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1
Szczechura, Wojciech, Mirosława Staniaszek, and Hanna Habdas. "Tomato Molecular Markers." Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin 74, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10032-011-0001-y.
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Tomato Molecular MarkersTomato (Solanum lycopersicumL.) is one of the most popular vegetable grown in many regions of the world. Due to its high taste quality and nutritional value increase interest in the cultivation of this species and its consumption. Using the latest achievements in fields of genetics, molecular biology and biotechnology, breeders can create new varieties with improved useful traits. Introduction of DNA markers, especially those based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has led to breakthrough in the plants genetic research, including tomato. They are successfully used for plant genomes mapping, phylogenetics studies, selection of parental forms in plant breeding, and above all to identify the genes of important traits. For tomato have been identified and mapped 9309 molecular markers. High-density genetic maps development gives an opportunity to use them in genetic research and breeding programs. Identification of DNA markers closely linked to studied gene can significantly facilitate the identification of desirable traits in material breeding, or accelerate the plants selection for elimination of genotypes with undesirable genes. Material breeding selection using molecular markers, defined as MAS (marker-assisted-selection) is increasingly being used in tomato breeding programs, contributing to facilitated identification of genes or QTL and their transfer into the cultivated species from wild form.
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Nam, Vu Tuan, Pham Le Bich Hang, Nguyen Nhat Linh, Luu Han Ly, Huynh Thi Thu Hue, Nguyen Hai Ha, Ha Hong Hanh, and Le Thi Thu Hien. "Molecular markers for analysis of plant genetic diversity." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 18, no. 4 (May 24, 2021): 589–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/18/4/15326.
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Genetic diversity plays an important role in diversity conservation at multiple levels and supports to monitor and assess genetic variation. In plants, genetic diversity provides the ability to adapt and respond to environmental conditions that helps plants to survive through changing environments. Genetic diversity analyses based on molecular genetic markers are effective tools for conservation and reintroduction of rare and endangered species. In recent years, the development of various chemical and molecular techniques for studying genetic diversity has received great attention. While biochemical markers are primarily used in the diagnosis of pathogens, DNA markers have been developed and widely applied for identification of species and population based on the genotype of an organism that is more stable and not easily affected by the environmental factors. PCR-based molecular marker tools, such as restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are used for analysing the difference in the targeted DNA sequences. With the rapid and robust development of genomic sequencing technology it is now possible to obtain and analyse DNA sequences of the whole genome of studied organisms. However, each type of DNA markers has different principles, as well as the pros and cons of specificity. In this article, we review methods and point out DNA markers, which are considered as reliable and widely used tools for the detection of genetic variation. In addition, we present the application of DNA marker in analysing genetic diversity of wild, domestic and medicinal plants, as well as some perspectives on the future of DNA marker’s application in the analysis of genetic diversity.
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Chesnokov, Yu V. "GENETIC MARKERS: COMPARATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF MOLECULAR MARKERS." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 3 (July 25, 2018): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2018-3-11-15.
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With the creation of the molecular markers allowing to carry out analysis of genotypes on the level initial genetic information – DNA, onset one of the most multifarious and one of the most large in number class of markers at the present day. It is concerned with that each separate nucleic acid sequence is unique on its structure. Set of molecular and genetic methods, named as DNA-fingerprinting, most wide used in modern investigations for solving different problems in different biological areas. In this connection, necessity in comparative classification of modern molecular and genetic markers is actual. Based on published literature material it shown data on different classifications of molecular markers. Determined definition of term “marker” in genetics and breeding. Gave the characters and distinctive features of genetic markers. It given the definition what is “good” genetic marker as well as kinds, categories, variations and types on heredity of molecular markers. Manifested by means of molecular markers polymorphisms can classified on polymorphism of sequence itself (including nucleotide substitution and insertion-deletion) and polymorphism the number of tandem repeat sequences in repeated regions. Moreover, molecular markers can classify on two variations: anonymous, for which nucleotide acid sequence unknown and for manifestation of the molecular marker its detection not necessary (for example, RAPD, AFLP, RFLP), and announce (or determined), for which nucleic acid sequence is known or can be detect during analysis (for example, SNP, CAPS, STS). However, in independence on using of molecular markers the choice of method of investigation will be depend on investigated plant species as well. The next influence of molecular and genetic methods on genetics and practical breeding of plants will be depend on results, which will be obtain, in particular, on revealing the possibility or not possibility of genotyping of individual on single genetic marker as wel as on economic price of obtain informative data.
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Pourmohammad, Alireza. "Application of molecular markers in medicinal plant studies." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Agriculture and Environment 5, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausae-2014-0006.
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Abstract The World Health Organization has estimated that more than 80% of the world’s population in developing countries depends primarily on herbal medicine for basic healthcare needs. Approximately two thirds of the 50 000 different medicinal plant species in use are collected from the wild and only 10% of medicinal species used commercially are cultivated. DNA-based molecular markers have utility in the fields like taxonomy, physiology, embryology, genetics, etc. DNA-based techniques have been widely used for authentication of plant species of medicinal importance. The geographical conditions affect the active constituents of the medicinal plant and hence their activity profiles. Many researchers have studied geographical variation at the genetic level. Estimates of genetic diversity are also important in designing crop improvement programmes for the management of germplasm and evolving conservation strategies. The DNA-based molecular marker helps in the improvement of medicinal plant species. DNA markers are more reliable because the genetic information is unique for each species and is independent of age, physiological conditions and environmental factors.
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Xuan, Zhou, Hong Dao Zhang, Zheng Hong Li, Cheng Zhang, Ji Lin Li, and Yan Ming Zhang. "The Role of Molecular Marker in Development of Plant Genetic Resources." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 855–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.855.
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Plants are fundamental to life, being the basis of our food production and an essential part of the global ecosystem on which life on earth depends. Plant genetic resources include primitive forms of cultivated plant species and landraces, modern cultivars, breeding lines and genetic stocks, weedy types and related wild species, which provide the building blocks that, allow classical plant breeders and biotechnologists to develop new commercial varieties and other biological products. Detection and analysis of genetic variation can help us to understand the molecular basis of various biological phenomena in plants. Molecular markers for the detection and exploitation of DNA polymorphism is one of the most significant developments in the field of molecular genetics. The presence of various types of molecular markers, and differences in their principles, methodologies, and applications require careful consideration in choosing one or more of such methods. This article describes the advances of molecular marker in present, introduces the molecular basis in development of plant genetic resources and perspectives the important role of molecular marker in development of plant genetic resources in the future.
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Zambelli, A. "THE IMPACT OF MOLECULAR GENETICS IN PLANT BREEDING: REALITIES AND PERSPECTIVES." Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics 30, no. 1 (July 2019): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35407/bag.2019.xxx.01.02.
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Even when conventional breeding was effective in achieving a continuous improvement in yield, Molecular Genetics tools applied in plant breeding contributed to maximize genetic gain. Thus, the use of DNA technology applied in agronomic improvement gave rise to Molecular Breeding, discipline which groups the different breeding strategies where genotypic selection, based on DNA markers, are used in combination with or in replacement of phenotypic selection. These strategies can be listed as: marker-assisted selection; marker-assisted backcrossing; marker assisted recurrent selection; and genomic selection. Strong arguments have been made about the potential advantages that Molecular Breeding brings, although little has been devoted to discussing its feasibility in practical applications. The consequence of the lack of a deep analysis when implementing a strategy of Molecular Breeding is its failure, leading to many undesirable outcomes and discouraging breeders from using the technology. The aim of this work is to trigger a debate about the convenience of the use of Molecular Breeding strategies in a breeding program considering the DNA technology of choice, the complexity of the trait of agronomic interest to be improved, the expected accuracy in the selection, and the demanded resources. Key words: DNA marker, selection, plant improvement.
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Chinnappareddy, L. R. D., K. Khandagale, A. Chennareddy, and V. G. Ramappa. "Molecular markers in the improvement of Allium crops." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 49, No. 4 (November 26, 2013): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/111/2013-cjgpb.
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The genus Allium (Family: Alliaceae) is the most important among the bulbous vegetable crops. characterization of Alliums based on phenotypic traits is influenced by the environment and leads to biased diversity estimates. Recognizing the potential of DNA markers in plant breeding, researchers have adopted the molecular markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS), quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and characterization of different quality traits in Alliums. This review presents details about the use of DNA markers in Alliums for cultivar identification, diversity studies, SSR development, colour improvement, total soluble solids (TSS), cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and efforts of DNA sequencing. As there are no such reports to describe the above work under a single heading, we decided to mine literature for those who are working in onion, garlic, chives and leek improvement to generate new insights in the subject.
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Rasmussen, Søren K. "Molecular Genetics, Genomics, and Biotechnology in Crop Plant Breeding." Agronomy 10, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030439.
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A diverse set of molecular markers techniques have been developed over the last almost 40 years and used with success for breeding a number of major crops. These have been narrowed down to a few preferred DNA based marker types, and emphasis is now on adapting the technologies to a wide range of crop plants and trees. In this Special Issue, the strength of molecular breeding is revealed through research and review papers that use a combination of molecular markers with other classic breeding techniques to obtain quality improvement of the crop. The constant improvement and maintenance of quality by breeding is crucial and challenged by a changing climate and molecular markers can support the direct introgression of traits into elite breeding lines. All the papers in this Special Issue “Molecular genetics, Genomics, and Biotechnology in Crop Plant Breeding” have attracted significant attention, as can be witnessed by the graphs for each paper on the Journal’s homepage. It is the hope that it will encourage others to use these tools in developing an even wider range of crop plants and trees.
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Lācis, Gunārs. "Characterisation of Latvia Fruit Crop Genetic Resources by Application of Molecular Genetics Methods." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences 67, no. 2 (August 1, 2013): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2013-0014.
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A large diversity of fruit crop accessions is maintained at the Latvia State Institute of Fruit- Growing, which consists of modern cultivars, landraces and selections from local breeding programmes, as well as germplasm that has resulted from scientific exchange and co-operation with other institutes. Presently, the germplasm collection comprises 2509 accessions of 17 fruit crops; 676 accessions are designated as national genetic resources. Conservation of germplasm itself has little value without characterisation and further utilisation of the stored plant material. To intensify these activities, DNA-based technologies have been implemented in the characterisation of germplasm. Two main groups of molecular markers have been utilised: non-specific markers and gene-specific (functional) markers, subsequently applicable for Marker Assisted Selection (MAS). Genotyping protocols based on SSR, RAPD and Methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) markers have been developed for twelve fruit crops for use in plant material identification, True-to-Type verification and evaluation of genetic diversity and internal collection structure. In total, 790 accessions have been genotyped using any of the mentioned markers. These markers have been harmonised with the European cooperative programme for plant genetic resources working group (ECPGR WG) recommended sets to ensure international data exchange. Gene specific molecular markers have been applied to apple and pear (resistance to scab), strawberry (resistance to Gnomonia fragariae), sweet cherries and plums (self-incompatibility).
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McDonald, B. A., R. E. Pettway, R. S. Chen, J. M. Boeger, and J. P. Martinez. "The population genetics of Septoria tritici (teleomorph Mycosphaerella graminicola)." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 292–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-259.
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The DNA-based markers of molecular genetics were combined with the analytical tools of population genetics to learn about the population biology of the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola. DNA-based genetic markers, including restriction fragment length polymorphisms in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, DNA fingerprints, and electrophoretic karyotypes were used in combination to show that the amount and distribution of genetic variation within and among field populations of M. graminicola is similar around the world. Measures of gametic disequilibrium suggested that the sexual stage of reproduction has a more significant impact on the genetic structure of M. graminicola populations than asexual reproduction. A field experiment conducted over a 3-year period showed that populations had a high degree of genetic stability over time. The potential effects of selection were quantified in a cultivar mixture experiment with four wheat cultivars that varied in resistance to M. graminicola. In combination, these experiments demonstrated the utility of selectively neutral genetic markers to elucidate the population genetics of fungi. Key words: genetic diversity, wheat, gene flow, RFLPs, DNA fingerprinting.
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Khatoon, Arifa, Sumeet Verma, Gayatri Wadiye, and Anuprita Zore. "Molecular markers and their potentials." International Journal of Bioassays 5, no. 01 (January 1, 2016): 4706. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.01.003.
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The use of molecular markers, revealing polymorphism at the DNA level, has been playing an increasing part in plant molecular biotechnology and their genetic studies. There are three different types of markers viz. morphological, biochemical and DNA based molecular markers. These DNA based markers are differentiating in two types 1. Non PCR based (RFLP) and 2. PCR based markers (RAPD, AFLP, SSR, SNP etc.). Amongst others, the microsatellite DNA marker is one of the most widely used marker due to its easy use by simple PCR, followed by a denaturing gel electrophoresis. SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) is nowadays is the one which is used mainly. In this review, we are going to discuss about the biochemical and molecular markers which are recently developed, the important characteristics of molecular markers their advantages, disadvantages and the applications of these markers in comparison with other markers types.
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Li, Haiying, Yingxue Wang, and Rabia Iqbal. "Scot molecular markers and population differentiation in Hedera helix L." Genetika 53, no. 2 (2021): 739–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2102739l.
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Hedera helix L. is a specie that is used for its ornamental and medicinal properties widely. In spite of its very good biochemical characterization, the knowledge about the DNA variability is very limited and no DNA markers were used to analyses the genomic variability of the populations, up to date. In the present study, genetic diversity of 56 Hedera helix, individuals nine populations were studied using 10 Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers. High polymorphic bands (95.78%), polymorphic information content (0.25) and allele number (1.34) showed SCoT as a reliable marker system for genetic analysis in Hedera helix. At the species, the percentage of polymorphic loci [P] was 66.20%, Nei?s gene diversity [H] was 0.159, Shannon index [I] was 0.148 and unbiased gene diversity [UHe] was 0.56. Genetic variation within populations (70%) was higher than among populations (30%) based on analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). We used SCoT molecular marker for our genetic investigation with the following aims: 1- Investigate genetic diversity both among and with date Hedera helix, 2-Identify genetic groups within these nine populations ivy, and 3-produce data on the genetic structure of date ivy populations. The results obtained revealed a high within-population genetic variability.
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Wendell, Douglas L., and Dawn Pickard. "Teaching Human Genetics with Mustard: Rapid Cycling Brassica rapa (Fast Plants Type) as a Model for Human Genetics in the Classroom Laboratory." CBE—Life Sciences Education 6, no. 2 (June 2007): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1187/cbe.07-02-0010.
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We have developed experiments and materials to model human genetics using rapid cycling Brassica rapa, also known as Fast Plants. Because of their self-incompatibility for pollination and the genetic diversity within strains, B. rapa can serve as a relevant model for human genetics in teaching laboratory experiments. The experiment presented here is a paternity exclusion project in which a child is born with a known mother but two possible alleged fathers. Students use DNA markers (microsatellites) to perform paternity exclusion on these subjects. Realistic DNA marker analysis can be challenging to implement within the limitations of an instructional lab, but we have optimized the experimental methods to work in a teaching lab environment and to maximize the “hands-on” experience for the students. The genetic individuality of each B. rapa plant, revealed by analysis of polymorphic microsatellite markers, means that each time students perform this project, they obtain unique results that foster independent thinking in the process of data interpretation.
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Foolad, Majid R. "Genome Mapping and Molecular Breeding of Tomato." International Journal of Plant Genomics 2007 (August 22, 2007): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/64358.
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The cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, is the second most consumed vegetable worldwide and a well-studied crop species in terms of genetics, genomics, and breeding. It is one of the earliest crop plants for which a genetic linkage map was constructed, and currently there are several molecular maps based on crosses between the cultivated and various wild species of tomato. The high-density molecular map, developed based on an L. esculentum×L. pennellii cross, includes more than 2200 markers with an average marker distance of less than 1 cM and an average of 750 kbp per cM. Different types of molecular markers such as RFLPs, AFLPs, SSRs, CAPS, RGAs, ESTs, and COSs have been developed and mapped onto the 12 tomato chromosomes. Markers have been used extensively for identification and mapping of genes and QTLs for many biologically and agriculturally important traits and occasionally for germplasm screening, fingerprinting, and marker-assisted breeding. The utility of MAS in tomato breeding has been restricted largely due to limited marker polymorphism within the cultivated species and economical reasons. Also, when used, MAS has been employed mainly for improving simply-inherited traits and not much for improving complex traits. The latter has been due to unavailability of reliable PCR-based markers and problems with linkage drag. Efforts are being made to develop high-throughput markers with greater resolution, including SNPs. The expanding tomato EST database, which currently includes ∼214 000 sequences, the new microarray DNA chips, and the ongoing sequencing project are expected to aid development of more practical markers. Several BAC libraries have been developed that facilitate map-based cloning of genes and QTLs. Sequencing of the euchromatic portions of the tomato genome is paving the way for comparative and functional analysis of important genes and QTLs.
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Yang, Cong Cong, Jian Ma, Cong Li, Min Sun, Ya Ya Zou, Ting Li, Yang Mu, Hua Ping Tang, and Xiu Jin Lan. "The development and validation of new DNA markers linked to the thousand-grain weight QTL in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 56, No. 2 (March 17, 2020): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/35/2019-cjgpb.
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Thousand-grain weight (TGW) is an important trait affecting wheat production. We previously identified a major quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling the TGW on the 2D chromosome of wheat using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population constructed by the cross between Tibetan semi-wild wheat Q1028 (Q1028) and Zhengmai 9023 (ZM9023). The positive allele at this QTL is from ZM9023. To further characterise this QTL, here, we try to develop and validate the high-resolution melting (HRM) and sequence-characterised amplified region (SCAR) markers. One HRM marker (0C98-411) and two SCAR markers (E301-700 and B0BB-10470) were developed and integrated into the genetic map. All of these three markers were validated in three populations with different genetic backgrounds. 0C98-411 is the most closely linked marker that could trace QTgw.sau-2D in molecular marker assisted breeding.
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Younis, Adnan, Fahad Ramzan, Yasir Ramzan, Faisal Zulfiqar, Muhammad Ahsan, and Ki Byung Lim. "Molecular Markers Improve Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops: A Review." Plants 9, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9101374.
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Plants endure many abiotic stresses, such as temperature (heat or frost), drought, and salt. Such factors are primary and frequent stressors that reduce agriculture crop yields. Often alterations in nutrient management and constituents, along with variations in biosynthetic capacity, ultimately reduce or halt plant growth. Genetically, stress is an environmental condition that interferes with complete genetic expression. A vast range of molecular genomic markers is available for the analysis of agricultural crops. These markers are classified into various groups based on how the markers are used: RAPD (Random amplified polymorphic DNA) markers serve to identify and screen hybrids based on salinity and drought stress tolerance, while simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are excellent for the assessment of stress tolerance. Such markers also play an important role in the QTL (Quantitative trait loci) mapping of stress-related genes. Dehydrins for drought and saltol for salinity stresses are primitive genes which regulate responses to these conditions. Further, a focus on traits using single-gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers supports genetic mapping and the sequencing of stress-related traits in inbred lines. DNA markers facilitate marker-assisted breeding to enhance abiotic stress tolerance using advanced techniques and marker modification.
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Polley, Andreas, Martin W. Ganal, and Elisabeth Seigner. "Identification of sex in hop (Humulus lupulus) using molecular markers." Genome 40, no. 3 (June 1, 1997): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-048.
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The rapid identification of sex in the dioecious hop (Humulus lupulus) is important for the breeding of this cultivated plant because only unfertilized flowers of the female plants are used as an ingredient in the production of beer. It is thought that a sex-chromosome mechanism controls the development of male or female plants. We have compared pools of male and female plants derived from a hop cross to identify molecular markers associated with the Y or male-specific chromosome. Of 900 functional RAPD primers, 32 revealed fragments specific for male plants that were absent in female plants of this cross. Subsequently, the 32 positive primers were tested on unrelated male and female plants. Three of these 32 primers were specific for the Y chromosome in all lines. The Y-specific product derived from one of these primers (OPJ9) was of low copy in hybridization experiments and predominantly present in male plants. Primers developed from the DNA sequence of this product provide a marker for rapid sex identification in crosses of hop by means of PCR.Key words: chromosomes, RAPD, sex-specific DNA sequences, plant breeding, Y chromosome.
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Vogel, J. M., A. Rafalski, M. Morgante, G. Taramino, W. Powell, M. Hanafey, and S. V. Tingey. "The Application of Genetic Diagnostics to Plant Genome Analysis and Plant Breeding." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 749A—749. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.749a.
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DNA-based diagnostics are now well-established as a means to assay diversity at the locus, chromosome, and whole-genome levels. As technology has advanced, DNA sequence-based assays have become easier to use, more efficient at screening for nucleotide sequence-based polymorphisms, and available to a wider cross-section of the research community. A review of the use of molecular markers in several different areas of genetics and plant breeding will be presented, as well as a discussion about their advantages and limitations. Recent advances in several areas of technology development and laboratory automation will also be presented, including a summary of direct comparison of different DNA marker systems against a common set of soybean cultivars.
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Dziechciarková, M., A. Lebeda, I. Doležalová, and D. Astley. "Characterization of Lactuca spp. germplasm by protein and molecular markers – a review." Plant, Soil and Environment 50, No. 2 (November 21, 2011): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3680-pse.
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The genus Lactuca L. belongs to one of the largest plant families, Asteraceae. Lactuca L. is represented by ca 100 species distributed in different geographical areas and ecological conditions. This is one of the reasons why this genus is characterised by very broad variation of different characters. Electrophoretic detection of some proteins (isozymes) has been applied to the study of genetic variability of Lactuca spp. individuals and populations. The development of molecular genetic methods (RFLP, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; PCR methods: RAPD, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA; AFLP, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism; minisatellites and microsatellites fingerprinting or SSR, Simple Sequence Repeats) and their application has contributed to the elucidation of various aspects related to the taxonomy, variability, biodiversity, genetics and breeding within the genus Lactuca L. Further potential application of these methods is discussed.
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Patzak, J., and A. Henychová. "Evaluation of genetic variability within actual hop (Humulus lupulus L.) cultivars by an enlarged set of molecular markers." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 54, No. 2 (May 28, 2018): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/175/2016-cjgpb.
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Traditional hop (Humulus lupulus L.) cultivars have been used in the brewing industry for a long time. Globally, about ten new breeding lines were released to the market in each decade from ~1970 to 1999. Since 2006, the rate of release of new cultivars has increased tenfold. It is, therefore, important to identify their genotype and origin. Molecular genetic methods based on DNA are the most appropriate technology for this purpose. Recently, we developed an efficient marker system for the authenticity control of hop genotypes based on expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeats (EST-SSR). In the present study, we enlarged the previously established EST-SSR set with 27 new polymorphic markers and evaluated molecular genetic variability within 135 traditional and new world hop cultivars. Two sets of 10 markers effectively differentiated all used cultivars, with the exception of cultivars derived from the same original genotype such as Saaz, Spalt, Tettnang and Nadwislawsky. Results of molecular genetic variability analyses corresponded with the genealogical and geographical origin of the key cultivars.
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Naderpour, M., and L. Sadeghi. "Multiple DNA markers for evaluation of resistance against Potato virus Y, Potato virus S and Potato leafroll virus." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 54, No. 1 (March 20, 2018): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/180/2016-cjgpb.
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Molecular markers within or close to genes of interest play essential roles in marker-assisted selection. PCR-based markers have been developed for numerous traits in different plant species including several genes conferring resistance to viruses in potato. In the present work, rapid and reliable approaches were developed for the simultaneous detection of Ryadg and Ry-fsto, Ns, and PLRV.1 genes conferring resistance to Potato virus Y, Potato virus S and Potato leafroll virus, respectively, on the basis of previously published and newly modified markers. The sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers for Ryadg, Ns and PLRV1 and the newly modified cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) marker for Ry-fsto were amplified in one PCR reaction which could simply characterize Ryadg and PLRV.1 resistance. Additional digestion of amplicons with EcoRV and MfeI for genotyping the Ry-fsto and Ns resistance genes, respectively, was needed. The effectiveness of genotyping in triplex and tetraplex PCRs was tested on 35 potato varieties used for potato seed production and breeding programs.
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Klimenko, Irina, Nikolay Kozlov, Anastasia Shamustakimova, and Vladimir Dushkin. "INVESTIGATION OF FORAGE CROPS GENETIC DIVERSITY USING MOLECULAR DNA MARKERS." Adaptive Fodder Production 2019, no. 4 (December 13, 2019): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/afp-2222-5366-2019-4-89-100.
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Genetic diversity is the precondition for any selection program. The collection and exploitation of natural variation from ecotypes and landraces has played a vital role in the improvement of forage crops. The review is devoted to the most important aspects of studying the genetic variation in populations, cultivars, samples and forms of wild and cultivated forage plants. The factors with negative impact on the biodiversity conservation have been determined. The main types of genetic markers that used for genetic recourses of perennial grasses evaluation were described. Particular attention was focused on the role of molecular DNA markers for the population genetics and phylogenetic studies. The main advantages of DNA markers application for the forage crops, due of its great variability of traits and properties, the complexity of the genetic system and a high degree of plasticity of this group of plants, have been discussed. The latest generation of genetic DNA markers allows conducting the objective and accurate assessment of genetic diversity, provides selection process intensification, increases the possibilities for identification and molecular-genetic certification of the selection achievements.
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Faqir, Nadia, Aish Muhammad, and Muhammad Zeeshan Hyder. "Diversity Assessment and Cultivar Identification in Date Palm through Molecular Markers- A Review." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 12 (December 14, 2017): 1516. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i12.1516-1523.1331.
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Date palm has a long history of cultivation and a valuable germplasm with little knowledge about its genetic makeup and variation among the most cultivated cultivars. Diversity is the variability of a species. Plants show variation in yield, vegetative traits and morphological properties of fruits and seeds in response to environmental changes. Molecular markers or DNA markers have been in use since past three decades. The DNA profiles give information about the genotype, screen the whole genome and show variation in both the coding and noncoding region and hence give information about polymorphism. Since plastid genes are transferred mostly from the mother line, the identification of maternal lines is possible by the sequencing of plastid genes. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) can detect length variation with the help of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and may be used as highly informative genetic markers. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) are the third generation of molecular markers. SNPs are more stable and have high fidelity of inheritance as compared to other marker systems. Molecular markers have been developed but they are not enough for sufficient diversity assessment. Therefore there is a need to increase the number of DNA markers in date palm. Previously, there are several studies to type various commercially important germplasm based on morphological or yield parameters. Morphological and biochemical markers are limited in number and are affected by environmental factors and growth stage of the plant which reduce their reliability in the assessment of diversity and characterization of the germplasm. This necessitates the use of genetic characterization, utilizing DNA markers, gene sequencing or SNP genotyping which can work independent of the plant growth stage and are not affected by environmental factors. A combination of morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization of the date palm cultivars can better assess the level of diversity and relationship among the cultivars.
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Sampaio, Lucas, Rafaela Antonio, Marilza Nascimento, and Paulo Fernandes-Júnior. "Molecular approaches for identification of the apomictic/sexual reproductive mechanism and genetic variability in buffel grass (Cenchrus spp.) accessions." Genetika 53, no. 2 (2021): 493–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2102493s.
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Cenchrus spp. encompasses forage grasses that are especially important for drylands. Thus, information on their reproductive mechanism and genetic diversity is needed. The Active Germplasm Bank (AGB) of the Embrapa Semi?rido (Tropical semiarid research center) has 115 accessions of Cenchrus spp. that were not molecularly characterized. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic diversity of Cenchrus spp. accessions in the AGB, and identify their reproductive mechanisms using DNA markers. Specific SCAR markers Q8H, UGT197, and PCAB10, in addition to the SCAR marker 4HS
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Aitken, S. A., N. A. Tinker, D. E. Mather, and M. G. Fortin. "A method for detecting DNA polymorphism in large populations." Genome 37, no. 3 (June 1, 1994): 506–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g94-070.
Full textAbstract:
Molecular markers linked to loci of interest can be used for fine mapping a particular area of a genome or for marker-assisted selection. We present an approach for screening individual plants with polymorphic markers that facilitates phenotyping in large populations. Polymorphic DNA fragments, amplified by PCR, are labelled with digoxigenin and used as probes on slot blots of amplified DNA from the individual plants to be tested. DNA is obtained by a simple two-tube purification method. The colorimetric detection of alleles on the blots is more reliable, and more amenable to automation, than conventional staining of electrophoresis gels.Key words: molecular markers, RAPD, genetic mapping, breeding.
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Yankovskaya, A. A., I. V. Knyazeva, and M. T. Upadishev. "Molecular marking and genetic certification: application in plant breeding, biotechnology and identification of horticultural crops." Horticulture and viticulture, no. 5 (November 16, 2019): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2019-5-11.
Full textAbstract:
The analysis of contemporary research on molecular marking and genetic certification for use in breeding, biotechnology and identification of horticultural crops is carried out. In Russia and abroad, active work is underway on the identification and certification of garden crops: apple, pear, various types of stone fruit crops, raspberry, strawberry, currant and gooseberry. Currently, the most effective and frequently used are SSR markers. Genetic certificates have been elaborated for many fruit and small fruit crops, which are used in breeding research, works on the study of genetic diversity, in variety diagnosis and diagnosis of pathogens and genealogy analysis. In previous studies using SSR markers, 16 apple varieties, 10 cherry varieties, 29 raspberry varieties and 12 pear varieties of ARHIBAN contemporary breeding were genotyped. The appearance of plant genetic certificates contributed to the development of marker-oriented breeding, making it possible to identify and select genotypes carrying target genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) using only DNA analysis data without preliminary phenotypic evaluation. Molecular genetics certificate can serve as a reliable tool to protect the copyright of breeders. In conditions of Russian Federation it is necessary to expand researches of genomic analysis of fruit and small fruit crops, improve and unify the methods of DNA identification and molecular marking techniques, develop common requirements for the level of information content of markers, principles and methods of evaluation of planting material and collections in vitro. The researchers are faced with the task of creating a clear system of molecular-genetic identification and certification of planting material, which will allow to develop and introduce into production varieties with known characteristics, to control plant material at all stages of nursery and commercial distribution of varieties.
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Yu, K. F., and K. P. Pauls. "Segregation of random amplified polymorphic DNA markers and strategies for molecular mapping in tetraploid alfalfa." Genome 36, no. 5 (October 1, 1993): 844–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g93-112.
Full textAbstract:
An F1 population was used to analyze the inheritance of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers in tetraploid alfalfa. Of the 32 RAPD markers that were used for a segregation analysis in this study, 27 gave ratios that are consistent with random chromosome and random chromatid segregation at meiosis. However, among all of the RAPD markers (121) that were screened in this study, only one example of a double reduction, that is typical of chromatid segregation, was observed. These results indicate that random chromosome segregation is likely the predominant but not the exclusive mode of inheritance for tetraploid alfalfa. χ2 analyses of cosegregation for RAPD marker pairs derived from the female parent revealed nine linkages that fell into four linkage groups. The recombination fractions among linked marker pairs ranged from 1 to 37%. These are the first molecular linkage groups reported in tetraploid alfalfa. In addition, various strategies for molecular mapping in the tetraploid alfalfa genome are proposed that should be of interest to plant breeders who are planning to use molecular markers for alfalfa or other tetraploid species.Key words: RAPD markers, tetraploid alfalfa, segregation, linkage groups.
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Dasgupta, Nirjhar, Sabyasachi Bhattacharya, Anjan Hazra, and Sauren Das. "Molecular markers assisted DNA polymorphism: Implications in mangrove research." Plant Science Today 4, no. 4 (October 16, 2017): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2017.4.4.349.
Full textAbstract:
Mangroves are defined as woody, evergreen group of plant community; grow on the swampy substrate at tropical and sub-tropical habitatsadjusted to high salinity, periodical tidal influence, strong winds, high temperatures, high precipitation and anaerobic soils. They possessunique morphological and physiological adaptive features to cope with these extreme conditions. Mangrove vegetation is the cradle of several marine fauna and provides first line of defense against devastating sea surges, typhoon, tsunami, etc. However, since industrial era, many of the mangrove members were affected by several environmental constrains and anthropogenic activities that raised the sea level, lowered sweet water influx from the adjacent rivers and encroachment for the new settlement formation, increasing salinity. Hence, mangrove restoration program is the front line topic of interest to the plant biologists across the tropical and subtropical world since it has a productive and protective role for the inhabitants. Sound knowledge of molecular characteristic of the individual taxa will be provide an advantage for this initiative.Recent advancement in molecular markers based on the PCR technique techniqueswill enhance the knowledge about genetic background of each individual taxon, ultimately leading to valid guided references towards the understanding the inherent nature of the plant itself and beneficial to proper restoration program.
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Jiang, Qunyi, and Peter M. Gresshoff. "Classical and Molecular Genetics of the Model Legume Lotus japonicus." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 10, no. 1 (January 1997): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1997.10.1.59.
Full textAbstract:
The model legume Lotus japonicus was demonstrated to be amenable to classical and molecular genetic analysis, providing the basis for the genetic dissection of the plant processes underlying nodulation and nitrogen fixation. We have developed an efficient method for the sexual hybridization of L. japonicus and obtained F1 progeny derived from a cross of L. japonicus B-129-S9 Gifu × B-581 Funakura. Over half of the cross-pollinations resulted in fertile hybrid seed, which were confirmed morphologically and by single arbitrary primer DNA amplification polymorphisms using the DAF technique. Molecular and morphological markers segregated in true Mendelian fashion in a F2 population of 100 plants. Several DAF loci were linked using the MAPMAKER software to create the first molecular linkage groups of this model legume. The mapping population was advanced to generate a set of immortal recombinant inbred lines (F6; RILs), useful for sharing plant material fixed genetically at most genomic regions. Morphological loci for waved stem shape (Ssh), dark leaf color (Lco), and short flowering period (Fpe) were inherited as single dominant Mendelian loci. DAF markers were dominant and were detected between Gifu and Funakura at about one per primer, suggesting that the parents are closely related. One polymorphism (270G generated by single octomer primer 8.6m) was linked to a morphological locus controlling leaf coloration. The results demonstrate that (i) Lotus japonicus is amenable to diploid genetic analysis, (ii) morphological and molecular markers segregate in true diploid fashion, (iii) molecular polymorphisms can be obtained at a reasonable frequency between the related Gifu and Funakura lines, and iv) the possibility exists for map-based cloning, marker assisted selection and mapping of symbiotic mutations through a genetic and molecular map.
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Pinar, Hasan, Sezai Ercisli, Mustafa Unlu, Mustafa Bircan, Aydın Uzun, Davut Keles, Filiz Baysal, Halit Atli, and Kadir Yilmaz. "Determination of genetic diversity among some almond accessions." Genetika 47, no. 1 (2015): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1501013p.
Full textAbstract:
More recently the use of different molecular markers in fruit species to determine particularly genetic diversity, genetic relationships and cultivar identification has been gained more importance. In the study, 13 randomly amplified polimorfic DNA (RAPD) and 4 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to evaluate genetic relationships among 95 almong accessions (26 foreign cultivars and 69 national cultivars and selections). The all plant material found in Almond Germplasm Repository in Gaziantep, Turkey. Both RAPD and ISSR markers distinguished the almond cultivars and selections in various levels. 17 RAPD and ISSR markers yielded a total of 73 scorable bands, which 51 are polymorphic. The two marker system exhibited variation with regard to average band sizes and polymorphism ratio. The average polymorphism was higher in ISSR (88%) compared to RAPD (74%). RAPD and ISSR marker systems were found to be useful for determining genetic diversity among almong genotypes and cultivars. Combining of two dendrograms obtained through these markers show different clustering of 96 almond specimens without geographical isolation. These results supported that almonds in Turkey indicated considerable genetic diversity.
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Li, Xiaomei, Dale R. Gardner, Michael H. Ralphs, and Richard R.-C. Wang. "Development of STS and CAPS markers for identification of three tall larkspurs (Delphinium spp.)." Genome 45, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g01-149.
Full textAbstract:
One cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) and nine sequence tagged site (STS) markers were developed for identifying tall larkspur (Delphinium spp.) plants in three species based on the DNA sequence of known species-specific RAPD markers. Four STS markers were used for identification of Delphinium occidentale, three STS markers for Delphinium barbeyi, and one CAPS and two STS markers for Delphinium glaucum. One hundred sixty-six individual plants collected at 19 locations in the western U.S.A. were tested using the STS and CAPS markers. Over 95% of the D. occidentale plants contained all four D. occidentale specific STS markers, whereas the remaining plants contained three of the four STS markers. Approximately 97% of D. barbeyi plants contained all three D. barbeyi specific STS markers, and the rest had two of the three STS markers. A small percentage of D. barbeyi plants contained one D. occidentale specific STS marker. Hybrid populations were characterized as having more D. occidentale specific than D. barbeyi specific STS markers, suggesting that the three hybrid populations are composed not of F1 hybrid plants of the parental species but of segregating offspring of different generations from original hybrids. This set of STS and CAPS markers for larkspur species should be useful in classification of unknown plant materials and the identification of hybrid populations.Key words: poisonous plants, RAPD, molecular marker, PCR.
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Jung, Geunhwa, Dermot P. Coyne, Paul W. Skroch, James Nienhuis, E. Arnaud-Santana, James Bokosi, H. M. Ariyarathne, James R. Steadman, James S. Beaver, and Shawn M. Kaeppler. "Molecular Markers Associated with Plant Architecture and Resistance to Common Blight, Web Blight, and Rust in Common Beans." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 5 (September 1996): 794–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.5.794.
Full textAbstract:
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to construct a partial linkage map in a recombinant inbred population derived from the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cross BAC 6 × HT 7719 for studying the genetics of disease resistance in common bean. The linkage map spanned 545 cM and included 75 of 84 markers used in this study. The population of 128 recombinant inbred lines was evaluated for resistance to common bacterial blight, foliar resistance to web blight [WB; Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk], and resistance to rust [Uromyces appendiculatus var. appendiculatus (Pers.:Pers) Unger]. Common bacterial blight [CBB; Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye] resistance was evaluated for CBB strain Epif-IV in later-developed trifoliolate leaves and for CBB strain EK-11 in seeds, first trifoliolate leaves, later-developed trifoliolate leaves, and pods. In addition, lines were rated for plant uprightness and branch density. Two to six markers accounted for 14% to 34% of the phenotypic variation for each trait. Significant marker locustrait associations were found for 14 mapped loci and 7 of the 9 unmapped markers. The distribution of detected QTL appeared to be nonrandom with most significant markers associated with more than one trait or closely linked to markers significantly associated with variation for a different trait. One marker, BC4091250, was significantly associated with WB resistance, resistance for CBB strain Epif-IV in later-developed trifoliolate leaves, and resistance for CBB strain EK-11 in first trifoliolate leaves, later-developed trifoliolate leaves, and pods. A rust resistance gene was mapped in an interval 14.6 cM from RAPD marker H191050 and 12.5 cM from marker AJ16250.
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Mladenovic-Drinic, Snezana, Dragana Ignjatovic-Micic, Iva Eric, Violeta Andjelkovic, Drazen Jelovac, and Kosana Konstantinov. "Biotechnology in maize breeding." Genetika 36, no. 2 (2004): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0402093m.
Full textAbstract:
Maize is one of the most important economic crops and the best studied and most tractable genetic system among monocots. The development of biotechnology has led to a great increase in our knowledge of maize genetics and understanding of the structure and behaviour of maize genomes. Conventional breeding practices can now be complemented by a number of new and powerful techniques. Some of these often referred to as molecular methods, enable scientists to see the layout of the entire genome of any organism and to select plants with preferred characteristics by "reading" at the molecular level, saving precious time and resources. DNA markers have provided valuable tools in various analyses ranging from phylogenetic analysis to the positional cloning of genes. Application of molecular markers for genetic studies of maize include: assessment of genetic variability and characterization of germ plasm, identification and fingerprinting of genotypes, estimation of genetic distance, detection of monogamic and quantitative trait loci, marker assisted selection, identification of sequence of useful candidate genes, etc. The development of high-density molecular maps which has been facilitated by PCR-based markers, have made the mapping and tagging of almost any trait possible and serve as bases for marker assisted selection. Sequencing of maize genomes would help to elucidate gene function, gene regulation and their expression. Modern biotechnology also includes an array of tools for introducing or deieting a particular gene or genes to produce plants with novel traits. Development of informatics and biotechnology are resulted in bioinformatic as well as in expansion of microarrey technique. Modern biotechnologies could complement and improve the efficiency of traditional selection and breeding techniques to enhance agricultural productivity.
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Larekeng, Siti Halimah, Muh Restu, Gusmiaty Gusmiaty, and Rismawati Rismawati. "POLYMORPHISM OF SIMPLE SEQUENCE REPEAT REGIONS OF SULAWESI EBONY (DIOSPHYROS CELEBICA BAKH.) IN EXPERIMENTAL FOREST OF HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY PROVENANCE." Agrotech Journal 1, no. 1 (December 9, 2016): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31327/atj.v1i1.173.
Full textAbstract:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based molecular techniques have been used to detect the polymorphism in plants. The utilization of molecular markers plays essential role in germplasm characterization and plant breeding since the information of DNA marker technology can be exchanged between laboratories and should have standard method to be reproducible. The molecular aspect has been commonly linked to DNA isolation protocol and polymorphic molecular marker, thus can be used for molecular research recommendation purposes. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the capability of microsatellite marker of Ebenaceae Family for amplifying Ebony DNA, and to determine the appropriate PCR annealing temperatures. The DNA isolation of Ebony leaves from Experimental Forest of Hasanuddin University Provenance was carried out using Genomic DNA Mini Kit (Plant) Geneaid protocol. Nine of seventeen selected primers from the Genus Diospyros were able to amplify Ebony DNA. Amplification products produced polymorphic bands with different annealing temperatures (ranged from 53 to 56°C). These nine polymorphic primers will be recommended to use for future studies in genetic diversity as well as pollen dispersal pattern analyses.
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Bi, Dezhong, Dan Chen, Majid Khayatnezhad, Zohreh Hashjin, Zifa Li, and Yuexiang Ma. "Molecular identification and genetic diversity in Hypericum L.: A high value medicinal plant using RAPD markers markers." Genetika 53, no. 1 (2021): 393–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2101393b.
Full textAbstract:
Genus Hypericum (Guttiferae, Hypericoideae) is perennial, belonging to the Hypericaceae family, having 484 species in forms of trees, shrubs, and herbs, distributed in 36 taxonomic sections. No detailed Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) studies were conducted to study Hypericum genetic diversity. Therefore, we collected and analyzed six species from five provinces of Iran regions. Overall, seventy plant specimens were collected. Our aims were 1) to assess genetic diversity among Hypericum species 2) is there a correlation between species genetic and geographical distance? 3) Genetic structure of populations and taxa. We showed significant differences in quantitative morphological characters in plant species. H. dogonbadanicum depicted unbiased expected heterozygosity (UHe) in the range of 0.10. Shannon information was high (0.32) in H. perforaturm. H. dogonbadanicum showed the lowest value, 0.17. The observed number of alleles (Na) ranged from 0.22 to 0.53 in H. dogonbadanicum and H. elongaturn. Gene flow (Nm) was relatively low (0.87) in Hypericum. The Mantel test showed correlation (r = 0.45, p=0.0001) between genetic and geographical distances. We reported high genetic diversity, which clearly shows the Hypericum species can adapt to changing environments since high genetic diversity is linked to species adaptability. Present results highlighted the utility of RAPD markers and morphometry methods to investigate genetic diversity in Hypericum species.
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Panigrahi, Kaushik, Puranjaya Panigrahi, Ayesha Mohanty, Purandar Mandal, and Basudeba Satapathy. "Development of new microsatellite markers for DNA fingerprinting pattern of black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) and green gram (Vigna radiate L. Wilckzek)." Genetika 52, no. 3 (2020): 1161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2003161p.
Full textAbstract:
SSR markers are considered to be the most ideal marker for genetic studies because they are multi-allelic, abundant, randomly and widely distributed throughout the genome, co-dominant that could differentiate plants with homozygous or heterozygous alleles, simple to assay, highly reliable, reproducible. Microsatellite markers are highly polymorphic and informative and could be successfully used for genome analysis in black gram & green gram. Microsatellite markers were used to evaluate genetic diversity in 17 indigenous cultivars of pulse crops (11 cultivars of green gram and 6 cultivars of black gram respectively). They are subjected to variability analysis with 26 microsatellite markers for identification efficient primers to conclude the nature of molecular diversity present among the pulses. The SSR primer G228 showed 63.63% of polymorphism followed by MB-SSR 238 (45.45%) and G006 (36.36%). The 12 microsatellite markers produced 15.90 % polymorphism with banding ranged up to 7 with an average of 2.3 polymorphic banding patterns per SSR primer. Similarly for black gram, three random microsatellite primers G006 (50%) and G166 and G204 (33.33%) revealed considerable DNA polymorphism. The 14 random SSR primers produced 8.33% of polymorphism with banding ranged up to three with an average of 1.28 polymorphic banding pattern per SSR primer. The Distinguish Power (D), Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) value and Marker Index (MI) values revealed some SSR primers like G006, G204 and G166 can alone amplified distinct banding pattern, where as a combination of (G228+G006), (G228+G304) for green gram and the combination (G006+G166) can be used for black gram for ascertaining genetic diversity at any stage of crop growth period for green gram or black gram. From the present study we can conclude that selective microsatellite markers are highly polymorphic, informative and easily reproducible, which can be successfully used either as single or with combination for molecular characterization of crop species belonging to Vigna species.
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HERYANI, LUH GEDE SRI SURYA, I. NENGAH WANDIA, I. WAYAN SUARNA, I. KETUT PUJA, NI NYOMAN WERDI SUSARI, and KADEK KARANG AGUSTINA. "Short Communication: Molecular characteristic of taro white cattle based on DNA microsatellite markers." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, no. 3 (February 14, 2019): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200308.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Heryani LGSS, Wandia IN, Suarna IW, Puja IK, Susari NNW, Agustina KK. 2019. Short Communication: Molecular characteristic of taro white cattle based on DNA microsatellite markers. Biodiversitas 20: 671-675. This research was conducted to assess and characterize the genetics of Taro White cattle. Genetic characterizations of this cattle are essential to conservation and breeding program. A total of 18 samples and 4 pairs of microsatellite DNA markers (BM2113, BM1824, INRA023, and ETH225) were amplified by PCR and the products were run on 8% bis-Acrylamide gels. All microsatellite markers were successfully amplified with a mean allelic number of 3.25. Means of observed and expected heterozygosity were found to be 0,25 and 0,628. The Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) values ranged from 0.448 (BM1824) to 0.627 (BM2113) and fixation index were 0.620. The deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium revealed that Taro White cattle population exhibited significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and possessed a possibility of inbreeding. The microsatellite loci used or focused in the present study further validate their use for evaluation of genetic diversity of Taro White
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Waldron, Julie, Cameron P. Peace, Iain R. Searle, Agnelo Furtado, Nick Wade, Ian Findlay, Michael W. Graham, and Bernard J. Carroll. "Randomly Amplified DNA Fingerprinting: A Culmination of DNA Marker Technologies Based on Arbitrarily-Primed PCR Amplification." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2, no. 3 (2002): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1110724302206026.
Full textAbstract:
Arbitrarily-primed DNA markers can be very useful for genetic fingerprinting and for facilitating positional cloning of genes. This class of technologies is particularly important for less studied species, for which genome sequence information is generally not known. The technologies include Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP). We have modified the DAF protocol to produce a robust PCR-based DNA marker technology called Randomly Amplified DNA Fingerprinting (RAF). While the protocol most closely resembles DAF, it is much more robust and sensitive because amplicons are labelled with either radioactive33P or fluorescence in a 30-cycle PCR, and then separated and detected on large polyacrylamide sequencing gels. Highly reproducible RAF markers were readily amplified from either purified DNA or alkali-treated intact leaf tissue. RAF markers typically display dominant inheritance. However, a small but significant portion of the RAF markers exhibit codominant inheritance and represent microsatellite loci. RAF compares favorably with AFLP for efficiency and reliability on many plant genomes, including the very large and complex genomes of sugarcane and wheat. While the two technologies detect about the same number of markers per large polyacrylamide gel, advantages of RAF over AFLP include: (i) no requirement for enzymatic template preparation, (ii) one instead of two PCRs, and (iii) overall cost. RAF and AFLP were shown to differ in the selective basis of amplification of markers from genomes and could therefore be used in complementary fashion for some genetic studies.
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Pinar, Hasan, Ercan Yildiz, Mustafa Kaplankiran, Celil Toplu, Mustafa Unlu, Sedat Serce, and Sezai Ercisli. "Molecular characterization of some selected persimmon genotypes and cultivars by srap and ssr markers." Genetika 49, no. 2 (2017): 693–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1702693p.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, SRAP and SSR markers were employed to determine genetic relationships among 42 persimmon genotypes (Diospyros kaki Thunb) obtained from Hatay province and 3 persimmon cultivars, 2 of which belong to Diospyros kaki Thunb and one belongs to Diospyros oleifera Cheng. Genetic relationships were determined by using a total of 29 molecular DNA primers (SRAP and SSR). Of these primers, 21 SRAP primer combinations produced a total of 107 bands and 77.6% of them were polymorphic; 8 SSR primers produced 26 polymorphic bands with an average polymorphism ratio of 84.6%. The SRAP and SSR markers produced 4.6 bands as average and the number of bands produced per marker was calculated as 3.6. The lowest similarity was observed between MK-113 (Diospyros oleifera Cheng) and the other genotypes all belongs to Diospyros kaki Thunb (with similarity ratios of 0.41-0.69 for SRAP primers, between 0.25-0.67 for SSR primers). The genotypes/cultivars belongs to Diospyros kaki had similarity ratio between 0.98-1.00 according to SRAP and SSR markers. This synonym or similarity could be results of clonal propagation rather than autogamy.
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Ming, Ray, Terrye A. Del Monte, Eduardo Hernandez, Paul H. Moore, James E. Irvine, and Andrew H. Paterson. "Comparative analysis of QTLs affecting plant height and flowering among closely-related diploid and polyploid genomes." Genome 45, no. 5 (October 1, 2002): 794–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g02-042.
Full textAbstract:
Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting plant height and flowering were studied in the two Saccharum species from which modern sugarcane cultivars are derived. Two segregating populations derived from interspecific crosses between Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum were genotyped with 735 DNA markers. Among the 65 significant associations found between these two traits and DNA markers, 35 of the loci were linked to sugarcane genetic maps and 30 were unlinked DNA markers. Twenty-one of the 35 mapped QTLs were clustered in eight genomic regions of six sugarcane homologous groups. Some of these could be divergent alleles at homologous loci, making the actual number of genes implicated in these traits much less than 35. Four QTL clusters controlling plant height in sugarcane corresponded closely to four of the six plant-height QTLs previously mapped in sorghum. One QTL controlling flowering in sugarcane corresponded to one of three flowering QTLs mapped in sorghum. The correspondence in locations of QTLs affecting plant height and flowering in sugarcane and sorghum reinforce the notion that the simple sorghum genome is a valuable "template" for molecular dissection of the much more complex sugarcane genome.Key words: DNA markers, genetic map, quantitative trait loci, Saccharum.
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Suzuki, Jon Y., Tracie K. Matsumoto, Lisa M. Keith, and Roxana Y. Myers. "The Chloroplast psbK-psbI Intergenic Region, a Potential Genetic Marker for Broad Sectional Relationships in Anthurium." HortScience 49, no. 10 (October 2014): 1244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.10.1244.
Full textAbstract:
Nuclear and chloroplast genetic markers have been extensively used for plant identification and molecular taxonomy studies. The efficacy of genetic markers to be used as DNA barcodes is under constant evaluation and improvement with identification of new barcodes that provide greater resolution and efficiency of amplification for specific species groups as well as distantly related plants. In this study, chloroplast DNA genetic markers for Anthurium, the largest genus in the Araceae family, were adapted from chloroplast markers previously designed for Lemna minor, a member of the same plant family. Primers for chloroplast region trnH-psbA, previously used for molecular systematic studies in Anthurium, as well as primers for the rpoB, rpoC1, psbK-psbI, matK, rbcL, and atpF-atpH regions, all located within the large single copy sequence in the chloroplast genome, were evaluated and found to efficiently amplify target sequences when using DNA of varied quality and concentration extracted from silica-dried leaves of selected accessioned species of Anthurium. The trnH-psbA, psbK-psbI, and atpF-atpH intergenic region primers were further evaluated using Anthurium species spanning different subgeneric groups. Of the intergenic region primers tested, psbK-psbI primers were the most robust, yielding well-defined amplicons across Anthurium species that were consistent, with exceptions, within sectional groupings. Application of the psbK-psbI region amplicon as a visual marker for surveying sectional relationships in Anthurium is novel and serves as a model for the development of a diagnostic method for genotyping plants and testing for sample integrity from among species or germplasm collections. This work further demonstrates the use of dried plant tissue banks as a genetic reference and information resource to support basic research as well as ornamental plant characterization and improvement.
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Khalifa, Noha, Maher Shehata, Ahmed Abodoma, and Abdullah Alkumbezy. "Molecular analysis of commercial date palm cultivars in Lybia using ISSR and SRAP PCR-based markers." Genetika 48, no. 1 (2016): 307–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1601307k.
Full textAbstract:
Little is known about the molecular structure of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) despite its importance as invaluable drought tolerant crop. Intervarietal variation and cultivar identification are crucial for breeding and gene bank conservation of this plant worldwide. In this work, two PCR based marker systems (ISSR and SRAP) were applied on top quality eight commercial cultivars in Libya (Umfetity, Bekrary, Alhamraya, Sufeer Genab, Alsaeedy Show, Farag Barameel, Majhool Alheelo and Alkhadraya). DNA variations were explored using eleven ISSR and nine combinations of SRAP markers. All markers used generated polymorphic bands among the different cultivars that can be used as molecular markers for their differentiation. The genetic distance between cultivars was also estimated from banding patterns. Our results indicate that ISSR and SRAP systems can efficiently identify and differentiate between the selected cultivars. This work can be used as a model to establish a road map for all date palm cultivars worldwide.
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Keiper, F. J., and R. McConchie. "561 Using AFLPs to Examine Genetic Diversity in Umbrella Fern." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 543A—543. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.543a.
Full textAbstract:
Umbrella fern [Sticherus flabellatus (R. Br.) St John] is a successful Australian native foliage product. Currently, all umbrella fern sold on the market is bush-harvested. To meet the growing demand for this product on local and international markets, a commercially viable method for its production must be developed, with effective management of the germplasm resource in terms of conservation and exploitation. To manage this resource, breeders require a detailed knowledge of the amount and distribution of genetic variability within the species. Traditionally, plant breeders focus on a combination of agronomic and morphological traits (phenotype) to measure genetic diversity. In umbrella fern there are a limited number of morphological traits, and these are influenced by environmental factors and therefore do not reflect true genetic diversity. To overcome these problems, molecular techniques such as PCR-based DNA markers are used to complement traditional strategies for genotype assessment. DNA markers have the advantages of being independent of environmental effects, as well as being fast, cost-effective, reproducible, and largely accessible to the nonmolecular geneticist. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) fulfil many of the desirable features of molecular markers, as well as requiring little knowledge of the genome to be investigated. AFLPs have been used widely in the analysis of breeding systems, ecogeographical variation, and genetic variation within and between natural populations. To date there are no published accounts of DNA molecular marker research on umbrella fern. A DNA extraction protocol has been developed for this species, and AFLP markers have been used to analyse genetic diversity within and between natural populations sampled in the Sydney Basin. A large number of polymorphic loci were revealed using 11 primer combinations. The genetic variation detected was partitioned between rather than within populations, suggesting that the mating system in Sticherus is primarily inbreeding. Data will be presented illustrating AFLPs as useful molecular markers for assessing genetic diversity within and between populations of umbrella fern and providing insight on the breeding system used by the species.
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Muhammad Gul Arabzai and Hameed Gul. "Application Techniques of Molecular Marker and Achievement of Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) in Three Major Crops Rice, Wheat and Maize." International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 8, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijrasb.8.1.10.
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With the discovery of new genetic technology, the researcher focuses on using DNA molecular markers to improve new varieties worldwide. Such as resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and enhancing quality and quantity at different plant breeding fields. Conventional breeding selection is based on phenotype data selection, time-consuming, and has a high chance of linkage drag. Thus, DNA molecular marker method usage is faster, easy, and not expensive than conventional breeding programs. This review focused on applying molecular markers such as genetic diversity analysis, the genotype of identification and fingerprinting, gene tagging and mapping, QTL analysis, and marker-assisted selection. In another part of this review, we focused on MAS's achievements related to improving agronomic traits, quality traits, and biotic/abiotic stresses for three major cereal crops like Wheat, Rice, and Maize.
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Ievina, Baiba, Naeem H. Syed, Andrew J. Flavell, Gederts Ievinsh, and Nils Rostoks. "Development of retrotransposon-based SSAP molecular marker system for study of genetic diversity in sea holly (Eryngium maritimum L.)." Plant Genetic Resources 8, no. 3 (October 28, 2010): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262110000316.
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Eryngium maritimum L. is a wild plant species threatened or endangered in most of Northern Europe, where species is on the northern margin of its distribution range. Recent studies have found reduction of size and even extinction of many populations. Assessment of genetic diversity in natural populations of endangered wild plant species can reflect condition and fitness of particular population and inform decisions on appropriate conservation measures. Application of inter simple sequence repeat markers and chloroplast DNA sequencing could not resolve genetic relationship between E. maritimum populations in Northern Europe. Therefore, the more sensitive retrotransposon-sequence-specific amplification polymorphism (SSAP) molecular marker system was developed. Six Ty1-copia long terminal repeat retrotransposons were isolated from E. maritimum genome (Tem1–Tem6) and assessed for their utility as molecular markers in this species. Two retrotransposons – Tem2 and Tem5 – were recognized as most informative based on the level of polymorphism and SSAP banding pattern quality. On average, 20.4% of SSAP bands were polymorphic for the five most informative primer combinations in a set of 150 Northern European E. maritimum plants from 13 locations, providing a useful tool for assessment of genetic diversity in this endangered species.
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Nissen, Scott J., Robert A. Masters, Donald J. Lee, and Martha L. Rowe. "DNA-Based Marker Systems to Determine Genetic Diversity of Weedy Species and Their Application to Biocontrol." Weed Science 43, no. 3 (September 1995): 504–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500081546.
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DNA-based molecular markers may provide information about introduced weedy species that would be useful in biological weed control efforts. Chloroplast DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (cpDNA RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis are two DNA-based marker techniques that can provide estimates of genetic variation in native and introduced populations of weedy species. Profiles provided by these techniques could furnish the necessary information to determine the geographic origins of introduced species and provide evidence for multiple introductions. Although DNA-based markers would not necessarily identify the genetic basis for host-pest compatibility, they would enable identification of specific host genotypes. Current criteria for selecting a weedy species as a target for biological control are primarily political and economic. The importance of genetic diversity and population structure in determining the vulnerability of plant populations to insects or diseases has not been fully appreciated. Estimates of genetic diversity based on DNA marker analysis could be used as one criteria for determining which plants are targeted for biological control. The success of biological weed control efforts has been limited by the high levels of genetic diversity occurring in target weed specks and the lack of biocontrol agent and target weed compatibilities. DNA-based markers may be used to increase our understanding of these factors and contribute to the success of biological weed control by helping to target the most vulnerable species and provide more realistic expectations of the potential for success given available resources.
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Rout, Gyana Ranjan. "Identification of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook F. & Thomas Using RAPD Markers." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 61, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2006): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2006-1-221.
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Abstract Identified germplasm is an important component for efficient and effective management of plant genetic resources. Traditionally, plant identification has relied on morphological characters like growth habit, floral morphology like flower colour and other characteristics of the plant. Studies were undertaken for identification and genetic variation within 15 clones of Tinospora cordifolia through random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Analysis was made using forty decamer primers. Out of them, 15 primers were selected and used for identification and genetic relationships within 15 clones. A total of 138 distinct DNA fragments ranging from 0.2 to 3.2 kb were amplified using 15 selected random primers. The genetic similarity was evaluated on the basis of presence or absence of bands. The genetic distance was very close within the clones. Thus, these RAPD markers have the potential for identification of species and characterization of genetic variation within the population. This study will be helpful to know the genetic background of the medicinal plants with high commercial value, and also provides a major input into conservation biology
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Sarao, Navraj Kaur, Mamta Pathak, Neha Kaur, and Kirandeep. "Microsatellite-based DNA fingerprinting and genetic diversity of bottle gourd genotypes." Plant Genetic Resources 12, no. 1 (September 6, 2013): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262113000385.
Full textAbstract:
In India, the registration and protection of new and notified/extant plant varieties are based on the criteria of distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) of morphological characteristics. However, these morphological traits have not been helpful in resolving closely related genotypes. The molecular markers can very well support the DUS testing in such cases. Therefore, in the present study, 20 accessions of bottle gourd were fingerprinted using 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers. Of these, ten primers exhibited polymorphic profiles, while nine exhibited monomorphic patterns and one revealed a null allele. The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 4 with an average of 2.6 alleles per locus. Unique DNA profiles of all the accessions could be created using a set of five polymorphic primers. Therefore, SSR markers used in the present study could precisely distinguish all the 20 accessions from each other, and these SSR markers can be further used to differentiate the future genotypes from the existing ones. The dendrogram depicting the genetic relationships as revealed by NTSYS-pc 2.02 and the tree diagram generated using the DARwin 5.0 program classified the accessions into two main clusters. There is no strong association between the clustering pattern and geographical origin of these accessions. This SSR marker-based diversity would facilitate the implementation of marker-assisted breeding schemes for efficient introduction of the desired traits into bottle gourd.
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Flavell, Richard B., and John W. Snape. "Michael Denis Gale. 25 August 1943—18 July 2009." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 69 (August 26, 2020): 203–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2020.0011.
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Michael (Mike) Gale was an internationally well-known crop geneticist with a career devoted mostly to wheat genetics. However, he also studied rice, maize, pearl millet and fox millet for the benefit of agriculture in developing countries. He brought new knowledge and techniques into plant breeding that made a difference to crop improvement worldwide. Noteworthy is his team's leadership in (i) defining the genetic basis of dwarfism in wheat, the major genetic innovation underlying the previously achieved ‘green revolution’ in wheat production; (ii) expanding knowledge of ‘pre-harvest sprouting’, which occurs in many wheat varieties growing in temperate climates, which reduces their flour quality and value; (iii) developing the first comprehensive genetic maps of wheat based on isozymic and DNA-based molecular markers; and (iv) developing the comparative genetics of grasses based on the conserved order of genes on chromosome segments, consistent with the evolution of the species from a common ancestor. These discoveries had a major impact in plant genetics. His team also provided the worldwide cereal geneticists and breeding communities with technologies and genetic markers that accelerated the development of cereal genetics and facilitated more efficient plant breeding. He made major and influential contributions to international agricultural research, particularly targeted at developing countries, through his participation on international and national committees, including those of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research. His contribution helped to drive the international research agenda for crop genetics, plant breeding and plant science generally.
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Vinod, M. S., Prashanth S. Raghavan, Suja George, and Ajay Parida. "Identification of a sex-specific SCAR marker in dioecious Pandanus fascicularis L. (Pandanaceae)." Genome 50, no. 9 (September 2007): 834–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g07-066.
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Pandanus fascicularis L. is a dioecious plant native to South Asia with significant numbers in coastal areas. With the aim of distinguishing male genotypes from female genotypes early in the vegetative growth phase, the current study was initiated using molecular markers. Based on the principle of bulked segregant analysis, the sampled plants were separated into 2 bulks depending on their sex. Of the 89 random amplified polymorphic DNA and inter-simple sequence repeat markers used, one decamer (OPO-08) consistently amplified a 1263 bp band in the males that was absent in the females. Its DNA sequence did not exhibit significant similarity to previously characterized sequences, but the presence of mononucleotide and dinucleotide repeats suggested that it was a repeat-rich region. A sequence-characterized amplified region marker (MSSRF-01) designed for this fragment continued to amplify the specific allele in all the male plants. Southern hybridization performed using the sex-specific fragment as a probe yielded results consistent with those previously obtained by polymerase chain reaction. These results strongly suggest that MSSRF-01 is a male-specific molecular marker. With no information available on the presence of sex chromosomes in Pandanus , this marker can be used to differentiate the sexes.