have been designed, synthesized and tested for diverse chemical and biological uses. Because of the huge potential and increasing research interests on G4-targeting ligands, we launched the first G4 ligand database G4LDB in 2013. Here, we report a new version, termed G4LDB 2.2 (http://www.g4ldb.com), with upgrades in both content and function. Currently, G4LDB2.2 contains >3200 G4/iM ligands, ∼28 500 activity entries and 79 G4–ligand docking models. In addition to G4 ligand library, we have also added a brand new iM ligand library to G4LDB 2.2, providing a comprehensive view of quadruplex nucleic acids. To further enhance user experience, we have also redesigned the user interface and optimized the database structure and retrieval mechanism. With these improvements, we anticipate that G4LDB 2.2 will serve as a comprehensive resource and useful research toolkit for researchers across wide scientific communities and accelerate discovering and validating better binders and drug candidates.

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Di Costanzo, Luigi, and Barbara Panunzi. "Visual pH Sensors: From a Chemical Perspective to New Bioengineered Materials." Molecules 26, no. 10 (May 16, 2021): 2952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26102952.

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Many human activities and cellular functions depend upon precise pH values, and pH monitoring is considered a fundamental task. Colorimetric and fluorescence sensors for pH measurements are chemical and biochemical tools able to sense protons and produce a visible signal. These pH sensors are gaining widespread attention as non-destructive tools, visible to the human eye, that are capable of a real-time and in-situ response. Optical “visual” sensors are expanding researchers’ interests in many chemical contexts and are routinely used for biological, environmental, and medical applications. In this review we provide an overview of trending colorimetric, fluorescent, or dual-mode responsive visual pH sensors. These sensors include molecular synthetic organic sensors, metal organic frameworks (MOF), engineered sensing nanomaterials, and bioengineered sensors. We review different typological chemical entities of visual pH sensors, three-dimensional structures, and signaling mechanisms for pH sensing and applications; developed in the past five years. The progression of this review from simple organic molecules to biological macromolecules seeks to benefit beginners and scientists embarking on a project of pH sensing development, who needs background information and a quick update on advances in the field. Lessons learned from these tools will aid pH determination projects and provide new ways of thinking for cell bioimaging or other cutting-edge in vivo applications.

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Sheth, Tejas, C. S. Pitchumoni, and Kiron M. Das. "Management of Musculoskeletal Manifestations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/387891.

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Musculoskeletal manifestations are the most common extraintestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel diseases. Some appendicular manifestations are independent of gut inflammation and are treated with standard anti-inflammatory strategies. On the other hand, axial involvement is linked to gut inflammatory activity; hence, there is a considerable amount of treatment overlap. Biological therapies have revolutionized management of inflammatory bowel diseases as well as of associated articular manifestations. Newer mechanisms driving gut associated arthropathy have surfaced in the past decade and have enhanced our interests in novel treatment targets. Introduction of biosimilar molecules is expected in the US market in the near future and will provide an opportunity for considerable cost savings on healthcare. A multidisciplinary approach involving a gastroenterologist, rheumatologist, and physical therapist is ideal for these patients.

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Tarley, Cesar. "Chemical Imprinting Technology Applied to Analytical Chemistry: Current Status and Future Outlook in Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Analytical Chemistry 9, no. 35 (April 11, 2022): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30744/brjac.2179-3425.letter.crtarley.n35.

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Chemical imprinting technologies based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and ion imprinted polymers (IIPs) have been widely applied in different fields of analytical chemistry since their discoveries in 19721 and 19762, respectively. MIPs and IIPs are considered biomimetic materials with tailor-made synthetic receptors and are, essentially, obtained by co-polymerization of functional and cross-linking monomers in the presence of a target analyte (a molecule for MIPs and an ion for IIPs). The great advantages of these materials over biological recognition systems include their relatively low cost, quick preparation, and, most importantly, their stability in different media. To date, these biomimetic materials have experienced a rapid development with wide applications in electrochemical sensors, luminescence sensors, separation science, sample preparation, and more specific sensor applications such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors. In addition, they have been applied for analysis of samples of environmental, food, and forensic interests, as well as for disease diagnostics.3-8 Figure 1 depicts the increasing number of published papers per year over the past 20 years on the topic of MIPs and IIPs; as expected, most of these papers are devoted to the chemical imprinting of molecules.

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Thorogood, Adrian, and Ma'n H. Zawati. "International Guidelines for Privacy in Genomic Biobanking (or the Unexpected Virtue of Pluralism)." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, no. 4 (2015): 690–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12312.

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In an era of unrivalled sequencing, computation and networking capability, international sharing of genomic samples and data is becoming a modus operandi for modern medical research. Researchers are collaborating to establish large collections with global scale. Having never before set foot outside the cell, the molecules that shape us are being digitized and launched across the globe. Protecting individual privacy interests in this information is a central challenge of the genomic research era.This article reviews international privacy norms governing human genomic biobanks and databases. It will not directly consider biobanks established for other health-related purposes, such as screening or therapy. A genomic biobank is “a hybrid infrastructure,” an organized collection of human biological material combined with associated health information: physical measurements, outcome data in medical records, and epidemiological information, as well as genomic data derived from the samples.

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Le, Thu Hac Huong, Takumi Matsushita, Ryoichi Ohta, Yuta Shimoda, Hiroaki Matsui, and Takehiko Kitamori. "Fabrication of Infrared-Compatible Nanofluidic Devices for Plasmon-Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy." Micromachines 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11121062.

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Nanofluidic devices have offered us fascinating analytical platforms for chemical and bioanalysis by exploiting unique properties of liquids and molecules confined in nanospaces. The increasing interests in nanofluidic analytical devices have triggered the development of new robust and sensitive detection techniques, especially label-free ones. IR absorption spectroscopy is one of the most powerful biochemical analysis methods for identification and quantitative measurement of chemical species in the label-free and non-invasive fashion. However, the low sensitivity and the difficulties in fabrication of IR-compatible nanofluidic devices are major obstacles that restrict the applications of IR spectroscopy in nanofluidics. Here, we realized the bonding of CaF2 and SiO2 at room temperature and demonstrated an IR-compatible nanofluidic device that allowed the IR spectroscopy in a wide range of mid-IR regime. We also performed the integration of metal-insulator-metal perfect absorber metamaterials into nanofluidic devices for plasmon-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy with ultrahigh sensitivity. This study also shows a proof-of-concept of the multi-band absorber by combining different types of nanostructures. The results indicate the potential of implementing metamaterials in tracking several characteristic molecular vibrational modes simultaneously, making it possible to identify molecular species in mixture or complex biological entities.

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Reaves, B. J., and A. J. Wolstenholme. "The TRP channel superfamily: insights into how structure, protein–lipid interactions and localization influence function." Biochemical Society Transactions 35, no. 1 (January 22, 2007): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0350077.

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TRP (transient receptor potential) cationic channels are key molecules that are involved in a variety of diverse biological processes ranging from fertility to osmosensation and nociception. Increasing our knowledge of these channels will help us to understand a range of physiological and pathogenic processes, as well as highlighting potential therapeutic drug targets. The founding members of the TRP family, Drosophila TRP and TRPL (TRP-like) proteins, were identified within the last two decades and there has been a subsequent explosion in the number and type of TRP channel described. Although information is accumulating as to the function of some of the TRP channels, the activation and inactivation mechanisms, structure, and interacting proteins of many, if not most, are awaiting elucidation. The Cell and Molecular Biology of TRP Channels Meeting held at the University of Bath included speakers working on a number of the different subfamilies of TRP channels and provided a basis for highlighting both similarities and differences between these groups. As the TRP channels mediate diverse functions, this meeting also brought together an audience with wide-ranging research interests, including biochemistry, cell biology, physiology and neuroscience, and inspired lively discussion on the issues reviewed herein.

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Sharma, Sakshi, Goutam Brahmachari, Rajni Kant, and Vivek K. Gupta. "One-pot green synthesis of biologically relevant novel spiro[indolin-2-one-3,4′-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles] and studies on their spectral and X-ray crystallographic behaviors." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 72, no. 3 (May 13, 2016): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520616005060.

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Synthesesviagreen route and single-crystal X-ray structural investigations have been carried out for three spiro[indolin-2-one-3,4′-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole] derivatives, 6′-amino-2-oxo-3′-propyl-2′H-spiro[indoline-3,4′-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole]-5′-carbonitrile dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate (5a), 6′-amino-5-fluoro-2-oxo-3′-propyl-2′H-spiro[indoline-3,4′-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole]-5′-carbonitrile dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate (5b) and methyl 6′-amino-5-cyano-1-methyl-2-oxo-3′-propyl-2′H-spiro[indoline-3,4′-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole]-3′-carboxylate 0.25 hydrate (5c), respectively. Compounds (5a) and (5b) crystallize in the triclinic space group P\bar 1, whereas compound (5c) crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupC2/c. In molecules (5a) and (5b) all the rings are practically flat, while in (5c), the heterocyclic pyran ring adopts a flattened-boat conformation. In (5a) and (5b) the cyanide group is oriented in a (−ap)conformation, while the amino group is oriented in a (+ap)conformation with a pyran ring, but in (5c) both the cyanide and amino groups are oriented in a (−ap) conformation with the pyran ring. In the crystal structure of (5a) and (5b), the molecules are linked by an elaborate system of N—H...O and N—H...N hydrogen bonds to generate a zigzag-like construct. In (5c) molecules are linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds, thereby generating extended chains. The present communication focuses on the detailed and comparative information about spectral behaviors, single-crystal X-ray crystallographic properties and solid-state supramolecular architectures of these synthesized compounds of potential biological interests.

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Bédé, Lucie A., Mawa Koné, Guy R. M. Koné, Simplice C. S. Ouattara, Lamoussa Ouattara, and El Hadji S. Bamba. "Tautomeric Equilibrium Modeling: Stability and Reactivity of Benzothiazole and Derivatives." International Journal of Chemistry 11, no. 1 (April 29, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v11n1p84.

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Benzothiazoles are organic compounds with multiple biological activities. Due to their biological interests, these are synthesized on a large scale at the industrial level and used in various fields. Their release into waters causes environmental problems which leads to public health problems. Finding solution which can help for their degradation become necessary. That is the reason why a theoretical study of the reactivity of five benzothiazole derivatives has been initiated in order to understand some aspect of their biodegradation. The calculations were carried out in gaseous and aqueous phase with B3LYP functional associated with bases 6-311G(d) and 6-31+G(d). The results revealed that the thione tautomer of the MBT derivative is more stable than the thiol form. These results are in agreement with previous experimental work which showed that the thiones forms in MBT metal complexes are the most stable. Moreover, the study of the reactivity based on the computation of the global indices of reactivity reveals that the benzothiazoles BT, OBT and MBT are the most reactive. The most electrophilic is BT and the least electrophilic is MTBT. In addition, the thermodynamic parameters and the energy barriers predict a possibility of coexistence of tautomers ol and one of OBT derivative. Fukui dual descriptors have shown that the carbon C2 of BT is the most electrophilic. In substituted derivatives, it is the C6 carbon that is the most electrophilic. N3 nitrogen remains the most nucleophilic site in all the studied molecules.

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Kowalski, Jennifer R., Geoffrey C. Hoops, and R. Jeremy Johnson. "Implementation of a Collaborative Series of Classroom-Based Undergraduate Research Experiences Spanning Chemical Biology, Biochemistry, and Neurobiology." CBE—Life Sciences Education 15, no. 4 (December 2016): ar55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1187/cbe.16-02-0089.

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Classroom undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) provide students access to the measurable benefits of undergraduate research experiences (UREs). Herein, we describe the implementation and assessment of a novel model for cohesive CUREs focused on central research themes involving faculty research collaboration across departments. Specifically, we implemented three collaborative CUREs spanning chemical biology, biochemistry, and neurobiology that incorporated faculty members’ research interests and revolved around the central theme of visualizing biological processes like Mycobacterium tuberculosis enzyme activity and neural signaling using fluorescent molecules. Each CURE laboratory involved multiple experimental phases and culminated in novel, open-ended, and reiterative student-driven research projects. Course assessments showed CURE participation increased students’ experimental design skills, attitudes and confidence about research, perceived understanding of the scientific process, and interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines. More than 75% of CURE students also engaged in independent scientific research projects, and faculty CURE contributors saw substantial increases in research productivity, including increased undergraduate student involvement and academic outputs. Our collaborative CUREs demonstrate the advantages of multicourse CUREs for achieving increased faculty research productivity and traditional CURE-associated student learning and attitude gains. Our collaborative CURE design represents a novel CURE model for ongoing laboratory reform that benefits both faculty and students.

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Sasikumar, B. "Genetic resources ofCurcuma: diversity, characterization and utilization." Plant Genetic Resources 3, no. 2 (August 2005): 230–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pgr200574.

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The genusCurcuma(familyZingiberaceae) comprising over 80 species of rhizomatous herbs, is endowed with widespread adaptation from sea level to altitude as high as 2000 m in the Western Ghats and Himalayas. Having originated in the Indo-Malayan region, the genus is widely distributed in the tropics of Asia to Africa and Australia.Curcumaspecies exhibit inter- and intra-specific variation for the biologically active principles coupled with morphological variation with respect to the above-ground vegetative and floral characters as well as the below-ground rhizome features besides for curcumin, oleoresin and essential oil.Curcumais gaining importance world over as a potential source of new drug(s) to combat a variety of ailments as the species contain molecules credited with anti-inflammatory, hypocholestraemic, choleratic, antimicrobial, insect repellent, antirheumatic, antifibrotic, antivenomous, antiviral, antidiabetic, antihepatotoxic as well as anticancerous properties. Turmeric oil is also used in aromatherapy and in the perfume industry. Though the traditional Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine and Chinese medicine long ago recognized the medicinal property of turmeric in its crude form, the last few decades have witnessed extensive research interests in the biological activity and pharmacological actions ofCurcuma, especially the cultivated species. Turmeric powder obtained from rhizomes ofCurcuma longaor related species is extensively used as a spice, food preservative and colouring material, in religious applications as well as a household remedy for bilary and hepatic disorders, anorexia, diabetic wounds, rheumatism and sinusitis in India, China and South-East Asia and in folk medicine. Cucuminoids, the biologically active principles fromCurcuma, promise a potential role in the control of rheumatism, carcinogenesis and oxidative stress-related pathogenesis.Curcuma longaL. syn.Curcuma domesticaVal., common turmeric, is the most economically valuable member of the genus having over 150,000 hectares under its cultivation in India. In addition toCurcuma longa, the other economically important species of the genus areC. aromatica, used in medicine and toiletry articles,C. kwangsiensis,C. ochrorhiza,C. pierreana,C. zedoaria,C. caesiaetc. used in folk medicines of the South-East Asian nations;C. alismatifolia,C. roscoeanaetc. with floricultural importance;Curcuma amadaused as medicine, and in a variety of culinary preparations, pickles and salads, andC. zedoaria,C. malabarica,C. pseudomontana,C. montana,C. decipiens,C. angustifolia,C. rubescens,C. haritha,C. caulinaetc. all used in arrowroot manufacturing. Crop improvement work has been attempted mainly inC. longaand to a little extent inC. amada. At present there are about 20 improved varieties ofC. longain India and one inC. amada, evolved through germplasm/clonal selection, mutation breeding or open-pollinated progeny (true turmeric seedlings) selection. Though work on morphological characterization ofCurcumaspecies has been attempted, its molecular characterization is in a nascent stage except for some genetic fidelity studies of micropropagated plants and isozyme-based characterization. The genus has also been examined from the biochemical profiling and anatomical characterization angle. This article is intended to provide an overview of biological diversity in the genusCurcumafrom a utilitarian and bio-prospection viewpoint.

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Faurskov Nielsen, O., K. L. Jacobsen, P. Westh, T. Radovic, B. Due Larsen, and D. H. Christensen. "Fast dynamics in molecules of biological interest." Journal of Molecular Structure 598, no. 1 (October 2001): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2860(01)00799-2.

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Joram, Anju, Rashmi Sharma, and Arun Kumar Sharma. "Spectroscopic Characterization and Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis of Bioactive Copper 2-Amino 6-Methyl Benzothiazole Complexes Derived from Various Oils." Current Physical Chemistry 9, no. 1 (June 3, 2019): 58–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1877946809666190320144208.

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Background:Surfactants most characteristic phenomenon of micellization in the bulk phase, as well as their ability to be accumulated at an interface are of immense theoretical, applied and biological interests as indicated by large number of publication of papers and reviews in last three decades. Particulars information about Copper (II) soaps derived from natural oils, play a vital role in its selection in specific phenomena such as foaming, wetting, detergency, emulsification etc. and also in their use as herbicides, fungicides, pesticides and insecticides etc. The tendency of Copper soaps have complex formation with compounds containing donor atoms like N, S, O, Br, etc. as benzothiazole and other related compounds play significant role in biological activities due to the presence of nitrogen and sulphur atoms, which are responsible for their pharmacological activities.Objective:The copper surfactants derived from various edible (Groundnut and Sesame oils) and non-edible oils (Neem and Karanj oils) and their complexes with nitrogen and sulphur containing ligands such as 2-amino-6-methyl-benzothiazole have been synthesized and studied for their structural aspects, which were confirmed using various techniques like IR, NMR and ESR spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis of complexes which is derived from already synthesized copper (II) soaps with 2-amino-6-methyl benzothiazole was done to confirm the thermal decomposition.Methods:Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) has been used to study the thermal decomposition of copper surfactants complexes to evaluate their energy of activation and various thermodynamic parameters i.e. Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, entropy have been calculated. Copper surfactants and their benzothiazole complexes were studied to test the validity of various equations namely Freeman Carroll, Coats - Redfern, Horowitz - Metzger, Broido, and Piloyan-Novikova related to thermal degradation.Results:The degradation occurs in three steps and the value of activation energy is highest for third step and smallest for the first steps. CNB and CKB need higher energy to degrade than CGB and CSB. The all copper surfactants molecules have negative entropy, which indicates that the decomposition reactions proceed with a lower rate.Conclusion:Thermogravimetric degradation analysis will also provide significant information about the removal of the natural soap segment from the environment. The studies will be very important for pollution controlling and in the field of Green Chemistry.

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Lisetska, I. S., and M. M. Rozhko. "Determination of endogenous intoxication in teenagers and young adults who smoke." UKRAINIAN JOURNAL OF PERINATOLOGY AND PEDIATRICS, no. 2(90) (June 30, 2022): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/pp.2022.90.39.

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The harmful habit of smoking is an urgent and important socio-medical problem that has become an epidemic, including in Ukraine. It is a matter of concern that more than 500,000 young people join this bad habit every year. Today, smoking is a modified risk factor for the formation and progression of many diseases, including dental pathology among different age groups, especially among teenagers and young adults. The oral cavity is the first barrier to tobacco smoke with toxins and carcinogens that are part of it. It is known that the pathogenesis of many diseases is accompanied by a nonspecific generalized response of the organism in the form of endogenous intoxication (EI) syndrome, the severity of which may be a criterion for the severity of the pathological process and affect its course. Medium-weight molecules (MWM) are a common marker of EI in biological fluids among metabolites that can be used to assess the severity of disease. The universally accepted marker of EI in biological liquids among metabolites, which gives a possibility to assess the severity of the disease, is medium-weight molecules (MWM) - a class, which combines chemically differently structured components with a mass between 500 and 5000 Da and pronounced biologic activity. Purpose - to determine the degree of EI in the oral fluid by the level of MWM in teenagers and young adults who smoke. Materials and methods. It is studied the dental status of 114 teenagers and young adults aged 15 to 24 years, which was divided into groups: group I included 26 people who regularly smoke traditional cigarettes; group II - 22 people who regularly smoke electronic cigarettes (Vapes); group III - 23 people who regularly smoke tobacco heating devices (IQOS); group IV - 43 people without a bad habit of smoking. The degree of EI was determined by the rate of MWM in oral fluid by the express method according to a modified method Gabrielyan NI et al., 1984. Results. The analyze of the rate in the oral fluid of peptide residues (MWM254) in persons of the group I was exhibited 1.4 times more than in persons of the group IV (p<0.001). There was a similar tendency in the other groups - the group I and the group II had 1.3 times more MWM254 (p<0.05) and 1.2 times more (p<0.001). There was also a difference in the nucleotide fillings (MWM280) in oral fluid of the study groups. Thus, in persons of the group I it was found MWM280 1.6 times more than in persons of the group IV (p<0.001) and 1.3 times more (p<0.05) in persons of the groups II and III respectively. The increase of nucleotide-peptide index was determined depending on the presence and type of malodorous behavior in the study participants. Conclusions. The obtained results indicate the development of EI in teenagers and young adults who smoke, as indicated by the increase in the level of MWM in the oral fluid in the subjects, a marker of endotoxicosis. It was found that the degree of endogenous intoxication depends on the type of smoking, as well as the degree of development of the pathological process. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the participating institution. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors. Keywords: teenagers and young adults, endogenous intoxication, medium weight molecules, smoking.

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Parveen, Mehtab, Afroz Aslam, Shahab A. A. Nami, and Musheer Ahmad. "Z-Acrylonitrile Derivatives: Improved Synthesis, X-ray Structure, and Interaction with Human Serum Albumin." Current Organic Synthesis 16, no. 8 (January 20, 2020): 1149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179416666191008085806.

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Aim and Objective: In the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds, acrylonitrile derivatives are the most important and appropriate precursors. These compounds are the most important intermediates and subunits for the enhancement of molecules having pharmaceutical or biological interests. Nitrogen-containing compounds have received extensive consideration in the literature over the years. Materials and Methods: A facile, economic and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of acrylonitrile derivatives using p-nitrophenylacetonitrile and aromatic/heterocyclic aldehydes in the presence of zinc chloride at room temperature. Spectroscopic data were obtained using the following instruments: Fourier transform infrared spectra (KBr discs, 4000-400 cm-1) by Shimadzu IR-408 Perkin-Elmer 1800 instrument; 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra by Bruker Avance-II 400 MHz using DMSO-d6 as a solvent containing TMS as the internal standard. Results: To continue our ongoing studies to synthesize heterocyclic and pharmaceutical compounds by mild, facile and efficient protocols, herein we wish to report our experimental results on the synthesis of acrylonitrile derivatives, using various aromatic/heterocyclic aldehydes and p-nitrophenylacetonitrile in the presence of zinc chloride in ethanolic media at room temperature. Some of the new compounds were tested for their human serum albumin activity (HSA) while a study of interaction with HSA protein was performed for compounds 3a and 3b. The results show that compound 3b binds tightly to HSA as compared to compound 3a. Conclusion: It can be concluded that acrylonitrile derivatives can be synthesized by an efficient method via the reaction of p-nitrophenylacetonitrile with aromatic/heterocyclic aldehydes by the use of zinc chloride as an effective solid catalyst. The remarkable features of this procedure include excellent yields (90-95%), short reaction period (30 min.), moderate reaction environment, easy workup procedure and managing of the catalyst. This method may find a wide significance in organic synthesis for the synthesis of the Z-acrylonitrile.

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Marinković, B. P., A. R. Milosavljević, J. B. Maljković, D. Šević, B. A. Petruševski, D. Pavlović, D. M. Filipović, M. Terzić, and V. Pejčev. "Optical and Electron Spectrometry of Molecules of Biological Interest." Acta Physica Polonica A 112, no. 5 (November 2007): 1145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.112.1145.

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23

Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, A., R. Santiago-García, S. García-Granda, J. Barluenga, M. Tomás, and K. Bieger. "Dihydrodiazaphosphinines in the synthesis of molecules of biological interest." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 52, a1 (August 8, 1996): C455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767396081329.

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24

Winnewisser, Gisbert. "Interstellar Molecules of Prebiotic Interest." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 161 (January 1997): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100014573.

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AbstractThe field of interstellar molecules is reviewed with special consideration of molecules which are of potential biological interest. At present more than 110 interstellar molecules have been identified in interstellar clouds and circumstellar envelopes. The more complex molecules are found in the dense cores which are often the sites of active star formation. These locations represent prime targets for the search of larger molecules such as glycine and possibly other amino acids. However, in the list of detected interstellar molecules still many simple hydrides are missing, e.g. SH, PH, PH2, etc., which constitute the building blocks for larger molecules and biomolecules. With the technological opening of the terahertz region to both laboratory and interstellar spectroscopy, great scientific advances are to expected such as the direct detection of the low energy bending vibrations of larger (linear) molecules or the ring-puckering motion of larger ring molecules like the polycyclic (multiring) aromatic hydrocarbons, which might shed new light on the assignment of the «unidentified infrared» features or even on the diffuse visible interstellar bands (DIBs).

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25

Edgecombe, Kenneth E., Donald F. Weaver, and Vedene H. Smith Jr. "Electronic structure analysis of compounds of interest in drug design: mono- and dicarboxylated pyridines." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 72, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): 1388–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v94-174.

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The search for efficacious drug molecules involves, amongst other considerations, identifying compounds that will have activity in the receptor microenvironment through some highly specific microscopic pathway that is governed by molecular interactions. Widespread in the search for compounds with biological activity is the use of quantum pharmacologic structure–activity calculations. In this study, we identify the topological features of ab initio charge densities for a series of carboxylated pyridines. As well, results from conformational and geometric analysis obtained with semi-empirical AM1 and ab initio level geometries are compared. Carboxylated pyridines such as quinolinic and dipicolinic acids, both known to be neuroactive compounds, are logical candidates for a systematic study investigating the suitability of relating topological properties calculated in this manner to biological activity. Future reports will detail the correlation of these properties to biological activity.

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26

Flores-Parra, Angelina, and Rosalinda Contreras. "Boron coordination compounds derived from organic molecules of biological interest." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 196, no. 1 (January 2000): 85–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-8545(99)00053-3.

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27

Quinto, M. A., P. R. Montenegro, J. M. Monti, O. A. Fojón, and R. D. Rivarola. "Electron capture by swift ions from molecules of biological interest." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 51, no. 16 (July 19, 2018): 165201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6455/aad152.

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28

Villani, P., S. Orlando, A. Santagata, A. De Bonis, S. Veronesi, and A. Giardini. "Nanosecond and femtosecond laser spectroscopy of molecules of biological interest." Applied Surface Science 253, no. 19 (July 2007): 7783–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.02.089.

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29

Prince, K. C., P. Bolognesi, V. Feyer, O. Plekan, and L. Avaldi. "Study of complex molecules of biological interest with synchrotron radiation." Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 204 (October 2015): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2015.08.010.

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30

Luger, P., A. Bach, B. Dittrich, M. Messerschmidt, and A. Wagner. "Charge density and topological properties of larger molecules of biological interest." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 58, s1 (August 6, 2002): c351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767302099026.

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31

Hegedus, L. S. "Chromium carbene complexes in the synthesis of molecules of biological interest." Pure and Applied Chemistry 62, no. 4 (January 1, 1990): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199062040691.

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32

Botek, Edith, Claudia Giribet, Martín Ruiz de Azúa, Ricardo Martín Negri, and Delia Bernik. "Evaluation of the Molecular Polarizability Using the IPPP−CLOPPA−INDO/S Method. Application to Molecules of Biological Interest." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 112, no. 30 (July 2008): 6992–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp711620m.

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33

Scuderi, D., A. Paladini, M. Satta, D. Catone, F. Rondino, A. Filippi, S. Piccirillo, M. Speranza, and A. Giardini Guidoni. "Solvent free interactions in contact pairs of molecules of biological interest: Laser spectroscopic and electrospray mass spectrometric studies." International Journal of Photoenergy 6, no. 1 (2004): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1110662x04000030.

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A laser spectroscopic and mass spectrometric study of ionic and molecular clusters of biological interest is reported. The molecules of interest and their aggregates were generated in a supersonic beam and analyzed by mass resolved resonant two photon absorption and ionization (R2PI) and by collision induced mass spectrometry (CID-MS). The absence of the solvent allows to study these systems in the isolated state free of undesired solvent effects which may level off the differences in their properties. The gas phase results have been compared to theoretical estimates of the structure and stability of the systems under investigation.

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34

Arsenou, E., M. Fousteris, A. Koutsourea, and S. Nikolaropoulos. "7-Keto-Δ5-Steroids: Key-Molecules Owning Particular Biological and Chemical Interest." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 3, no. 6 (September 1, 2003): 557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557033487953.

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35

Holstein, J. J., P. Luger, C. Paulmann, and B. Dittrich. "Validation of charge-density refinements and application to molecules of biological interest." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 64, a1 (August 23, 2008): C380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767308087862.

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36

Śmiałek, M. A., K. Tanzer, M. Neustetter, S. Huber, R. Schürmann, I. Bald, and S. Denifl. "Electron ionization and low energy electron attachment to molecules of biological interest." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 635, no. 7 (September 7, 2015): 072025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/635/7/072025.

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37

Flores-Parra, Angelina, and Rosalinda Contreras. "ChemInform Abstract: Boron Coordination Compounds Derived from Organic Molecules of Biological Interest." ChemInform 31, no. 13 (June 9, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200013258.

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38

Santo, Marisa, and Marye Anne Fox. "Hydrogen bonding interactions between Starburst dendrimers and several molecules of biological interest." Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 12, no. 4 (April 1999): 293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1395(199904)12:4<293::aid-poc88>3.0.co;2-q.

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39

Bruni, Renato, Davide Barreca, Michele Protti, Virginia Brighenti, Laura Righetti, Lisa Anceschi, Laura Mercolini, Stefania Benvenuti, Giuseppe Gattuso, and Federica Pellati. "Botanical Sources, Chemistry, Analysis, and Biological Activity of Furanocoumarins of Pharmaceutical Interest." Molecules 24, no. 11 (June 8, 2019): 2163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24112163.

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The aim of this work is to provide a critical review of plant furanocoumarins from different points of view, including their chemistry and biosynthetic pathways to their extraction, analysis, and synthesis, to the main biological activities found for these active compounds, in order to highlight their potential within pharmaceutical science. The limits and the possible improvements needed for research involving these molecules are also highlighted and discussed.

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40

Nahon-Esteve, Sacha, Arnaud Martel, Célia Maschi, Jean-Pierre Caujolle, Stéphanie Baillif, Sandra Lassalle, and Paul Hofman. "The Molecular Pathology of Eye Tumors: A 2019 Update Main Interests for Routine Clinical Practice." Current Molecular Medicine 19, no. 9 (October 11, 2019): 632–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1566524019666190726161044.

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Over the last few years, we have seen constant development of molecular pathology for the care of patients with cancer. The information obtained from molecular data has transformed our thinking about the biological diversity of cancers, particularly in the field of ophthalmic oncology. It has reoriented the way in which therapeutic decisions and decisions concerning patient surveillance are made, both in the area of pediatric cancers, including rhabdomyosarcoma and retinoblastoma, and adult cancers, such as uveal melanoma and lymphomas. A better definition of the molecular classification of these cancers and of the different biological pathways involved is essential to the understanding of both the pathologist and the onco-ophthalmologist. Molecular tests based on targeted or expanded analysis of gene panels are now available. These tests can be performed with tumor tissue or biofluids (especially blood) to predict the prognosis of tumors and, above all, the benefit of targeted therapies, immunotherapy or even chemotherapy. Looking for the BAP1 mutation in uveal melanoma is essential because of the associated metastatic risk. When treating retinoblastoma, it is mandatory to assess the heritable status of RB1. Conjunctival melanoma requires investigation into the BRAF mutation in the case of a locally advanced tumor. The understanding of genomic alterations, the results of molecular tests and/or other biological tests predictive of a therapeutic response, but also of the limits of these tests with respect to the available biological resources, represents a major challenge for optimal patient management in ophthalmic oncology. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge concerning the different molecular alterations and therapeutic targets of interest in ophthalmic oncology.

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41

Bolognesi, P., M. C. Castrovilli, P. O’Keeffe, A. R. Casavola, D. Catone, S. Turchini, and L. Avaldi. "Photofragmentation of organic molecules of biological interest: The pyrimidine and 2Br–pyrimidine cases." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 279 (May 2012): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2011.10.063.

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42

Diaz, C., and A. Pesce. "S-H bond cleavage in molecules of biological interest with CpFe(dppe)I." Applied Organometallic Chemistry 14, no. 10 (2000): 557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-0739(200010)14:10<557::aid-aoc38>3.0.co;2-f.

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43

Simons, John P. "Getting into shape? The interaction of molecules of biological interest with molecules of water: from simplicity to complexity." Comptes Rendus Chimie 6, no. 1 (January 2003): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1631-0748(03)00008-0.

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44

Burgos-Solórzano, G. I., J. F. Brennecke, and M. A. Stadtherr. "Solubility measurements and modeling of molecules of biological and pharmaceutical interest with supercritical CO2." Fluid Phase Equilibria 220, no. 1 (June 2004): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2004.01.036.

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45

Weinkauf, Rainer, Charles Desfrançois, and John Simons. "Molecules of Biological Interest in the Gas Phase EuroConference on Fundamental Studies and Applications." Molecular Physics 100, no. 12 (June 20, 2002): 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268970210149308.

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46

Weinkauf, Rainer, Charles DesfranGois, and John Simons. "Molecules of Biological Interest in the Gas Phase EuroConference on Fundamental Studies and Applications." Molecular Physics 100, no. 10 (May 20, 2002): 1645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268970210149308a.

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47

Ortega, Paula, Rafael Gómez, and F. Javier de la Mata. "Thiol ended carbosilane dendrimers. A multivalent platform for the binding of molecules of biological interest." Tetrahedron Letters 56, no. 38 (September 2015): 5299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.07.085.

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48

Remijan, A., Y. ‐S Shiao, D. N. Friedel, D. S. Meier, and L. E. Snyder. "A Survey of Large Molecules of Biological Interest toward Selected High‐Mass Star‐forming Regions." Astrophysical Journal 617, no. 1 (December 10, 2004): 384–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/425266.

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49

Goel, R. K., and Km C. Gupta. "Electronic and vibrational spectra of N-heterocyclic molecules of biological interest and effect of solvents." Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 16, no. 1 (February 1985): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250160102.

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50

Knighten, Jennifer M., Takreem Aziz, Donald J. Pleshinger, Naga Annamdevula, Thomas C. Rich, Mark S. Taylor, Joel F. Andrews, Christian T. Macarilla, and C. Michael Francis. "Algorithm for biological second messenger analysis with dynamic regions of interest." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (May 11, 2023): e0284394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284394.

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Physiological function is regulated through cellular communication that is facilitated by multiple signaling molecules such as second messengers. Analysis of signal dynamics obtained from cell and tissue imaging is difficult because of intricate spatially and temporally distinct signals. Signal analysis tools based on static region of interest analysis may under- or overestimate signals in relation to region of interest size and location. Therefore, we developed an algorithm for biological signal detection and analysis based on dynamic regions of interest, where time-dependent polygonal regions of interest are automatically assigned to the changing perimeter of detected and segmented signals. This approach allows signal profiles to be rigorously and precisely tracked over time, eliminating the signal distortion observed with static methods. Integration of our approach with state-of-the-art image processing and particle tracking pipelines enabled the isolation of dynamic cellular signaling events and characterization of biological signaling patterns with distinct combinations of parameters including amplitude, duration, and spatial spread. Our algorithm was validated using synthetically generated datasets and compared with other available methods. Application of the algorithm to volumetric time-lapse hyperspectral images of cyclic adenosine monophosphate measurements in rat microvascular endothelial cells revealed distinct signal heterogeneity with respect to cell depth, confirming the utility of our approach for analysis of 5-dimensional data. In human tibial arteries, our approach allowed the identification of distinct calcium signal patterns associated with atherosclerosis. Our algorithm for automated detection and analysis of second messenger signals enables the decoding of signaling patterns in diverse tissues and identification of pathologic cellular responses.

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