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Journal articles on the topic 'Molecular quantum-dot cellular automata'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Lent, Craig S., Beth Isaksen, and Marya Lieberman. "Molecular Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata." Journal of the American Chemical Society 125, no. 4 (January 2003): 1056–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja026856g.

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2

Lent, C. S., and B. Isaksen. "Clocked molecular quantum-dot cellular automata." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 50, no. 9 (September 2003): 1890–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2003.815857.

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3

Porod, Wolfgang. "Quantum-Dot Devices and Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 07, no. 10 (October 1997): 2199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127497001606.

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We discuss novel nanoelectronic architecture paradigms based on cells composed of coupled quantum-dots. Boolean logic functions may be implemented in specific arrays of cells representing binary information, the so-called Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA). Cells may also be viewed as carrying analog information and we outline a network-theoretic description of such Quantum-Dot Nonlinear Networks (Q-CNN). In addition, we discuss possible realizations of these structures in a variety of semiconductor systems (including GaAs/AlGaAs, Si/SiGe, and Si/SiO 2), rings of metallic tunnel junctions, and candidates for molecular implementations.

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4

Hennessy, Kevin, and Craig S. Lent. "Clocking of molecular quantum-dot cellular automata." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 19, no. 5 (2001): 1752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1394729.

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5

Blair, Enrique, and Craig Lent. "Clock Topologies for Molecular Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 8, no. 3 (September 8, 2018): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea8030031.

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Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a low-power, non-von-Neumann, general-purpose paradigm for classical computing using transistor-free logic. Here, classical bits are encoded on the charge configuration of individual computing primitives known as “cells.” A cell is a system of quantum dots with a few mobile charges. Device switching occurs through quantum mechanical inter-dot charge tunneling, and devices are interconnected via the electrostatic field. QCA devices are implemented using arrays of QCA cells. A molecular implementation of QCA may support THz-scale clocking or better at room temperature. Molecular QCA may be clocked using an applied electric field, known as a clocking field. A time-varying clocking field may be established using an array of conductors. The clocking field determines the flow of data and calculations. Various arrangements of clocking conductors are laid out, and the resulting electric field is simulated. It is shown that that control of molecular QCA can enable feedback loops, memories, planar circuit crossings, and versatile circuit grids that support feedback and memory, as well as data flow in any of the ordinal grid directions. Logic, interconnect and memory now become indistinguishable, and the von Neumann bottleneck is avoided.

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6

POROD, WOLFGANG. "QUANTUM-DOT CELLULAR AUTOMATA DEVICES AND ARCHITECTURES." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 09, no. 01 (March 1998): 37–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012915649800004x.

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We discuss novel nanoelectronic architecture paradigms based on cells composed of coupled quantum-dots. These ideas of a transistor-less approach represent a radical departure from conventional technology. We utilize a strategy which exploits the physical interactions between quantum-dots arranged in suitably designed cellular arrays. Boolean logic functions may be implemented in specific arrays of cells representing binary information, the so-called Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA). Cells may also be viewed as carrying analog information and we outline a network-theoretic description of such Quantum-Dot Nonlinear Networks (Q–CNN). In addition, we discuss possible realizations of these structures in a variety of semiconductor systems (including GaAs/AlGaAs, Si/SiGe, and Si/SiO 2), rings of metallic tunnel junctions, and candidates for molecular implementations.

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7

LIEBERMAN, MARYA, SUDHA CHELLAMMA, BINDHU VARUGHESE, YULIANG WANG, CRAIG LENT, GARY H. BERNSTEIN, GREGORY SNIDER, and FRANK C. PEIRIS. "Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata at a Molecular Scale." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 960, no. 1 (January 24, 2006): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb03037.x.

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8

Lu, Yuhui, and Craig S. Lent. "Theoretical Study of Molecular Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata." Journal of Computational Electronics 4, no. 1-2 (April 2005): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10825-005-7120-y.

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9

Hänninen, Ismo, and Jarmo Takala. "Binary multipliers on quantum-dot cellular automata." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 20, no. 3 (2007): 541–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee0703541h.

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This article describes the design of ultra-low-power multipliers on quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) nanotechnology, promising very dense circuits and high operating frequencies, using a single homogeneous layer of the basic cells. We construct structures without the earlier noise problems, verified by the QCA Designer coherence vector simulation. Our results show that the wiring overhead of the arithmetic circuits grows quadratically with the operand word length, and our pipelined array multiplier has linearly better performance-area efficiency than the previously proposed serial-parallel structure. Power analysis at the fundamental Landauer's limit shows, that the operating frequencies will indeed be bound by the energy dissipated in information erasure: under irreversible operation, the limits for the clock rates on molecular QCA are much lower, than the switching speeds of the technology.

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10

Pidaparthi, Subhash S., and Craig S. Lent. "Molecular reorganization energy in quantum-dot cellular automata switching." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 4 (January 31, 2022): 044502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0075144.

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11

Rahimi, Ehsan, and Shahram Mohammad Nejad. "Radius of effect in molecular quantum-dot cellular automata." Molecular Physics 111, no. 5 (March 2013): 697–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2012.741723.

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12

Sturzu, I., J. L. Kanuchok, M. Khatun, and P. D. Tougaw. "Thermal effect in quantum-dot cellular automata." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 27, no. 1-2 (March 2005): 188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2004.11.001.

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13

Dey, Debarati, Pradipta Roy, and Debashis De. "Design and Electronic Characterization of Bio-Molecular QCA: A First Principle Approach." Journal of Nano Research 49 (September 2017): 202–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.49.202.

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Molecular Quantum-dot Cellular Automata is the most promising and challenging technology nowadays for its high operating frequency, extremely high device density and non-cryogenic working temperature. In this paper, we report a First Principle approach based on analytical model of 3-dot Bio Molecular Quantum-dot Cellular Automata. The device is 19.62Å long and this bio molecular Quantum dot Cell has been made with two Adenine Nucleotide bio-molecules along with one Carbazole and one Thiol group. This whole molecular structure is supported onto Gold substrate. In this paper, two Adenine Nucleotides act as two quantum dots and Carbazole acts as another dot. These 3-Quantum-dots are mounted in a tree like structure supported with Thiol group. This model has been demonstrated with Extended Hückel Theory based semi-empirical method. The quantum ballistic transmission and HOMO-LUMO plot support the polarization state change. This state changing ability has been observed for this molecular device. Therefore, this property has been investigated and reported in this paper. HOMO-LUMO plot shows the two logic states along with null state for this 3-dots system. This phenomenon illustrates how the charge transfers take place. Two polarization states along with one additional null state have been obtained for this bio molecular nano device. This molecular device has been operated with 1000THz frequency. This nanoscale design approach will initiate one step towards the modeling of high frequency bio molecular Quantum dot Cell at room temperature.

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14

Lu, Yuhui, Mo Liu, and Craig Lent. "Molecular quantum-dot cellular automata: From molecular structure to circuit dynamics." Journal of Applied Physics 102, no. 3 (August 2007): 034311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2767382.

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15

Pintus, Alberto M., Andrea Gabrieli, Federico G. Pazzona, Giovanni Pireddu, and Pierfranco Demontis. "Molecular QCA embedding in microporous materials." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 15 (2019): 7879–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp00832b.

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We propose an environment for information encoding and transmission via a nanoconfined molecular Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) wire, composed of a single row of head-to-tail interacting 2-dots molecular switches.

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16

Tougaw, Douglas, and Jeffrey D. Will. "Designing a Turing-complete cellular automata system using quantum-dot cellular automata." Journal of Computational Electronics 19, no. 3 (May 26, 2020): 1337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10825-020-01518-1.

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17

Blair, Enrique. "Electric-Field Inputs for Molecular Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Circuits." IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology 18 (2019): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnano.2019.2910823.

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18

Wang, Xingyong, Lirong Yu, V. S. Sandeep Inakollu, Xiaobo Pan, Jing Ma, and Haibo Yu. "Molecular Quantum Dot Cellular Automata Based on Diboryl Monoradical Anions." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122, no. 4 (January 23, 2018): 2454–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b11964.

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19

Ramsey, Jackson S., and Enrique P. Blair. "Operator-sum models of quantum decoherence in molecular quantum-dot cellular automata." Journal of Applied Physics 122, no. 8 (August 28, 2017): 084304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4993450.

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20

Lu, Yuhui, and Craig Lent. "Self-doping of molecular quantum-dot cellular automata: mixed valence zwitterions." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 13, no. 33 (2011): 14928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1cp21332f.

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21

Rahimi, E., and S. Mohammad Nejad. "Scalable minority gate: a new device in two-dot molecular quantum-dot cellular automata." Micro & Nano Letters 7, no. 8 (2012): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2012.0390.

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22

Liza, Nishattasnim, Dylan Murphey, Peizhong Cong, David W. Beggs, Yuihui Lu, and Enrique P. Blair. "Asymmetric, mixed-valence molecules for spectroscopic readout of quantum-dot cellular automata." Nanotechnology 33, no. 11 (December 21, 2021): 115201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac40c0.

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Abstract Mixed-valence compounds may provide molecular devices for an energy-efficient, low-power, general-purpose computing paradigm known as quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA). Multiple redox centers on mixed-valence molecules provide a system of coupled quantum dots. The configuration of mobile charge on a double-quantum-dot (DQD) molecule encodes a bit of classical information robust at room temperature. When arranged in non-homogeneous patterns (circuits) on a substrate, local Coulomb coupling between molecules enables information processing. While single-electron transistors and single-electron boxes could provide low-temperature solutions for reading the state of a ∼1 nm scale molecule, we propose a room-temperature read-out scheme. Here, DQD molecules are designed with slightly dissimilar quantum dots. Ab initio calculations show that the binary device states of an asymmetric molecule have distinct Raman spectra. Additionally, the dots are similar enough that mobile charge is not trapped on either dot, allowing device switching driven by the charge configuration of a neighbor molecule. A technique such as tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy could be used to detect the state of a circuit comprised of several QCA molecules.

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23

kianpour, Moein, and Reza Sabbaghi-Nadooshan. "A novel quantum-dot cellular automata CLB of FPGA." Journal of Computational Electronics 13, no. 3 (June 18, 2014): 709–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10825-014-0590-z.

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24

Rashidi, Hamid, Abdalhossein Rezai, and Sheema Soltany. "High-performance multiplexer architecture for quantum-dot cellular automata." Journal of Computational Electronics 15, no. 3 (May 25, 2016): 968–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10825-016-0832-3.

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25

Cong, Peizhong, and Enrique P. Blair. "Clocked molecular quantum-dot cellular automata circuits tolerate unwanted external electric fields." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 23 (June 21, 2022): 234304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0090171.

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Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) may provide low-power, general-purpose computing in the post-CMOS era. A molecular implementation of QCA features nanometer-scale devices and may support [Formula: see text]THz switching speeds at room-temperature. Here, we explore the ability of molecular QCA circuits to tolerate unwanted applied electric fields, which may come from a variety of sources. One likely source of strong unwanted electric fields may be electrodes recently proposed for the write-in of classical bits to molecular QCA input circuits. Previous models have shown that the input circuits are sensitive to the applied field, and a coupled QCA wire can successfully transfer the input bit to downstream circuits despite strong applied fields. However, the ability of other QCA circuits to tolerate an applied field has not yet been demonstrated. Here, we study the robustness of various QCA circuits by calculating their ground state responses in the presence of an applied field. To do this, a circuit is built from several QCA molecules, each described as a two-state system. A circuit Hamiltonian is formed and diagonalized. All pairwise interactions between cells are considered, along with all correlations. An examination of the ground state shows that these QCA circuits may indeed tolerate strong unwanted electric fields. We also show that circuit immunity to the dominant unwanted field component may be obtained by choosing the orientation of constituent molecules. This suggests that relatively large electrodes used for bit write-in to molecular QCA need not disrupt the operation of nearby QCA circuits. The circuits may tolerate significant electric fields from other sources as well.

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26

Lu, Yuhui, and Craig S. Lent. "A metric for characterizing the bistability of molecular quantum-dot cellular automata." Nanotechnology 19, no. 15 (March 12, 2008): 155703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/19/15/155703.

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27

Blair, Enrique P., Eric Yost, and Craig S. Lent. "Power dissipation in clocking wires for clocked molecular quantum-dot cellular automata." Journal of Computational Electronics 9, no. 1 (November 11, 2009): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10825-009-0304-0.

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28

Sen, Bibhash, Ayush Rajoria, and Biplab K. Sikdar. "Design of Efficient Full Adder in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/250802.

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Further downscaling of CMOS technology becomes challenging as it faces limitation of feature size reduction. Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), a potential alternative to CMOS, promises efficient digital design at nanoscale. Investigations on the reduction of QCA primitives (majority gates and inverters) for various adders are limited, and very few designs exist for reference. As a result, design of adders under QCA framework is gaining its importance in recent research. This work targets developing multi-layered full adder architecture in QCA framework based on five-input majority gate proposed here. A minimum clock zone (2 clock) with high compaction (0.01 μm2) for a full adder around QCA is achieved. Further, the usefulness of such design is established with the synthesis of high-level logic. Experimental results illustrate the significant improvements in design level in terms of circuit area, cell count, and clock compared to that of conventional design approaches.

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29

Qi, Hua, Sharad Sharma, Zhaohui Li, Gregory L. Snider, Alexei O. Orlov, Craig S. Lent, and Thomas P. Fehlner. "Molecular Quantum Cellular Automata Cells. Electric Field Driven Switching of a Silicon Surface Bound Array of Vertically Oriented Two-Dot Molecular Quantum Cellular Automata." Journal of the American Chemical Society 125, no. 49 (December 2003): 15250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0371909.

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30

Karim, F., K. Walus, and A. Ivanov. "Analysis of field-driven clocking for molecular quantum-dot cellular automata based circuits." Journal of Computational Electronics 9, no. 1 (October 10, 2009): 16–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10825-009-0300-4.

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31

Ardesi, Yuri, Giuliana Beretta, Marco Vacca, Gianluca Piccinini, and Mariagrazia Graziano. "Impact of Molecular Electrostatics on Field-Coupled Nanocomputing and Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Circuits." Electronics 11, no. 2 (January 16, 2022): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11020276.

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The molecular Field-Coupled Nanocomputing (FCN) is a promising implementation of the Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) paradigm for future low-power digital electronics. However, most of the literature assumes all the QCA devices as possible molecular FCN devices, ignoring the molecular physics. Indeed, the electrostatic molecular characteristics play a relevant role in the interaction and consequently influence the functioning of the circuits. In this work, by considering three reference molecular species, namely neutral, oxidized, and zwitterionic, we analyze the fundamental devices, aiming to clarify how molecule physics impacts architectural behavior. We thus examine through energy analysis the fundamental cell-to-cell interactions involved in the layouts. Additionally, we simulate a set of circuits using two available simulators: SCERPA and QCADesigner. In fact, ignoring the molecular characteristics and assuming the molecules copying the QCA behavior lead to controversial molecular circuit proposals. This work demonstrates the importance of considering the molecular type during the design process, thus declaring the simulators working scope and facilitating the assessment of molecular FCN as a possible candidate for future digital electronics.

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32

Ardesi, Yuri, Azzurra Pulimeno, Mariagrazia Graziano, Fabrizio Riente, and Gianluca Piccinini. "Effectiveness of Molecules for Quantum Cellular Automata as Computing Devices." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 8, no. 3 (July 28, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea8030024.

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Notwithstanding the increasing interest in Molecular Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (MQCA) as emerging devices for computation, a characterization of their behavior from an electronic standpoint is not well-stated. Devices are typically analyzed with quantum physics-based approaches which are far from the electronic engineering world and make it difficult to design, simulate and fabricate molecular devices. In this work, we define new figures of merits to characterize the molecules, which are based on the post-processing of results obtained from ab initio simulations. We define the Aggregated Charge (AC), the electric-field generated at the receiver molecule (EFGR), the Vin–Vout and Vin–AC transcharacteristics (VVT and VACT), the Vout maps (VOM) and the MQCA cell working zones (CWZ). These quantities are compatible with an electronic engineering point of view and can be used to analyze the capability of molecules to propagate information. We apply and verify the methodology to three molecules already proposed in the literature for MQCA and we state to which extent these molecules can be effective for computation. The adopted methodology provides the quantitative characterization of the molecules necessary for digital designers, to design digital circuits, and for technologists, to the future fabrication of MQCA devices.

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33

Baldwin, A. Taylor, Jeffrey D. Will, and Douglas Tougaw. "Using the full quantum basis set to simulate quantum-dot cellular automata devices." Journal of Computational Electronics 18, no. 3 (May 24, 2019): 982–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10825-019-01352-0.

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34

Li, Guo, and Lei Zhang. "Energy-aware estimation and management models for quantum dot cellular automata." Optik 254 (March 2022): 168654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.168654.

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35

Zhang, Yongqiang, Guangjun Xie, Xin Cheng, Zhang Zhang, and Hongjun Lv. "The Implementation of I/O Interface in Quantum-dot Cellular Automata." Optik 166 (August 2018): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.04.020.

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36

Wang, Y., and M. Lieberman. "Thermodynamic Behavior of Molecular-Scale Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) Wires and Logic Devices." IEEE Transactions On Nanotechnology 3, no. 3 (September 2004): 368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnano.2004.828576.

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37

Bahadori, Golnaz, Monireh Houshmand, and Mariam Zomorodi-Moghadam. "Design of a fault-tolerant reversible control unit in molecular quantum-dot cellular automata." International Journal of Quantum Information 16, no. 01 (February 2018): 1850010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749918500107.

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Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a promising emerging nanotechnology that has been attracting considerable attention due to its small feature size, ultra-low power consuming, and high clock frequency. Therefore, there have been many efforts to design computational units based on this technology. Despite these advantages of the QCA-based nanotechnologies, their implementation is susceptible to a high error rate. On the other hand, using the reversible computing leads to zero bit erasures and no energy dissipation. As the reversible computation does not lose information, the fault detection happens with a high probability. In this paper, first we propose a fault-tolerant control unit using reversible gates which improves on the previous design. The proposed design is then synthesized to the QCA technology and is simulated by the QCADesigner tool. Evaluation results indicate the performance of the proposed approach.

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38

Gaudreau, L., A. S. Sachrajda, S. A. Studenikin, P. Zawadzki, and A. Kam. "Spin blockade of quantum cellular automata effects in a few electron triple quantum dot." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 40, no. 5 (March 2008): 978–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2007.08.017.

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39

Abdullah-Al-Shafi, Md, and Ali Newaz Bahar. "A New Structure for Random Access Memory Using Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata." Sensor Letters 17, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2019.4117.

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40

Zhang, Xuena, and Marischa Elveny. "A new fingerprint authentication coplanar scheme based on quantum-dot cellular automata." Optik 251 (February 2022): 168463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.168463.

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41

Roohi, Arman, Hossein Khademolhosseini, Samira Sayedsalehi, and Keivan Navi. "A symmetric quantum-dot cellular automata design for 5-input majority gate." Journal of Computational Electronics 13, no. 3 (June 18, 2014): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10825-014-0589-5.

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42

Groizard, Thomas, Samia Kahlal, and Jean-François Halet. "Zwitterionic Mixed-Valence Species for the Design of Neutral Clocked Molecular Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata." Inorganic Chemistry 59, no. 21 (October 19, 2020): 15772–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02207.

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43

Christie, John A., Ryan P. Forrest, Steven A. Corcelli, Natalie A. Wasio, Rebecca C. Quardokus, Ryan Brown, S. Alex Kandel, Yuhui Lu, Craig S. Lent, and Kenneth W. Henderson. "Synthesis of a Neutral Mixed-Valence Diferrocenyl Carborane for Molecular Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Applications." Angewandte Chemie 127, no. 51 (October 30, 2015): 15668–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201507688.

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44

Christie, John A., Ryan P. Forrest, Steven A. Corcelli, Natalie A. Wasio, Rebecca C. Quardokus, Ryan Brown, S. Alex Kandel, Yuhui Lu, Craig S. Lent, and Kenneth W. Henderson. "Synthesis of a Neutral Mixed-Valence Diferrocenyl Carborane for Molecular Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Applications." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 54, no. 51 (October 30, 2015): 15448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201507688.

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45

Makhoul, Rim, Paul Hamon, Thierry Roisnel, Jean‐René Hamon, and Claude Lapinte. "A Tetrairon Dication Featuring Tetraethynylbenzene Bridging Ligand: A Molecular Prototype of Quantum Dot Cellular Automata." Chemistry – A European Journal 26, no. 38 (June 10, 2020): 8368–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.202000910.

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46

Das, Jadav Chandra, and Debashis De. "Design of single layer banyan network using quantum-dot cellular automata for nanocommunication." Optik 172 (November 2018): 892–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.07.119.

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47

Seyedi, Saeid, and Nima Jafari Navimipour. "An optimized design of full adder based on nanoscale quantum-dot cellular automata." Optik 158 (April 2018): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.12.062.

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48

Lu, Yuhui, and Craig S. Lent. "Field-induced electron localization: Molecular quantum-dot cellular automata and the relevance of Robin–Day classification." Chemical Physics Letters 633 (July 2015): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2015.04.058.

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49

Edrisi Arani, Iman, and Abdalhossein Rezai. "Novel circuit design of serial–parallel multiplier in quantum-dot cellular automata technology." Journal of Computational Electronics 17, no. 4 (July 25, 2018): 1771–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10825-018-1220-y.

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50

Tokunaga, Ken. "Signal transmission through molecular quantum-dot cellular automata: a theoretical study on Creutz–Taube complexes for molecular computing." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 11, no. 10 (2009): 1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b816103h.

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