Relevant bibliographies by topics / Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology

Academic literature on the topic 'Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology"

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Kiehn, Johann, Antonio E. Lacerda, Barbara Wible, and Arthur M. Brown. "Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology of HERG." Circulation 94, no. 10 (November 15, 1996): 2572–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.94.10.2572.

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UEDA, Hiroshi, and Makoto INOUE. "Molecular pharmacology and physiology of nociceptin." Folia Pharmacologica Japonica 114, no. 6 (1999): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1254/fpj.114.347.

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Bleakman, D. "Kainate receptor pharmacology and physiology." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS) 56, no. 7-8 (November 1, 1999): 558–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000180050453.

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Masaki, Tomoh, Masashi Yanagisawa, and Katsutoshi Goto. "Physiology and pharmacology of endothelins." Medicinal Research Reviews 12, no. 4 (July 1992): 391–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/med.2610120405.

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Fisher, James W. "Erythropoietin: Physiology and Pharmacology Update." Experimental Biology and Medicine 228, no. 1 (January 2003): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153537020322800101.

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This minireview is an update of a 1997 review on erythropoletin (EPO) in this journal (1). EPO is a 30,400-dalton glycoprotein that regulates red cell production. In the human, EPO is produced by peritubular cells in the kidneys of the adult and in hepatocytes in the fetus. Small amounts of extra-renal EPO are produced by the liver in adult human subjects. EPO binds to an erythroid progenitor cell surface receptor that includes a p66 chain, and, when activated, the p66 protein becomes dimerized. EPO receptor activation induces a JAK2 tyrosine kinase, which leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of the EPO receptor and several proteins. EPO receptor binding leads to intracellular activation of the Ras/mitogen-activated kinase pathway, which is involved with cell proliferation, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and STATS 1, 3, 5A, and 5B transcriptional factors. EPO acts primarily to rescue erythroid cells from apoptosis (programmed cell death) to increase their survival. EPO acts synergistically with several growth factors (SCF, GM-CSF, 1L-3, and IGF-1) to cause maturation and proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells (primarily colony-forming unit-E). Oxygen-dependent regulation of EPO gene expression is postulated to be controlled by a hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF-1α). Hypoxia-inducible EPO production is controlled by a 50-bp hypoxia-inducible enhancer that is approximately 120 bp 3' to the polyadenylation site. Hypoxia signal transduction pathways involve kinases A and C, phospholipase A2, and transcription factors ATF-1 and CREB-1. A model has been proposed for adenosine activation of EPO production that involves protein kinases A and C and the phospholipase A2 pathway. Other effects of EPO include a hematocrit-independent, vasoconstriction-dependent hypertension, increased endothelin production, upregulation of tissue renin, change in vascular tissue prostaglandins production, stimulation of angiogenesis, and stimulation of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO) is currently being used to treat patients with anemias associated with chronic renal failure, AIDS patients with anemia due to treatment with zidovudine, nonmyeloid malignancies in patients treated with chemotherapeutic agents, perioperative surgical patients, and autologous blood donation. A novel erythropolesis-stimulating factor (NESP, darbepoetin) has been synthesized and when compared with rHuEPO, NESP has a higher carbohydrate content (52% vs 40%), a longer plasma half-life, the amino acid sequence differs from that of native human EPO at five positions, and has been reported to maintain hemoglobin levels just as effectively in patients with chronic renal failure as rHuEPO at less frequent dosing. The use of rHuEPO and darbepoetin to enhance athletic performance is officially banned by most sports-governing bodies because the excessive erythrocytosis can lead to increased thrombogenicity and can cause deep vein, coronary, and cerebral thromboses.
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Nakanishi, Shigetada. "Molecular physiology of glutamate receptors." Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 67 (1995): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-5198(19)35554-4.

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Brooks, G. T. "Comprehensive insect physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology." Insect Biochemistry 15, no. 5 (January 1985): i—xiv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-1790(85)90131-3.

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Ciarimboli, Giuliano. "Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology of Transporters for Organic Cations." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020732.

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This editorial summarizes the 13 scientific papers published in the Special Issue “Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology of Transporters for Organic Cations” of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences [...]
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Anderson, Warwick P. "Molecular biology in the service of physiology, pharmacology and endocrinology." Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 22, no. 12 (December 1995): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.1995.tb02329.x.

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de Almeida, Luiz G. N., Hayley Thode, Yekta Eslambolchi, Sameeksha Chopra, Daniel Young, Sean Gill, Laurent Devel, and Antoine Dufour. "Matrix Metalloproteinases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacology." Pharmacological Reviews 74, no. 3 (June 23, 2022): 712–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev.121.000349.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology"

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Bahnasi, Yahya Mohamed. "Molecular physiology and pharmacolgy of TRPC5 ion channels." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496554.

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Elnakish, Mohammad T. "Mechanisms and Functional Consequences of Cardiac Remodeling: Role of Myocardial Rac1 and Vascular Profilin1 Genes." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1363694358.

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Bonilla, Ingrid Marie. "Acquired Electrophysiological Remodeling and Cardiac Arrhythmias." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1396024058.

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Szabo, Elod Zala. "Molecular and cellular properties of the human brain Na+H+ exchanger isoform 5." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38420.

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Na+/H+ exchangers (NHE) are transmembrane proteins that mediate the electroneutral exchange of Na+ and proton across the plasma membrane. There are seven mammalian isoforms of the gene family identified to date. The recently cloned isoform NHE5 seems to be the most highly cell type-specific being probably expressed only in neurons. The objective of my research was to describe the basic biochemical and some of the regulatory characteristics of NHE5 in an effort to understand its in vivo function. To this end, the full-length cDNA of NHE5 was reconstructed and transfected into the NHE-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cell line AP1.
Pharmacological analyses demonstrated that H+ i-activated 22Na+ influx mediated by NHE5 was inhibited by several classes of drugs at half-maximal concentrations that were intermediate to those determined for the high-affinity NHE1 and the low-affinity NHE3 isoforms. Kinetic analyses showed that the extracellular Na+-dependence of NHE5 activity followed a simple hyperbolic relationship and, unlike other NHE isoforms, the intracellular H+-dependence also exhibited first-order kinetics. Extracellular monovalent cations, such as H+ and Li+, but not K+, acted as effective competitive inhibitors of 22Na+ influx by NHE5.
To find novel interacting proteins that are involved in NHE5 regulation, a yeast two-hybrid screen of human brain cDNA library was conducted using NHE5 as bait. A clone encoding the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) alpha2 subunit was further analyzed. AMPK is a serine/threonine kinase that is activated by elevated ratios of [AMP]/[ATP], regulating various biological processes in response to hypoxia or exercise. AMPK alpha2 binds NHE5 in vitro and in vivo, and directly phosphorylates it in vitro. Activation of endogenous AMPK by AICAR, a membrane permeable AMP analogue, as well as heterologous expression of the full-length and constitutive active forms of alpha2 subunit increased the transporter activity measured by 22Na+ influx.
The regulatory protein arrestin3 was also found to interact with NHE5 in the yeast two-hybrid screen. Arrestins were previously shown to associate with and regulate transmembrane proteins of the G protein-coupled receptor family. We demonstrate that NHE5 binds arrestin3 both in vitro and in vivo; and the binding is phosphorylation-dependent. When co-expressed in CHO cells, arrestin3 and NHE5 co-localize, and arrestin3 expression seems to attenuate the basal activity of the transporter. The data presented in this thesis reveals new aspects of both NHE regulation, and AMPK and arrestin function.
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Zicha, Stephen. "Molecular basis for ion current heterogeneity in normal and diseased hearts." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85660.

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Cardiac action potential characteristics are known to vary in different species, but also in the different regions of the heart within a given species and in cardiovascular disease. The heterologous expression of voltage-gated ion currents is believed to underlie these differences. The purpose of this thesis is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms which may underlie some of the observed current changes in different species, as well as regions and diseases of the heart.
Here, we describe the variable dependence on repolarizing K+ currents in different species as being the result of the lack of Ito subunits in guinea pig heart with a greater expression of IK subunits, while rabbits express all hypothesized Ito subunits, but express IK subunits at low levels. Humans are found to lie in between these two species in terms of the expression of these voltage-gated K+ channel subunits. The specialized function of certain regions of the heart, such as the ventricles and the SAN, have been attributed to the heterologous expression of Ito and the pacemaker current (I f) respectively. Here were demonstrate that both Kv4.3 and KchIP2 gradients underlie an observed Ito transmural gradient and contribute to the dispersion of repolarization, while a greater expression of HCN2 and HCN4 subunits in the SAN compared to the right atrium account for the larger I f current in this region. Cardiovascular diseases such as congestive heart failure (CHF) have been associated with ion channel remodelling. Here, we report the finding of changes in Nav1.5, Kv4.3, HCN2 and HCN4 expression which may underlie some of the electrophysiological changes associated with this disease. Furthermore, we characterise a genetic polymorphism which is associated with another disease, atrial fibrillation.
The heterologous expression of voltage-gated ion channel subunits may account for many of the species-, region- and disease-specific differences which have been observed in the heart. Such heterogeneity contributes to the proper functioning of the heart under normal conditions, but may also contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease.
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Richman, Jeremy Golding 1970. "Characterization of α₂-adrenergic receptor localization and functional responses." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282583.

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The three α₂-adrenergic receptors (α₂-ARs) were studied in both recombinant and endogenous systems. It was my general hypothesis that the three α₂-adrenergic receptor (AR) subtypes exhibit differential tissue and subcellular localization and couple to physiological pathways to directly elicit functional responses. It was our hope, that in identifying differences between the α₂-ARs we may elucidate their physiological roles and provide a potential means for the rational development of therapeutic drugs or models of such pathologies as atherosclerosis, hypertension and glaucoma. Subtype selective antibodies have been generated and these have provided a tool with which to study the receptors on a molecular and cellular level. Utilizing a number of biochemical, pharmacological, molecular and cellular techniques, I have identified differences between the three receptors with respect to the tissues in which they are expressed, the subcellular domains in which they localize and their patterns of sequestration and down-regulation. In addition, I have demonstrated the expression and co-localization of the α₂-ARs in a variety of native tissues, and a number of functional responses these receptors mediate. These functional responses may have ramifications relevant to tissue healing mechanisms as well as may play a role in a number of pathologies.
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Sinha, Sayantani. "Role of TRPA1 and TRPV1 in Propofol Induced Vasodilation." Thesis, Kent State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3618926.

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Aims: Propofol, clinically named as Diprivan is an intravenous anesthetic known to cause hypotension in patients presenting for surgery. We have investigated the vasodilatory signaling cascade by which propofol causes hypotension using both in vivo and in vitro experimental approaches.

Methods and Results: Using high-fidelity microtip transducer catheter, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was measured in control, transient receptor potential ankyrin subtype 1 knock-out (TRPA1-/-), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 knock-out (TRPV1-/-) and TRPA1-TRPV1 double-knockout mice (TRPAV-/-) in the presence and absence of L-NAME (an endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) and penitrem A [a big-conductance calcium gated (BKCa) channel inhibitor]. To further support our in-vivo data, murine coronary microvessels were isolated and cannulated for vasoreactivity studies. Furthermore, NO production from endothelial cells isolated from mouse aorta was also measured and immunocytochemical (ICC) studies were performed to show the intracellular localization of TRPA1 and TRPV1. Our in-vivo data shows that the characteristic propofol-induced depressor response is dependent on TRPA1-NO-BKCa pathway. Interestingly, vasoreactivity studies in isolated murine left anterior ascending (LAD) arteries demonstrate that TRPA1 and TRPV1 communicate with each other and propofol-induced vasodilation is dependent on both TRPA1 and TRPV1. Moreover our data also suggest that NO production and BK channel activation are the downstream mediators in this pathway. Finally, we demonstrate that NO production is attenuated in primary endothelial cells isolated from TRPAV-/- mice. ICC data also shows the co-localization of these channels in mouse aortic endothelial cells.

Conclusions: This is the first study which has shown that propofol-induced vasodilation involves TRPA1 in-vivo and also there is an implication of cross-talk between TRPA1 and TRPV1 in the coronary bed. Furthermore by understanding the mechanisms by which this anesthetic causes hypotension and coronary dilation will help to mitigate the potential harmful side-effects of anesthesia in patients with little cardiovascular reserve. This will in turn ensure a better and faster post-operative recovery in patients, especially benefiting those suffering from diabetes and other cardiovascular disorders.

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Harris, Tanoya L. "Ouabain Regulates Caveolin-1 Vesicle Trafficking by a Src-Dependent Mechanism." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1333732028.

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Barr, Larry A. "The Role of Calcium in the Regulation of Pathological Hypertrophy." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2014. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/254617.

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Physiology
Ph.D.
Pathological hypertrophy leads to cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. It is not clearly defined how this process occurs in the cardiomyocyte, or how the pathology can be effectively treated. There are numerous processes that lead to pathological hypertrophy. We developed two models to study pathological hypertrophy and the role that Ca2+ plays. In one model, we administered clinical doses of the leukemia therapeutic drug imatinib to neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes. This drug has recently been found to be cardiotoxic, and we set out to understand if Ca2+ is involved. In the second model, we developed mice with overexpression of the Ca2+ entrance channel, the L-type calcium channel (LTCC), which leads to pathological hypertrophy over time. We instituted a chronic exercise regimen on these mice to learn if physiological hypertrophy can ameliorate detrimental aspects of pathological hypertrophy. After cardiomyocytes were treated with imatinib, they expressed enhanced Ca2+ activity. Levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were up, signifying pathological hypertrophy. We determined that Ca2+ was activating Calcineurin, leading to translocation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) into the nucleus, resulting in hypertrophy. This activity was blocked by Ca2+ and Calcineurin inhibitors. We concluded that imatinib causes Ca2+ induced pathological hypertrophy. When mice with LTCC overexpression were exercised, they exhibited enhanced cardiac function. They also had thicker septal walls and increased chamber diameter, hallmarks of physiological hypertrophy. Heart weight to body weight ratio was significantly higher after exercise. When isolated hearts were administered ischemia/reperfusion injury, the exercised hearts showed a significant improvement in recovery compared to sedentary LTCC overexpressed hearts. Calcium activity was enhanced at the cardiomyocyte level in both mouse lines of exercised mice. In conclusion, hearts with a pathological hypertrophic phenotype can enhance function and achieve cardioprotection through chronic exercise.
Temple University--Theses
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Blatherwick, Eleanor Q. "Imaging mass spectrometry approaches for the detection and localisation of drug compounds and small molecules in tissue." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57257/.

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A crucial and challenging aspect of the drug development process is the requirement to measure the distribution of a pharmaceutical compound and its metabolites in tissue. Industry-standard methods used to look at total localisation of drug-related material are limited due to their dependence on labels. These labelled techniques can have difficulty in distinguishing between the drug of interest and its metabolites. Imaging mass spectrometry is a technique that has the potential to spatially distinguish between drug and metabolites, due to its high chemical specificity and sensitivity. A number of imaging mass spectrometry approaches have been described for localisation of drug compounds in tissue, most notably matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) imaging, which can provide data complementary to existing imaging techniques. Two imaging mass spectrometry approaches have been evaluated and compared for use in the localisation of a range of drug compounds in target tissues. The techniques used were MALDI imaging and a recently described electrospray ionisation-based technique, liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA). Both techniques have been successfully used for the detection of drug compounds in dosed tissue sections. A major challenge associated with imaging techniques is the required selectivity of the experiment for the compound of interest, due to the complex nature of tissue sections. Combining the shape-selective method of ion mobility separation with MS/MS fragmentation has been shown to improve the selectivity of both imaging approaches for the compound of interest. Results obtained using LESA-MS have demonstrated the suitability of this technique as a rapid and sensitive profiling technique for the detection of drugs and metabolites in tissue, but with a lower achievable spatial resolution than MALDI imaging. Higher spatial resolution was achieved with MALDI imaging; however data acquisition times were longer and required higher dosing levels for successful detection of drug compounds in tissue. A biological application of MALDI imaging was also evaluated. Mobility-enabled MALDI imaging was used to assess differences in the localisation of important adenine nucleotides between control and metabolically stressed mouse brain sections. Tissue fixation methods were evaluated to overcome rapid post-mortem degradation of adenine nucleotides such that biologically relevant localisation images can be obtained. These studies highlight the crucial importance of appropriate biological sample preparation in MALDI imaging experiments.
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Books on the topic "Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology"

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1953-, Webb David J., ed. Molecular biology and pharmacology of the endothelins. New York: Springer, 1995.

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Kenakin, Terrence P. Molecular pharmacology: A short course. Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell Science, 1997.

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Morad, Martin, Setsuro Ebashi, Wolfgang Trautwein, and Yoshihisa Kurachi, eds. Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology of Cardiac Ion Channels and Transporters. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3990-8.

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Burch, Ronald M. Molecular biology and pharmacology of bradykinin receptors. Austin: R.G. Landes, 1993.

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Glossmann, H. Methods in Pharmacology: Molecular and Cellular Biology of Pharmacological Targets. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993.

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Vitamin D: Physiology, molecular biology, and clinical applications. 2nd ed. [New York]: Humana Press, 2010.

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1929-, Inoki Reizo, Kudō Teruo 1929-, and Olgart Leif 1938-, eds. Dynamic aspects of dental pulp: Molecular biology, pharmacology and pathophysiology. London: Chapman and Hall, 1990.

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Sternberg, Esther M., and Lewis L. Judd. Glucocorticoids and mood: Clinical manifestations, risk factors and molecular mechanisms. Boston, Mass: Published by Blackwell Pub. on behalf of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2009.

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P, Czech Michael, ed. Molecular basis of insulin action. New York: Plenum Press, 1985.

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Nestler, Eric J. Molecular Neuropharmacology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology"

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Benn, Caroline. "Physiology and Treatment of Hyperuricemia and Gout." In Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology, 1234–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57401-7_10042.

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Benn, Caroline. "Physiology and Treatment of Hyperuricemia and Gout." In Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21573-6_10042-1.

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Cui, Meng, Lucas Cantwell, Andrew Zorn, and Diomedes E. Logothetis. "Kir Channel Molecular Physiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutic Implications." In Pharmacology of Potassium Channels, 277–356. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/164_2021_501.

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Born, W., and J. A. Fischer. "Calcitonin Gene Products: Molecular Biology, Chemistry, and Actions." In Physiology and Pharmacology of Bone, 569–616. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77991-6_16.

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Martin, T. J. "Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein: Molecular Biology, Chemistry, and Actions." In Physiology and Pharmacology of Bone, 617–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77991-6_17.

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French, Deborah. "The Molecular Pathology of Glanzmann’s Thrombasthenia." In Handbook of Platelet Physiology and Pharmacology, 394–423. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5049-5_18.

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Johnston, Graham A. R. "Molecular Biology, Pharmacology, and Physiology of GABAC Receptors." In The GABA Receptors, 297–323. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2597-1_11.

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Lehmann-Horn, F., and R. Rüdel. "Molecular pathophysiology of voltage-gated ion channels." In Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, 195–268. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-61343-9_9.

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Benos, Dale J., Sonia Cunningham, R. Randall Baker, K. Beth Beason, Youngsuk Oh, and Peter R. Smith. "Molecular characteristics of amiloride-sensitive sodium channels." In Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, 31–113. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0036122.

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Pette, Dirk, and Robert S. Staron. "Cellular and molecular diversities of mammalian skeletal muscle fibers." In Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, 1–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3540528806_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology"

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Lu, Yi-Ru, and Yu-Hsin Chiu. "Physiology and pharmacology of ATP-releasing pannexin 1 channels." In THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LIFE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (ICoLiST). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0112732.

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Jerde, Travis J., and Stephen Y. Nakada. "The Role of Pharmacology in Ureteral Physiology and Expulsive Therapy." In RENAL STONE DISEASE: 1st Annual International Urolithiasis Research Symposium. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2723585.

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Ordu, Y., J. Augustin, E. V. Hodenberg, V. Bode, and J. Harenberg. "COMPARATIVE CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARINS IN MAN." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643228.

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Low molecular weight (LMW) heparins are obtained by diffent chemical procedures from conventional pig intestinal mucosa heparin. The LMW heparins differ in their molecular weight distribution and physicochemical properties. Therefore, we report of comparative studies on the anticoagulant and lipolytic effects of low molecular weight heparins in man.The following LMW heparins were used: BM 21-23 (Braun, Melsungen, FRG), CY 216 (Choay Laboratories, Paris, France), Heparin NM (Sandoz, Niimberg, FRG), Kabi 2165 (Kabi Vitrum AB, Stockholm, Sweden), RD Heparin (Hepar Industries, Franklin, US A), normal heparin (Braun). All heparins were administered intravenously and subcutaneously to six volunteers each.The data show considerable differences in the anticoagulant and lipolytic effects between the different low molecular weight heparins. From the area under the activity time curves (AUC) of the clotting assays for factor Xa (heptest), aPTT and thrombin clotting time the aXa/aPTT ratio ex vivo and aXa/alla ratio ex vivo were determined (table, average values)It can be seen that there are clear differences in the ex vivo ratios of the LMW heparins. There is a good correlation between the average molecular weight of the LMW heparins and the aXa/aPTT ratio after s.c. administration and of the aXa/alla ratio ex vivo after s.c. administration. Therefore, LMW heparins differ significantly in their clinical pharmacological properties.
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Bielby-Clarke, Keren. "0161 Enhancing Anatomy, Physiology And Pharmacology Teaching In A New Undergraduate Pharmacy Curriculum Using Simulation Technology." In Association for Simulated Practice in Healthcare Annual Conference 11–13 November 2014 Abstracts. The Association for Simulated Practice in Healthcare, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjstel-2014-000002.184.

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"Anti-tumor Molecular Mechanism of Steroidal Drugs Based on Network Pharmacology." In 2018 3rd International Conference on Life Sciences, Medicine, and Health. Francis Academic Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25236/iclsmh.18.020.

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Ouyang, Xinyao. "Molecular mechanism of catalpol in the treatment of diabetes mellitus based on network pharmacology and molecular docking." In 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FRONTIERS OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING (FBSE 2020). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0048403.

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Barth, Connor W., Lei G. Wang, Antonio Montaño, Alexander L. Antaris, Jonathan M. Sorger, and Summer L. Gibbs. "Pharmacology of near infrared nerve-specific fluorophores for fluorescence-guided nerve sparing surgical procedures." In Molecular-Guided Surgery: Molecules, Devices, and Applications VII, edited by Summer L. Gibbs, Brian W. Pogue, and Sylvain Gioux. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2583265.

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Piermarini, Peter M. "The molecular physiology of inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channels in mosquitoes." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93039.

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Tekutskaya, E., I. Raybova, and Lyubov Ramazanovna Gusaruk. "THE DEGREE OF OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO DNA IN VITRO AS A MOLECULAR PREDICTOR OF DISORDERS CAUSED BY EPIGENETIC AND EXOGENOUS FACTORS." In NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. Institute of information technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-1-4.49.

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In this work, we studied the mechanisms of oxidative damage to DNA molecules isolated from whole blood of healthy donors and patients with epigenetic disease (epidermolysis bullosa) when exposed to an alternating magnetic field of low frequency in vitro, associated with the formation of reactive oxygen species.
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Kawachi, N., N. Suzui, S. Ishii, S. Ito, N. S. Ishioka, K. Kikuchi, T. Tsukamoto, T. Kusakawa, and F. Fujimaki. "Molecular imaging for plant physiology: Imaging of carbon translocation to sink organs." In 2009 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2009.5402366.

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Reports on the topic "Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology"

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Tabita, F. R. Summer Workshop: Molecular Basis, Physiology and Diversity of Microbial Adaptation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836588.

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Heven Sze. Regulating Intracellular Calcium in Plants: From Molecular Genetics to Physiology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/932554.

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Unsworth, Nancy. The Physiology and Molecular Biology of Iron Nutrition for Cyanobacteria. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6413.

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Zeikus, J. G. Molecular Physiology of Succinic Acid Based Fermentation In Anaerobes: Control of Chemical Yield by CO2 Fixation and Electron Donors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1183577.

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Hulata, Gideon, Thomas D. Kocher, Micha Ron, and Eyal Seroussi. Molecular Mechanisms of Sex Determination in Cultured Tilapias. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697106.bard.

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Tilapias are among the most important aquaculture commodities worldwide. Commercial production of tilapia is based on monosex culture of males. Current methods for producing all-male fingerlings, including hormone treatments and genetic manipulations, are not entirely reliable, in part because of the genetic complexity of sex determination and sexual differentiation in tilapias. The goals of this project are to map QTL and identify genes regulating sex determination in commonly cultured tilapia species, in order to provide a rational basis for designing reliable genetic approaches for producing all-male fingerlings. The original objectives for this research were: 1) to identify the gene underlying the QTL on LG1 through positional cloning and gene expression analysis; 2) to fine map the QTL on LG 3 and 23; and 3) to characterize the patterns of dominance and epistasis among QTL alleles influencing sex determination. The brain aromatase gene Cyp19b, a possible candidate for the genetic or environmental SD, was mapped to LG7 using our F2 mapping population. This region has not been identified before as affecting SD in tilapias. The QTL affecting SD on LG 1 and 23 have been fine-mapped down to 1 and 4 cM, respectively, but the key regulators for SD have not been found yet. Nevertheless, a very strong association with gender was found on LG23 for marker UNH898. Allele 276 was found almost exclusively in males, and we hypothesized that this allele is a male-associated allele (MAA). Mating of males homozygous for MAA with normal females is underway for production of all-male populations. The first progeny reaching size allowing accurate sexing had 43 males and no females. During the course of the project it became apparent that in order to achieve those objectives there is a need to develop genomic infrastructures that were lacking. Efforts have been devoted to the development of genomic resources: a database consisting of nearly 117k ESTs representing 16 tissues from tilapia were obtained; a web tool based on the RepeatMasker software was designed to assist tilapia genomics; collaboration has been established with a sequencing company to sequence the tilapia genome; steps have been taken toward constructing a microarray to enable comparative analysis of the entire transcriptome that is required in order to detect genes that are differentially expressed between genders in early developmental stages. Genomic resources developed will be invaluable for studies of cichlid physiology, evolution and development, and will hopefully lead to identification of the key regulators of SD. Thus, they will have both scientific and agricultural implications in the coming years.
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LaBonte, Don, Etan Pressman, Nurit Firon, and Arthur Villordon. Molecular and Anatomical Characterization of Sweetpotato Storage Root Formation. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592648.bard.

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Original objectives: Anatomical study of storage root initiation and formation. Induction of storage root formation. Isolation and characterization of genes involved in storage root formation. During the normal course of storage root development. Following stress-induced storage root formation. Background:Sweetpotato is a high value vegetable crop in Israel and the U.S. and acreage is expanding in both countries and the research herein represents an important backstop to improving quality, consistency, and yield. This research has two broad objectives, both relating to sweetpotato storage root formation. The first objective is to understand storage root inductive conditions and describe the anatomical and physiological stages of storage root development. Sweetpotato is propagated through vine cuttings. These vine cuttings form adventitious roots, from pre-formed primordiae, at each node underground and it is these small adventitious roots which serve as initials for storage and fibrous (non-storage) “feeder” roots. What perplexes producers is the tremendous variability in storage roots produced from plant to plant. The marketable root number may vary from none to five per plant. What has intrigued us is the dearth of research on sweetpotato during the early growth period which we hypothesize has a tremendous impact on ultimate consistency and yield. The second objective is to identify genes that change the root physiology towards either a fleshy storage root or a fibrous “feeder” root. Understanding which genes affect the ultimate outcome is central to our research. Major conclusions: For objective one, we have determined that the majority of adventitious roots that are initiated within 5-7 days after transplanting possess the anatomical features associated with storage root initiation and account for 86 % of storage root count at 65 days after transplanting. These data underscore the importance of optimizing the growing environment during the critical storage root initiation period. Water deprivation during this phenological stage led to substantial reduction in storage root number and yield as determined through growth chamber, greenhouse, and field experiments. Morphological characterization of adventitious roots showed adjustments in root system architecture, expressed as lateral root count and density, in response to water deprivation. For objective two, we generated a transcriptome of storage and lignified (non-storage) adventitious roots. This transcriptome database consists of 55,296 contigs and contains data as regards to differential expression between initiating and lignified adventitious roots. The molecular data provide evidence that a key regulatory mechanism in storage root initiation involves the switch between lignin biosynthesis and cell division and starch accumulation. We extended this research to identify genes upregulated in adventitious roots under drought stress. A subset of these genes was expressed in salt stressed plants.
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Bloch, Guy, Gene E. Robinson, and Mark Band. Functional genomics of reproduction and division of labor in a key non-Apis pollinator. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7699867.bard.

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i. List the original objectives, as defined in the approved proposal, and any revisions made at the beginning or during the course of project. Our objectives were: 1) develop state-of-the-art functional genomics tools for B. terrestris. These resources will be then used to: 2) characterize genes and molecular pathways that are associated with reproduction, 3) characterize genes and molecular pathways associated with specialization in foraging or nursing activities, and 4) determine the extent to which juvenile hormone (JH) is involved in the regulation of reproduction and division of labor. 5) Use RNA interference to down regulate genes associated with reproductive physiology, division of labor, or both. A decrease in the cost of RNA sequencing enabled us to further use the BARD support to extend our research to three additional related projects: A) The regulation of body size which is crucial for understanding both reproduction (castedetermination) and (size based) division of labor in bumblebees. B) Analyze RNA editing in our RNA sequencing data which improves the molecular understanding of the systems we study. C) The influence of JH on the fat body in addition to the brain on which we focused in our proposal. The fat body is a key tissue regulating insect reproduction and health. ii. Background to the topic. Bees are by far the most important pollinators in agricultural and natural ecosystems. The recent collapse of honey bee populations, together with declines in wild bee (including bumble bee) populations, puts their vital pollination services under severe threat. A promising strategy for circumventing this risk is the domestication and mass-rearing of non-Apis bees. This approach has been successfully implemented for several bumble bees including Bombusterrestris in Israel, and B. impatiens in the US, which are mass-reared in captivity. In spite of their critical economic and environmental value, little is known about the physiology and molecular biology of bumble bees. In this collaborative project we developed functional genomics tools for the bumble bee B. terrestris and use these tools for a first thorough study on the physiology and molecular biology of reproduction, dominance, and division of labor in a bumble bee. iii. Major conclusions, solutions. The valuable molecular data of this project together with the functional tools and molecular information generated in this BARD funded project significantly advanced the understanding of bumblebee biology which is essential for maintaining their vital pollination services for US and Israel agriculture.
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Fait, Aaron, Grant Cramer, and Avichai Perl. Towards improved grape nutrition and defense: The regulation of stilbene metabolism under drought. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594398.bard.

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The goals of the present research proposal were to elucidate the physiological and molecular basis of the regulation of stilbene metabolism in grape, against the background of (i) grape metabolic network behavior in response to drought and of (ii) varietal diversity. The specific objectives included the study of the physiology of the response of different grape cultivars to continuous WD; the characterization of the differences and commonalities of gene network topology associated with WD in berry skin across varieties; the study of the metabolic response of developing berries to continuous WD with specific attention to the stilbene compounds; the integration analysis of the omics data generated; the study of isolated drought-associated stress factors on the regulation of stilbene biosynthesis in plantaand in vitro. Background to the topic Grape quality has a complex relationship with water input. Regulated water deficit (WD) is known to improve wine grapes by reducing the vine growth (without affecting fruit yield) and boosting sugar content (Keller et al. 2008). On the other hand, irregular rainfall during the summer can lead to drought-associated damage of fruit developmental process and alter fruit metabolism (Downey et al., 2006; Tarara et al., 2008; Chalmers et al., 792). In areas undergoing desertification, WD is associated with high temperatures. This WD/high temperature synergism can limit the areas of grape cultivation and can damage yields and fruit quality. Grapes and wine are the major source of stilbenes in human nutrition, and multiple stilbene-derived compounds, including isomers, polymers and glycosylated forms, have also been characterized in grapes (Jeandet et al., 2002; Halls and Yu, 2008). Heterologous expression of stilbenesynthase (STS) in a variety of plants has led to an enhanced resistance to pathogens, but in others the association has not been proven (Kobayashi et al., 2000; Soleas et al., 1995). Tomato transgenic plants harboring a grape STS had increased levels of resveratrol, ascorbate, and glutathione at the expense of the anthocyanin pathways (Giovinazzo et al. 2005), further emphasizing the intermingled relation among secondary metabolic pathways. Stilbenes are are induced in green and fleshy parts of the berries by biotic and abiotic elicitors (Chong et al., 2009). As is the case for other classes of secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of stilbenes is not very well understood, but it is known to be under tight spatial and temporal control, which limits the availability of these compounds from plant sources. Only very few studies have attempted to analyze the effects of different environmental components on stilbene accumulation (Jeandet et al., 1995; Martinez-Ortega et al., 2000). Targeted analyses have generally shown higher levels of resveratrol in the grape skin (induced), in seeded varieties, in varieties of wine grapes, and in dark-skinned varieties (Gatto et al., 2008; summarized by Bavaresco et al., 2009). Yet, the effect of the grape variety and the rootstock on stilbene metabolism has not yet been thoroughly investigated (Bavaresco et al., 2009). The study identified a link between vine hydraulic behavior and physiology of stress with the leaf metabolism, which the PIs believe can eventually lead to the modifications identified in the developing berries that interested the polyphenol metabolism and its regulation during development and under stress. Implications are discussed below.
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Savaldi-Goldstein, Sigal, and Siobhan M. Brady. Mechanisms underlying root system architecture adaptation to low phosphate environment. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600024.bard.

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In order to advance our understanding towards potential biotechnology improvement of plant performance, we studied root responses to limited P in two different plants, Arabidopsis and tomato. Arabidopsis is among the most studied model plants that allows rapid application of molecular and developmental experiments while tomato is an important crop, with application in agriculture. Using Arabidopsis we found that steroid hormones modulate the extent of root elongation in response to limited P, by controlling the accumulation of iron in the root. We also found that the availability of P and iron control the activity of the steroid hormone in the root. Finally, we revealed the genes involved in this nutrient-hormone interaction. Hence, the ferroxidase LPR1 that promotes iron accumulation in response to low P is repressed by the transcription factor BES1/BZR1. Low P inhibits the steroid hormone pathway by enhancing the accumulation of BKI1. High levels of BKI1 inhibit the activity of the steroid hormone receptor at the cell surface and iron accumulation increases inside the root, resulting in a slow growth. Together, the extent of root elongation depends on interactions between an internal cue (steroid hormone) and cues derived from the availability of P and iron in the environment. Using tomato, we found that the response of two cultivated tomato varieties (M82 and New Yorker) to limited P is distinct from that of the wild species, Solanumpennellii. This is implicated at both the levels of root development and whole plant physiology. Specifically, while the root system architecture of cultivated tomato is modulated by limited P availability, that of the wild type species remained unaffected. The wild species appears to be always behaving as if it is always in phosphate deprived conditions, despite sufficient levels of phosphate. Hyper-accumulation of metals appears to mediate this response. Together, this knowledge will be used to isolate new genes controlling plant adaptation to limited P environment.
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Lers, Amnon, Majid R. Foolad, and Haya Friedman. genetic basis for postharvest chilling tolerance in tomato fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600014.bard.

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ABSTRACT Postharvest losses of fresh produce are estimated globally to be around 30%. Reducing these losses is considered a major solution to ensure global food security. Storage at low temperatures is an efficient practice to prolong postharvest performance of crops with minimal negative impact on produce quality or human health and the environment. However, many fresh produce commodities are susceptible to chilling temperatures, and the application of cold storage is limited as it would cause physiological chilling injury (CI) leading to reduced produce quality. Further, the primary CI becomes a preferred site for pathogens leading to decay and massive produce losses. Thus, chilling sensitive crops should be stored at higher minimal temperatures, which curtails their marketing life and in some cases necessitates the use of other storage strategies. Development of new knowledge about the biological basis for chilling tolerance in fruits and vegetables should allow development of both new varieties more tolerant to cold, and more efficient postharvest storage treatments and storage conditions. In order to improve the agricultural performance of modern crop varieties, including tomato, there is great potential in introgression of marker-defined genomic regions from wild species onto the background of elite breeding lines. To exploit this potential for improving tomato fruit chilling tolerance during postharvest storage, we have used in this research a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between the red-fruited tomato wild species SolanumpimpinellifoliumL. accession LA2093 and an advanced Solanum lycopersicumL. tomato breeding line NCEBR-1, developed in the laboratory of the US co-PI. The original specific objectives were: 1) Screening of RIL population resulting from the cross NCEBR1 X LA2093 for fruit chilling response during postharvest storage and estimation of its heritability; 2) Perform a transcriptopmic and bioinformatics analysis for the two parental lines following exposure to chilling storage. During the course of the project, we learned that we could measure greater differences in chilling responses among specific RILs compared to that observed between the two parental lines, and thus we decided not to perform transcriptomic analysis and instead invest our efforts more on characterization of the RILs. Performing the transcriptomic analysis for several RILs, which significantly differ in their chilling tolerance/sensitivity, at a later stage could result with more significant insights. The RIL population, (172 lines), was used in field experiment in which fruits were examined for chilling sensitivity by determining CI severity. Following the field experiments, including 4 harvest days and CI measurements, two extreme tails of the response distribution, each consisting of 11 RILs exhibiting either high sensitivity or tolerance to chilling stress, were identified and were further examined for chilling response in greenhouse experiments. Across the RILs, we found significant (P < 0.01) correlation between field and greenhouse grown plants in fruit CI. Two groups of 5 RILs, whose fruits exhibited reproducible chilling tolerant/sensitive phenotypes in both field and greenhouse experiments, were selected for further analyses. Numerous genetic, physiological, biochemical and molecular variations were investigated in response to postharvest chilling stress in the selected RILs. We confirmed the differential response of the parental lines of the RIL population to chilling stress, and examined the extent of variation in the RIL population in response to chilling treatment. We determined parameters which would be useful for further characterization of chilling response in the RIL population. These included chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm, water loss, total non-enzymatic potential of antioxidant activity, ascorbate and proline content, and expression of LeCBF1 gene, known to be associated with cold acclimation. These parameters could be used in continuation studies for the identification and genetic mapping of loci contributing to chilling tolerance in this population, and identifying genetic markers associated with chilling tolerance in tomato. Once genetic markers associated with chilling tolerance are identified, the trait could be transferred to different genetic background via marker-assisted selection (MAS) and breeding. The collaborative research established in this program has resulted in new information and insights in this area of research and the collaboration will be continued to obtain further insights into the genetic, molecular biology and physiology of postharvest chilling tolerance in tomato fruit. The US Co-PI, developed the RIL population that was used for screening and measurement of the relevant chilling stress responses and conducted statistical analyses of the data. Because we were not able to grow the RIL population under field conditions in two successive generations, we could not estimate heritability of response to chilling temperatures. However, we plan to continue the research, grow the RIL progeny in the field again, and determine heritability of chilling tolerance in a near future. The IS and US investigators interacted regularly and plan to continue and expand on this study, since combing the expertise of the Co-PI in genetics and breeding with that of the PI in postharvest physiology and molecular biology will have great impact on this line of research, given the significant findings of this one-year feasibility project.
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