Relevant bibliographies by topics / Molecule cd1

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Academic literature on the topic 'Molecule cd1'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 20 April 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Molecule cd1"

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Huang, Shouxiong, Tan-Yun Cheng, John Altman, and D. Branch Moody. "Comparative lipidomics reveals a global sampling of major cellular membrane lipids by human CD1 proteins (P5006)." Journal of Immunology 190, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2013): 41.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.41.4.

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Abstract Human CD1 proteins have differentially shaped grooves and present bacterial or self lipid antigens to T cells, but it is unknown whether the pool of endogenous lipids are differently sampled by each type of CD1 proteins. We used recently established lipidomic approach to analyze the molecules extracted from human CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, and CD1d proteins. In the study, we demonstrated that this highly sensitive and accurate lipidomic approach detected more than one thousand diverse molecules defined by accurate mass retention time values, which represented hundreds of lipid species associated with CD1 proteins. More than fifty percent of these molecules were shared by all four types of CD1 proteins and additional thirty percent shared by two or three CD1 isoforms. Further mass spectrometry analyses of collision-induced dissociation showed that the molecules eluted from all four types of CD1 proteins mainly are lipids from subcellular membranes, including phospholipids of conventional, ether-linked, and lyso forms and sphingolipids. Surprisingly, CD1 isoforms with bigger grooves preferred to lipids with shorter chains, which can be explained by small spacer or scaffold lipids that bind together with antigens. Whereas previous studies argued that one lipid molecule blocks CD1 grooves, analogous to MHC class II-associated CLIP peptide, we conclude that CD1 proteins broadly sample cellular lipids and two small lipids are able to be adapted into a big groove.
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Kasinrerk, W., T. Baumruker, O. Majdic, W. Knapp, and H. Stockinger. "CD1 molecule expression on human monocytes induced by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor." Journal of Immunology 150, no. 2 (January 15, 1993): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.150.2.579.

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Abstract In this paper we demonstrate that granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) specifically induces the expression of CD1 molecules, CD1a, CD1b and CD1c, upon human monocytes. CD1 molecules appeared upon monocytes on day 1 of stimulation with rGM-CSF, and expression was up-regulated until day 3. Monocytes cultured in the presence of LPS, FMLP, PMA, recombinant granulocyte-CSF, rIFN-gamma, rTNF-alpha, rIL-1 alpha, rIL-1 beta, and rIL-6 remained negative. The induction of CD1 molecules by rGM-CSF was restricted to monocytes, since no such effect was observed upon peripheral blood granulocytes, PBL, and the myeloid cell lines Monomac1, Monomac6, MV4/11, HL60, U937, THP1, KG1, and KG1A. CD1a mRNA was detectable in rGM-CSF-induced monocytes but not in those freshly isolated. SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting analyses of CD1a mAb VIT6 immunoprecipitate from lysate of rGM-CSF-activated monocytes revealed an appropriate CD1a polypeptide band of 49 kDa associated with beta 2-microglobulin. Expression of CD1 molecules on monocytes complements the distribution of these structures on accessory cells, and their specific induction by GM-CSF strengthens the suggestion that CD1 is a family of crucial structures required for interaction between accessory cells and T cells.
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Theodorou, I. D., L. Boumsell, C. F. Calvo, H. Gouy, H. M. Beral, and P. Debre. "CD1 stimulation of human T cell lines induces a rapid increase in the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration and the production of IL-2." Journal of Immunology 144, no. 7 (April 1, 1990): 2518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.144.7.2518.

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Abstract The effect of a battery of CD1 mAb on intracellular free Ca2+ concentration and IL-2 production has been examined on different T cell lines in this study. Both 0249F and NU-T2 two CD1b specific mAb tested, induced a rapid increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration on HPBALL T cells whereas only one (L161) among three different CD1c mAb (L161, 10C3, and M241) produced a similar effect. In contrast the addition of four different CD1a mAb directed against two different epitopic groups of this molecule were uneffective in modifying the intracellular Ca2+. Both L161 and 0249F also induced a comparable increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration on MOLT 4 and JURKAT, two other T cell lines of similar phenotype. The effect of L161 mAb on the IL-2 production of the IL-2 producing T cell line JURKAT was also examined. The association of the latter with PMA strongly induced the production of IL-2 on this cell model while either L161 or PMA alone had no effect. Although the natural ligand and the function of CD1 molecules are still unknown, the accumulation of these data strongly suggest that CD1b and CD1c might represent two activatory pathways for immature T cells operating before the classical CD2 and CD3 activation pathways.
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Li, Sha, Hak-Jong Choi, Sharmila Shanmuganad, and Chyung-Ru Wang. "Phenotypic and functional characterization of group 1 CD1-restricted autoreactive T cells in a transgenic mouse model expressing human group 1 CD1 and a CD1b-specific T cell receptor (36.31)." Journal of Immunology 184, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2010): 36.31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.36.31.

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Abstract Unlike other MHC molecules, the CD1 family presents self and foreign lipid antigens to multiple T cell subsets. In humans, this family consists of group 1 CD1 molecules CD1a, b and c and group 2 molecule CD1d. While CD1d-restricted NKT cells have been well-studied, our knowledge of the development and function of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells has been limited by the lack of a suitable animal model. We have generated double transgenic mice (hCD1Tg/HJ1Tg) that express the human group 1 CD1 proteins in a pattern similar to that observed in humans in addition to a TCR from a CD1b-restricted autoreactive T cell clone. Like NKT cells, the majority of HJ1Tg T cells that develop in hCD1Tg/HJ1Tg mice express NK markers and exhibit an activated phenotype. In addition, HJ1Tg T cells are highly enriched in the liver. The development of HJ1Tg T cells with the NKT cell phenotype is group 1 CD1-dependent, as NK1.1+ HJ1Tg T cells are absent in HJ1Tg mice that lack the human group 1 CD1 genes. Upon stimulation with group 1 CD1-expressing dendritic cells, HJ1Tg T cells primarily secrete proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-6 and MCP-1. These cytokine productions can be further enhanced in the presence of TLR agonists, a phenomenon also observed in autoreactive NKT cells. The similarities between the phenotype and functional properties of HJ1Tg T cells and NKT cells suggest that these two autoreactive T cell subsets may play similar immunological roles.
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Blumberg, R. S., C. Terhorst, P. Bleicher, F. V. McDermott, C. H. Allan, S. B. Landau, J. S. Trier, and S. P. Balk. "Expression of a nonpolymorphic MHC class I-like molecule, CD1D, by human intestinal epithelial cells." Journal of Immunology 147, no. 8 (October 15, 1991): 2518–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.147.8.2518.

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Abstract The human CD1 locus encodes three nonpolymorphic MHC class I-like cell surface glycoproteins, CD1a-c, which are expressed primarily by immature thymocytes. A mAb and antipeptide antiserum were utilized to determine the tissue distribution of a fourth CD1 molecule, CD1d. Within the lymphoid lineage, CD1d was expressed on B cells but not on thymocytes. Immunoperoxidase staining of fresh frozen intestinal tissues demonstrated that the majority of intestinal epithelial cells, with the exception of cells at the base of some crypts, expressed CD1d. The CD1d staining was observed in the cytoplasm and along the basolateral membranes of the epithelial cells. The intestinal epithelial cell expression of CD1d was confirmed by immunoblotting with a CD1d antipeptide antiserum. Further immunoperoxidase studies indicated that CD1d, unlike murine CD1, was also expressed by nonlymphoid tissues outside of the gastrointestinal tract. The expression of CD1d outside the lymphoid and myeloid lineages clearly distinguishes this molecule from CD1a-c and suggests that it may serve a distinct function. The prominent expression of CD1d by intestinal epithelial cells suggests that this molecule may be an important ligand for T lymphocytes within the gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
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Gansert, Jennifer L., Kayvon R. Niazi, Maria T. Ochoa, Peter A. Sieling, and Robert L. Modlin. "Endosomal Targeting Sequences from Non-Classical Antigen Presenting Molecules Can Direct Antigens into the MIIC and Other Antigen Processing Compartments." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.1357.1357.

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Abstract The ultimate goal of these studies is to enhance the development of MHC class II-restricted helper T cell responses that are required for effective and durable immunotherapy. In order to optimize the processing and presentation of MHC class II-restricted epitopes, we are using a differential targeting strategy that relies upon the unique endosomal targeting sequences from the individual isoforms of the CD1 family of non-classical antigen presenting molecules. Distinct endosomal compartments differ with respect to pH and resident proteases. MHC class II molecules can load antigen in each of the different endosomal compartments. This is in addition to the traditional antigen loading compartment, MIIC. Therefore, by forcing the expression of a tumor antigen across different endosomal compartments, we hope to maximize the number of successfully processed epitopes. To achieve this, we have developed a PCR-based strategy to link the leader, transmembrane, and endosomal targeting sequences from the four different human CD1 isoforms, CD1a-d, to DNA encoding for a surrogate antigen, green fluorescent protein (GFP). Using this strategy, we have demonstrated that fusion of individual CD1 tails to the sequence for GFP resulted in four distinct expression patterns in HELA cells transfected with these constructs. Using immunofluorescent staining and confocal laser microscopy, we determined the pattern of antigen expression in various endosomal compartments. GFP variably colocalized with recycling endosomes (ARF-6), early endosomes (CD71, transferrin receptor), late endosomes (CD63), and late endosomes/lysosmes/MIIC (CD107a, LAMP-1). Three of the four CD1 tails also resulted in co-expression of GFP with the MHC class II molecule, HLA-DR. The expression pattern for each CD1 tail is shown in Table 1. These experiments validate the feasibility of the CD1 targeting approach. Current studies are underway to apply this strategy to the leukemia antigen, WT1, using recently completed and sequenced WT1/CD1 fusion constructs. ARF-6 CD71 CD63 CD107a CD1a −/+ − − − CD1b −/+ − + ++ CD1c + −/+ + ++ CD1d + −/+ − + Table 1. Pattern of GFP/CD1 fusion expression in different endosomal compartments. Fusion of the endosomal targeting sequences from human CD1 molecules to the model antigen, GFP, results in different patterns of antigen expression within distinct endosomal compartments. The degree of colocalization between GFP and the indicated markers of endosomal compartments is represented as follows: (−), no colocalization; (−/+), infrequent colocalization; (+), frequent colocalization; (++), extensive colocalization.
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Guo, Tingxi, Edward M. Y. Koo, and Naoto Hirano. "A Subset of Human Autoreactive CD1c-Restricted T Cells Preferentially Express TRBV4-1+ TCRs and Recognize Phospholipids." Journal of Immunology 198, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2017): 52.6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.52.6.

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Abstract Unlike the highly polymorphic, peptide-presenting conventional MHC molecules, CD1 consists of a family of monomorphic, lipid-presenting proteins. Recent studies have revealed the molecular basis of mycobacterial lipid recognition by CD1a-c-restricted T cells. In addition to foreign lipids, subsets of CD1a-c-restricted T cells recognize self-lipids, which may have implications for human diseases such as autoimmunity and cancer. And yet, the molecular identity of these self-reactive T cells remains largely elusive. In this study, using a novel CD1c+ artificial antigen-presenting cell (aAPC)-based system, we have isolated human CD1c-restricted autoreactive T cells and characterized them at the molecular level. By employing the human cell line K562, deficient in MHC class I/II and CD1 expression, as a backbone, we generated an aAPC expressing CD1c as the sole antigen-presenting molecule with costimulatory molecules, CD80 and CD83. When stimulated with this CD1c+ aAPC endogenously presenting self-lipids, a subpopulation of primary human CD4+ T cells from multiple donors consistently upregulated CD154 (CD40L) in a CD1c-specific manner. These activated CD4+ T cells preferentially expressed TRBV4-1+ TCRs. Interestingly, TRAV usage and CDR3 sequences of these TRBV4-1+ T cells were diverse. Clonotypic analyses of the reconstituted TRBV4-1+ TCRs demonstrated that the heterogeneity of the CDR3 sequences greatly impacted the strength of CD1c-restricted autoreactivity. Furthermore, cell-free assays using recombinant CD1c loaded with distinct lipids identified several phospholipid species as potential self-ligands. These data provide new insights into the molecular identity of human autoreactive CD1c-restricted T cells.
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Amiot, M., A. Bernard, B. Raynal, W. Knapp, C. Deschildre, and L. Boumsell. "Heterogeneity of the first cluster of differentiation: characterization and epitopic mapping of three CD1 molecules on normal human thymus cells." Journal of Immunology 136, no. 5 (March 1, 1986): 1752–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.136.5.1752.

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Abstract In humans, the presence of two non-HLA class 1-like molecules, whose expression, similar to murine Tla, is restricted to cortical thymocytes, has been shown with monoclonal antibodies defining the first cluster of differentiation (CD1). We report here with the use of 12 anti-CD1 antibodies and a combination of technical approaches, the characterization of a third CD1 molecule. We show that we can presently define seven different epitopes on the three CD1 molecules: four epitopes are restricted to the 49,000 dalton molecule, two epitopes to the 45,000 dalton molecule, and one epitope to the 43,000 dalton molecule. We show that the association of the newly identified 45,000 dalton heavy chain with human beta2-microglobulin is weak. In addition we show the presence of a fourth non-HLA class I molecular species on the surface of normal human thymus cells.
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Delia, D., G. Cattoretti, N. Polli, E. Fontanella, A. Aiello, R. Giardini, F. Rilke, and G. Della Porta. "CD1c but neither CD1a nor CD1b molecules are expressed on normal, activated, and malignant human B cells: identification of a new B-cell subset." Blood 72, no. 1 (July 1, 1988): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v72.1.241.241.

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Abstract The CD1 cluster of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c, identifies molecules that are differentially expressed on hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic tissues. Our earlier finding that the mantle zone (MZ) but not the germinal center (GC) of normal lymph nodes (LN) is CD1c+, CD1a-, and CD1b- prompted us to further investigate the expression of these molecules on normal, activated, and malignant B cells. We report that blood and spleen contain CD1c+ B cells that account for 49% +/- 20.4% (mean +/- SD) and 50.9% +/- 4.4% of the total B cell population, respectively. CD1a- and CD1b-specific MoAbs are unreactive with both B and T cells; these latter are CD1c- as well. When CD1c+ and CD1c- B cells are activated in vitro, the CD1c molecule is upregulated in the former subset and induced de novo in the latter. Conversely, activated blood T cells remain CD1c-. Neither CD1a nor CD1b molecules are detected on activated T and B lymphocytes. At ultrastructural level, the CD1c+ B cells exhibit distinctive features, namely, condensed chromatin with or without a nucleolus and a unique cluster of cytoplasmic vesicles and organelles; the number of nucleolated cells is higher in the spleen (95%) than in the tonsil (40%) or blood (5%). These findings further confirm the similarity between blood and MZ B cells. The CD1c expression assessed on 27 B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias (B-CLL) and 46 B non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (B-NHL) was detected on 41% and 32% of cases, respectively; the latter comprised four follicular and 11 diffuse histotypes. The Burkitt's lymphomas were CD1c-negative. The B-cell neoplasms were all CD1a- and, except for four with a weak cytoplasmic staining, all CD1b- as well. The clear-cut CD1c distribution in normal LN (MZ+, GC-) contrasted with the evidence that some B-NHL cells of GC origin (eg, follicular with predominantly small cleaved cells) were CD1c+. Overall, the finding that CD1c expression is restricted to a fraction of B cells present in lymphoid organs and in peripheral blood indicates that CD1c is a powerful marker for the identification and dissection of B-cell subsets whose functional properties can now be evaluated.
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Delia, D., G. Cattoretti, N. Polli, E. Fontanella, A. Aiello, R. Giardini, F. Rilke, and G. Della Porta. "CD1c but neither CD1a nor CD1b molecules are expressed on normal, activated, and malignant human B cells: identification of a new B-cell subset." Blood 72, no. 1 (July 1, 1988): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v72.1.241.bloodjournal721241.

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The CD1 cluster of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c, identifies molecules that are differentially expressed on hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic tissues. Our earlier finding that the mantle zone (MZ) but not the germinal center (GC) of normal lymph nodes (LN) is CD1c+, CD1a-, and CD1b- prompted us to further investigate the expression of these molecules on normal, activated, and malignant B cells. We report that blood and spleen contain CD1c+ B cells that account for 49% +/- 20.4% (mean +/- SD) and 50.9% +/- 4.4% of the total B cell population, respectively. CD1a- and CD1b-specific MoAbs are unreactive with both B and T cells; these latter are CD1c- as well. When CD1c+ and CD1c- B cells are activated in vitro, the CD1c molecule is upregulated in the former subset and induced de novo in the latter. Conversely, activated blood T cells remain CD1c-. Neither CD1a nor CD1b molecules are detected on activated T and B lymphocytes. At ultrastructural level, the CD1c+ B cells exhibit distinctive features, namely, condensed chromatin with or without a nucleolus and a unique cluster of cytoplasmic vesicles and organelles; the number of nucleolated cells is higher in the spleen (95%) than in the tonsil (40%) or blood (5%). These findings further confirm the similarity between blood and MZ B cells. The CD1c expression assessed on 27 B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias (B-CLL) and 46 B non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (B-NHL) was detected on 41% and 32% of cases, respectively; the latter comprised four follicular and 11 diffuse histotypes. The Burkitt's lymphomas were CD1c-negative. The B-cell neoplasms were all CD1a- and, except for four with a weak cytoplasmic staining, all CD1b- as well. The clear-cut CD1c distribution in normal LN (MZ+, GC-) contrasted with the evidence that some B-NHL cells of GC origin (eg, follicular with predominantly small cleaved cells) were CD1c+. Overall, the finding that CD1c expression is restricted to a fraction of B cells present in lymphoid organs and in peripheral blood indicates that CD1c is a powerful marker for the identification and dissection of B-cell subsets whose functional properties can now be evaluated.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Molecule cd1"

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Muindi, K. M. "Cellular lipids and immunity : characterisation of glycolipids binding the antigen presenting molecule CD1." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670089.

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Behr-Gross, Esposito-Farese Marie-Emmanuelle. "Etude de la fonction de trois marqueurs des cellules de Langerhans épidermiqueS : le granule de Birbeck, les molécules CD1 et les récepteurs pour la partie Fc des immunoglobulines G." Strasbourg 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STR15067.

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DiSanto, James Philip. "Molecular events in human T cell activation : CD4, CD8 and the human Lyt-3 molecules /." Access full-text from WCMC, 1989. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=745024391&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=8424&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Beyers, Albertus Daniel. "Transmembrane signalling by the CD2 and CD4 molecules of T lymphocytes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.291324.

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Ferguson, Elaine D. "Molecular characterisation of ovine CD1." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28006.

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The CD1 molecules are a family of β2-microglobulin-associated glycoproteins with strong structural homology, but weaker sequence homology, to the MHC class I antigens. In contrast to the classical class I antigens, CD1 molecules exhibit restricted tissue expression (cortical thymocytes, dendritic cells, a subset of B cells and some intestinal epithelial cells), and are nonpolymorphic. Five CD1 genes have been identified in humans , two in the mouse and several in other mammalian species (Calabi et al, 1991). CD1 expression has also been detected by immunohistological techniques in the cow, sheep and pig. The MHC class I-like structure of CD1 and the expression on classical antigen presenting cells of the immune system has pointed to a role for CD1 in antigen presentation. Indeed, evidence has been accumulating over the past few years to support this view, with several reports suggesting that CD4-8- T cells in particular may be able to recognise nonclassical presentational elements including MHC class Ib molecules such as TLa and Qa, as well as CD1. Most recently, CD1b molecules on human monocytes have been demonstrated to restrict the response of CD4-8- T cells to antigens derived from M.tuberculosis (Porcelli et al, 1992). Previous studies on the ovine CD1 family have involved the use of monoclonal antibodies to assess tissue expression and distribution, and biochemical analyses of the ovine CD1 antigens. However, no studies have been carried out to investigate ovine CD1 at the molecular level. Therefore, a human CD1C α3 probe was used to screen several sheep thymocyte cDNA libraries. The HCD1B-like cone SCD1A25 was isolated from a foetal thymocyte library. A homologous probe comprising the α3/TM/CYT domains from this clone was derived by PCR amplification and used to identify a further three ovine clones-SCD1B-42, SCD1B-52 and SCD1T10.
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Breuning, Johannes. "Molecular mechanisms of immune regulation by the receptors CD5 and CD6." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d5ac44af-e452-4561-854d-53901a78da93.

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T cells are adaptive immune cells that are essential for initiating and regulating immune responses. T cell activation is triggered by stimulation of the T cell receptor. However, sustained T cell activation requires the function of a variety of coreceptors, among them CD5 and CD6. Both receptors have been shown to have activating and inhibitory functions and modulation of CD6 function is dependent on engagement by its ligand CD166. Costimulatory signalling by CD6 involves a phosphorylation-dependent interaction between the C-terminal Y662 residue and the adaptor protein SLP-76. However, the CD6 cytoplasmic region is one of the longest in the immune system and contains phosphorylated residues which suggests that additional signalling molecules can be recruited. I identified an interaction of CD5 and CD6 with the cytoskeleton via ezrin, radixin and moesin. This interaction has an activating function on Jurkat cell activation and may play a role in receptor localisation. I also identified the adapter protein GADS as a binding partner of the CD6 Y629 residue and found evidence for bivalent binding of the GADS/SLP-76 complex to the CD6 C terminus. Costimulation by CD6 is dependent on the recruitment of this complex and mutant CD6 that cannot recruit it does not provide costimulation and may even be inhibitory in the absence of its ligand. These results suggest a model in which costimulation by CD6 depends on cooperative binding of the GADS/SLP-76 complex to two C-terminal phosphotyrosine residues in the CD6 cytoplasmic region. Binding of this complex to CD6 may enhance long-term signalling by keeping GADS/SLP-76 at the membrane or it may provide an alternative signalling pathway that enhances TCR signalling.
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Strange, Victoria Simone. "Presentation of glycolipid antigens by CD1 molecules." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497454.

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Rhind, Susan M. "Molecular analysis of ovine CD1 expression." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30680.

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The aim of the work carried out in this thesis was to further investigate the ovine CD1 family and clarify the existing information at the cellular and molecular level. Initial studies utilised existing anti-CD1 mAbs to clarify the pattern of tissue expression of ovine CD1. Two distinct clusters of mAbs were shown to exist - the majority recognise a molecule with tissue distribution similar to CD1b whilst three mAbs, SBU-T6, CC43 and CC118 demonstrate staining of tissue macrophages, the majority of B cells and monoctyes in addition to thymocytes and dendritic cells. NH2-terminal sequencing was subsequently used to establish the antigens recognised by the mAbs SBU-T6 and CC14. This technique demonstrated that the CC14 antigen was consistent with the predicted sequence of the SCD1B42 cDNA clone whereas the SBU-T6 antigen had closest homology to the predicted amino-acid sequence of the human CD1E gene. This is particularly noteworthy as no protein product of the CD1E gene has yet been described in any species. Subsequent work attempted to isolate the gene encoding the molecule recognised by SBU-T6 using a transient expression system in which COS cells were transfected with a lymph node cDNA library contained within the vector pcDNA3. This was unsuccessful, however a sheep CD1D-like sequence was isolated from this library utilising primers based on the NH2-terminal sequence of the SBU-T6 antigen. Expression of the SCD1D gene was investigated using in situ hybridization and RT-PCR. SCD1D transcripts were demonstrated in thymus, liver, intestine, lymph node and PBLs. A further experiment investigated the expression of the SCD1B52 gene (which contains a precise deletion of exon 4). These studies have extended the knowledge of the ovine CD1 family and establish it as one of the most complex described to date. This work has demonstrated that sheep clearly express multiple CD1 isotypes as in man and rabbits in addition to the multiple CD1B-like genes reported previously.
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Huang, Bei. "Molecular interaction of the CD4 and MHC class II molecules, mapping the contact sites on CD4." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ29961.pdf.

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Huang, Bei. "Molecular interaction of the CD4 and MHC class II molecules : mapping the contact sites on CD4." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=42056.

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T cells expressing CD4 recognize antigens presented by class II following the contact of CD4 with non-polymorphic regions of class II. CD4 enhances T cell activation by acting as an adhesion molecule (co-ligand function), or by bringing the CD4 associated p56$ sp{lck}$ to the vicinity of the TCR (co-receptor function).
To dissect the molecular interactions which lead to CD4 function(s), wild-type (WT) and mutant CD4 molecules were expressed in the CD4-dependent 3DT52.5.8 T cell hybridomas. Results showed that multiple sites on CD4 encompassing the CDR1, the CDR3 regions of D1 and the FG loop of D2 are involved in class II interaction. The opposite face containing the CDR2 region also plays a role, either as another class II binding site, or the TCR docking site, or in another function of CD4. Co-receptor function requires a much larger site on CD4, compared to co-ligand function. A stretch of 15 amino acids which links D2 and D3 of CD4 appears to be very important for maintaining CD4 conformation, or to provide CD4 the flexibility required for its interaction with other cell surface molecules, including class II, the TCR, etc.
Crystallographic and functional studies have suggested that CD4 may dimerize, although biochemical evidence is lacking. To investigate the CD4 dimerization issue both human and mouse CD4 WT were co-expressed in 3DT52.5.8 cells. Surprisingly this led to a severe disruption of CD4 functions, although it has been shown that both human and mouse CD4 molecules are capable of interacting with human class II efficiently. As expected, co-expression of h-CD4 WT with class II-interaction-deficient CD4 mutants within the CDR1, CDR3 and the FG loop did not rescue CD4 functions. However, co-expression of CD4 WT with mutants from the CDR2 region resulted in an enhanced response. This result suggests that CDR2 mutants do not dimerize with WT molecule, therefore cannot behave as a dominant negative mutant, which is not the case for class II-interaction-deficient mutants from the CDR1, CDR3 and FG loop. Based on these results we suggest a model whereby dimerization involves, at least in part the CDR2 region. Final confirmation of this model awaits further structural data.
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Books on the topic "Molecule cd1"

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Littman, Dan R., ed. The CD4 Molecule. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79798-9.

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Kapil, Mehta, and Malavasi Fabio, eds. Human CD38 and related molecules. Basel: Karger, 2000.

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Lieping, Chen, ed. The B7-CD28 family molecules. Georgetown, Tex: Landes Bioscience/Eurekah.com, 2003.

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Chong, P. P. Molecular genetic studies on the biosynthesis and regualtion of the calcium-dependent antibiotic (CDA) production by streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Manchester: UMIST, 1998.

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Inc, ebrary, ed. Modern techniques for circular dichroism and synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopy. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2009.

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Adhesion-GPCRs structure to function. New York, N.Y: Springer Science+Business Media, 2010.

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B, Kastan M., and Imperial Cancer Research Fund (Great Britain), eds. Checkpoint controls and cancer. Plainview, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1997.

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Littman, D. R. Cd4 Molecule: Roles in T Lymphocytes & in HIV Disease. Edited by D. R. Littman. SPRINGER-VERLAG, 1996.

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The Cd4 Molecule Current Topics in Microbiology and Immmunology. Springer, 2012.

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Littman, Dan R. CD4 Molecule: Roles in T Lymphocytes and in HIV Disease. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Molecule cd1"

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Brutkiewicz, Randy R. "Genetics of CD1 Molecules." In Immunobiology of Organ Transplantation, 67–69. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8999-4_6.

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Kim, Edward Y., Stephen C. Juvet, and Li Zhang. "Regulatory CD4– CD8– Double Negative T Cells." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 85–98. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-869-0_6.

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Takei, Takashi, Yoshifumi Ishii, Shinichiro Kon, Junichiro Fujimoto, and Kokichi Kikuchi. "Determinant Heterogeneity of CD5, CD8, and CD4 Antigen Molecules as Defined by Monoclonal Antibodies." In Leukocyte Typing II, 243–55. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8587-5_21.

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Boumsell, Laurence, Martine Amiot, Brigitte Raynal, Véronique Gay-Bellile, Bernard Caillou, and Alain Bernard. "Epitopic Groups of CD1 Molecules." In Leukocyte Typing II, 289–302. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8587-5_23.

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Oliveira, Liliana, Rita F. Santos, and Alexandre M. Carmo. "CD6." In Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules, 937–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67199-4_101856.

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Kinner-Bibeau, Laurén B., Sudesh Pawaria, and Robert J. Binder. "CD91." In Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules, 968–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67199-4_413.

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Morath, Anna, Sumit Deswal, and Wolfgang W. A. Schamel. "CD3." In Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules, 860–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67199-4_507.

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Levy, Shoshana. "CD81." In Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules, 962–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67199-4_599.

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Oliveira, Liliana, Rita F. Santos, and Alexandre M. Carmo. "CD6." In Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules, 1–7. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6438-9_101856-1.

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Kinner-Bibeau, Laurén B., Sudesh Pawaria, and Robert J. Binder. "CD91." In Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules, 1–8. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6438-9_413-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Molecule cd1"

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Milanović, Žiko, Marko Antonijević, Dušica Simijonović, Jelena Đorović Jovanović, and Marijana Stanojević Pirković. "Investigating the potential inhibitory effect of the megaphone (molecule) on nasopharyngeal cancer growth factor receptors." In 2nd International Conference on Chemo and Bioinformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi23.682m.

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Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is a type of cancer that originates in the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the throat behind the nasal cavity. Like other cancers, the growth and progression of nasopharyngeal cancer are influenced by various proteins involved in cell signaling, growth regulation, and tumor development such as Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and Cyclin D1 (CD1). Megaphone ((1′R,5′R,7R,8S)-7-Hydroxy-3,4,5,5′-methoxy-5′,6′-dihydro-2′H-8,1′-neolign-8′-en-2′-one, MG) is the main component of the alcohol extract of the ground root of Aniba megaphylla, which in vitro inhibits the growth of cells derived from human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Due to the lack of literature data, the main goal of this study was to examine the first step of the mechanisms of anti-carcinogenic activity by examining the inhibitory potential of MG against the above-mentioned cancer cell growth factor receptors.
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Mukherjee, Kalyan K., Debasish Banerjee, Anjan Das, Subham Halder, Dattatreya Mukherjee, Shyam S. Mondal, Surya K. Roy, Mili Das, Chinmay K. Panda, and Utpal Chaudhuri. "Significance of Detecting Minimal Residual Disease by Flow Cytometry and its Impact on Overall Survival and Prognosis of Pediatric B-Cell ALL Patient Experience from a Tertiary Care Centre in Eastern India." In Annual Conference of Indian Society of Medical and Paediatric Oncology (ISMPO). Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1735366.

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Abstract Introduction The improved prognosis of pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pBALL) is considered as a good progress of medical science in the field of oncology and hematology. Minimal residual disease (MRD) refers to presence of disease in molecular level is a newer practice with respect to the detection of complete remission by conventional pathologic analysis. Prognostic value of MRD in pediatric ALL (p-ALL) is well known. Objectives This study was aimed to describe clinical outcomes and prognosis, that is, overall survival and relapse in the patients with pBALL with respect to minimal residual disease detection on day 15, day 29, and postconsolidations in a tertiary care center in eastern India. Materials and Methods Eight color flow cytometry was used to detect MRD in this study. This contained markers such as CD 19, CD 34, CD 10, CD58, CD 45, CD13, anti-TDT, CD33. Eight panels included were (1) CMPO-FITC/cCD79a-PE/cCd3ECD, (2) CD20-FITC/cCD10-PE/cCd-19ECD, (3) CD34-FITC/cCD117-PE/cCd45 ECD/CD2 PC 5, (4) CD15 FITC/CD33PE/CD45ECD, (5) CD14 FITC/CD13 PE/CD45ECD, (6) HLADR FITC/CD7 PE/CD45 ECD, (7) TdT FITC/CD45 ECD (IF CD34 NEG), and (8) CD58 FITC/CD 45 ECD (IF BOTH CD34 AND TdT NEG; were used to prepare the marker. Results The study included 52 patients. In the 52 patients, 59.6% patients are alive with a p-value of 0.031. MRD was checked on every 15th and the 29th day and postconsolidation of the treatment where in day 15 (p = 0.023), it was 53.4% positive and 46.5% negative. On day 29 (p = 0.031), MRD was 22.5% positive and 77.5% negative, in post consolidation, it was positive in 20% and negative is 80%. MRD value below 0.01 is taken as negative and above is taken as positive. The overall survival (OS) is of 32.88 + 8.59 with a 6 to 36 months of duration. In In relapsed cases, no hemorrhagic relapse was found and two CNS relapse were found. Conclusion It was a study of 52 patients of pBALL with a detection of MRD by FCM. MRD-negative patients had a good prognosis and comparatively lower rate of relapse than the one with positive MRD. Effort should be made to adhere to recommendation of MRD testing in clinical guidelines.
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Daunt, Stephen, Robert Grzywacz, Jianbao Zhao, Brant Billinghurst, and Colin Western. "PROPANE ISOTOPOLOGUES: HIGH RESOLUTION FAR-IR SYNCHROTRON SPECTRA OF PROPANE-D7 (CD3-CDH-CD3) AND PROPANE-D5 (CH3-CD2-CD3)." In 2022 International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2022.rl06.

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Valadão, Robson Cabral. "FORMAS DE DEFESA DO SISTEMA IMUNOLÓGICO CONTRA DIFERENTES TIPOS DE MICRORGANISMOS." In II Congresso Brasileiro de Imunologia On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/ii-conbrai/6938.

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Introdução: O sistema imunológico precisa estar alerta contra a diversidade de microrganismos que entram em contato com o corpo humano e impedir que haja reações maléficas. Nossa primeira barreira imunológica, a pele, possui componentes moleculares e celulares envolvidos na imunidade inata. Caso essa primeira defesa falhe, muitas vezes pela ação do próprio microrganismo que já possui meios de driblar o ataque do nosso sistema, entra em cena outros componentes moleculares e celulares mais específicos, diversificados e potentes. Cada tipo de microrganismo causa uma reação diferenciada, seja a nível molecular ou celular. Objetivo: explanar como ocorre essa atuação específica do sistema imunológico frente a essa variedade de patógenos e seus próprios componentes de defesa. Metodologia: Foi utilizado como método uma revisão bibliográfica de artigos que tratam do tema na plataforma Scielo. Resultados: Para bactérias extracelulares temos as barreiras naturais, como pele e mucosas, imunidade inata com proteína C reativa, sistema complemento, células NK, neutrófilos, macrófagos, anticorpos, citocinas produzidas por células T e quimiocinas. Bactérias intracelulares podem estimular tanto células T CD4 quanto células T CD8. Os vírus, na fase inicial, a defesa é feita através da imunidade inata por macrófagos, células NK e interferons, dando sequência, a ativação da imunidade adaptativa, células T CD8 com sua função de citotoxicidade, tentando provocar lise celular e posteriormente opsonização do que restar da carga viral por meio dos anticorpos, sendo ativos pela participação também das células T CD4. Os protozoários escapam do sistema imune, principalmente do inato, por seus mecanismos de conservação para o parasitismo. Ativando então a imunidade adaptativa por APCs, atuando tanto células T CD4 quanto T CD8. Helmintos, devido ao tamanho e a diversidade metabólica, ativam múltiplos mecanismos da resposta imunológica, principalmente com produção de IgE e ação de eosinófilos. Conclusão: Os fungos ativam principalmente os fagócitos, que tendam destruí-los pela produção de NO e de outras citocinas. As morfologias, os tamanhos, seus componentes moleculares ligado a membrana e fisiologias diversas desses microrganismos impulsionaram nosso sistema imunológico a se adaptar e adquirir novos componentes, ao logo da evolução, justamente na tentativa de impedir qualquer invasão indesejada.
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Izhak, Liat, Dana E. Cullen, Maha Elgawly, Leopoldo Luistro, Syd Johnson, Jaime Bald, A. Kate Sasser, and Sriram Balasubramanian. "Abstract 3636: Potent antitumor activity of duvortuxizumab, a CD19 x CD3 DART®molecule, in lymphoma models." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2017; April 1-5, 2017; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-3636.

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Pontifes, Antonio, Alexis Iwasiw, Eric Trevino, and Amir Mahmoudkhani. "A Comprehensive Validation Methodology for Benchmarking Polymeric Chemistries for Controlling and Inhibiting C60+ Paraffin Waxes in Shale Oils." In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208867-ms.

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Abstract Recent developments in sampling and analytical techniques have enabled scientists to identify and track compositional changes in the molecular weights of paraffin hydrocarbons in organics rich shales wells towards higher molecular weight paraffin hydrocarbons. High molecular weight carbon chains (HMWCs) are generally regarded as the problematic hydrocarbons as they have the highest tendency to precipitate, deposit, and restrict flow in near wellbore zones, flowlines, valves, and chocks. This paper presents a systematic laboratory approach for monitoring and screening for of C60+paraffin waxes in shale oils and field deposits. A comprehensive validation methodology for benchmarking polymeric chemistries in laboratory for controlling and inhibiting C61 – C100 paraffin waxes is discussed based on the results from gas chromatography analysis (GC), differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DCS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and cold finger wax deposit testing. Modes of action of four polymeric chemistries are discussed based on laboratory data. Results showed none of the polymeric compounds performed as wax crystal modifiers for C60+paraffins, but more likely did disperse C60+wax crystals to some degree. This leads to the alarming conclusion that use of some paraffin inhibitors could lead to a much severe wax deposition when higher amounts of very large paraffin molecules are present in reservoir hydrocarbons. A plausible theory is proposed based on the "folded chain model" and common understanding of how polymeric inhibitors interact with paraffin wax molecules. It was found that model oil systems are more realistic for suitable to screening existing and new inhibitor chemistries for wax control and management when very high molecular weight paraffin molecules are present.
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Vieira, Daniella Serafin Couto, Sandro Wopereis, Laura Otto Walter, and Maria Claudia Santos da Silva. "VALIDATION OF IMMUNOPHENOTYPING BY FLOW CYTOMETRY IN THE INVESTIGATION OF DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC MARKERS FOR BREAST CANCER." In Scientifc papers of XXIII Brazilian Breast Congress - 2021. Mastology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942021v31s1021.

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Introduction: Due to the high prevalence of breast cancer, it has a major financial impact on health systems. Currently, the diagnosis is made by morphological and immunohistochemical analysis (IHC). However, this methodology has some limitations. Therefore, methodologies capable of rapid and safe detection of tumor cells are needed, which can assist those already in use. Objectives: To validate immunophenotyping by flow cytometry (FC) in the investigation of diagnostic and prognostic markers for breast cancer; and to investigate lymphocytes subtypes infiltrated in the tumor and their relationship with tumor development. Methods: 52 breast tumor samples were sectioned and macerated in phosphatesaline buffer and stained with antibodies against estradiol (RE), progesterone (RP), HER2, Ki67, CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD45 receptors and analyzed by FC. All results were compared with IHC (reference method) in relation to sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV), except for Ki67, where bias was compared between methodologies and correlation between lymphocyte subtypes and tumor characteristics. Results: The comparison of the FC with the IHC for each marker presented the RE analysis (sensitivity: 75%, specificity: 90%, PPV: 96.7%, VPN: 47.4%); PR analysis (sensitivity: 72%, specificity: 70%, PPV: 79.3%, VPN: 60.8%); analysis of HER2 (sensitivity: 80%, specificity: 90.2%, PPV: 66.7%, VPN: 94.9%). The analysis of Ki67 by FC was shown to be equivalent to IHC, with the advantage of not having an observational bias. No correlations were observed between the molecular subtype intratumor lymphocyte population profile and the tumor histological grade. Conclusion: The results show the FC’s ability to safely and quickly detect breast cancer markers used in clinical practice. It is believed that the use of FC, in conjunction with morphological analysis and IHC, can overcome the individual limitations of each of the methodologies and provide reliable results in a faster and more efficient way, which will result in faster diagnoses and more accurate prognoses, directly benefiting patients.
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Xing, Da, Ken-ichi Ueda, and Hiroshi Takuma. "Electron-beam excitation of Zn2 excimer." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1993.fee.1.

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Xu, Dongyan, Yuejun Kang, Dongqing Li, Deyu Li, Manoj Sridhar, Anthony B. Hmelo, and Leonard C. Feldman. "Ultra-Sensitive Fluidic Sensors by Integrating Fluidic Circuits and MOSFETs." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42518.

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Nanofluidic sensors have been developed over the past decade and demonstrated the capability of sensing single DNA molecules. One important and promising class of nanofluidic devices detects single molecules by inserting a nanopore or nanochannel between two fluid cells and inducing an ionic current by applying an electric bias across the nanopore or nanochannel. When molecules are translocated through the nanopore/nanochannel, a modulation of the baseline ionic current can be observed. In this scheme, the ionic current modulation is approximately the same as the channel resistance modulation, requiring the channel size to be comparable to the molecules to be detected. Here we report on a new sensing scheme to detect the translocation of particles through a fluidic channel, which amplifies the resistance modulation by up to 75 times. In this scheme, the device connects the gate of a MOSFET with a fluidic circuit and monitors the modulation of MOSFET’s drain current to detect particles. We demonstrate that amplification can be achieved from both the fluidic circuit and the MOSFET. For a 9.86 μm diameter polystyrene bead that occupies 0.7% of the total volume of the sensing channel, results show that the drain current of the MOSFET is blocked by 30–46%. We also demonstrate the capability of this device to distinguish particles with similar sizes but different surface charges as they translocate through the sensing channel. More interestingly, the experiments with CD4+ T lymphocyte cells show another modulation pattern: the MOSFET’s drain current is first enhanced and then blocked, which is not fully understood and needs further investigation. Although at this moment the device is based on microchannels and the particles detected are micron-size beads and cells, we expect that the same scheme can be applied to nanofluidic circuits for single molecule detection.
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Wallner, Fredrik, Annalena Moliner, Liying Chen, Mikael Jondal, and Mikael Elofsson. "LOADING OF ANTIGEN PRESENTING MOLECULES: CD1-BINDING LIPIDS CARRYING THE TUMOR ANTIGEN ALPHA-N-ACETYL-GALACTOSAMINE." In XXIst International Carbohydrate Symposium 2002. TheScientificWorld Ltd, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.681.

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Reports on the topic "Molecule cd1"

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Banai, Menachem, and Gary Splitter. Molecular Characterization and Function of Brucella Immunodominant Proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568100.bard.

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The BARD project was a continuation of a previous BARD funded research project. It was aimed at characterization of the 12kDa immunodominant protein and subsequently the cloning and expression of the gene in E. coli. Additional immunodominant proteins were sought among genomic B. abortus expression library clones using T-lymphocyte proliferation assay as a screening method. The 12kDa protein was identified as the L7/L12 ribosomal protein demonstrating in the first time the role a structural protein may play in the development of the host's immunity against the organism. The gene was cloned from B. abortus (USA) and B. melitensis (Israel) showing identity of the oligonucleotide sequence between the two species. Further subcloning allowed expression of the protein in E. coli. While the native protein was shown to have DTH antigenicity its recombinant analog lacked this activity. In contrast the two proteins elicited lymphocyte proliferation in experimental murine brucellosis. CD4+ cells of the Th1 subset predominantly responded to this protein demonstrating the development of protective immunity (g-IFN, and IL-2) in the host. Similar results were obtained with bovine Brucella primed lymphocytes. UvrA, GroE1 and GroEs were additional Brucella immunodominant proteins that demonstrated MHC class II antigenicity. The role cytotoxic cells are playing in the clearance of brucella cells was shown using knock out mice defective either in their CD4+ or CD8+ cells. CD4+ defective mice were able to clear brucella as fast as did normal mice. In contrast mice which were defective in their CD8+ cells could not clear the organisms effectively proving the importance of this subtype cell line in development of protective immunity. The understanding of the host's immune response and the expansion of the panel of Brucella immunodominant proteins opened new avenues in vaccine design. It is now feasible to selectively use immunodominant proteins either as subunit vaccine to fortify immunity of older animals or as diagnostic reagents for the serological survaillance.
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Nikzad, S., W. F. Calaway, M. J. Pellin, C. E. Young, D. M. Gruen, and T. A. Tombrello. Formation mechanism and yield of molecules ejected from ZnS, CdS, and FeS{sub 2} during ion bombardment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10134182.

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Grafi, Gideon, and Brian Larkins. Endoreduplication in Maize Endosperm: An Approach for Increasing Crop Productivity. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575285.bard.

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The focus of this research project is to investigate the role of endoreduplication in maize endosperm development and the extent to which this process contributes to high levels of starch and storage protein synthesis. Although endoreduplication has been widely observed in many cells and tissues, especially those with high levels of metabolic activity, the molecular mechanisms through which the cell cycle is altered to produce consecutive cycles of S-phase without an intervening M-phase are unknown. Our previous research has shown that changes in the expression of several cell cycle regulatory genes coincide with the onset of endoreduplication. During this process, there is a sharp reduction in the activity of the mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and activation of the S-phase CDK. It appears the M-phase CDK is stable, but its activity is blocked by a proteinaceous inhibitor. Coincidentally, the S-phase checkpoint protein, retinoblastoma (ZmRb), becomes phosphorylated, presumably releasing an E2F-type transcriptional regulator which promotes the expression of genes responsible for DNA synthesis. To investigate the role of these cell cycle proteins in endoreduplication, we have created transgenic maize plants that express various genes in an endosperm-specific manner using a storage protein (g-zein) promoter. During the first year of the grant, we constructed point mutations of the maize M-phase kinase, p34cdc2. One alteration replaced aspartic acid at position 146 with asparagine (p3630-CdcD146N), while another changed threonine 161 to alanine (p3630-CdcT161A). These mutations abolish the activity of the CDK. We hypothesized that expression of the mutant forms of p34cdc2 in endoreduplicating endosperm, compared to a control p34cdc2, would lead to extra cycles of DNA synthesis. We also fused the gene encoding the regulatory subunit of the M- phase kinase, cyclin B, under the g-zein promoter. Normally, cyclin B is expected to be destroyed prior to the onset of endoreduplication. By producing high levels of this protein in developing endosperm, we hypothesized that the M-phase would be extended, potentially reducing the number of cycles of endoreduplication. Finally, we genetically engineered the wheat dwarf virus RepA protein for endosperm-specific expression. RepA binds to the maize retinoblastoma protein and presumably releases E2F-like transcription factors that activate DNA synthesis. We anticipated that inactivation of ZmRb by RepA would lead to additional cycles of DNA synthesis.
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Moore, Gloria A., Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Charles L. Guy, and Doron Holland. Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci in the Woody Perennial Plant Genus Citrus. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570565.bard.

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As is true for all crops, production of Citrus fruit is limited by traits whose characteristics are the products of many genes (i.e. cold hardiness). In order to modify these traits by marker aided selection or molecular genetic techniques, it is first necessary to map the relevant genes. Mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in perennial plants has been extremely difficult, requiring large numbers of mature plants. Production of suitable mapping populations has been inhibited by aspects of reproductive biology (e.g. incompatibility, apomixis) and delayed by juvenility. New approaches promise to overcome some of these obstacles. The overall objective of this project was to determine whether QTLs for environmental stress tolerance could be effectively mapped in the perennial crop Citrus, using an extensive linkage map consisting of various types of molecular markers. Specific objectives were to: 1) Produce a highly saturated genetic linkage map of Citrus by continuing to place molecular markers of several types on the map. 2) Exploiting recently developed technology and already characterized parental types, determine whether QTLs governing cold acclimation can be mapped using very young seedling populations. 3) Determine whether the same strategy can be transferred to a different situation by mapping QTLs influencing Na+ and C1- exclusion (likely components of salinity tolerance) in the already characterized cross and in new alternative crosses. 4) Construct a YAC library of the citrus genome for future mapping and cloning.
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Porat, Ron, Gregory T. McCollum, Amnon Lers, and Charles L. Guy. Identification and characterization of genes involved in the acquisition of chilling tolerance in citrus fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7587727.bard.

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Citrus, like many other tropical and subtropical fruit are sensitive to chilling temperatures. However, application of a pre-storage temperature conditioning (CD) treatment at 16°C for 7 d or of a hot water brushing (HWB) treatment at 60°C for 20 sec remarkably enhances chilling tolerance and reduces the development of chilling injuries (CI) upon storage at 5°C. In the current research, we proposed to identify and characterize grapefruit genes that are induced by CD, and may contribute to the acquisition of fruit chilling tolerance, by two different molecular approaches: cDNA array analysis and PCR cDNA subtraction. In addition, following the recent development and commercialization of the new Affymetrix Citrus Genome Array, we further performed genome-wide transcript profiling analysis following exposure to CD and chilling treatments. To conduct the cDNA array analysis, we constructed cDNA libraries from the peel tissue of CD- and HWB-treated grapefruit, and performed an EST sequencing project including sequencing of 3,456 cDNAs from each library. Based on the obtained sequence information, we chose 70 stress-responsive and chilling-related genes and spotted them on nylon membranes. Following hybridization the constructed cDNA arrays with RNA probes from control and CD-treated fruit and detailed confirmations by RT-PCR analysis, we found that six genes: lipid-transfer protein, metallothionein-like protein, catalase, GTP-binding protein, Lea5, and stress-responsive zinc finger protein, showed higher transcript levels in flavedo of conditioned than in non-conditioned fruit stored at 5 ᵒC. The transcript levels of another four genes: galactinol synthase, ACC oxidase, temperature-induced lipocalin, and chilling-inducible oxygenase, increased only in control untreated fruit but not in chilling-tolerant CD-treated fruit. By PCR cDNA subtraction analysis we identified 17 new chilling-responsive and HWB- and CD-induced genes. Overall, characterization of the expression patterns of these genes as well as of 11 more stress-related genes by RNA gel blot hybridizations revealed that the HWB treatment activated mainly the expression of stress-related genes(HSP19-I, HSP19-II, dehydrin, universal stress protein, EIN2, 1,3;4-β-D-glucanase, and SOD), whereas the CD treatment activated mainly the expression of lipid modification enzymes, including fatty acid disaturase2 (FAD2) and lipid transfer protein (LTP). Genome wide transcriptional profiling analysis using the newly developed Affymetrix Citrus GeneChip® microarray (including 30,171 citrus probe sets) revealed the identification of three different chilling-related regulons: 1,345 probe sets were significantly affected by chilling in both control and CD-treated fruits (chilling-response regulon), 509 probe sets were unique to the CD-treated fruits (chilling tolerance regulon), and 417 probe sets were unique to the chilling-sensitive control fruits (chilling stress regulon). Overall, exposure to chilling led to expression governed arrest of general cellular metabolic activity, including concretive down-regulation of cell wall, pathogen defense, photosynthesis, respiration, and protein, nucleic acid and secondary metabolism. On the other hand, chilling enhanced various adaptation processes, such as changes in the expression levels of transcripts related to membranes, lipid, sterol and carbohydrate metabolism, stress stimuli, hormone biosynthesis, and modifications in DNA binding and transcription factors.
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6

Lapidot, Moshe, and Vitaly Citovsky. molecular mechanism for the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus resistance at the ty-5 locus. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604274.bard.

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Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a major pathogen of tomato that causes extensive crop loss worldwide, including the US and Israel. Genetic resistance in the host plant is considered highly effective in the defense against viral infection in the field. Thus, the best way to reduce yield losses due to TYLCV is by breeding tomatoes resistant or tolerant to the virus. To date, only six major TYLCV-resistance loci, termed Ty-1 to Ty-6, have been characterized and mapped to the tomato genome. Among tomato TYLCV-resistant lines containing these loci, we have identified a major recessive quantitative trait locus (QTL) that was mapped to chromosome 4 and designated ty-5. Recently, we identified the gene responsible for the TYLCV resistance at the ty-5 locus as the tomato homolog of the gene encoding messenger RNA surveillance factor Pelota (Pelo). A single amino acid change in the protein is responsible for the resistant phenotype. Pelo is known to participate in the ribosome-recycling phase of protein biosynthesis. Our hypothesis was that the resistant allele of Pelo is a “loss-of-function” mutant, and inhibits or slows-down ribosome recycling. This will negatively affect viral (as well as host-plant) protein synthesis, which may result in slower infection progression. Hence we have proposed the following research objectives: Aim 1: The effect of Pelota on translation of TYLCV proteins: The goal of this objective is to test the effect Pelota may or may not have upon translation of TYLCV proteins following infection of a resistant host. Aim 2: Identify and characterize Pelota cellular localization and interaction with TYLCV proteins: The goal of this objective is to characterize the cellular localization of both Pelota alleles, the TYLCV-resistant and the susceptible allele, to see whether this localization changes following TYLCV infection, and to find out which TYLCV protein interacts with Pelota. Our results demonstrate that upon TYLCV-infection the resistant allele of pelota has a negative effect on viral replication and RNA transcription. It is also shown that pelota interacts with the viral C1 protein, which is the only viral protein essential for TYLCV replication. Following subcellular localization of C1 and Pelota it was found that both protein localize to the same subcellular compartments. This research is innovative and potentially transformative because the role of Peloin plant virus resistance is novel, and understanding its mechanism will lay the foundation for designing new antiviral protection strategies that target translation of viral proteins. BARD Report - Project 4953 Page 2
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