Journal articles on the topic 'Molecular marker'
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Soriano, Jose Miguel. "Molecular Marker Technology for Crop Improvement." Agronomy 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101462.
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Since the 1980s, agriculture and plant breeding have changed with the development of molecular marker technology. In recent decades, different types of molecular markers have been used for different purposes: mapping, marker-assisted selection, characterization of genetic resources, etc. These have produced effective genotyping, but the results have been costly and time-consuming, due to the small number of markers that could be tested simultaneously. Recent advances in molecular marker technologies such as the development of high-throughput genotyping platforms, genotyping by sequencing, and the release of the genome sequences of major crop plants open new possibilities for advancing crop improvement. This Special Issue collects sixteen research studies, including the application of molecular markers in eleven crop species, from the generation of linkage maps and diversity studies to the application of marker-assisted selection and genomic prediction.
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Benchimol-Reis, Luciana L. "Molecular Markers in Plant Breeding." Journal of Agricultural Science 15, no. 3 (February 15, 2023): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n3p58.
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Molecular markers are an important tool for plant breeding. Since the 1980s, in response to the technology development, molecular marker approaches have been further diversified. The establishment of new-generation sequencing and high-throughput plant phenotyping has greatly decreased the time to genotype large numbers of individuals. For breeders who are not very familiar with molecular techniques and want to catch up with the advances in the field, this review offers basic knowledge. Each molecular marker technology has specific advantages as well as limitations. Molecular marker types, diversity studies, QTL mapping, associative mapping, marker-assisted backcrossing and genomic selection are explored. Marker application in plant breeding is also described. In the genome, molecular markers can detect the genetic architecture of a trait, but also identify candidate genes with an important role in plant breeding programs.
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Lee, Tong Geon, Reza Shekasteband, Naama Menda, Lukas A. Mueller, and Samuel F. Hutton. "Molecular Markers to Select for the j-2–mediated Jointless Pedicel in Tomato." HortScience 53, no. 2 (February 2018): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12628-17.
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The jointless pedicel trait of tomato conferred by the j-2 gene is widely used in processing markets for stem-free removal of fruit to accommodate mechanized harvest. Although current utilization of j-2 for fresh-market tomato breeding is limited, interest in this trait may increase as breeders seek to address high labor costs through the development of mechanically harvestable cultivars for the fresh market. Yet, the introduction of this trait into new market classes heavily relies on phenotypic selection because there are presently no high-throughput methods available to genotype j-2. Reliable, high-throughput molecular markers to genotype the presence/absence of j-2 for selective breeding were developed. The molecular markers described here use the high-resolution DNA melting analysis (HRM) genotyping with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS)–based genotyping. Two separate HRM-based markers target the j-2 on chromosome 12 or a linked sequence region 3.5 Mbp apart from the gene, and a dCAPS marker resides on the latter. We demonstrate the association between each marker and the jointless pedicel phenotype using segregating populations of diverse filial generations in multiple genetic backgrounds. These markers provide a useful resource for marker-assisted selection of j-2 in breeding populations.
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Stalker, H. T., and L. G. Mozingo. "Molecular Markers of Arachis and Marker-Assisted Selection." Peanut Science 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-28-2-13.
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Abstract Many agronomic traits are difficult to select in Arachis hypogaea L. by conventional selection techniques, and marker-assisted selection offers an additional tool for obtaining improved germplasm lines. Molecular markers allow more efficient selection and offer a mechanism to eliminate undesirable traits associated with hybridizing diverse genotypes. The cultivated peanut has been analyzed by several marker systems, including RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, and SSRs. Variation has been observed among diverse genotypes in approximately 5% of the markers analyzed, but the number is much lower between pairs of A. hypogaea lines. Conversely, a large amount of variation has been observed among Arachis species. Molecular maps have been constructed independently in two laboratories by utilizing Arachis species; however, a map of the cultivated peanut will be very difficult and costly to produce. Studies of advanced-generation inter-specific hybrids have shown that A. cardenasii genes can be incorporatead into most linkage groups of A. hypogaea, indicating that A. hypogaea is not an allotetraploid in the classical sense where chromosomes from donor species are nonhomologous. Other molecular studies have identified A. duranensis and A. ipaensis as likely progenitor species of A. hypogaea. Associations of molecular markers with genes conditioning disease and insect resistances have been detected, and these investigations are beginning to be productive for selecting improved breeding lines and cultivars of peanut.
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Chiu, Sung Kay, Ming Hua Hsieh, and Chi Meng Tzeng. "Unique marker finder algorithm generates molecular diagnostic markers." International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications 7, no. 1 (2011): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbra.2011.039168.
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Salava, J., Y. Wang, B. Krška, J. Polák, P. Komínek, R. W. Miller, W. M. Dowler, G. L. Reighard, and A. G. Abbott. "Molecular genetic mapping in apricot." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 38, No. 2 (July 30, 2012): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6113-cjgpb.
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A genetic linkage map for apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) has been constructed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers in 80 BC1 individuals derived from a cross LE-3246 × Vestar. From 26 different primer combinations, a total of 248 AFLP markers were scored, of which, 40 were assigned to 8 linkage groups covering 315.8 cM of the apricot nuclear genome. The average interval between these markers was 7.7 cM. One gene (PPVres1) involved in resistance to PPV (Plum pox virus) was mapped. Two AFLP markers (EAA/MCAG8 and EAG/MCAT14) were found to be closely associated with the PPVres1 locus (4.6 cM resp. 4.7 cM). These markers are being characterized and they will be studied for utilization in apricot breeding with marker-assisted selection (MAS).
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Teneva, A., and M. P. Petrovic. "Application of molecular markers in livestock improvement." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 26, no. 3-4 (2010): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1004135t.
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With recent developments in DNA technologies, a large number of genetic polymorphisms at DNA sequence level has been introduced over the last decades as named DNA-based markers. The discovery of new class of DNA profiling markers has facilitated the development of marker-based gene tags, mapbased cloning of livestock important genes, variability studies, phylogenetic analysis, synteny mapping, marker-assisted selection of favourable genotypes, etc. The most commonly used DNA-based markers have advantages over the traditional phenotypic and biochemical markers since they provide data that can be analyzed objectively. In this article the main applications of molecular markers in present-day breeding strategies for livestock improvement - parentage determination, genetic distance estimation, genetic diversity, gene mapping and marker-assisted selection have been reviewed.
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Surma, Marian. "Molecular Marker of Tumours." Journal of Cancer Therapy 07, no. 10 (2016): 675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jct.2016.710070.
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Koepke, John A. "Molecular marker test standardization." Cancer 69, S6 (March 15, 1992): 1578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19920315)69:6+<1578::aid-cncr2820691312>3.0.co;2-k.
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Khatoon, Arifa, Sumeet Verma, Gayatri Wadiye, and Anuprita Zore. "Molecular markers and their potentials." International Journal of Bioassays 5, no. 01 (January 1, 2016): 4706. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.01.003.
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The use of molecular markers, revealing polymorphism at the DNA level, has been playing an increasing part in plant molecular biotechnology and their genetic studies. There are three different types of markers viz. morphological, biochemical and DNA based molecular markers. These DNA based markers are differentiating in two types 1. Non PCR based (RFLP) and 2. PCR based markers (RAPD, AFLP, SSR, SNP etc.). Amongst others, the microsatellite DNA marker is one of the most widely used marker due to its easy use by simple PCR, followed by a denaturing gel electrophoresis. SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) is nowadays is the one which is used mainly. In this review, we are going to discuss about the biochemical and molecular markers which are recently developed, the important characteristics of molecular markers their advantages, disadvantages and the applications of these markers in comparison with other markers types.
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Li, X., L. Liu, Y. Gong, Y. Wang, B. Fu, X. Hou, X. Zhu, F. Yu, and H. Shen. "Molecular testing of cucumber hybrid genetic purity with RAPD marker." Seed Science and Technology 36, no. 2 (July 1, 2008): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2008.36.2.17.
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Chesnokov, Yu V. "GENETIC MARKERS: COMPARATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF MOLECULAR MARKERS." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 3 (July 25, 2018): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2018-3-11-15.
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With the creation of the molecular markers allowing to carry out analysis of genotypes on the level initial genetic information – DNA, onset one of the most multifarious and one of the most large in number class of markers at the present day. It is concerned with that each separate nucleic acid sequence is unique on its structure. Set of molecular and genetic methods, named as DNA-fingerprinting, most wide used in modern investigations for solving different problems in different biological areas. In this connection, necessity in comparative classification of modern molecular and genetic markers is actual. Based on published literature material it shown data on different classifications of molecular markers. Determined definition of term “marker” in genetics and breeding. Gave the characters and distinctive features of genetic markers. It given the definition what is “good” genetic marker as well as kinds, categories, variations and types on heredity of molecular markers. Manifested by means of molecular markers polymorphisms can classified on polymorphism of sequence itself (including nucleotide substitution and insertion-deletion) and polymorphism the number of tandem repeat sequences in repeated regions. Moreover, molecular markers can classify on two variations: anonymous, for which nucleotide acid sequence unknown and for manifestation of the molecular marker its detection not necessary (for example, RAPD, AFLP, RFLP), and announce (or determined), for which nucleic acid sequence is known or can be detect during analysis (for example, SNP, CAPS, STS). However, in independence on using of molecular markers the choice of method of investigation will be depend on investigated plant species as well. The next influence of molecular and genetic methods on genetics and practical breeding of plants will be depend on results, which will be obtain, in particular, on revealing the possibility or not possibility of genotyping of individual on single genetic marker as wel as on economic price of obtain informative data.
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Chikkaswamy, B. K., and Rabin Chandra Paramanik. "Molecular Distinction of Algae using Molecular Marker." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 5, no. 9 (September 10, 2016): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.509.054.
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Cherkasova, Olga, Yan Peng, Maria Konnikova, Yuri Kistenev, Chenjun Shi, Denis Vrazhnov, Oleg Shevelev, Evgeny Zavjalov, Sergei Kuznetsov, and Alexander Shkurinov. "Diagnosis of Glioma Molecular Markers by Terahertz Technologies." Photonics 8, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8010022.
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This review considers glioma molecular markers in brain tissues and body fluids, shows the pathways of their formation, and describes traditional methods of analysis. The most important optical properties of glioma markers in the terahertz (THz) frequency range are also presented. New metamaterial-based technologies for molecular marker detection at THz frequencies are discussed. A variety of machine learning methods, which allow the marker detection sensitivity and differentiation of healthy and tumor tissues to be improved with the aid of THz tools, are considered. The actual results on the application of THz techniques in the intraoperative diagnosis of brain gliomas are shown. THz technologies’ potential in molecular marker detection and defining the boundaries of the glioma’s tissue is discussed.
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Zambelli, A. "THE IMPACT OF MOLECULAR GENETICS IN PLANT BREEDING: REALITIES AND PERSPECTIVES." Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics 30, no. 1 (July 2019): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35407/bag.2019.xxx.01.02.
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Even when conventional breeding was effective in achieving a continuous improvement in yield, Molecular Genetics tools applied in plant breeding contributed to maximize genetic gain. Thus, the use of DNA technology applied in agronomic improvement gave rise to Molecular Breeding, discipline which groups the different breeding strategies where genotypic selection, based on DNA markers, are used in combination with or in replacement of phenotypic selection. These strategies can be listed as: marker-assisted selection; marker-assisted backcrossing; marker assisted recurrent selection; and genomic selection. Strong arguments have been made about the potential advantages that Molecular Breeding brings, although little has been devoted to discussing its feasibility in practical applications. The consequence of the lack of a deep analysis when implementing a strategy of Molecular Breeding is its failure, leading to many undesirable outcomes and discouraging breeders from using the technology. The aim of this work is to trigger a debate about the convenience of the use of Molecular Breeding strategies in a breeding program considering the DNA technology of choice, the complexity of the trait of agronomic interest to be improved, the expected accuracy in the selection, and the demanded resources. Key words: DNA marker, selection, plant improvement.
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Surduse, Bhavana, P. A. Mohanapure, V. C. Khelurkar, M. P. Moharil, A. A. Sapkal, P. V. Jadhav, D. R. Rathod, S. B. Sakhare, A. W. Thorat, and R. B. Ghorade. "Molecular Characterization of chickpea genotypes and Identification of true hybrids by molecular markers." International Journal of Agricultural and Applied Sciences 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52804/ijaas2021.214.
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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third most important grain legume cultivated in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. In the present study Six crossing combinations were executed in chickpea comprising Chanoli and PKV Kabuli 4 as female parents and Virat, BDNGK-798 and WR- 315 as resistant male parents. Total 54 markers including 13 SCoT, 31 SSR, 5 STMS, 3 RAPD, 1 SCAR, and 1 ISSR, used for parental polymorphism and polymorphic markers UBC-855, 66 % for TA-59 and 100 % for TA-110, TA-135 and GA-16 were further used to hybridity assessments of F1 plants. The PIC value for polymorphic markers ranged from 0.15 to 0.89 with an average value of 0.46. The highest PIC value was observed in UBC-855 marker (0.89), followed by TA-135 (0.62), TA-59 (0.50), and GA-16 (0.16) and lowest PIC value observed in TA-110 (0.15). From total crosses 31 F1 plants of six crosses were screened for true F1 hybridity assessment. STMS marker TA-59 was used for F1 hybrid purity assessment. This marker screened 31 F1 plants. TA-59 shows specific size amplicon in female and male parents. The results of this investigation proved that SSR markers are well polymorphic and more useful markers within species of chickpea genotypes to perform the molecular characterization and to test the genetic hybridity of F1 plants. Among the tested SSR markers TA-59, TA-110, TA-135, GA-16, UBC-855 shows high percentage of polymorphism and PIC value which will were more helpful for parental diversity analysis and hybridity assessment.
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Mcharo, M., D. LaBonte, R. O. M. Mwanga, and A. Kriegner. "Associating Molecular Markers with Virus Resistance to Classify Sweetpotato Genotypes." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 130, no. 3 (May 2005): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.130.3.355.
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Molecular markers linked to resistance to sweetpotato chlorotic stunt closterovirus [SPCSV (genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae)] and sweetpotato feathery mottle virus [SPFMV (genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae)] were selected using quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis, discriminant analysis and logistic regression. Eighty-seven F1 sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] genotypes from a cross of `Tanzania' and `Wagabolige' landraces were used to generate DNA marker profiles for this study. Forty-five of the clones were resistant to SPCSV while 37 were resistant to SPFMV. A combination of 232 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and 37 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers obtained were analyzed to determine the most informative markers. All three statistical procedures revealed that AFLP marker e41m33.a contributed the greatest variation in SPCSV resistance and RAPD marker S13.1130 accounted for most of the variation in SPFMV resistance. The power of discriminant and logistic analyses is that you do not need a parent-progeny population. An evaluation of these two models indicated a classification and prediction accuracy rates of 96% with as few as four markers in a model. Both multivariate techniques identified one important discriminatory marker (e44m41.j) for SPCSV and two markers (e41m37.a and e44m36.d) for SPFMV that were not identified by QTL analysis.
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Dey, T., and P. D. Ghosh. "Application of molecular markers in plant genome study." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 4, no. 1 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2010.v04i01.001.
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The development of molecular techniques for genetic analysis has led to a great increase in our knowledge of plant genetics and our understanding of the structure and behaviour of plant genome. During last three decades, several powerful DNA based marker technologies have been developed for the assessment of genetic diversities and molecular marker assisted breeding technology. In plant systems, the prospects of DNA profiling and fingerprinting is becoming indispensable in the context of establishment of molecular phylogeny, assessment of somaclonal variants, characterization of plant genomics, marker- based gene tags, map-based cloning of agronomically important genes, variability studies, synteny mapping, marker-assisted selection of desirable genotypes etc. In this review article, various molecular markers are reviewed with emphasis on specific areas of their application in higher plants.
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Dey, T., and P. D. Ghosh. "Application of molecular markers in plant genome study." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 4, no. 1 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2010.v04i01.001.
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The development of molecular techniques for genetic analysis has led to a great increase in our knowledge of plant genetics and our understanding of the structure and behaviour of plant genome. During last three decades, several powerful DNA based marker technologies have been developed for the assessment of genetic diversities and molecular marker assisted breeding technology. In plant systems, the prospects of DNA profiling and fingerprinting is becoming indispensable in the context of establishment of molecular phylogeny, assessment of somaclonal variants, characterization of plant genomics, marker- based gene tags, map-based cloning of agronomically important genes, variability studies, synteny mapping, marker-assisted selection of desirable genotypes etc. In this review article, various molecular markers are reviewed with emphasis on specific areas of their application in higher plants.
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Zhang, Mu-Qing, Xue-Fang Zheng, Ai-Li Yu, Jing-Sheng Xu, and Hui Zhou. "Molecular marker application in sugarcane." Sugar Tech 6, no. 4 (December 2004): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02942505.
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Chen, F. Q., and M. R. Foolad. "A molecular linkage map of tomato based on a cross between Lycopersicon esculentum andL. pimpinellifolium and its comparison with other molecular maps of tomato." Genome 42, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g98-103.
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The wild species related to the cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., are a rich source of useful genes for germplasm improvement and varietal development. Characterization and utilization of exotic germplasm can be accelerated by the use of molecular linkage maps. Recently, we have identified an accession (LA722) within L. pimpinellifolium Jusl., a closely-related, red-fruited wild species of tomato, which exhibits a number of desirable agricultural characteristics including salt tolerance, disease resistance, and high fruit quality. The limited DNA marker polymorphism between L. esculentum and L. pimpinellifolium, however, restricts the use of the high-density molecular map of tomato, which was previously constructed based on a cross between L. esculentum and L. pennellii Corr., for marker-assisted identification and utilization of useful genes in LA722. To overcome this problem, we have constructed a linkage map based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) which were identified between LA722 and a fresh-market tomato breeding line (NC84173). The mapping population (consisting of 119 BC1 individuals) was genotyped for 151 RFLP markers, including 17 germination related and 2 potassium transporter cDNAs. The DNA markers spanned approximately 1192 cM of the tomato genome with an average distance of 7.9 cM between markers. The length of the map and the linear order of the markers were in good agreement with those of the previously published molecular maps of tomato, however, there were considerable differences in the distribution of recombinations along the chromosomes. Comparison of all seven published molecular maps of tomato, which were constructed based on different inter- and intraspecific crosses, indicated that some chromosomal regions were more stable than others in terms of the frequency of recombinations. Similarities and differences among tomato molecular maps are discussed in relation to phylogenetic relationships between parents of the mapping populations. In comparison, a L. esculentum ×L. pimpinellifolium map should be more useful than other interspecific maps for marker-assisted exploitation of genetic variation that exists within L. pimpinellifolium or L. esculentum; the latter is because of the extensive introgression of genes from L. pimpinellifolium into L. esculentum, which occurred over time by natural means or through plant breeding.Key words: Lycopersicon esculentum, L. pimpinellifolium, genetic marker, molecular map, recombination, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), tomato.
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Chinnappareddy, L. R. D., K. Khandagale, A. Chennareddy, and V. G. Ramappa. "Molecular markers in the improvement of Allium crops." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 49, No. 4 (November 26, 2013): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/111/2013-cjgpb.
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The genus Allium (Family: Alliaceae) is the most important among the bulbous vegetable crops. characterization of Alliums based on phenotypic traits is influenced by the environment and leads to biased diversity estimates. Recognizing the potential of DNA markers in plant breeding, researchers have adopted the molecular markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS), quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and characterization of different quality traits in Alliums. This review presents details about the use of DNA markers in Alliums for cultivar identification, diversity studies, SSR development, colour improvement, total soluble solids (TSS), cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and efforts of DNA sequencing. As there are no such reports to describe the above work under a single heading, we decided to mine literature for those who are working in onion, garlic, chives and leek improvement to generate new insights in the subject.
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Kutcher, H. R., K. L. Bailey, B. G. Rossnagel, and J. D. Franckowiak. "Linked morphological and molecular markers associated with common root rot reaction in barley." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 879–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-148.
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Selection of common root rot [Cochliobolus sativus (Ito & Kurib.) Drechsl. ex Dastur] resistant barley germplasm is difficult due to the influence of environment on disease expression and the quantitative nature of resistance. Morphological and molecular markers associated with common root rot resistance could be used to increase the efficiency of selection of resistant germplasm and facilitate transfer to desirable barley genotypes Forty-five morphological marker sets consisting of four to six backcross-derived lines for each marker in a common background (cultivar Bowman) were planted in disease nurseries at two locations in each of 3 yr. Disease reactions of the back-cross-derived lines were tested for a difference from the disease reaction of Bowman, which indicated a putative association between the marker and common root rot reaction. An association was obtained between common root rot reaction and one set of backcross-derived lines that contained two linked markers: glossy-sheath (gs4) and orange lemma (o). A RAPD marker closely linked to gs4 and o was also associated with common root rot reaction. The RAPD marker was associated with the allele for resistance, while gs4 and o were associated with the allele for susceptibility. The RAPD marker would be most useful in the selection of common root rot resistant germplasm and the transfer of this resistance to other genotypes. Key words: Common root rot, Cochliobolus sativus, barley, morphological markers, molecular markers
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Dolanská, L., and V. Čurn. "Identification of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cultivars using molecular markers." Plant, Soil and Environment 50, No. 3 (December 6, 2011): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4013-pse.
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The different molecular analysis for specification of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) populations was studied between 2002 and 2003. RAPD, SSR (microsatellites), rDNA and PCR-RFLP markers were used for this study. The high genetic variation was detected among the cultivars but also within the cultivars by RAPD markers. For this reason RAPD markers were not found as a suitable marker system for determination of white clover cultivars. The distribution of low genetic variation of rDNA and PCR-RFLP markers was not able to differentiate cultivars. SSR and rDNA markers did not show variability of patterns within one cultivar. The different sizes of PCR fragments were obtained after amplification with microsatellite primers. SSR markers are therefore suggested as the suitable markers for the identification of different T. repens cultivars.
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Blum, Eyal, Kede Liu, Michael Mazourek, Eun Young Yoo, Molly Jahn, and Ilan Paran. "Molecular mapping of the C locus for presence of pungency in Capsicum." Genome 45, no. 4 (August 1, 2002): 702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g02-031.
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Pungency owing to the presence of capsaicinoids is a unique character of pepper (Capsicum spp.). Capsaicinoids are produced in the placenta and it has long been known that a single dominant gene, C, is required for pungent genotypes to produce capsaicinoids. We mapped C to pepper chromosome 2 in a cross between a pungent Capsicum frutescens wild accession and a non-pungent Capsicum annuum bell pepper. This position confirmed results from earlier studies. The RFLP marker TG 205 cosegregated with C and two additional RFLP markers were also located within 1 cM. The recessive allele at the C locus is used in breeding programs around the world focused on very diverse germplasm, hence any of these tightly linked markers may be of value as potential sources of useful markers for marker-assisted selection. To demonstrate this point, we developed a PCR-based CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence) marker linked to C using the sequence of the Capsicum fibrillin gene located 0.4 cM from C. The use of molecular markers for high-throughput screening for the c allele in pepper breeding programs is discussed.Key words: pepper, pungency, marker-assisted selection.
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Fang, D. Q., C. T. Federici, and M. L. Roose. "Development of molecular markers linked to a gene controlling fruit acidity in citrus." Genome 40, no. 6 (December 1, 1997): 841–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-809.
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Fruit juice pH, titratable acidity, or citric acid content was measured in 6 populations derived from an acidless pummelo (pummelo 2240) (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merrill). The acidless trait in pummelo 2240 is controlled by a single recessive gene called acitric. Using bulked segregant analysis, three RAPD markers were identified as linked to acitric. RAPD marker OpZ20410, which mapped 1.2 cM from acitric, was cloned and sequenced, and a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker (SCZ20) was developed. The SCZ20-410 marker allele that is linked to the acitric allele occurs only in pummelo 2240 and other pummelos, and therefore, this SCAR marker should be useful as a dominant or codominant marker for introgressing acitric into mandarins and other citrus species. Using the cloned OpZ20410 band as a hybridization probe revealed a codominant RFLP marker called RFZ20 that mapped 1.2 cM from acitric. Progeny homozygous (acac) for the acitric allele had citric acid content below 10 μM, the minimum level detectable by high pressure liquid chromatography. The citric acid content of fruit juice from progeny predicted to be heterozygous (Acac) for acitric by the above markers was about 30% lower than that of juice from individuals predicted to be homozygous (AcAc) for the normal acid allele. Markers OpZ20410, SCZ20, and RFZ20 were highly polymorphic among 59 citrus accessions, and using one or more of these markers would allow citrus breeders to select seedling progeny heterozygous for acitric in nearly all crosses between pummelo 2240 or its offspring and other citrus genotypes.Key words: Citrus, fruit acidity, citric acid, RAPD, SCAR, RFLP.
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Shamshin, I. N., M. V. Maslova, N. V. Drenova, M. L. Dubrovsky, and O. V. Parusova. "Assessment of fire blight resistance in apple clonal rootstocks using molecular markers." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 181, no. 4 (January 27, 2021): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2020-4-185-191.
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Background. Clonal apple rootstocks are one of the main components of intensive gardening. The degree of rootstock damage by fire blight affects the resistance of the variety–rootstock combination. The paper presents a study on marking quantitative trait loci (QTL) of resistance to fire blight Erwinia amylovora in clonal apple rootstock.Materials and methods. A collection of 20 rootstock forms was analyzed. For the study, SCAR markers GE-8019, AE10-375 and microsatellite marker CH-F7-FB1 were used.Results. Polymorphism was observed for all three markers, and their various combinations in one genotype were revealed. It was previously noted that genotypes that carry all three markers were more resistant than those that lack them. The presence of all three markers was observed only in forms 62-396 (В10), 16-1 and 2-9-102. The other genotypes did not have the GE8019 marker. The AE10-375 marker was identified in eight clonal rootstocks. Microsatellite marker CH-F7-FB1 was present in all tested rootstocks. However, polymorphism was detected there. Most genotypes had a 174 bp fragment, but a 210 bp fragment was identified in two of the 20 forms. Clonal rootstock 70-20-21 proved heterozygous for this marker. The analyzed collection also included samples that had only the microsatellite marker: G16, Malysh Budagovskogo, Paradizka Budagovskogo (B9), 54-118 (В118), 57-491, 70-20-20 (В119), 70-20-21, 71-7-22, 76-3-6, 83-1-15, 87-7-12, and 2-12-10. The study of rootstock forms on the basis of resistance to metabolites of the fire blight pathogen was carried out under laboratory conditions using the E. amylovora culture filtrate in vitro on leaf explants. Most of the studied genotypes had different combinations of markers. However, the experiments showed that forms 62-396 and 14-1 with two out of three markers (AE10-375 and CH-F7-FB1) phenotypically manifested the trait of resistance to metabolites of E. amylovora.
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Rout, G. R., S. K. Senapati, and S. Aparajita. "Study of relationships among twelve Phyllanthus species with the use of molecular markers." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 46, No. 3 (October 14, 2010): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/74/2009-cjgpb.
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The present investigation was undertaken to describe the relationships among twelve species of Phyllanthus collected in India by help of molecular markers. In total, 259 marker loci were assessed, out of which 249 were polymorphic revealing 96.13% polymorphism. Nei's similarity index varied from 0.35 to 0.76 for RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and from 0.31 to 0.76 for ISSR marker systems. Cluster analysis by the unweighted pair group method (UPGMA) of Dice coefficient of similarity generated dendrogram with more or less similar topology for both the analyses that offered a better explanation for diversity and affinities between the species. The phylogenetic tree obtained from both RAPD and ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) markers has divided the 12 species into two groups: group I consisting of only one species Phyllanthus angustifolius (Sw.) Sw and group II with the rest of 11 species. Basically, these results were in compliance with notable morphological characterization. The present study revealed high variation among the species of Phyllanthus and will help to identify different Phyllanthus species.
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Lu, Yun Hai, Geneviève Gagne, Bruno Grezes-Besset, and Philippe Blanchard. "Integration of a molecular linkage group containing the broomrape resistance gene Or5 into an RFLP map in sunflower." Genome 42, no. 3 (June 1, 1999): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g98-135.
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A linkage group containing the Or5 gene conferring resistance to Orobanche cumana race E, as well as 5 SCAR markers and 1 RAPD marker has been recently identified in sunflower. A SCAR marker RTS05, mapped 5.6 cM proximal to the Or5 locus, was analysed in an F2 population for which the segregation data of 80 RFLP markers (GIE cartisol - Phase II, France) were available. An association was found between the SCAR marker RTS05 and an RFLP marker S009 (32.1 cM, LOD = 4.7) that had been mapped to the linkage group 17 of the GIE Cartisol RFLP map. Another RFLP marker S010, tightly linked to S009 (0.0 cM) in the same linkage group, was screened in the F2 population that had been previously used for the Or5 linkage map identification. S010 was found to be significantly linked to all 5 SCAR markers as well as to the single RAPD marker with a LOD > 3.0 in each case. This RFLP marker was mapped between two SCAR markers and was situated at 35.1 cM from the resistance gene with a LOD = 2.7. These results showed that the Or5 linkage group could be integrated with the linkage group 17 of the GIE Cartisol RFLP map.Key words: Helianthus, Orobanche, RFLP, SCAR, linkage map.
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Yao, Chuxuan, Cuimian Zhang, Caili Bi, Shuo Zhou, Fushuang Dong, Yongwei Liu, Fan Yang, et al. "Establishment and Application of Multiplex PCR Systems Based on Molecular Markers for HMW-GSs in Wheat." Agriculture 12, no. 4 (April 13, 2022): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12040556.
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High-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) encoded by alleles at the Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1 loci confer unique end-use quality properties of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat accessions with the high-quality HMW-GSs combination of Ax2*/Bx7OE/Dx5 usually exhibit strong gluten characteristics. In order to stack these three high-quality subunit genes by molecular markers in strong gluten wheat breeding, an agarose gel-based multiplex PCR marker for these high-quality HMW-GSs and two agarose gel-based multiplex PCR markers detecting the homozygosity of Ax2* and Bx7OE subunits were developed. These markers were verified in an F2 segregating population from a cross between a medium-gluten winter wheat cultivar with the HMW-GSs combination of Ax null/Bx7 + By8/Dx4 + Dy12 and a strong-gluten spring wheat cultivar with the HMW-GSs combination of Ax2*/Bx7OE + By8*/Dx5 + Dy10. By integrating the newly established multiplex PCR markers and a published co-dominant PCR marker of the Dx5 subunit, a complete molecular marker selection system was established. After multiple rounds of molecular marker-assisted selection with the system, 17 homozygous winter wheat lines that stacked the three high-quality HMW-GSs were generated. The gluten strength of these homozygous lines was comparable to their strong-gluten parent, but significantly higher than that of their medium-gluten parent by measuring their lactic acid-sodium dodecyl sulfate solvent retention capacities of whole wheat meal. The multiplex PCR systems established in the present study can be used for molecular marker-assisted selection of strong gluten wheats.
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Sakiyama, Ney Sussumu, Helaine Christine Cancela Ramos, Eveline Teixeira Caixeta, and Messias Gonzaga Pereira. "Plant breeding with marker-assisted selection in Brazil." Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 14, no. 1 (March 2014): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-70332014000100009.
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Over the past three decades, molecular marker studies reached extraordinary advances, especially for sequencing and bioinformatics techniques. Marker-assisted selection became part of the breeding program routines of important seed companies, in order to accelerate and optimize the cultivar developing processes. Private seed companies increasingly use marker-assisted selection, especially for the species of great importance to the seed market, e.g. corn, soybean, cotton, and sunflower. In the Brazilian public institutions few breeding programs use it efficiently. The possible reasons are: lack of know-how, lack of appropriate laboratories, few validated markers, high cost, and lack of urgency in obtaining cultivars. In this article we analyze the use and the constraints of marker-assisted selection in plant breeding programs of Brazilian public institutes.
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Kim, Chang-Kug, Young-Joo Seol, Dong-Jun Lee, In-Seon Jeong, Ung-Han Yoon, Gang-Seob Lee, Jang-Ho Hahn, and Dong-Suk Park. "NABIC marker database: A molecular markers information network of agricultural crops." Bioinformation 9, no. 17 (October 16, 2013): 887–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.6026/97320630009887.
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Jena, K. K., and D. J. Mackill. "Molecular Markers and Their Use in Marker-Assisted Selection in Rice." Crop Science 48, no. 4 (July 2008): 1266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2008.02.0082.
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Foolad, Majid R. "Deployment of Molecular Markers and Marker-assisted Selection in Tomato Breeding." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1114A—1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1114a.
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In tomato, Lycopersi conesculentum Mill., currently there are >285 known morphological, physiological and disease resistance markers, 36 isozymes, and >1000 RFLPs, which have been mapped onto the 12 tomato chromosomes. In addition, currently there are >162,000 ESTs, of which ∼3.2% have been mapped. Several tomato genetic maps have been developed, mainly based on interspecific crosses between the cultivated tomato and its related wild species. The markers and maps have been used to locate and tag genes or QTLs for disease resistance and other horticultural characteristics. Such information can be used for various purposes, including marker-assisted selection (MAS) and map-based cloning of desirable genes or QTLs. Many seed companies have adopted using MAS for manipulating genes for a few simple morphological characteristics and several vertical disease resistance traits in tomato. However, MAS is not yet a routine procedure in seed companies for manipulating QTLs although it has been tried for a few complex disease resistance and fruit quality characteristics. In comparison, the use of MAS is less common in public tomato breeding programs, although attempts have been made to transfer QTLs for resistances to a few complex diseases. The potential benefits of marker deployment to plant breeding are undisputed, in particular for pyramiding disease resistance genes. It is expected that in the near future MAS will be routine in many breeding programs, taking advantage of high-resolution markers such as SNPs. For quantitative traits, QTLs must be sought for components of genetic variation before they are applicable to marker-assisted breeding. However, MAS will not be a “silver bullet” solution to every breeding problem or for every crop species.
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Jain, Ankit, Manish Roorkiwal, Sandip Kale, Vanika Garg, Ramakrishna Yadala, and Rajeev K. Varshney. "InDel markers: An extended marker resource for molecular breeding in chickpea." PLOS ONE 14, no. 3 (March 18, 2019): e0213999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213999.
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Sommarin, Mikael, Parashar Dhapola, Linda Geironson Ulfsson, Fatemeh Safi, Eva Erlandsson, Anna Konturek, Ram Krishna Thakur, Charlotta Boiers, David Bryder, and Göran Karlsson. "Immunophenotypic- and Molecular Analysis of Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Heterogeneity." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 3701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-126407.
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Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into all hematopoietic lineages and at the same time self-renew to maintain the HSC pool. HSCs have been thoroughly investigated using immunophenotypic-, molecular- and functional-analysis resulting in the development of protocols for high-purity prospective isolation of human HSCs. However, within the current state-of-the-art HSC populations, 90% of the cells lack stem cell activity, confounding molecular analysis of HSC function. Thus, identification of novel immunophenotypic markers to delineate the HSC population would improve our understanding of HSC biology. To identify cell-surface markers with the potential to discriminate between functionally different cells within the HSC population, we performed antibody screens measuring the expression of 340 markers on human cord blood (CB) and bone marrow (BM). Candidate markers that divide the HSC population were included in single-cell CITE-seq experiments together with conventional HSC and progenitor markers for combined analysis of immunophenotype and RNA sequencing. This allowed us to correlate the molecular signature of each single-cell with the expression of 40 cell-surface proteins in CD34+ and CD34+CD38- populations of fetal liver (FL), CB, young- and old BM. Following sequencing, the cells were clustered based on molecular signature. Fourteen distinct groups with HSC-, multipotent progenitor-, and early committed progenitor profiles were identified. To investigate how the molecularly defined groups correlate to established populations within CD34+ HSPCs, the surface marker expression from the CITE-seq experiment was included in the analysis. The immunophenotypically defined GMP, MEP and CMP populations showed high molecular heterogeneity with cells at different stages of differentiation. The immunophenotypic HSCs (CD38-CD90+CD45RA-) correlated with the molecularly defined HSC population with a 75.6% overlap. To find novel surface markers for prospective isolation of HSCs pseudo-time analysis was used, allowing for correlation of surface marker expression with differentiation status. Interestingly, both CD35 and CD11a correlated with differentiation, with CD35 expression decreasing and CD11a expression increasing with pseudo-time. These two novel HSC marker-candidates are currently being functionally validated by transplantation analysis. To compare the progenitor composition of CD34+ HSPCs at different stages of life, young BM was used as a baseline control. Interestingly, compared to young BM CB CD34+ cells contained a higher frequency of multipotent progenitor cells and a decreased proportion of committed progenitors. In contrast, old CD34+ BM was reduced in multipotent progenitor frequencies with a corresponding relative increase of committed progenitors. However, both CB and old BM showed similar proportions of molecularly defined HSCs as compared to young BM. These results indicate that ageing causes a depletion of the earliest hematopoietic progenitor populations while the HSC pool remains intact. Together, using single cell CITE-seq we can describe the immunophenotypic- and molecular-heterogeneity of the HSC and progenitor populations and identify two novel cell-surface marker candidates for prospective isolation of HSCs. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Gazal, Asima, Z. A. Dar, A. A. Lone, I. Abidi, and G. Ali. "Molecular breeding for resilience in maize - A review." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 1057–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.731.
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Abiotic and biotic constraints have widespread yield reducing effects on maize and should receive high priority for maize breeding research. Molecular Breeding offers opportunities for plant breeders to develop cultivars with resilience to such diseases with precision and in less time duration. The term molecular breeding is used to describe several modern breeding strategies, including marker-assisted selection, marker-assisted backcrossing, marker-assisted recurrent selection and genomic selection. Recent advances in maize breeding research have made it possible to identify and map precisely many genes associated with DNA markers which include genes governing resistance to biotic stresses and genes responsible for tolerance to abiotic stresses. Marker assisted selection (MAS) allows monitoring the presence, absence of these genes in breeding populations whereas marker assisted backcross breeding effectively integrates major genes or quantitative trait loci (QTL) with large effect into widely grown adapted varieties. For complex traits where multiple QTLs control the expression, marker assisted recurrent selection (MARS) and genomic selection (GS) are employed to increase precision and to reduce cost of phenotyping and time duration. The biparental mapping populations used in QTL studies in MAS do not readily translate to breeding applications and the statistical methods used to identify target loci and implement MAS have been inadequate for improving polygenic traits controlled by many loci of small effect. Application of GS to breeding populations using high marker densities is emerging as a solution to both of these deficiencies. Hence, molecular breeding approaches offers ample opportunities for developing stress resilient and high-yielding maize cultivars.
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Goswami, Manika, Kaushal Attri, and Isha Goswami. "Applications of Molecular Markers in Fruit Crops: A Review." International Journal of Economic Plants 9, no. 2 (May 28, 2022): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/2/2022.0459.
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Markers are any trait of an organism that can be identified with confidence and relative ease, and can be followed in a mapping population or they can be defined as heritable entities associated with the economically important trait under the control of polygenes. Molecular markers have diverse applications in fruit crop improvement, particularly in the areas of genetic diversity and varietal identification studies, disease diagnostics, hybrid detection, sex differentiation and marker assisted selection. Molecular markers provide new directions to the efforts of plant breeders particularly in gene localization, taxonomy, phylogenetic analysis and also play an important role to decrease the time required for development of new and excellent cultivars. The most interesting application of molecular markers is marker-assisted selection (MAS). Suitable DNA markers should be polymorphic in the nature and should be expressed in all tissues, organs, at various developmental stages. Compared with traditional breeding programs, molecular markers can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of fruit breeding programs.
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Papan, P., W. Chueakhunthod, O. Poolsawat, K. Arsakit, A. Tharapreuksapong, and P. A. Tantasawat. "Validation of molecular markers linked to Cercospora leaf spot disease resistance in mungbean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek)." SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics 53, no. 4 (December 22, 2021): 749–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2021.53.4.16.
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Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) resistance is a highly desirable trait for mungbean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek) production in Thailand. ‘V4718’ is a vital resistance source that shows high and stable resistance to CLS disease. A previous study identified a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) (qCLSC72V18-1) controlling CLS resistance and found the marker (I16274) that was located closest to the resistance gene by using F2:9 and F2:10 recombinant inbred line populations derived through a cross between ‘V4718’ and the susceptible variety ‘Chai Nat 72’ (‘CN72’). Here, we evaluated three newly reported simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and one InDel marker together with six previously identified markers that were linked to qCLSC72V18-1 to further identify the markers that were located close to this QTL. By performing bulk segregant analysis on two validation populations, we found that two SSR markers (Vr6gCLS037 and Vr6gCLS133) and one InDel marker (VrTAF5_indel) were putatively associated with CLS resistance. Of these markers, only the VrTAF5_indel marker showed a significant association with the CLS resistance gene with a logarithm of odds score > 3 across the phenotypic data for 2016 and 2018. QTL analysis with inclusive composite interval mapping revealed that the VrTAF5_indel marker was integrated into the genetic map with other previously identified markers. The I16274 and VrTAF5_indel markers flanking the QTL of interest accounted for 41.56%-60.38% of the phenotypic variation with genetic distances of 4.0 and 5.0 cM from the resistance gene, respectively. Both markers together permitted only 0.40% recombination with the CLS resistance gene in marker-assisted selection and thus could be useful in future breeding efforts for CLS resistance in mungbean.
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Wang, Fei, James McD Stewart, and Jinfa Zhang. "Molecular markers linked to the Rf2 fertility restorer gene in cotton." Genome 50, no. 9 (September 2007): 818–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g07-061.
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Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited trait in which plants do not produce viable pollen. Fertility in plants with CMS can be recovered by nuclear restorer genes. Most restorer genes cloned so far are members of the pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein family. The objective of our study was to use the CMS-D8 and restoration (Rf2) system of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) to develop more DNA markers for the Rf2 gene. In a backcross population with 112 plants, segregation of male fertility was 1 fertile : 1 sterile. Three new RAPD markers were identified for Rf2, one of which was converted to a CAPS marker. In addition, 2 AFLP markers and 1 SSR marker were identified to be linked to the fertility restorer gene (Rf2). PPR motif primers were designed based on the conserved PPR motifs and used in combination with AFLP primers to test the mapping population, and 1 PPR-AFLP marker was identified. A linkage map with 9 flanking markers including 1 from a previous study was constructed.
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Foolad, Majid R. "Genome Mapping and Molecular Breeding of Tomato." International Journal of Plant Genomics 2007 (August 22, 2007): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/64358.
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The cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, is the second most consumed vegetable worldwide and a well-studied crop species in terms of genetics, genomics, and breeding. It is one of the earliest crop plants for which a genetic linkage map was constructed, and currently there are several molecular maps based on crosses between the cultivated and various wild species of tomato. The high-density molecular map, developed based on an L. esculentum×L. pennellii cross, includes more than 2200 markers with an average marker distance of less than 1 cM and an average of 750 kbp per cM. Different types of molecular markers such as RFLPs, AFLPs, SSRs, CAPS, RGAs, ESTs, and COSs have been developed and mapped onto the 12 tomato chromosomes. Markers have been used extensively for identification and mapping of genes and QTLs for many biologically and agriculturally important traits and occasionally for germplasm screening, fingerprinting, and marker-assisted breeding. The utility of MAS in tomato breeding has been restricted largely due to limited marker polymorphism within the cultivated species and economical reasons. Also, when used, MAS has been employed mainly for improving simply-inherited traits and not much for improving complex traits. The latter has been due to unavailability of reliable PCR-based markers and problems with linkage drag. Efforts are being made to develop high-throughput markers with greater resolution, including SNPs. The expanding tomato EST database, which currently includes ∼214 000 sequences, the new microarray DNA chips, and the ongoing sequencing project are expected to aid development of more practical markers. Several BAC libraries have been developed that facilitate map-based cloning of genes and QTLs. Sequencing of the euchromatic portions of the tomato genome is paving the way for comparative and functional analysis of important genes and QTLs.
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Bakulina, A. V., L. S. Savintseva, O. N. Bashlakova, and N. F. Sintsova. "Molecular screening of potato varieties bred by Falenki Breeding station for resistance to phytopathogens." Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 22, no. 3 (June 25, 2021): 340–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2021.22.3.340-350.
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The genotypes of potatoes bred by Falenki Breeding station were studied for the presence of resistance genes markers to the following pathogens: Globodera rostochiensis, Globodera pallidа, Synchytrium endobioticum, potato virus X (PVХ) and potato virus Y (PVY). The method of multiplex PCR analysis was used. The varieties Shurminsky 2, Alisa, Viza, Chayka, Ognivo, Darik, Gloriya, Golubka, Virazh and a promising variety sample 56-09 were studied. In most (8 out of 10) genotypes, marker linked to the Sen1 gene of resistance to S. endobioticum was identified. DNA marker of the G. rostochiensis resistance gene (H1) and the G. pallida resistance gene marker (Gpa2) were found in six genotypes. The marker of the PVX resistance gene (Rx1) was detected in the varieties Shurminsky 2, Alisa, Chayka, Golubka, and Virazh. It has been established that none of the studied potato genotypes carries markers RYSC3, Ry186, YES3-3A linked to the PVY resistance genes. Although in the field, resistance was detected in the samples Chayka, Darik, Virazh, Alisa. Molecular markers linked to the largest number of resistance genes studied (H1, Gpa2, Sen1, and Rx1) were identified in the varieties Shurminsky 2, Golubka, and Virazh. Among the DNA markers used in the work, the data of potato genotype assessment using markers of virus resistance genes (PVX, RYSC3, Ry186, YES3-3A) were less consistent with field observations. The use of molecular markers makes it possible to determine the presence of resistance genes and assess the prospects of a sample in a short period of time, but, at the same time, requires careful choice of a DNA marker that is highly correlated with the manifestation of the trait.
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Markussen, T., A. Tusch, B. R. Stephan, and M. Fladung. "Identification of Molecular Markers for Selected Wood Properties of Norway Spruce Picea abies L. (Karst.) II. Extractives Content." Silvae Genetica 54, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2005): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2005-0022.
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Abstract We describe the development of a SCAR-marker linked to low extractives content of Norway Spruce (Picea abies L [Karst.]) derived from AFLPs. In these analyses 57 different primer enzyme combinations were used in a bulked segregant analysis approach comparing individuals with high and low extractives content. A total of 14 polymorphic AFLP markers were detected between the pools. Five markers were selected for further analyses to verify their linkage to extractives content based on individuals used for pool constitution. One AFLP marker, found to be significant linked to low extractives content was converted into a SCAR marker for further validation. For this marker, a monomorphic band was obtained by using sets of nested primers or restriction site specific primers (RSS) which include the AFLP-restriction recognition site. The separation of the marker from unlinked size homologous marker-alleles was realized by a SSCP-approach. Validation of the marker on different full-sib families confirmed the usability to separate the classes for low and high extractives content of Picea abies.
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Mahajan, R., and P. Gupta. " Molecular markers: their use in tree improvement." Journal of Forest Science 58, No. 3 (March 27, 2012): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5579-jfs.
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Earlier breeders used phenotypic selection based on morphological characteristics to improve tree varieties. These selections often take many cycles of breeding and backcrossing in order to place desired characteristics. But today the knowledge has paved the way for a much deeper understanding of the mechanics of cell biology and the hereditary process itself. Breeders are presented with numerous possibilities of altering the behaviour of existing varieties. Linkage between molecular markers can be translated to genetic linkage maps, which have become an important tool in plant genetics. They may choose to use marker-assisted approaches in order to facilitate the selection of favourable combinations of genes that occur naturally within a tree species.
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Chaney, W., Yuanhong Han, C. Rohla, M. J. Monteros, and L. J. Grauke. "DEVELOPING MOLECULAR MARKER RESOURCES FOR PECAN." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1070 (February 2015): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1070.13.
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Rauwolf, Uwe, Hieronim Golczyk, Jörg Meurer, Reinhold G. Herrmann, and Stephan Greiner. "Molecular Marker Systems for Oenothera Genetics." Genetics 180, no. 3 (September 14, 2008): 1289–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.108.091249.
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Winter, P., and G. Kahl. "Molecular marker technologies for plant improvement." World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 11, no. 4 (July 1995): 438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00364619.
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Debener, T., L. Mattiesch, and B. Vosman. "A MOLECULAR MARKER MAP FOR ROSES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 547 (February 2001): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2001.547.33.
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Archak, S., A. B. Gaikwad, D. Gautam, E. V. V. B. Rao, K. R. M. Swamy, and J. L. Karihaloo. "Comparative assessment of DNA fingerprinting techniques (RAPD, ISSR and AFLP) for genetic analysis of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) accessions of India." Genome 46, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g03-016.
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Nineteen cashew accessions were analysed with 50 random primers, 12 ISSR primers and 6 AFLP primer pairs to compare the efficiency and utility of these techniques for detecting variation in cashew germplasm. Each marker system could discriminate between all of the accessions, albeit with varied efficiency of polymorphism detection. AFLP exhibited maximum discrimination efficiency with a genotype index of 1. The utility of each molecular marker technique, expressed as marker index, was estimated as a function of average band informativeness and effective multiplex ratio. Marker index was calculated to be more than 10 times higher in AFLP than in RAPD and ISSR. Similarity matrices were determined based on the data generated by molecular and morphometric analyses, and compared for congruency. AFLP displayed no correspondence with RAPD and ISSR. Correlation between ISSR and RAPD similarity matrices was low but significant (r = 0.63; p < 0.005). The similarity matrix based on morphometric markers exhibited no correlation with any of the molecular markers. AFLP, with its superior marker utility, was concluded to be the marker of choice for cashew genetic analysis.Key words: Anacardium occidentale, DNA fingerprinting, RAPD, ISSR, AFLP, morphometric.
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Stafne, Eric T., John R. Clark, and Kim S. Lewers. "MOLECULAR MARKER-DERIVED GENETIC SIMILARITY ANALYSIS OF A SEGREGATING BLACKBERRY POPULATION." HortScience 40, no. 3 (June 2005): 874b—874. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.3.874b.
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A tetraploid blackberry population that segregates for two important morphological traits, thornlessness and primocane fruiting, was tested with molecular marker analysis. Both randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to screen a population of 98 genotypes within the population plus the two parents, `Arapaho' and `Prime-Jim' (APF-12). RAPD analysis averaged 3.4 markers per primer, whereas SSR analysis yielded 3.0 markers per primer pair. Similarity coefficient derived from the Dice index averaged over all individuals was 63% for RAPD markers, 73% for SSR markers, and 66% for RAPD and SSR markers together. The average similarity coefficients ranged from a high of 72% to a low of 38% for RAPD markers, 80% to 57% for SSR markers, and 73% to 55% for both. Comparison of the parents indicated a similarity of 67% for RAPD markers, 62% for SSR markers, and 67% for both. This is similar to a previous study that reported the similarity coefficient at 66%. Although inbreeding exists within the population, the level of heterozygosity is high. Also, evidence of tetrasomic inheritance was uncovered within the molecular marker analysis. This population will be used to identify potential markers linked to both morphological traits of interest. Further genetic linkage analysis and mapping is needed to identify any putative markers.