Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Molecular spectroscopie'
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Kaszub, Wawrzyniec. "Photo-induced phase transitions in molecular materials." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S030.
Full textL'objectif principal de ce travail de thèse de doctorat est l'étude de transformations photo-induites par un pulse laser dans des matériaux moléculaires. Les résultats ont été obtenus grâce à l'utilisation de techniques optiques pompe-sonde. Ceci a nécessité des développements expérimentaux innovants, incluant des premières tentatives de techniques « single shot ». Dans un matériau à transition de spin, où la lumière peut induire la commutation d'un état non magnétique à un état magnétique, nous avons pu suivre pour la première fois la dynamique de la transformation sur plusieurs ordres de grandeurs en temps, de 100 femtosesecondes à la milliseconde. Ceci a permis de montrer que le processus se produit en plusieurs étapes successives, de l'échelle de la molécule à celle du matériau. Un composé organique à transfert de charge, qui présente une transition métal-isolant, a aussi été étudié. Une dynamique mettant en jeu plusieurs modes de phonons optiques cohérents a clairement été observée. Le comportement en fonction de l'intensité du pulse laser et de la température permet de conclure que l'état photo-induit à partir de la phase isolant diffère de la phase métallique observée à l'équilibre thermique. La mise en place du nouveau montage optique « single shot » va permettre d'observer des changements d'état irréversible, comme dans un régime d'hystérèse. Ce montage a été testé en observant le comportement non thermique d'une couche mince d'or
Gromova, Olga. "High resolution molecular spectroscopy of the sulfur-containing XY2 type molecules." Dijon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DIJOS090.
Full textIn this thesis, we analyzed the high resolution absorption molecular spectra of H2S, D2S, HDS and SO2 registered for the first time or with better experimental characteristics as compared with those registered before. For the first time in the practice of rotation-vibrational spectroscopy in the frame of the developed method of "global fitting" the analysis of 22 bands (as a whole more than 9700 rotation-vibrational lines) of D2S molecule is realized. This method of "global fitting" is developed with regard to molecules of Cs symmetry ; on this basis a simultaneous analysis of all the known up to the present rotation-vibrational spectra of HDS molecule is realized. The SPGF method is applied to the three-atom molecules H2S, D2S, HDS. An original procedure of the identification of very weak lines is developed for the first time and practically realized for the example of "hot" lines of SO2 molecule. U(p+1) formalism is adapted to the three-atom non-linear molecules of C2v symmetry and the parameters of a vibrational Hamiltonian is developed in the case of the D2S molecule
Burkart, Johannes. "Optical feedback frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy - Highly coherent near-infrared laser sources and metrological applications in molecular absorption spectroscopy." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY045/document.
Full textHigh-precision molecular absorption spectroscopy is a powerful tool for fundamental physics and metrology, as well as for a broad range of applications in fields such as environmental sciences, planetology and astrophysics. In recent years, spectroscopic techniques based on the enhanced interaction of laser light with molecular samples in high-finesse optical cavities have provided outstanding detection sensitivities on the absorption axis, while the spectrometer frequency axis rarely met as high precision standards.In this thesis, we addressed this challenge by the development of Optical Feedback Frequency-Stabilized Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (OFFS-CRDS). This novel technique features a unique combination of sub-kHz frequency resolution and stability, kW/cm^2-level intracavity light intensity, a shot-noise limited absorption detectivity down to 2 x 10^(−13) cm^(−1)Hz^(-1/2), as well as a detection limit of 8.4 x 10^(−14) cm^(−1) on a narrow spectral interval. This unprecedented performance is based on the tight Pound-Drever-Hall lock of the ring-down cavity to a single-sideband-tuned distributed-feedback diode laser which is optical-feedback-stabilized to a highly stable V-shaped reference cavity. To transfer the coherence of this sub-kHz laser source to noisier lasers in other spectral regions through an optical frequency comb, we have explored a novel high-bandwidth feed-forward phase cloning scheme and demonstrated a residual phase error as low as 113 mrad. Applying OFFS-CRDS to the spectroscopy of CO_2 near 1.6 μm, we obtained a broadband spectrum with a dynamic range of 8 x 10^5 and retrieved twelve absolute transition frequencies with kHz-accuracy by measuring sub-Doppler saturated absorption Lamb dips with a comb-assisted setup. Furthermore, we have performed a comprehensive analysis of systematic error sources in CRDS and derived an analytic formula for the non-exponential ring-down signal in a weakly saturated regime, which may contribute towards future concentration-independent transition dipole moment measurements. Our results open up promising perspectives for metrological applications of OFFS-CRDS, such as advanced absorption lineshape studies, isotopic ratio measurements and extensive saturated absorption spectroscopy in the near infrared
Gromova, O. V. "High resolution molecular spectroscopy of the sulfur-containing XY2 type molecules." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00534459.
Full textGrenier, Benjamin. "Spectroscopie théorique : description des effets de la température sur les paramètres de résonance magnétique nucléaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0494/document.
Full text- Our objective is to define a theoretical methodology, which allows to simulate the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra taking into account the temperature effects, in order to propose a help to the interpretation of the more relevant experimental results.- To deal with the description of the temperature effects on the NMR parameters, we have studied azacalixarenes, which are cyclic oligomers of phenol units linked together by nitrogen bridges. These molecules have a calyx shape, hence their name azacalixarenes. By this cavity these molecules can capture different types of compounds and are used in the host-guest chemistry field.- A wide variety of substituents can be attached to these azacalixarenes. Experimentally, one can easily follow the structure variations effects, at the level of physicochemical properties by NMR.- For this reason, we first investigated the geometric description of azacalixarenes as a function of different substituents and different isomers using the Density Functional Theory, so without taking into account the temperature. - Then, we simulated the NMR parameters of these systems using the Density Functional Theory. This is to calculate the azacalixarenes NMR spectrum in the ground state.- FInally, by performing molecular dynamics simulations using Molecular Mechanics, we were able to take into account the temperature effects. We were able to simulate the NMR parameters of these systems taking now into account the effects of temperature
Angelova, Gergana. "Dissociative recombination of hydrocarbon and other molecular ions." Rennes 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN1S023.
Full textKumar, Vishant. "Fragmentation dynamics and geometrical arrangement of diatomic molecular clusters." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC245.
Full textThe analysis of a kinematically complete ion-cluster collision experiment provides insight in the dynamics of the ionized cluster dissociation. The gas phase targets allow to study the cluster in a simple environment and to determine their intrinsic properties for further condensed states. Small van der Waals clusters of N2 and CO are produced in the supersonic expansion of a gas jet and irradiated by a low energy highly charged ion beam produced by the ARIBE/GANIL facility. Using our experimental set-up COLTRIMS (COLd Target Recoil Ion Momentum Spectroscopy) it is made possible to measure in coincidence the 3-D momentum vectors of the charged fragments resulting from the collision. We have performed experiment to investigate the fragmentation dynamics and geometry of N2 and CO dimers and trimers using a projectile beam Ar9+ with the 15 qkeV energy. Following multiple electron capture, the target undergoes two or three body dissociation. For three body channels, two distinct processes have been identified in which the van der Waals and covalent bond breaks either simultaneously or sequentially. Additionally, the Coulomb explosion imaging technique has been used to determine the three dimensional structure of the N2 and CO molecular dimers and trimers. We found that the N2 and CO molecules sit perpendicularly to the dimer axis in a planar (H) or non-planar (X) configuration and that (N2)3 and (CO)3 trimers exhibit an equilateral triangular geometry
Tran, Vu. "Towards High Precision Spectroscopy of Hydrogen Molecular Ions H2+ and HD+ : theory and experiment." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066621.
Full textCette thèse est consacrée à l'étude théorique et expérimentale de la spectroscopie à haute résolution des ions hydrogène moléculaire H2+ et HD+. L'objectif principale de ces recherches est de tester les calculs d'électrodynamique quantique (QED) dans le domaine moléculaire, et d'obtenir une nouvelle détermination du rapport des masses du proton et de l'électron mp/me. Après une mise en perspective au chapitre 1, le chapitre 2 de la thèse explique comment produire des ions H2+ sélectionnés en état interne par photodissociation multiphotonique résonante et décrit les dispositifs expérimentaux nécessaires pour faire cette expérience. La partie théorique montre que les ions produits par REMPI à 3+1 photons via l'état intermédiaire C1piu v=0;L=2 de H2 sont au moins 87% dans l'état v=0;L+= 2. Cette nouvelle source d'ions sélectionnés en état interne est très importante pour augmenter le rapport signal sur bruit de la spectroscopie de H2+. La partie exprimentale décrit la mise en oeuvre d'un laser à 303 nm pour effectuer la photodissociation et aussi la conception du système d'optique ionique pour transférer les ions dans un piège de Paul quadrupolaire. Le chapitre 3 de la thèse est une étude théorique sur la faisabilité de la spectroscopie de HD+ sans effet Doppler avec deux photons presque dégénérés, dans le régime de Lamb-Dicke. Ce travail fournit un moyen d'améliorer la spectroscopie à un photon de HD+ qui est aujourd'hui limitée par l'élargissement Doppler. Avec la méthode proposée, l'élargissement Doppler du premier ordre est supprimé complètement et nous montrons que les mesures peuvent atteindre le niveau de précision de 10^-14
Richter, Philipp. "FUV absorption spectroscopy of interstellar molecular hydrogen towards the Magellanic clouds /." Aachen : Shaker, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37739235j.
Full textFUV = far ultraviolet. Bibliogr. p. 83-85.
Schneider, Julia. "Characterisation of Single and Multibubble Cavitation Through Analysis of Molecular, Atomic and Ionic Line Emissions." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20011.
Full textThe importance of acoustic cavitation, i.e., the formation, growth and collapse of gaseous cavities in liquid exposed to ultrasound, in sonochemistry is based on the generation of extreme conditions upon bubble collapse. Temperatures and pressures inside the collapsing bubble are approximated to reach 104 K and 1000 atm, respectively [suslick-1999]. Under such conditions chemical bonds of the solvent vapour or volatile solutes present in the bubble core are easily cleaved, which in the case of aqueous systems, leads to the formation of chemically reactive OH and H radicals. These primary radicals either recombine leading to chemiluminescence, or diffuse into solution, where they are liable to react with other species. Of particular importance in this work is the light emission that accompanies cavitation, termed sonoluminescence (SL). This emission is a broad continuum ranging from 200nm to 900 nm, resembling the emission of a blackbody, which can be superimposed with atomic or molecular emission lines comparable to bremsstrahlung. It is necessary to distinguish two forms of SL, single-bubble (SBSL) and multibubble (MBSL). In general, MBSL spectra differ from SBSL spectra in that they contain emission lines, e.g., from alkali atoms or hydroxyl radicals [matula-1995]. Consequently, it was, until recently considered that the mechanisms of light emission, and the nature of the bubble interior upon collapse were fundamentally different for the single and multibubble systems. Considering that MBSL is a cloud of single bubbles a bridging theory is desired.With this background the objective of the present work was to conduct a comparative spectroscopic analysis of SBSL, driven at 27 kHz, and MBSL generated from low and high ultrasonic frequencies (20, 203 and 607 kHz) of aqueous electrolyte solutions. Therefore a single bubble sonoreactor was developed, where the temperature, gas content and type, as well as the acoustic pressure could be controlled. The electrolytes of choice were: sodium chloride and chlorides of the luminescent lanthanide ions, Ce3+, Tb3+, Eu3+ and Gd3+, which can be excited by UV light absorption and collisions with energetic particles [kulmala-1995]. In the first part of this work the conditions upon bubble collapse were approximated by fitting the broad-band continuum of SBSL spectra of water with 70 mbar of argon and a 0.5 M NaCl solution with 70 mbar of argon using Planck's law of blackbody radiation. The obtained blackbody temperatures are in the range of 104 K, which is in good agreement with previous studies, but with the discrepancy of being independent of the presence of NaCl and the acoustic pressure, whereas the SL intensity increased by a factor of more than 10 upon increased acoustic pressure. The different trends followed by SL intensity and blackbody temperatures question the blackbody model. Another observation questioning the blackbody model is the appearance of atomic and molecular emission lines in MBSL and as recently observed also in SBSL [liang-2007, young-2001]. The present work proofed that the key factors for line emission in SBSL are small amounts of argon and low acoustic pressure. Moreover, the work revealed that the shape of the OH• radical emission is very similar to that in MBSL spectra, indicating the strong similarity of intrabubble conditions in MBSL and SBSL under certain experimental conditions [schneider-2011]. An increase of the acoustic pressure caused the continuum to overlap the lines until they become indistinguishable giving the usually in SBSL observed featureless continuum. This advance is a big step toward bridging the gap between SBSL and MBSL. Furthermore this study reveals that the concentration of the sodium ion at the interface of a single bubble can be enriched with a surface active counterion and the concentration is crucial for the observation of the sodium line in SBSL, suggesting that excitation of sodium either takes place at the interface of the
Mothe, Emilien. "Spectroscopie de plasma induit par laser appliquée à la détection de résidus d'explosifs." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22134.
Full textThe threat of terrorist attacks remains omnipresent in many high traffic sites. A technique capable of detecting explosives is needed to best address this threat. Initiated by the Ministère de la Défense and the Direction Générale de l’Armement, the project REI ExploLIBS aims to explore the potential of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to detect explosive residue. Experimental and theoretical studies are carried out by Bertin Technologies in collaboration with the LP3 laboratory – UMR 6182. The ablation of polymers under different atmospheres permits to characterize the spatial and temporal evolution of the emission of the CN and the C2 molecules. The radius of emission, the temperature and the decrease of the intensity are related to the formation process of the molecules. The additional analysis by the calculation of the composition of the plasma in local thermodynamic equilibrium reveals the presence of molecules in high concentrations in the plasma that are difficult to visualise in optical spectroscopy. These studies led to the development of a portable sensor dedicated to the detection of explosives. The detection rate is estimated at over 90% and the false positive rate below 5%. The current sensitivity limit is estimated at 55 µg.cm-2
Berezkin, Kirill. "High-resolution infrared spectroscopy of the CH2 = CD2 molecule." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK044/document.
Full textIn this thesis we have considered spectra of the CH2=CD2 molecule. In the experimental part we recorded high-resolution (~ 0.0025 cm-1) infrared spectra and made full assignment of the recorded transitions. We were able to assign for the first time a lot of transitions to the weak combinations υ4+υ10, υ4+υ7 and 2υ10 overtone; forbidden due to the symmetry υ4, υ7+υ10, υ8+υ10; «hot» υ7+υ10–υ10 and υ8+υ10–υ10 bands. More than 7000 previously unknown transitions were assigned to the fundamental bands υ2, υ3, υ6, υ7, υ8, υ10, υ12 and 2υ7 overtone. On the base of operator perturbation theory and the symmetry properties of the studied molecule, we constructed an effective Hamiltonian and then fitted experimental ro-vibrational energies of fourteen vibrational states. As a result, rms-deviation of the fit was about (1.7–2.5)×10−4 cm−1 for various spectral regions. We measured also experimental values of intensities and halfwidths and calculated parameters of effective dipole moment and self-broadening coefficients of the СH2=СD2 molecule
Ngo, Ngoc Hoa. "Profil spectral des raies d’absorption de la vapeur d'eau pour l'étude de l'atmosphère de la terre par télédétection." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1134.
Full textThis work is devoted to a theoretical and experimental study of the spectral shape of isolated transitions of water vapor, a key species of the Earth atmosphere. The purpose of these studies is to develop an accurate line-shape model taking into account different velocity effects affecting the spectral shape of H2O lines. In the first part of this thesis, spectroscopic line parameters of pure H2O and H2O diluted in air have been measured using an external cavity diode laser and a long-path absorption cell. Different existing line-shape models have been used to adjust the measurements. The results show that the widely-used Voigt profile leads to large differences with measured spectra and that it is necessary to take into account both the velocity changes and speed dependence effects to correctly model H2O line shapes. The second part of this work is devoted to the development of a new line-shape model, based on the results obtained from classical molecular dynamics simulations and semi-classical calculations. Both collision-induced velocity changes and speed dependence effects are taken into account by this model. Furthermore, we also show that the correlation between velocity changes and internal-state changes has to be accounted for to correctly describe H2O line shapes. Spectra of pure H2O, H2O in N2 and in air, calculated with the new model are in excellent agreement with those measured by different techniques and for large ranges of pressure and spectral domain. Its complexity and its large computational cost make the new model difficult to use for practical applications such as atmospheric radiative transfer. It is thus used, in the third part, as a “benchmark” in order to test different simplified line profiles and then to choose the proper one to fit measured spectra and to be used for atmospheric spectra prediction. The results show that the pCqSDHC (partially-Correlated quadratic-Speed-Dependent Hard-Collision) model is the most adapted to represent the line shape of H2O, but also of other molecules. This model offers a very good compromise between accuracy and computation efficiency and can be easily used in different practical applications
Profantova, Barbora. "Molecular mechanisms of DNA regulatory segment recognition by mads box family transcription factors." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066436/document.
Full textThe thesis deals with physico-chemical properties of the MADS box, binding domain of transcription factors, which are important for the formation of complexes with the DNA regulatory segment bearing the CArG box. The study was performed also on model oligopeptides, selected segments of the MADS box and their analogues with a point mutation. A wide range of spectroscopic techniques was employed, namely absorption, circular dichroism, fluorescence and Raman spectroscopies. Advanced approaches including multivariate methods were used for data processing. The three tyrosines of the MADS box located in amino-acid vicinities of different charge and hydrophobicity, were used as intrinsic spectroscopic probes. The obtained characteristics of the MADS box and its segments structural arrangement, flexibility and acid-base equilibria are the main results of the work
Bahn, Emanuel. "Molecular diffusion on surfaces of carbon materials : Spectroscopic and theoretical studies." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY055/document.
Full textThis thesis presents my PhD work about molecular diffusion on surfaces of carbon materials. The main research has been undertaken in the form of neutron and helium spectroscopy studies and theoretical models have been developed for an interpretation of experimental data.In the first part, the growth procedure of an epitaxial graphene layer on the (111) surface of a nickel crystal is described and the adsorption and diffusion of water and of benzene on the graphene surface are discussed. Results from helium spin-echo spectroscopy studies are presented with the aspiration to obtain a detailed qualitative and quantitative description of the structure of the adsorbate and the molecular diffusion on the surface.In the following chapters, the diffusion of molecular hydrogen adsorbed in carbon aerogel, in a novel porous carbon D-96-7, and in exfoliated graphite is discussed, based on results from neutron time-of-flight spectroscopy. The aim is a detailed understanding of the connection between porosity, surface chemistry, and the molecular diffusion
Snell, Kristen E. "Photochromic molecular materials for the controlled organization of nanoparticles." Nantes, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NANT2044.
Full textThe reported work deals with the synthesis and the studies of small azo molecules amenable to form stable self-assembled materials and organize nanoparticles photomechanically or chemically. Firstly, a series of push-pull azo molecules with distinct polarity, hydrophobicity and steric crowding has been synthesized and characterized. Polarisation modulation infrared linear dichroism spectroscopy and birefringence measurements have evidenced that the molecular azo dyes processed as thin films orientated ten times quicker than similarly reported azo functionalized polymer. The ability of the resulting photochromic thin films to undergo periodic bulk mass transfer under interferential illumination was exploited to align polystyrene nanoparticles in the crests or in the troughs of the photowritten reliefs. Secondly, nanospheres have been obtained out of the synthesized molecules using the nanoreprecitation method. Interestingly, they exhibit photoconversion yields intermediate between those in free-constraint solutions and in thin films. Core-shell hybrid structures have been generated by coating sulfur-terminated azo nanospheres with gold nanoparticles. Stiff cohesion between the azo material and gold nanoparticles was proved by Raman microscopy showing SERS effects. Such assemblies, following a reverse architecture, represent the first example of photochromic hybrid nanoparticles with a high payload of photoactive units
Gallo, Erik. "Modification of the electronic structure of catalytic active transition-metal centers upon molecular adsorption : an XAS/XES study." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1S054/document.
Full textThe purpose of this research project was to apply advanced X-ray based spectroscopic techniques for investigating the electronic structure of transition metals within catalysts and molecular sieves under in-situ conditions. Thus, the first chapter of the thesis, "X-Ray Spectroscopy: an Overview " briefly presents the spectroscopic techniques available at ID26, beamline of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (Grenoble) where all the measurements reported in this work have been obtained. In the second chapter, "Study of the Electronic structure of the Ti-sites in TS-1 using hard X-ray spectroscopy", it is reported the electronic characterization of the Ti centres in titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1), that is a relevant catalyst employed in industrial plants worldwide. The chapter shows that the combination of X-ray absorption and X-ray emission spectroscopy with quantum mechanical calculations is effective to obtain important insights on the electronic structure of the Ti-centres under in-situ conditions. The third chapter entitled “Identification of the Ti-Ligands in Silica Supported Ziegler-Natta Catalyst by X- Ray Emission Spectroscopy" presents the study of a variant of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst. The chapter discusses the interpretation of the valence emission lines within the theoretical framework provided by the density functional theory (DFT) and proposes possible models for the Ti-ligand-environment. The fourth chapter, entitled "Observing the dd-Excitations in CPO-27-Ni using Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering", concludes the main part of the thesis. It presents the application of resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) for obtaining the crystal field excitations of the Ni ions within nickel oxide and within a Ni- metal-organic-framework (CPO-27-Ni). The chapter briefly describes the different theoretical approaches that can be used for the interpretation of the spectral features and discusses the adsorption of probe molecules like H2O, CO and H2S on the Ni centres of CPO-27-Ni. The last chapter (Chapter five) drawn a series of conclusions concerning the performed investigations and indicates possible future research directions. In Appendix A entitled "Pump and Probe Time Resolved Experiments at ID26" it is reported the description of the experimental setup co-developed and co-realized by the candidate for time resolved experiments. The appendix also accounts for the scientific outcome of the performed pump and probe measurements. The curriculum vitae and the publications list of the candidate are respectively reported in Appendix B and C
Roche, Julien. "High-pressure effects on proteins and the volume change upon unfolding." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20262/document.
Full textTo solve the century-old question of the origin of the volume change upon unfolding for globular proteins, we built up a collection of 10 mutants of the hyperstable variant of SNase, ∆+PHS. Each of these mutations was designed to create a cavity or to enlarge a naturally occurring cavity in the protein core. We first analyzed how the local structural environment determines the adaptation to the mutation. The high-pressure fluorescence experiments showed a systematic increase of the volume difference between the folded and unfolded states for the 10 variants, compared to ∆+PHS. This major result, in addition to a recent study demonstrating that the hydration effects do not provide any significant contribution to the volume changes, clearly demonstrates that the volume difference between the folded and unfolded states is predominantly due to the presence of internal cavities in the native structure. NMR measurements of the volume change allowed a mapping of the pressure effects on a residue scale and the identification of the folding intermediates populating the free-energy landscape. By analyzing the unfolding kinetics, we finally characterized the consequences of these mutations on the transition state ensembles of SNase
Bouchet, Aude. "Étude des propriétés chiroptiques de cryptophanes hydrosolubles lors de l’encapsulation de molécules invitées." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14344/document.
Full textCryptophanes derivatives are a family of chiral molecules containing a cavity which enables them to encapsulate guest species with variable size and nature (halogenomethanes, xenon, cations). We have been interested in the encapsulation properties of three different water soluble cryptophanes: hexa-hydroxyl cryptophane-A, penta-hydroxyl cryptophane-A and hexa-carboxylic acid cryptophane-A. The chirality of these systems have been exploited to study their complexation properties using chiroptical techniques: polarimetry, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD), the latter being associated with theoretical calculations. The effects of different parameters such as the pH of the solution and the nature of the counter-ions on the complexation of guest molecules have been analyzed. The conformational changes induced on the cryptophanes upon encapsulation have been also determined. In addition, enantiodiscrimination properties of these enantiopure water soluble cryptophanes toward small chiral guest molecules have been evidenced. Finally, these cryptophanes have shown an exceptional affinity for the cesium cation Cs+ in aqueous solution. These last two results allow to consider interesting applications of these systems in chiral chromatography and environmental chemistry, in particular for the detection of radioactive cesium, respectively
Labiad, Hamza. "Transfert d'énergie rotationnelle lors des collisions de CO-Ar et CO-H₂ à très basses températures pour des applications astrophysiques." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S147/document.
Full textIn the quest to understand the universe, astrophysicists observe and make models for astrophysical objects in the sky. The interstellar medium, ISM, in particular is of central importance since it represents the matter that exists in the space between stars in a galaxy, and in which stars and planets form. Understanding it, its constituents and its evolution and characteristics requires the quantification of several chemical and physical processes, including collision processes. In this work, we used the CRESU technique to reproduce very cold environments of astrophysical media, in particular dense molecular clouds in the ISM. We studied experimentally rotational energy transfer, RET, resulting from inelastic collisions at very low temperatures using a pump-probe laser-based spectroscopic technique for the purpose of measuring constants quantifying collisions. Two types of constants were determined: the first are total removal constants of RET resulting from a specific rotational quantum state to all possible final rotational quantum states, and the second are more detailed information consisting in rate constants from a specific rotational quantum state to another specific rotational quantum state, so-called state-to-state rate constants. Two experiments have been performed involving Carbone monoxide molecule, CO, as a target molecule of collisions. The first involves argon, Ar, as a projectile atom, and the second molecular hydrogen, H2, as a projectile molecule. Both collisional systems play an important role in a wide range of areas including gas-phase phenomena and astrophysical applications. In the first experiment, we investigated collisions between CO and Ar, from 293 K down to 30 K. IR-VUV double resonance technique has been exploited to measure, directly for the first time, absolute values of total removal and state-to-state constants of collisions. The experimental results have been compared to theoretical predictions based on a diatom-atom model of collision, where very good agreement was observed. In the second experiment, we investigated collisions between CO and H2 (the most abundant molecules in the ISM) from 293 K down to 5.5 K focusing on the very low temperatures of dense molecular clouds in the ISM. For the first time, total removal and state-to-state constants have been measured and compared to theoretical predictions of a highly accurate diatom-diatom model of collisions, where excellent agreement was observed. The results obtained in this thesis served to validate theoretical models of molecular collisions, helping the continuous efforts for pushing the frontiers of theoretical models. In the astrophysical side, the obtained collisional constants will be taken into account in modeling of many astrophysical media
Negrerie, Michel. "Etude par spectroscopie raman des conformations et interactions moleculaires dans la membrane postsynaptique." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066551.
Full textPuglisi, Alessandra. "Ab-initio study of x-ray spectroscopy of molecular ions." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066257/document.
Full textMolecular ions cover important roles in study and characterization of astrophysical and laboratory plasma. To this purposes, different spectroscopic techniques are used among which we found the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the X-ray photoabsorption spectroscopy. This PhD work is focused on the calculation of X-ray photoabsorption spectra of molecular ions of silicon, carbon and oxygen XHn+ (X= Si, C, O; n= 1, 2, 3). The former is excited on the L (2p) shell while the others on the K (1s) shell produced in plasma discharged. We developed numerical protocols which permits to compute with reasonable precision the K and L-shell photoabsorption spectra combining electronic structure and nuclear wavepacket propagation methods. The optimization of the geometries and the calculation of the ionization potentials (IP) are carried out using the density functional theory (DFT). The relaxation effects due to the core hole creation are taken into account at the self-consistent field (SCF) level. The potential energy surfaces (PES) and the dipole moment transitions are computed at the post Hartree-Fock (configuration interaction, CI) level. The spin-orbit coupling effect are explicitly taken into account through the Breit-Pauli operator. The theoretical results have been compared with the experimental data and they allow the interpretation of the experimental bands
Jonušas, Mindaugas. "Study of photo-induced and radical reactions between CH4 and NH3 : astrochemical applications." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS048/document.
Full textWater plays a fundamental role in the photochemistry of the interstellar medium (ISM), through OH radical formation. OH radicals can interact with other H-containing species to form H2O through a hydrogen abstraction reaction: R-H + OH → R* + H2O. In this work, we have investigated the VUV processing on different interstellar ice analogs. We show that the incorporation of small amount of water in NH3 and CH4 ices greatly increases the formation of reactive NH2 and CH3 radicals during the photolysis processing. Thermal treatments of irradiated NH3-H2O and CH4-H2O ices lead to the formation of NH2OH and larger alcoholic species such as propanol and metoxymethanol. Further studies of thermal processing of NH2OH ice and formation of propanol through energetic (VUV irradiation) and non-energetic (surface H-addition reaction) processing were carried out in the context of this thesis in order to try explaining their non-detection in the interstellar medium. The study of the irradiated mixed NH3-CH4-H2O ices showed the formation of more exotic species by combining the IR and mass spectrometries. We managed to identify very large complex organic compounds already detected or tensively sought in the ISM
Vanfleteren, Thomas. "HIGH-RESOLUTION NEAR-INFRARED LASER SPECTROSCOPY OF AMMONIA- AND WATER-CONTAINING MOLECULAR COMPLEXES." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/258689.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
LONGONI, MARGHERITA. "THE NON-INVASIVE ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC MATERIALS IN CULTURAL HERITAGE: DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIES BASED ON MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPIES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/898103.
Full textPaquet, Amaury. "Caractérisation multi-échelle de phases organiques concentrées." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS019/document.
Full textIn the framework of development of new processes for spent nuclear fuel reprocessing, new extractant molecules are studied.The goals of this thesis are to study the molecular and supramolecular speciation of representative organic solutions. The speciation was determined by coupling experimental and theoretical study. After solute extraction, the composition of the organic solutions is experimentally determined. Simulations boxes with the same composition than experimental solutions are build. After simulation, trajectories are used to calculate small angle scattered intensities. The representativeness of the simulations is checked by comparison of experimental and calculated scattered intensities. The use of the simulation, ESI-MS spectrometry and IR spectroscopy provides the description of the structures in organic solution at the molecular and supramolecular scale. This methodology was applied on water and uranyl nitrate extraction by the monoamide DEHBA and MOEHA and by the malonamide DMDOHEMA as well as the extraction of water and neodymium nitrate by TODGA solutions.The extraction of water is dependent of the organization of the solution: monoamide solution made of monomer and dimer solubilize few amount of water in comparison with DMDOHEMA or TODGA solutions.The extraction of uranyl nitrate showed different behavior. UO2(NO3)2L2 complexes are observed at low uranium concentration after extraction by the monoamides. Polymetallic species are observed with the increase of uranium concentration. In the case of DMDOHEMA, monometallic complexes are majority but without a unique stoichiometry. The uranyl can be linked to 1 o 2 malonamides, 2 nitrates and sometimes to a water molecule. Neodymium is extracted by TODGA within small aggregates made of 2 or 3 cations liked by bridging nitrates. The increase of the concentration of neodymium leads to a phase separation. The presence of octanol provides the extraction of higher concentration of neodymium nitrate. Simulations showed the replacement of water and TODGA molecules and the first coordination sphere of the cation with octanol molecule. This increases the solubility of the aggregates. The presence of DMDOHEMA prevents also the phase separation by structuring the solution. With malonamide, smaller aggregates are observed.For both systems, phases after demixing (third phase formation) were characterized.This work provides the study of the molecular and supramolecular organization of organic solutions by combining experimental studies and molecular dynamic simulations
Ciurlo, Anna. "Physical and dynamical conditions of the molecular gas in the central parsec of the Galaxy." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01540979.
Full textIn the central parsec of the Galaxy the environment of the black hole (Sgr A*) presents a young star cluster and two different gas structures: the molecular Circumnuclear Disc (CND) and the ionized Minispiral. We have investigated the presence of neutral gas in the central cavity of the CND, where the ionized Minispiral lies, in order to describe H2 distribution and properties in this ionized environment. This study is carried out through a near-infrared spectro-imaging data cube of the central cavity observed with SPIN-1 on the VLT. These observations cover several 1-121ines. In order to preserve the spatial resolution and avoid edge effects we applied a new line fitting method, which consists in a regularized 3D-fit. We present high spatial and spectral resolution maps of the intensity, velocity and width of several H2 fines. The ratio of two H2 lines provides the extinction estimation and allows correcting the flux maps and observing the effect of the foreground and local extinction. Molecular gas is detected everywhere. We also applied a more classical spectroscopie model fitting to compare the relative strength of the 112 fines. This allows to trace the excitation diagrams and to estimate the temperature, mass and densities of the observed features. In correspondence of the CND the observed emission arises from a hot, thermalized, thin layer at the surface of the dense clouds. In the central region the emission is not thermalized and arises from the bulk of the Northern Arm cloud and from the diffuse medium inside the cavity. A strong deviation from thermal equilibrium is detected near the Minicavity and it might be due to H2 constantly formed and destroyed
Soria, Martínez Rubén. "Modeling of local excitation processes in molecular nanojunctions." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAE017.
Full textOne of the most remarkable applications of the tunnel effect is the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM), allowing to get the spatially and energetically map distribution of electrons on the surface of materials with nanometric resolution. Recent advances make it possible to exploit the tip of the STM as a source of local excitation of materials. The work presented in this manuscript aims to describe and model the phenomena involved in such excitation process. We present a modeling of the absorption spectra of phthalocyanine molecules lying on surfaces within the framework of the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). We show that spectroscopic analysis of the transitions between the ground state and the excited states of the molecule allows to characterize the stress inside the molecule. We also highlight a variety of excitation spectra depending on the location of the excitation of the molecule. We discuss the possibility of exploiting this phenomenon to characterize inter-molecular energy transport
Gorczyca, Agnès. "Caractérisation de catalyseurs métalliques supportés par spectroscopie XANES, apports du calcul quantique dans l'interprétation des spectres expérimentaux." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENI062/document.
Full textThe study of metallic nanoclusters supported on oxides is of paramount fundamental and technological importance, particularly in the field of energy. The nanoparticles based on platinum supported on gamma alumina are widely used as highly dispersed heterogeneous catalysts especially under reducing hydrogen atmosphere. Their reactivity and selectivity are intimately related to the local geometry and the electronic density of active sites. These are particularly difficult to define, given the very small size of the studied particles (about 0.8 nm in diameter). XANES (X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure) spectroscopy requiring synchrotron radiation, is one of the most appropriate tools to study these systems, especially in situ, at the atomic scale. Indeed the XANES spectra are influenced by the geometry and symmetry of the atoms local environment (especially angles between bonds), the degree of oxidation, the bond types involved, and the electronic structure of the system . All these factors are nevertheless difficult to differentiate and even to interpret. It is therefore impossible to infer accurately the structure of the metal particles by experience alone, without any comparison with simulated spectra. The establishment of theoretical models becomes necessary. We are implementing an approach that combines high-resolution XANES experiments in situ and quantum simulations, the latter aimed at proposing relevant structural models to quantify the reactivity of the particles and calculating spectral characteristics for comparison to experiment. The identification of the clusters morphologies, the metal-support interaction and the hydrogen coverage is made possible combining experiments and quantum calculations. The library of existing monometallic Pt particles models supported on Gamma alumina with or without adsorbed hydrogen, is refined. New models considering the two main surface of Gamma alumina, the particle size and hydrogen adsorption are developed. This extended library of models enabled a study of the effect of particle size, morphology, electronic structure, different alumina faces, and the hydrogen coverage on the signature of XANES spectra. This first study of monometallic platinum catalysts, concludes with the discrimination of the morphologies, but especially with the quantification of the hydrogen coverage of the particles for each temperature and hydrogen pressure experimental condition. Then, models of bimetallic Platinum-tin particles supported on the (100) Gamma alumina face are performed with hydrogen adsorption. These models provide insights into the effect of tin on the morphology, the electronic properties and the interaction with the support and hydrogen of these clusters. Different compositions were explored, which provided information on the dilution of platinum by tin. The adsorption of hydrogen was then studied on Pt10Sn3 clusters supported on the (100) face of alumina. Although many parameters are not yet included in these models, the comparison to the experience already provides a first approximation to the description of bimetallic systems
Rastogi, Rishabh. "Engineered Electromagnetic Hot-spots for Highly Sensitive (Bio)molecular Detection by Plasmonic Specytroscopies." Thesis, Troyes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TROY0018.
Full textNanoplasmonic sensing relies on enhanced electromagnetic fields at the vicinity of nanostructured metal surface to detect molecules at ultra-low concentrations. The EM enhancements are strongly pronounced at junctions between adjacent nanostructures resulting in gap hot-spots. EM enhancements at these hot-spots increase non-linearly as a function of gap distances down to sub-10 regime. Analyte present at these gaps can leverage these EM enhancements, resulting in ultra-high sensitivity in detection. However, such confining gaps affect the ability of large analytes such as biomolecules to enter and thereby leverage EM fields within the gaps. This presents spatial needs to enhance EM fields at odds with those for accommodating biomolecular interactions. This thesis demonstrates the rational design of array configurations that allows the EM hotspots to be better leveraged by the reporter of biomolecular binding event. The thesis uses molecular self-assembly based approach to fabricate reproducible plasmonic nanoarrays on full wafers. Multiple parameters are considered including the dimension, shape, and density of hotspots, surface functionalization, and the choice of substrates, to demonstrate quantitative detection of molecules down to picomolar concentrations
Kochanov, Roman. "Contribution à la modélisation de spectres moléculaires à partir de surfaces d'énergie potentielle et d'Hamiltoniens effectifs : applications aux banques de données spectroscopiques." Thesis, Reims, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REIMS044/document.
Full textThe studies of highly excited molecular states are located on the frontier between different scientific domains involving physics / chemistry (quantum mechanics, ab initio electronic structure calculations, high-resolution spectroscopy, atmospheric physics) and dynamics of the very complex molecular systems. For good interpreting of this kind of data it is necessary to have theoretical models which are based on optimized algorithms permitting to predict the experimental data with acceptable precision. The subject of this work is focused in the field of development of theoretical models and algorithms which are adapted to the description of states of the nuclear movements of molecules in highly excited states. Our main goal is to provide efficient computational means to perform spectral analyses and to model the spectroscopic experimental measurements with good accuracy. This task includes developing and enhancing mathematical algorithms, creating and optimization of the necessary field-specific software for applications to the environmental and atmospheric problems. The tasks are in the following competences of the candidate: applied mathematics, scientific programming and molecular spectroscopy.Mathematical methods are considered in the context of the following physical tasks: 1) Construction and fitting of the models of effective Hamiltonians for description of high number of ro-vibrational transitions of nitrous oxide (N2O). 2) Construction of analytical models of the potential energy surface of ozone (O3) using ab initio calculations and fittings to experimental vibrational data. 3) Improvement of the algorithm of contact transformations (CT) aimed at the calculation of ro-vibrational spectra of polyatomic molecules with significant number of atoms
Cerchez, Vladimir. "Nano structures formed by molecular chlorine interaction with noble metal surfaces : scanning Tunneling Microscopy/Spectroscopy study." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10047/document.
Full textThis work is related to the systematic study of chlorine adsorption mechanism on the metal's surfaces Au(111), Ag(111) and Cu(111). We had used for this study the interaction of chlorine gas with metal surface in ultra-high vacuum conditions. Elaborated systems were characterized from the structural point of view by low-energy electron diffraction and low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (5 K). Local electronic properties were probed by scanning tunneling spectroscopy. The first part of the work is devoted to the surface's structural modifications induced by chlorine adsorption from sub-monolayer regime to saturation, which corresponds to the appearance of metal halide precursors. From numerous experimental results we were able to describe in details the mechanism of gas/surface interaction and to propose atomic structural models that remained unresolved up to now. The proposed models were validated by density functional theory calculations. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the study of original electronic properties of the superstructure of quantum wells formed by self-organization of chlorine atoms on (111) surface of gold. We had studied the quantum resonances that appeared due to the confinement of surface electronic states in the pores of few nanometers in diameter. The eigenstates were characterized as a function of the quantum well?s shape and size. This study was completed by numerical modeling of spectroscopic properties of nano-pores in the "particle-in-a-box" limit
Tran, Dang Bao An. "Widely tunable and SI-traceable frequency-comb-stabilised mid-infrared quantum cascade laser : application to high precision spectroscopic measurements of polyatomic molecules." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCD060.
Full textThe thesis consists in developing a high-resolution mid-infrared spectrometer traceable to primary frequency standards and providing a unique combination of resolution, tunability, detection sensitivity and frequency control. A quantum cascade laser (QCL) emitting at 10.3 µm is phase locked to an optical frequency comb stabilized to a remote 1.55 µm ultra-stable reference developed at LNE-SYRTE, monitored against primary frequency standards and transferred to LPL via an active noise compensated fibre link. This results in a 0.1 Hz QCL linewidth, a stability below 10⁻¹⁵ at 1 s and an uncertainty on its absolute frequency below 4 × 10⁻¹⁴. Moreover, the setup allows the QCL to be widely scanned over 1.4 GHz while maintaining the highest stabilities and precision. This QCL was used to carry out saturated absorption spectroscopy of several molecules in a compact multipass cell. We demonstrated statistical uncertaintyon line-center frequencies at the kHz level and sub-10 kHz systematic uncertainty. We have recorded several singular K-doublets and many rovibrational transitions of methanol, in particular weak transitions and weak doublets - unreported so far. Precise parameters modelling trioxaneh ave been determined with only a few tens of rovibrational transitions recorded at unprecedented accuracy. The quadrupole hyperfine structure of an ammonia transition has been resolved for thefirst time. This setup constitutes a key element for the project aiming at the first observation of parity violation in molecules currently held at LPL, and, more generally, for various fields of physics, from atmospheric and interstellar physics to fundamental physics beyond the standard model
De, Siddhartha. "NMR spectroscopy as a tool for studying molecular magnetic materials." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066103/document.
Full textThe work presented in this Ph.D. dissertation focuses on the application of NMR spectroscopy for studying molecular magnetic materials. A particular attention is devoted to cyanide-contaning magnetic systems: cyanide building blocks, low-dimensional polymetallic complexes and extended networks (Prussian blue analogues). Basically, we try to show through selected examples that NMR can be used as a powerful structural and magnetic probe to address a variety of questions related to paramagnetic materials (chapter 2, 4, 5). Besides, we also use here NMR to study spin equilibrium in solution in a family of Fe(II) spin-crossover complexes (chapter 3). Apart from the use of various NMR techniques, different physical techniques including FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy (in solid-state and solution), TGA, X-ray diffraction, EPR spectroscopy, Polarized neutron diffraction (only for [Fe(Tp)(CN)3]- compound), and SQUID magnetometry are used to obtain reliable structural and electronic characterization of the probed magnetic materials and to rationalize and support the results obtained from NMR spectroscopy. Theoretical DFT calculations (in collaboration with theoreticians) are also performed on some selected compounds to support the experimental observations. The first chapter of the dissertation provides a short overview of some basic concepts of NMR spectroscopy in solid state and in solution and gives very briefly some few examples of NMR studies on a variety of paramagnetic systems. The first experimental chapter of the thesis focuses on the use of 13C and 15N solid-state NMR spectroscopy to probe local magnetic properties and to estimate the spin density and its distribution onto the cyanide ligands. It thus addresses a fundamental question for magnetochemists: how the unpaired electron delocalized from the paramagnetic source onto the bridging ligand to give rise to the magnetic exchange interaction? In the third chapter of the thesis, the solution state paramagnetic 1H NMR spectroscopy has been used to study Fe(II) mononuclear switchable complexes, which undergo a change of their magnetic (and optical) properties upon external stimuli. More specifically, the thermally-induced spin-crossover equilibria of the [FeII(R-bik)3]2+ complexes has been studied by variable temperature 1H NMR and the results are compared to those obtained by other techniques. The fourth chapter deals with the magneto-structural characterization of some polynuclear complexes based on the new cyanide-based [CoIII(Me2Tp)(CN)3]- building block. NMR spectroscopy of the quadrupolar 59Co nucleus is used as a probe for following the magnetic behaviour of these Co(III) containing molecular systems at different temperature. It also allows to investigate the spin extension mechanism over the cyanide bridge. Finally the chapter 5 intends to explore the use of 113Cd NMR spectroscopy as both a local structural and magnetic probe for studying Fe-Cd based molecular materials
Liu, Delong. "Spectroscopie millimétrique et submillimétrique des premiers états de vibration du butyronitrile et applications à la radioastronomie." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30261/document.
Full textLaboratory measured rotational spectra of anti- and gauche-normal-propyl cyanide up to 506 GHz have been analyzed to obtain a precise set of molecular parameters for the ground state and five low-lying vibrational states of each conformer. The objective is to be able to make best possible predictions for radio-astronomy. In total around 15000 lines have been included in the analysis. Improved parameters have been determined for v30 = 1, v30 = 2, v18 = 1, v29 = 1, for the anti conformer, and v30 = 1, v30 = 2, v28 = 1, v29 = 1, for the gauche conformer. Parameters are derived for the first time for v18 = v30 = 1 of the anti conformer and v29 = v30 = 1 of the gauche conformer. Evidence has been found for vibrational coupling for some transitions above 380 GHz. The coupling between v18 = 1 and v30 = 2 of the anti conformer has been well characterized. Internal rotation splitting is also observed but not expected to be resolved in astronomical spectra
Granet, Julien. "Étude de l’effet Kondo au sein d’auto-assemblages de phtalocyanines par spectroscopie tunnel et photoémission." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0029/document.
Full textIn this work, we investigated molecular Kondo effect in two-dimensional supramolecular lattices adsorbed on metallic single crystalline surfaces by means of low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) and photoemission (PES). The molecular compounds used in this PhD thesis have been chosen in regards to their spin orbital. The first molecule under investigation is a metal free phthalocyanine adsorbed on Ag(111). A Kondo effect has been evidenced by STS for single molecules as well as for self-assembly up to one monolayer coverage at low temperature. In that case, the spin originates from charge transfer from the Ag surface to the molecule. The second molecular compound is a double-decker molecule hosting a cerium 4f-ion. In that case, a Kondo resonance is evidenced by STS when it is self-assembled on Ag(111) whereas it is absent on Cu(111). These results are discussed in terms of intermolecular and molecule-metal interactions
Sala, Leo Albert. "Low-energy Electron Induced Chemistry in Supported Molecular Films." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS438/document.
Full textHigh-energy irradiation of condensed matter leads to the production of copious amounts of low-energy (0-20 eV) secondary electrons. These electrons are known to trigger various dissociative processes leading to observed damages including erosion and chemical modifications. The resulting reactive species within the condensed media can also lead to the synthesis of new molecules. This has implications in several applications most especially in the design of lithographic methods, focused beam-assisted deposition, as well as in astrochemistry. In all these applications, it is important to identify the processes induced by low-energy electrons, study the reactive fragments and stable molecules produced to determine possibilities of controlling them, and generate quantitative data to gauge the efficiencies of these processes. The approach developed for this PhD work consists of directly irradiating surfaces and interfaces using low-energy electrons and studying the processes that arise. The responses of different model molecular films (of varying thickness) were studied as a function of incident electron energy and dose. In favorable cases, methodologies proposed herein can be used to estimate effective cross sections of observed processes. Three complementary surface-sensitive techniques were utilized for this purpose. To characterize the deposited films and formed residues, the High Resolution Electron-Energy Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS) and Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) were used. Neutral fragments (as opposed to their often-detected ionic counterparts) desorbing under electron irradiation were monitored using a mass spectrometer in a technique called Electron Stimulated Desorption (ESD).Within the context of surface functionalization, the grafting of sp2-hybridized carbon centers on a polycrystalline hydrogenated diamond substrate was realized through electron irradiation of a thin layer of benzylamine precursor deposited on its surface. At 11 eV, the dominant mechanism is proposed to be neutral dissociation of the precursor molecules. The effective cross section of the grafting process was estimated in only a single measurement from the HREELS map of the sample surface, taking advantage of the electron beam profile. Within the context of astrochemistry, on the other hand, the responses of crystalline and amorphous NH3 ices were studied under electron impact. The desorption of intact NH3 was observed which resulted in the direct erosion of the film proceeding through a mechanism consistent with desorption induced by electronic transitions (DIET). Different fragmentation and recombination processes were also observed as evidenced by detected neutral species like NHx (x=1,2), N2, and H2. Aside from desorption, a wealth of chemical processes was also observed at 13 eV. Temporal ESD at this energy allowed for the estimation of the effective cross section of NH3 desorption and observing the delayed desorption of N2 and H2. TPD analysis of the residues also provided evidence of N2H2 and N2H4 synthesis in the film. These results can help explain the observed discrepancies in abundances of NH3 and N2 in dense regions in space. Lastly, this PhD work will present prospects for these electron-induced processes to be constrained spatially in microscopic dimensions for lithographic applications. The feasibility of the procedure utilizing Low-Energy Electron Microscope (LEEM) was demonstrated on a terphenylthiol self-assembled monolayer (TPT SAM) specimen. Spots of 5 μm in diameter with different work functions were imprinted on the surface using energies from 10-50 eV. Electron-induced reactions in thin-film resists (PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate)) were also studied at low-energy identifying opportunities for energy- and spatially-resolved surface modification
Gueye, Moussa. "Optomechanical energy conversion and vibrational coherence in biomimetic molecular photoswitches." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAE016/document.
Full textThe research presented durind this Phd work address one of the paradigms of atomic/molecular physics of modern era, namely the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. The chemical processes on the atomics level has been reliying on the ability to separate fast electron motion from that of heavy nuclei. We focus in the so called conical intersection (CI), whereby molecular isomerization proceed over timescale clearly violating this paradigmatic approximation. Arguably, the most spectacular example of such process is the primary photochemical event in vision. The key aspect of these ultrafast, and often remarkably efficient, transitions is the conversion of optical energy into mechanical energy through coherent channels, that is with negligible loss of energy due to the random dissipation. This work in many aspects expands on the scope and offers a very challenging, et attractive, endeavour into vibrational coherence of complex molecule in solution. Molecular complexity was primarely motivated by wide applicablity of research on synthetic molecules that mimic the photoreaction of Rhodopsin (Rho), to date the fastest and most efficient optomechanical photoswitch. To this end, we have developed and used a state-of-art ultrafast time domain vibrational coherence spectrometer (VCS), allowing sub-10 fs resolution, hence vibration windows up to 3000 cm-1. Such combinaison unlocks to new ways to control over chemical reactions, whereby mechanistic forces precede rather than outpley thermal fluctuations. This concept transcends chemistry, and as a matter pf example, it has only begun to be exploited in material science. [...]
Jiang, Tingming. "Adsorption of chalcogen-based aromatic organic molecules on metal and dielectric surfaces by self-assembly and molecular beam expitaxy." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS581.
Full textIn this thesis, formation of self-assembled monolayers of different chalcogenide molecules and organic semiconductor thin films was investigated. Their electronic and structural characteristics have been investigated primarily by synchrotron based X-ray photoelectron, near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy and low energy electron diffraction. In addition, the adsorption characteristics of selenium and sulfur were studied as a complement to the study of adsorptions of chalcogen headgroup molecules. The high resolution XPS was employed to investigate the self assembled monolayers of benzeneselenol and selenophene on Cu(111). The detailed study of characteristic core level peaks demonstrated the existence of different absorption sites of the molecules and also along with NEXAFS measurements the occurrence of Se-C bond cleavage. These conclusions are supported by the study of atomic selenium adsorptions showing also different absorption sites for the atomic selenium with different chemical environments based on high resolution XPS study of characteristic Se3d, Se3p spectra and LEED imaging. The adsorptions of polythiophene molecules (nT, n=1-4, 6) as well as for α, ω-diquaterthiophene (DH4T) and dihexylsexithiophene (DH6T) on Au(111) and Au films grown on mica was studied. The results indicate that the XPS S2p peaks have contributions from intact molecules on different adsorption sites and broken molecules complemented. These conclusions are supported by existing DFT calculations. Spontaneous dissociation appears to a variable extent in different cases, which could be related to different surface morphologies, existence of defects and ensuing differences reactivity.α-Sexithiophene (6T) ultrathin films were grown on CaF2(111)/Si(111) planar surfaces and on CaF2(110)/Si(001) ridged surfaces by molecular beam epitaxy. The AFM image of 6T on CaF2(111) shows large islands with flat terraces without in-plane preference, while narrow and elongated islands following the substrate corrugation are formed for 6T on CaF2(110). XPS and NEXAFS spectra indicate that the interactions between 6T and surfaces are negligible, and the molecules align with their long axis perpendicular to the surfaces for both cases
Delahaye, Thibault. "Contribution aux méthodes de calcul de spectres moléculaires à partir de surfaces ab initio : application à l'éthylène et au méthane." Thesis, Reims, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REIMS013/document.
Full textThe work presented in this manuscript is devoted to the study of ethyleneC2H4 and methane CH4 for planetological and astrophysical applications. The first part of this thesis concerns the construction of ab initio surfaces (potential energy surface and dipole moment surfaces ) for ethylene molecule. A procedure for the accurate determination of the equilibrium geometry in this molecule has been established, because it determines partially the accuracy of the rotational levels. In the second part, these surfaces were used to calculate the vibrational energy levels of ethylene and isotopologues 12C2D4, 13C2H4 and 13C12CH4 by variational calculations, and the study of the line positions and line intensities for 12C2H4 and 13C12CH4 molecules. These new surfaces have led to significant advances in ab initio variational predictions of ethylene spectra. For the first time, the extension of these calculations to the study of spectra at high-temperatures, for astrophysicalapplications were addressed. The last part concerns the non-empirical constructionof effective models for the dipole moment of methane from ab initio surfaces. For thisstudy, an algebraic technique based on the Contact Transformations approach, and developed in our team for triatomic molecules has been extended to the case of penta-atomic molecules for the very first time. All of these results was confronted with informations in spectroscopic databases, which were used to validate our approaches
Diouf, Mouhamed. "Synthèse de nanoparticules par ablation laser en liquide et étude de leurs propriétés optiques." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00850690.
Full textAlikhani, Mohammad Esmaïl. "Etude par spectroscopie de diffusion raman du piegeage de trois especes isotopiques de dihydrogene en matrice de gaz rares et d'azote : interpretation theorique des perturbations spectrales observees dans les gaz rares." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066015.
Full textMantisi, Boris. "Réponse vibrationnelle basse fréquence des verres de silice : modélisation et spectroscopie RAMAN." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00934253.
Full textTrcera, Nicolas. "Etude de la structure de verres magnésio-silicatés : approche expérimentale et modélisation." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00481945.
Full textDi, Stefano Anna Luisa. "Molecular markers of gliomas : implications for diagnosis and new target therapies." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066015.
Full textThis work is devoted to the characterization of a specific oncogenic fusion between FGFR and TACC genes in gliomas. Overall, we screened 907 gliomas for FGFR3-TACC3 fusions. We found that FGFR3-TACC3 fusions exclusively affect IDH wild-type gliomas (3%), and are mutually exclusive with the EGFR amplification and the EGFR vIII variant, whereas it co-occurs with CDK4 amplification, MDM2 amplification and 10q loss. FGFR3–TACC3 fusions were associated with strong and homogeneous FGFR3 immunostaining. We show that FGFR3 immunostaining is a sensitive predictor of the presence of FGFR3-TACC3 fusions. FGFR3-TACC3 glioma patients had a longer overall survival than those patients with IDH wild-type glioma. We treated two patients with FGFR3–TACC3 rearrangements with a specific FGFR-TK inhibitor and we observed a clinical improvement in both and a minor response in one patient. In the second section, we developed a non-invasive diagnostic tool by 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in IDH mutant gliomas. We optimized a uniquely different spectroscopy sequence called MEGA-PRESS for the detection of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2 HG) that specifically accumulates in IDH mutant gliomas. We analysed a prospective cohort of 25 patients before surgery for suspected grade II and grade III gliomas and we assessed specificity and sensitivity, correlation with 2 HG concentrations in the tumor and associations with grade and genomic background. We found that MEGA-PRESS is highly specific (100%) and sensitive (80%) for the prediction of IDH mutation and correlated with 2 HG levels measured by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in frozen tissue
Perraud, Simon. "Etude de puits quantiques semiconducteurs par microscopie et spectroscopie à effet tunnel." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00606632.
Full textBrazda, Petr. "Preparation of Fe2O3/SiO2 nanocomposites from molecular precursor by the sol-gel method and the doping of iron (III) by trivalent metal cations." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6289.
Full textPresented work is focused on preparation of nanocomposite of epsilon-Fe2O3 crystallites embedded in amorphous SiO2 matrix using new sol-gel technique. Another aim of our study was to prepare epsilon iron(III) oxide with part of iron atoms substituted by diamagnetic aluminium or gallium atoms. From this reason nanocomposites of compositions of Al0. 25Fe1. 75O3/SiO2, Al0. 50Fe1. 50O3/SiO2, Al0. 75Fe1. 25O3/SiO2, Ga0. 25Fe1. 75O3/SiO2, Ga0. 50Fe1. 50O3/SiO2 and Ga0. 75Fe1. 25O3/SiO2 were prepared. Thanks to the optimal conditions, the non-substituted samples prepared were very pure. The majority of substituted samples did not contain other than epsilon phase. The anisotropy of hyperfine fields at 4. 2 K observed by NMR spectroscopy led to an alternative assignment of the subspectra in Mössbauer spectrum of epsilon phase. Fine structure of Mössbauer spectra induced by the substitution permitted a deeper understanding of the relationship between structure and magnetic properties of epsilon-Fe2O3
Thaunay, Florian. "Développement de champs de forces polarisables et applications à la spectroscopie vibrationnelle." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX037/document.
Full textSpectroscopy dissociation by absorption of infrared photons (IRPD) provides vibrational signatures of charged species in the gas phase, such as small peptides or hydrated ions in water clusters. The vibrational normal modes assignment to establish a relationship between the experimental spectrum and molecular structure is a delicate task and requires the use of molecular modeling.This manuscript presents a set of theoretical tools for calculation and assignment of vibrational spectra, based mainly on classical molecular dynamics and polarizable AMOEBA force field, and its application to gaseous ions of various sizes. Hydrated ions in water clusters M(H2O)n (n in 6-100 range) are characterized by a dynamic behavior, and their experimental spectrum can not be described by a single structure. The signature of peptides changes with temperature and dynamic anharmonicity effects. They can also be the site of proton transfer mechanisms, with a very characteristic vibrational signature.The potential energy surface of these systems is explored by classical molecular dynamics in individual trajectories or replica exchange to generate energetically stable structures. For smaller systems, quantum methods, as DFT and post-HF, are used to confirm the lowest energy structures, calculate their static IR and propose normal modes assignments. For larger systems, i.e ions in water drops of several tens of molecules, the simulation of IR spectra at finite temperature is based on the Fourier transform of the autocorrelation function of the dipole moment (DACF), calculated during a classical molecular dynamics trajectory. As this method does not allow direct access to the vibrational normal modes, we implemented a method of dynamic assigments, based on the Driven Molecular Dynamics (DMD) and coupled to the DACF. The combination AMOEBA /DACF / DMD was used to reproduce and assign the spectrum of the dipeptide Ace-Phe-Ala-NH2, and those of hydrated ions in water clusters.Finally, the vibrational signature of a proton transfer can not be described by quantum static methods or by classical dynamics. Its modeling required the development of a two states Empirical Valence Bond Model (EVB), coupled with AMOEBA polarizable force field. The two states EVB model was implemented in the software TINKER. It can reproduce the dynamic behavior of proton transfer in small peptides and deprotonated acids, as well as the spectroscopic signatures observed experimentally.An important part of the applications of these developments relates simple hydrated ions in nano-droplets, and in particular the sulfate ion of great environmental importance. We were able to reproduce satisfactorily, for the first time, the spectra of clusters containing up to 100 water molecules. The main contributor to this experimental spectroscopy is the team of E. Williams from the University of California of Berkeley. We have established cooperation with them to complete this work by modeling the IR spectra of hydrated sulfates ions [SO4(H2O) n=9-36]2-, for which they obtained experimental signatures
Foulet-Fonseca, Gloria. "Etude par spectroscopie vibrationnelle des complexes méthylcarbyniques et méthylcarbéniques de chrome." Paris 13, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA132028.
Full textNguyen, Thi Hai Van. "Spectroscopie d'émission d'un plasma crée par des décharge couronne dans l'hélium." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAT002/document.
Full textFluorescence spectroscopy is a powerful tool to obtain information on microscopicprocesses in non-equilibrium discharge plasma (corona) in dense media such as high pressuresupercritical gas and even liquids. Spectroscopic observations of the light emitted from anionization zone near a tip electrode can be used to determine structural information of thelocal environment of the emitting atoms or molecules. The spectral features observable aresensitive to the immediate surroundings of the emitting species, which makes emissionspectroscopy very useful for study of the cold nonequilibrium plasma varying the pressureand the temperature.In this work, we have studied the current-voltage characteristics and spectralcomposition of helium cryoplasma initiated with a corona discharge in gaseous and liquidhelium. A cryoplasma has been realized in laboratory conditions using corona discharge ingaseous and liquid Helium at cryogenic temperatures of the matter. Experiments were carriedout at a number of fixed temperatures from 300 K down to 4.2 K within the pressure range0.1÷10 MPa. The conditions covered a wide region of thermodynamic states of the mattersuch as from a gas with density of ~1019 cm-3 up to liquid Helium with density of 2*1022cm-3