Relevant bibliographies by topics / Molecular marker

Academic literature on the topic 'Molecular marker'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Molecular marker"

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Soriano, Jose Miguel. "Molecular Marker Technology for Crop Improvement." Agronomy 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101462.

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Since the 1980s, agriculture and plant breeding have changed with the development of molecular marker technology. In recent decades, different types of molecular markers have been used for different purposes: mapping, marker-assisted selection, characterization of genetic resources, etc. These have produced effective genotyping, but the results have been costly and time-consuming, due to the small number of markers that could be tested simultaneously. Recent advances in molecular marker technologies such as the development of high-throughput genotyping platforms, genotyping by sequencing, and the release of the genome sequences of major crop plants open new possibilities for advancing crop improvement. This Special Issue collects sixteen research studies, including the application of molecular markers in eleven crop species, from the generation of linkage maps and diversity studies to the application of marker-assisted selection and genomic prediction.
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Benchimol-Reis, Luciana L. "Molecular Markers in Plant Breeding." Journal of Agricultural Science 15, no. 3 (February 15, 2023): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n3p58.

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Molecular markers are an important tool for plant breeding. Since the 1980s, in response to the technology development, molecular marker approaches have been further diversified. The establishment of new-generation sequencing and high-throughput plant phenotyping has greatly decreased the time to genotype large numbers of individuals. For breeders who are not very familiar with molecular techniques and want to catch up with the advances in the field, this review offers basic knowledge. Each molecular marker technology has specific advantages as well as limitations. Molecular marker types, diversity studies, QTL mapping, associative mapping, marker-assisted backcrossing and genomic selection are explored. Marker application in plant breeding is also described. In the genome, molecular markers can detect the genetic architecture of a trait, but also identify candidate genes with an important role in plant breeding programs.
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Lee, Tong Geon, Reza Shekasteband, Naama Menda, Lukas A. Mueller, and Samuel F. Hutton. "Molecular Markers to Select for the j-2–mediated Jointless Pedicel in Tomato." HortScience 53, no. 2 (February 2018): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12628-17.

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The jointless pedicel trait of tomato conferred by the j-2 gene is widely used in processing markets for stem-free removal of fruit to accommodate mechanized harvest. Although current utilization of j-2 for fresh-market tomato breeding is limited, interest in this trait may increase as breeders seek to address high labor costs through the development of mechanically harvestable cultivars for the fresh market. Yet, the introduction of this trait into new market classes heavily relies on phenotypic selection because there are presently no high-throughput methods available to genotype j-2. Reliable, high-throughput molecular markers to genotype the presence/absence of j-2 for selective breeding were developed. The molecular markers described here use the high-resolution DNA melting analysis (HRM) genotyping with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS)–based genotyping. Two separate HRM-based markers target the j-2 on chromosome 12 or a linked sequence region 3.5 Mbp apart from the gene, and a dCAPS marker resides on the latter. We demonstrate the association between each marker and the jointless pedicel phenotype using segregating populations of diverse filial generations in multiple genetic backgrounds. These markers provide a useful resource for marker-assisted selection of j-2 in breeding populations.
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Stalker, H. T., and L. G. Mozingo. "Molecular Markers of Arachis and Marker-Assisted Selection." Peanut Science 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-28-2-13.

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Abstract Many agronomic traits are difficult to select in Arachis hypogaea L. by conventional selection techniques, and marker-assisted selection offers an additional tool for obtaining improved germplasm lines. Molecular markers allow more efficient selection and offer a mechanism to eliminate undesirable traits associated with hybridizing diverse genotypes. The cultivated peanut has been analyzed by several marker systems, including RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, and SSRs. Variation has been observed among diverse genotypes in approximately 5% of the markers analyzed, but the number is much lower between pairs of A. hypogaea lines. Conversely, a large amount of variation has been observed among Arachis species. Molecular maps have been constructed independently in two laboratories by utilizing Arachis species; however, a map of the cultivated peanut will be very difficult and costly to produce. Studies of advanced-generation inter-specific hybrids have shown that A. cardenasii genes can be incorporatead into most linkage groups of A. hypogaea, indicating that A. hypogaea is not an allotetraploid in the classical sense where chromosomes from donor species are nonhomologous. Other molecular studies have identified A. duranensis and A. ipaensis as likely progenitor species of A. hypogaea. Associations of molecular markers with genes conditioning disease and insect resistances have been detected, and these investigations are beginning to be productive for selecting improved breeding lines and cultivars of peanut.
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Chiu, Sung Kay, Ming Hua Hsieh, and Chi Meng Tzeng. "Unique marker finder algorithm generates molecular diagnostic markers." International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications 7, no. 1 (2011): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbra.2011.039168.

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Salava, J., Y. Wang, B. Krška, J. Polák, P. Komínek, R. W. Miller, W. M. Dowler, G. L. Reighard, and A. G. Abbott. "Molecular genetic mapping in apricot." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 38, No. 2 (July 30, 2012): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6113-cjgpb.

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A genetic linkage map for apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) has been constructed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers in 80 BC1 individuals derived from a cross LE-3246 × Vestar. From 26 different primer combinations, a total of 248 AFLP markers were scored, of which, 40 were assigned to 8 linkage groups covering 315.8 cM of the apricot nuclear genome. The average interval between these markers was 7.7 cM. One gene (PPVres1) involved in resistance to PPV (Plum pox virus) was mapped. Two AFLP markers (EAA/MCAG8 and EAG/MCAT14) were found to be closely associated with the PPVres1 locus (4.6 cM resp. 4.7 cM). These markers are being characterized and they will be studied for utilization in apricot breeding with marker-assisted selection (MAS).
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Teneva, A., and M. P. Petrovic. "Application of molecular markers in livestock improvement." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 26, no. 3-4 (2010): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1004135t.

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With recent developments in DNA technologies, a large number of genetic polymorphisms at DNA sequence level has been introduced over the last decades as named DNA-based markers. The discovery of new class of DNA profiling markers has facilitated the development of marker-based gene tags, mapbased cloning of livestock important genes, variability studies, phylogenetic analysis, synteny mapping, marker-assisted selection of favourable genotypes, etc. The most commonly used DNA-based markers have advantages over the traditional phenotypic and biochemical markers since they provide data that can be analyzed objectively. In this article the main applications of molecular markers in present-day breeding strategies for livestock improvement - parentage determination, genetic distance estimation, genetic diversity, gene mapping and marker-assisted selection have been reviewed.
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Surma, Marian. "Molecular Marker of Tumours." Journal of Cancer Therapy 07, no. 10 (2016): 675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jct.2016.710070.

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Koepke, John A. "Molecular marker test standardization." Cancer 69, S6 (March 15, 1992): 1578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19920315)69:6+<1578::aid-cncr2820691312>3.0.co;2-k.

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Khatoon, Arifa, Sumeet Verma, Gayatri Wadiye, and Anuprita Zore. "Molecular markers and their potentials." International Journal of Bioassays 5, no. 01 (January 1, 2016): 4706. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.01.003.

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The use of molecular markers, revealing polymorphism at the DNA level, has been playing an increasing part in plant molecular biotechnology and their genetic studies. There are three different types of markers viz. morphological, biochemical and DNA based molecular markers. These DNA based markers are differentiating in two types 1. Non PCR based (RFLP) and 2. PCR based markers (RAPD, AFLP, SSR, SNP etc.). Amongst others, the microsatellite DNA marker is one of the most widely used marker due to its easy use by simple PCR, followed by a denaturing gel electrophoresis. SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) is nowadays is the one which is used mainly. In this review, we are going to discuss about the biochemical and molecular markers which are recently developed, the important characteristics of molecular markers their advantages, disadvantages and the applications of these markers in comparison with other markers types.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Molecular marker"

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Bitalo, Daphne Nyachaki. "Implementation of molecular markers for triticale cultivar identification and marker-assisted selection." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71670.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
Triticale is an amphidiploid that consists of wheat (A and B) and rye (R) genomes. This cereal is fast becoming important on a commercial basis and warrants further assessment for the better management and breeding of the hybrid. The assessment of the genetic diversity among the wheat and rye genomes within triticale can be obtained by using molecular markers developed in both donor genomes. Simple sequence repeats markers (SSRs) and amplified fragment length markers (AFLPs) have been previously used to assess the genetic diversity among triticale lines. SSRs are highly polymorphic markers that are abundant and which have been shown to be highly transferable between species in previous studies while AFLP markers are known to generate plenty of data as they cover so many loci. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a marker system suitable to assess the genetic diversity and relationships of advanced breeding material (and cultivars) of the Stellenbosch University’s Plant Breeding Laboratory (SU-PBL). Therefore, both AFLP and SSR markers were initially analysed using eight triticale cultivars (with known pedigrees) to facilitate cultivar identification. Fourty-two AFLP primer combinations and 86 SSR markers were used to assess the genetic diversity among the Elite triticale cultivars. The AFLP primer combinations generated under average polymorphism information content (PIC) values. Furthermore, these markers generated neighbour-joining (NJ) and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) dendograms that displayed relationships that did not correspond with the available pedigree information. Therefore, this marker system was found not to be suitable. A set of 86 SSRs previously identified in both wheat and rye, was used to test the genetic diversity among the eight cultivars. The markers developed in wheat achieved 84% transferability while those developed in rye achieved 79.3% transferability. A subset of SSR markers was able to distinguish the cultivars, and correctly identify them by generating NJ and UPGMA dendograms that exhibited relationships that corroborated the available pedigree data. This panel of markers was therefore chosen as the most suitable for the assessment of the advanced breeding material. The panel of seven SSR markers was optimised for semi-automated analysis and was used to screen and detect the genetic diversity among 306 triticale entries in the F6, Senior and Elite phases of the SU-PBL triticale breeding programme. An average PIC value of 0.65 was detected and moderate genetic variation was observed. NJ and UPGMA dendograms generated showed no clear groupings. However, the panel of markers managed to accurately identify all cultivars within the breeding program. The marker panel developed in this study is being used to routinely distinguish among the advanced breeding material within the SU-PBL triticale breeding programme and as a tool in molecular-assisted backcross.
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von, Ruhland Christopher John. "The molecular basis of modern marker chemistry." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2011. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/22318/.

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This thesis focuses on empirical investigations and refinements of immunohistochemical marker chemistry to gain insights into the design of novel markers for light and electron microscopy. In Chapter 2, incorporation of d-block metals into polymerised biphenyl-3,3′,4,4′-tetramine (polyDAB) identified complexes of Ni(II), Pt(II), Pt(IV) and Au(III) to be powerful catalysts of silver reduction from physical developers. Na2S(aq) treatment increased the range and activity of catalytic complexes, allowing previously invisible immunohistochemical deposits of polyDAB to be clearly seen in diagnostically relevant samples. Chapter 3 refined this technique by manipulating reagent concentrations whilst suppressing tissue argyrophilia, increasing immunohistochemical sensitivity by an order of magnitude. Marker deposition and thus amplification, was dependent on conjugate quality and coupling method. In Chapter 4, scanning and transmission electron microscopy identified 8 d-block metals that increased the electron opacity of polyDAB, including W(VI), Os(VIII), Pt(II) and Au(III). The majority were detectable by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), but were present in insufficient quantities for use in analytical electron microscopical tomography (AEMT). In Chapter 5, immunohistochemical polymerisation of halogenated aromatic diamines and bis-diamines as AEMT markers was investigated. The 16 compounds studied produced deposits of varying properties and compositions, morphological criteria identifying those of 1,2-diamino-4-bromobenzene and 1,2-diamino-4,5-diiodobenzene as suitable candidates; EDX indicated that the latter might be applicable to AEMT. Chapter 6 investigated silver deposition from a physical developer by photoconversion. Photo-excitation of immunofluorescently-stained tissue sections in the presence of physical developer caused selective silver deposition at immunopositive sites, a novel method that might find application in AEMT. In Chapter 7, characterisation of polyDAB revealed a molecular weight range of 600 to over 100,000; IR spectra were consistent with an indamine- or phenazine-like polymer. Poor solubility restricted further characterisation. In Chapter 8, additional applications of halogenated compounds were investigated and results suggested potential applications in biological research and diagnosis.
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Jessup, Russell William. "Molecular tools for marker-assisted breeding of buffelgrass." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2656.

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The increasing availability of molecular tools is facilitating marker-assisted selection (MAS) in plant improvement programs. The objectives of this research were to: 1) populate the framework buffelgrass genome map with additional molecular markers, 2) develop polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based markers from selected, informative restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers on the buffelgrass genome map, and 3) increase marker resolution near the locus conferring apomixis (PApo1). Buffelgrass [Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link syn. Cenchrus ciliaris L.] (2n=4x=36), a highly polymorphic, apomictic, perennial forage grass, is well-suited for genetic linkage analyses. One hundred and seventy one probes from an apomictic, spikelet-specific, complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) library and 70 expressed sequence tag simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) from apomictic pistil cDNAs were evaluated and added to the framework buffelgrass genome map. The improved linkage map contains 851 markers from 11 grass species and covers approximately 80-85% of the buffelgrass genome. Two RFLPs from the buffelgrass genome map were converted to PCR-based markers for both the identification of hybrids and quantification of sexual versus apomictic reproduction. A gel-free, high-throughput technique was developed to analyze these markers directly in 96-well plates. Five additional markers were placed onto the buffelgrass linkage group with the PApo1 apomixis locus through comparative mapping of candidate orthologs from the sorghum genome map and bulked-segregant analysis of amplified-fragment-lengthpolymorphisms (BSA-AFLP). Increasing the mapping population size did not increase map resolution in the PApo1 region. Association mapping revealed that the recombination suppression near PApo1 is moderate and would complicate comparative map-based cloning efforts of the orthologous region in sorghum.
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Ozen, Ilknur. "Neurogenin2, a molecular marker of postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612424.

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Santos, Nadine Castelhano. "SARP2 as molecular marker of human sperm morphology." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/5800.

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Mestrado em Biologia Aplicada - Biologia Molecular e Celular
A fosforilação proteica resulta de um equilíbrio entre fosfatases e quinases constituindo o principal regulador da maioria dos mecanismos existentes nos sistemas biológicos. Muitas doenças (cancro, diabetes, doenças neurodegenerativas, infertilidade, etc.) estão associadas à disrupção deste equilíbrio levando a mudanças nas actividades enzimáticas das proteínas fostatase e quinase. A proteína fosfatase 1 (PP1) é a principal fosfatase serina/treonina sendo ubíqua e altamente conservada nos eucariotas. A PP1 controla várias funções, tais como, a divisão celular, a transcrição, a neurotransmissão, a mobilidade dos espermatozóides, entre outras. A fosforilação proteica é uma das formas de os espermatozóides adquirirem funcionalidade, sendo a proteína PP1γ2 a isoforma mais fortemente enriquecida. Assim, no interior do espermatozóide podemos encontrar a PP1γ2 associada ao comprimento total da cauda e à região equatorial da cabeça, sugerindo uma possível função na mobilidade e reacção acrossómica, respectivamente. Existem inúmeras proteínas que interagem com a PP1γ2 que têm vindo a contribuir para a compreensão do seu papel nas funções fisiológicas do espermatozóide. Apesar de existirem outros, nesta tese, o complexo que serviu de ponto de partida foi o complexo SARP2/PP1γ2. Este complexo inclui uma nova proteína derivada de splicing, primeiramente descrita por Browne e os seus colaboradores em 2007, contendo três isoformas. Nesta tese foi usada a isoforma SARP2. O complexo foi encontrado fortemente enriquecido em espermatozóides e esta descoberta levou a estudos futuros com vista a descobrir a sua função fisiológica no espermatozóide. Usando a proteína SARP2 como um possível marcador molecular procurou-se verificar se era possível distinguir os espermatozóides em normais ou anormais. Considerando a actual necessidade em desenvolver novas técnicas de diagnóstico da infertilidade masculina, a descoberta de biomarcadores pode apresentar uma possível via, especialmente devido à perda de valor da avaliação dos parâmetros de um espermograma. No presente trabalho descobriu-se uma localização sub-celular no espermatozóide diferente da descrita anteriormente. O padrão de expressão da SARP2 é muito variável existindo catorze padrões diferentes do padrão normal encontrado. Contudo não foi possível confirmar com total certeza de que tínhamos um putativo marcador molecular. O presente trabalho fornece dados suficientes para que no futuro se possa realizar um plano experimental optimizado, com mais voluntários, representativo da população Portuguesa. Por fim, é necessário complementar o estudo com testes paralelos (fragmentação do DNA, ROS, etc.) que permitam avaliar a normalidade ou não de um espermatozóide em contraponto com a observada no estudo.
Protein phosphorylation, is the result of a balance between phosphatases and kinases being the key regulator for the major mechanisms in biological systems. Many diseases (cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative conditions, infertility, etc.) are associated to the disruption of this balance leading to changes in the activities of both kinases and phosphatases enzymes. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is a major serine/threonine phosphatase, ubiquitous and conserved in eukaryotes. PP1 controls a variety of functions, such as, cell division, transcription, neurotransmission, sperm motility, among others. Protein phosphorylation is one of the ways by which spermatozoa acquire functionality; being PP1γ2 a sperm enriched protein. Moreover, within spermatozoa PP1γ2 is present along the entire length of the tail and equatorial region of the head, suggesting a role in sperm motility and acrossome reaction, respectively. There are several interacting proteins of PP1γ2 which are leading to a revelation of its role in sperm functions. Although there are others, in this thesis, the complex that was the leading point of the study was the new complex SARP2/PP1γ2. This complex includes a new spliced protein firstly described by Browne and co-workers in 2007, which has three different isoforms. In this thesis SARP2 was the isoform used. The complex was found to be enriched in sperm, and this discovery lead to further studies on the possible role of this complex in sperm functions. The relevance of using SARP2 as a putative molecular marker to distinguish normal and abnormal spermatozoa was studied. Since nowadays there is a urgent need to change the way in which men infertility is being diagnosed, especially by the use of the traditional semen parameters evaluated in a spermogram, the biomarker discovery could be a way. In this thesis it was discovered a subcellular localization within human spermatozoa different from the one described before. The expression pattern of SARP2 is very variable; there are fourteen other patterns besides the normal one. Although, it was not possible to confirm with certain that we had a putative molecular marker. The present study gave enough data to proceed in the future, with the elaboration of an optimized experimental plan using more volunteers, to get a representative sample of the Portuguese population. Finally, it is necessary to complement this study with parallel tests (DNA fragmentation, ROS, etc) to ascertain if having a spermatozoon classified as normal, according to our study, is always synonymous of having a normal spermatozoon.
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Liu, Kejun. "Software and Methods for Analyzing Molecular Genetic Marker Data." NCSU, 2003. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07182003-122001/.

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Genetic analysis of molecular markers has allowed biologists to ask a wide variety of questions. This dissertation explores some aspects of the statistical and computational issues used in the genetic marker data analysis. Chapter 1 gives an introduction to genetic marker data, as well as a brief description to each chapter. Chapter 2 presents the different genetic analyses performed on a large data set and discusses the use of microsatellites to describe the maize germplasm and to improve maize germplasm maintenance. Considerable attention is focused on how the maize germplasm is organized and genetic variation is distributed. A novel maximum likelihood method is developed to estimate the historical contributions for maize inbred lines. Chapter 3 covers a new method for optimal selection of a core set of lines from a large germplasm collection. The simulated annealing algorithm for choosing an optimal k-subset is described and evaluated using the maize germplasm as an example; general constraints are incorporated in the algorithm, and the efficiency of the algorithms is compared to existing methods. Chapter 4 covers a two-stage strategy to partition a chromosomal region into blocks with extensive within-block linkage disequilibrium, and to select the optimal subset of SNPs that essentially captures the haplotype variation within a block. Population simulations suggest that the recursive bisection algorithm for block partitioning is generally reliable for recombination hotspots identification. Maximal entropy theory is applied to choose optimal subset of SNPs. The procedures are evaluated analytically as well as by simulation. The final chapter covers a new software package for genetic marker data analysis. The methods implemented in the package are listed. A brief tutorial is included to illustrate the features of the package. Chapter 5 also describes a new method for estimating population specific F-statistics and an extended algorithm for estimating haplotype frequencies.
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Berry, Simon. "Molecular marker analysis of cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)." Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301959.

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Chani, Eduard. "Molecular marker analysis of a segregating monoploid potato family." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29792.

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Anther culture experiments were conducted to construct a monoploid family. The donor plants used were hybrids between high leptine producing selections of Solanum chacoense Bitt. and anther culture responsive selections of Solanum phureja Juz. et Buk. Several steps of the anther culture process were studied. The results indicated that genotype remains the main factor affecting anther culture response. Growing anther-donor plants in higher greenhouse temperatures (30 degrees C day/20 degrees C night) increased the number of embryos per anther by 40 percent. A heat shock given to anthers in culture for 12h at 35 degrees C was also found to be beneficial resulting in an increase of the anther culture response by 40 percent. However the effect of the high temperature shock resulted in lower regeneration rates. In all experiments a highly significant "date" effect was observed with one or two days differing from the others by showing higher response rates in all hybrids tested. The majority of the regenerated plants was diploid, probably resulting from unreduced gametes. Simple sequence repeat analysis with eight polymorphic primer pairs was used successfully to identify the homozygous diploid plants that were added to the monoploids. In total 34 monoploid plants and 14 homozugous diploids were obtained. The degree of heterozygosity revealed by SSR analysis indicated that the diploid plants originated from unreduced gametes formed by first division restitution (FDR) mechanism. The SSR marker data were used to map the genes with respect to the centromeres by half tetrad analysis. SSR-containing sequences from the public databases, as well as sequences obtained from a genomic library enriched for SSRs, were used to generate 48 primer pairs. Only 12 of them were found to be polymorphic in the monoploid family. Ten primer pairs did not amplify any specific fragment. The monoploid population showed distorted segregation at four of the polymorphic loci, showing overrepresentation of the chacoense alleles in three of them. One of the loci showing distorted segregation (STSTP, amplified by primer pair RV 11+12) is most probably linked to lethal alleles, whereas another one (ST13ST, amplified by primer pair RV 21+22) could be linked to genes affecting anther-culture response. The location of the SSR loci on the potato chromosomes is not known except for one (waxy, primer pair 3+4), but statistical analysis on the segregation data obtained from 70 heterozygous anther-derived diploids showed no linkage between them. The SSR primer pairs developed in this study might be useful in studying genetic relationships among cultivars and accessions in breeding programs. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used in association with bulked segregant analysis to detect linkage with genes controlling leptine biosynthesis. With all the limitations imposed by the population size and contamination from foreign pollen, a band amplified by primer OPA-16 could differentiate the bulks contrasting for leptine content. It is possible that this band is linked to genes suppressing leptine biosynthesis, since it appears only in the plants that do not synthesize leptines. Further investigation with larger populations is needed to confirm this possibility.
Ph. D.
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Mills, Claire A. "Molecular and non-molecular approaches to creating marker-free transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=13687.

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Jung, Renata. "Identification of Molecular Markers for Marker-Assisted Selection of Malting Quality and Associated Traits in Barley." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/25241.

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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most important cereal crops in North Dakota, which ranks second amongst all states for barley production in the United States. Barley is used for the production of malt, which is used for brewing beer. The malting and brewing industries set strict standards for malt quality; yet, determining malt quality of experimental barley lines is very expensive. For this reason, quality is typically determined at the latter stages of the breeding program, resulting in rejection of many genotypes after large investments for agronomic performance, disease resistance, and end-use quality evaluations have occurred. High quality malt cultivars must possess numerous genetically controlled characteristics. This limits the effectiveness of phenotypic selection for malt quality. The use of marker-assisted selection (MAS) may enable breeders to eliminate lines with undesirable traits earlier in the breeding process, reducing costs, and improving genetic gain. In spite of the large number of mapped QTLs, few examples exist in the literature in which QTL analysis and MAS have been applied to the genetic improvement of malting barley. This research was initiated to identify robust marker-trait associations for malting quality, disease resistance, and agronomic traits utilizing genome-wide association mapping of selected NDSU two-rowed lines. Our research successfully identified numerous marker-trait associations for the traits evaluated to be used for MAS to improve the North Dakota State University barley breeding program.
American Malting Barley Association
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Books on the topic "Molecular marker"

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Swapna, M. Molecular marker applications for sugar content in sugarcane. New York: Springer, 2012.

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H, Lörz, and Wenzel Gerhard, eds. Molecular marker systems in plant breeding and crop improvement. Berlin: Springer, 2008.

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Lörz, Horst, and Gerhard Wenzel, eds. Molecular Marker Systems in Plant Breeding and Crop Improvement. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b137756.

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Swapna, M., and Sangeeta Srivastava. Molecular Marker Applications for Improving Sugar Content in Sugarcane. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2257-0.

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H, Lörz, and Wenzel Gerhard, eds. Molecular marker systems in plant breeding and crop improvement. Berlin: Springer, 2005.

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H, Augenlicht Leonard, ed. Cell and molecular biology of colon cancer. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1989.

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Tian, Jichun, Zhiying DENG, Kunpu Zhang, Haixia Yu, and Xiaoling Jiang. Genetic Analyses of Wheat and Molecular Marker-Assisted Breeding, Volume 1. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7390-4.

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Tian, Jichun, Jiansheng Chen, Guangfeng Chen, Peng Wu, Han Zhang, and Yong Zhao. Genetic Analyses of Wheat and Molecular Marker-Assisted Breeding, Volume 2. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7447-5.

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Svensson, Ann-Cathrin. Molecular analyses of human endogenous retrovirus ERV9: Marker for HLA-DR haplotype evolution. Uppsala: Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, 1996.

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M, Gratzl, and Langley Keith, eds. Markers for neural and endocrine cells: Molecular and cell biology, diagnostic applications. Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany): VCH, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Molecular marker"

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Lai, Kaitao, Michał Tadeusz Lorenc, and David Edwards. "Molecular Marker Databases." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 49–62. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1966-6_4.

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Brar, Darshan S. "Molecular Marker Assisted Breeding." In Molecular Techniques in Crop Improvement, 55–83. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2356-5_3.

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Yoon, Jae Bok, Soon-Wook Kwon, Tae-Ho Ham, Sunggil Kim, Michael Thomson, Sherry Lou Hechanova, Kshirod K. Jena, and Younghoon Park. "Marker-Assisted Breeding." In Current Technologies in Plant Molecular Breeding, 95–144. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9996-6_4.

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Hayward, Alice C., Reece Tollenaere, Jessica Dalton-Morgan, and Jacqueline Batley. "Molecular Marker Applications in Plants." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 13–27. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1966-6_2.

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Ebinuma, Hiroyasu, and Kazuya Nanto. "Marker-Free Targeted Transformation." In Molecular Techniques in Crop Improvement, 527–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2967-6_22.

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Sexton, Timothy R., and Frances M. Shapter. "Amplicon Sequencing for Marker Discovery." In Molecular Markers in Plants, 35–56. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118473023.ch3.

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Gillies, Susan. "Transcriptome Sequencing for Marker Discovery." In Molecular Markers in Plants, 57–66. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118473023.ch4.

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Simeone, Ester, Antonio M. Grimaldi, and Paolo A. Ascierto. "Marker Utility for Combination Therapy." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 97–115. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-727-3_7.

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Rajendrakumar, P. "Molecular Marker Development Using Bioinformatic Tools." In Sorghum Molecular Breeding, 179–95. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2422-8_8.

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Scharnagl, Hubert, Winfried März, Markus Böhm, Thomas A. Luger, Federico Fracassi, Alessia Diana, Thomas Frieling, et al. "Additional Marker Chromosome 15." In Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, 32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_8982.

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Conference papers on the topic "Molecular marker"

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Wang, Xiaojia, Zhihui Wang, Siyu Zhang, Jundou Liu, and Xun Wang. "Screening citrus SSR molecular marker primers." In 2018 7th International Conference on Energy and Environmental Protection (ICEEP 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceep-18.2018.311.

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Knopf, A., A. Pickhard, K. Fritsche, and K. El Shabrawi. "TIMP1 as molecular marker in distant metastatic outgrowth." In Abstract- und Posterband – 91. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V., Bonn – Welche Qualität macht den Unterschied. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1710970.

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Qi, Shuhong, Lisen Lu, and Zhihong Zhang. "ALDH3A2 as a potential molecular marker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma." In Biophotonics and Immune Responses XIV, edited by Wei R. Chen. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2506121.

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Listanto, Edy, Ahmad Warsun, Ahmad Dadang, Eny Ida Riyanti, Saptowo Jumali Pardal, Sustiprijatno, and Mastur. "Agroforensic, a new emerging study using molecular marker technique." In THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GENETIC RESOURCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY: Harnessing Technology for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0075164.

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Wang, Shiying, F. William Mauldin, Sunil Unnikrishnan, Alexander L. Klibanov, and John A. Hossack. "Ultrasound quantification of molecular marker concentration in large blood vessels." In 2014 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.2014.0204.

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Iuchi, Toshihiko, Sana Yokoi, Miki Ohira, Hajime Kageyama, Makiko Itami, Yuzo Hasegawa, Koichiro Kawasaki, Tsukasa Sakaida, and Akira Nakagawara. "Abstract 4592: Sox8 as a molecular marker of oligodendroglial tumors." In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-4592.

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Yanmei, Wang, Wang Jiahui, Liu Zhen, and Li Shirong. "Analysis of fine individual no-cones platanus acerifoliaby ISSR molecular marker." In 2011 International Conference on Human Health and Biomedical Engineering (HHBE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hhbe.2011.6028377.

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Yu, Xiao-Ling, Ming-Wang Shi, Xiao-Jian Zhang, Zhi-Feng Xiang, and Gang-Cai Wei. "Mathematical Relation between Types, Effect of Genes and Molecular Marker Genotype." In 2009 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2009.5163031.

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LI, Xue-Bin, Xiaoling Yu, Zhifeng Xiang, Kun Zhao, and Xiaojian Zhang. "Locating QTLs Based on Estimating Gene Effect by Molecular Marker Regression Model." In 2009 2nd International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmei.2009.5305516.

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Mahayu, Weda Makarti, and Taryono. "Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) diversity in Indonesia based on SSR molecular marker." In 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOINFORMATICS, BIOTECHNOLOGY, AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (BIOMIC 2018). Author(s), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5098418.

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Reports on the topic "Molecular marker"

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Mote, B. E., N. Deeb, O. Southwood, and Max F. Rothschild. Using Molecular Marker Technology for Improvement in Sow Reproductive Longevity. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1069.

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Rocheford, Torbert, Yaakov Tadmor, Robert Lambert, and Nurit Katzir. Molecular Marker Mapping of Genes Enhancing Tocol and Carotenoid Composition of Maize Grain. United States Department of Agriculture, December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571352.bard.

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The overall objective of this research was to identify chromosomal regions and candidate genes associated with control of concentration and forms of carotenoids (includes pro-Vitamin A) and tocopherols (Vitamin E), which are both antioxidants and are associated with health advantages. Vitamin A and E are included in animal feeding supplements and the eventual goal is to increase levels of these compounds in maize grain so that the cost of these supplements can be reduced or eliminated. Moreover, both compounds are antioxidants that protect unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation and thus maintaining maize oil quality for longer periods. We identified three SSR markers that are associated with 38% of the variation for total carotenoids and three SSR markers associated with 44% of the variation for total tocopherols in the cross W64a x A632. We identified two candidate genes associated with levels of carotenoids: phytoene synthase and zeta carotene desaturase. Evaluation of (Illinois High Oil x B73) B73 BC 1S1 population for tocopherols detected additional chromosomal regions influencing the level of total tocopherols, and detected a common region on chromosome 5 associated with ratio of the more desirable alpha from to the gamma form of tocopherol. The results suggest molecular marker assisted selection for higher levels of these antioxidants in corn grain should be feasible.
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Lamont, Susan J., E. Dan Heller, and Avigdor Cahaner. Prediction of Immunocompetence and Resistance to Disease by Using Molecular Markers of the Major Histocompatibility Complex. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568780.bard.

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This project utilized two live-animal populations in an integrated research program to identify molecular markers for immune response and disease resistance. The populations each had their foundation from meat-type commercial breeder chicken lines of their respective countries. Investigations effectively used unique availability of resources in each country to study commercial-type environments in Israel and line-crosses with diverse inbred lines in the US. Two bacterial systems were investigated to cover both respiratory and gastrointestinal, and primary and secondary, infections. Individual experimental groups of animals were evaluated for combinations of vaccine antibody levels, response to pathogen challenge, growth parameters, genetic background and molecular markers. The positive association of antibody level with resistance to disease was confirmed. Effectiveness of genetic selection for vaccine antibody response level was demonstrated. Molecular markers, both inside and outside the MHC region, were associated with antibody response and resistance to disease. Markers were shown to have a generalized effect, by association with multiple traits of immune response and disease resistance. The impact of genetic background on marker effect was shown to be important. The overall results demonstrate the effectiveness of selection on vaccine antibody response and the potential of molecular marker-assisted selection to improve efficiency of production of meat-type chickens by reducing genetic susceptibility to disease.
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Juvik, John A., Avri Bar Zur, and Torbert R. Rocheford. Breeding for Quality in Vegetable Maize Using Linked Molecular Markers. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568764.bard.

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Recently, the vegetable corn industry has shifted from the use of traditional cultivars with the sugary1 (su1) endosperm mutation to newer hybrids homozygous for the shrunken2 (sh2) or sugary enhancer1 (se1) genes. With greater kernel sucrose content, these hybrids are preferred by consumers and retain sugar for longer post harvest periods, providing the industry with more time to marker products with superior quality. Commercialization has been hindered, however, by reduced field emergence, and the establishment of stands with heterogeneous uniformity and maturities. This investigation was conducted to identify key biochemical and physiological characteristics in sh2 and se1 maize kernels associated with improved emergence, and stand establishment; and in immature ears at fresh harvest maturity, properties associated with eating quality. The location of genes or QTL controlling these kernel characteristics and other traits were then mapped to specific chromosomal regions by their linkage to molecular markers using two segregating F2:3 populations. This database was used to compare the efficiency of marker-assisted selection of key alleles with phenotypic selection for trait improvement. A model designed to uncover and quantify digenic interaction was applied to the datasets to evaluate the role of epistasis in the inheritance of quantitative traits.
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Gunter, L. E. Towards the Development of a Molecular Map in Switchgrass: I. Microsatellite Marker Development. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/788504.

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Reisch, Bruce, Pinhas Spiegel-Roy, Norman Weeden, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, and Jacques Beckmann. Genetic Analysis in vitis Using Molecular Markers. United States Department of Agriculture, April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613014.bard.

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Genetic analysis and mapping in grapes has been difficult because of the long generation period and paucity of genetic markers. In the present work, chromosome linkage maps were developed with RAPD, RFLP and isozyme loci in interspecific hybrid cultivars, and RAPD markers were produced in a V. vinifera population. In three cultivars, there were 19 linkage groups as expected for a species with 38 somatic chromosomes. These maps were used to locate chromosome regions with linkages to important genes, including those influencing powdery mildew and botrytis bunch rot resistance; flower sex; and berry shape. In V. vinifera, the occurrence of specific markers was correlated with seedlessness, muscat flavor and fruit color. Polymorphic RAPD bands included single copy as well as repetitive DNA. Mapping procedures were improved by optimizing PCR parameters with grape DNA; by the development of an efficient DNA extraction protocol; and with the use of long (17- to 24-mer) primers which amplify more polymorphic loci per primer. DNA fingerprint analysis with RAPD markers indicated that vinifera cultivars could be separated readily with RAPD profiles. Pinot gris, thought to be a sort of Pinot noir, differed by 12 bands from Pinot noir. This suggests that while Pinot gris may be related to Pinot noir, it is not likely to be a clone. The techniques developed in this project are now being further refined to use marker-assisted selection in breeding programs for the early selection of elite seedlings. Furthermore, the stage has been set for future attempts to clone genes from grapes based upon map locations.
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Sadka, Avi, Mikeal L. Roose, and Yair Erner. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Citric Acid Accumulation in Citrus Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7573071.bard.

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The acid content of the juice sac cells is a major determinant of maturity and fruit quality in citrus. Many citrus varieties accumulate acid in concentrations that exceed market desires, reducing grower income and consumer satisfaction. Pulp acidity is thought to be dependent on two mechanisms: the accumulation of citric acid in the vacuoles of the juice sac cells, and acidification of the vacuole. The major aim of the project was to direct effort toward understanding the mechanism of citric acid accumulation in the fruit. The following objectives were suggested: Measure the activity of enzymes likely to be involved in acid accumulation and follow their pattern of expression in developing fruit (Sadka, Erner). Identify and clone genes which are associated with high and low acid phenotypes and with elevated acid level (Roose, Sadka, Erner). Convert RAPD markers that map near a gene that causes low acid phenotype to specific co dominant markers (Roose). Use genetic co segregation to test whether specific gene products are responsible for low acid phenotype (Roose and Sadka). Objective 1 was fully achieved. Most of the enzymes of organic acid metabolism were cloned from lemon pulp. Their expression was studied during fruit development in low and high acid varieties. The activity and expression of citrate synthase, aconitase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) were studied in detail. The role that each enzyme plays in acid accumulation and decline was evaluated. As a result, a better understanding of the metabolic changes that contribute to acid accumulation was achieved. It was found that the activity of the mitochondrial aconitase is greatly reduced early in high-acid fruits, but not in acidless ones, suggesting that this enzyme plays an important role in acid accumulation. In addition, it was demonstrated that increases in the cytosolic forms of aconitase and NADP-IDH towards fruit maturation play probably a major role in acid decline. Our studies also demonstrated that the two mechanisms that contribute to fruit acidity, vacuolar acidification and citric acid accumulation, are independent, although they are tightly co-regulated. Additional, we demonstrated that sodium arsenite, which reduce fruit acidity, causes a transient inhibition in the activity of citrate synthase, but an induction in the gene expression. This part of the work has resulted in 4 papers. Objective 3 was also fully achieved. Using bulked segregant analysis, three random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were identified as linked to acitric, a gene controlling the acidless phenotype of pummelo 2240. One of them, which mapped 1.2 cM from acitric was converted into sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR marker, and into co dominant restriction length polymorphism (RFLP) marker. These markers were highly polymorphic among 59 citrus accessions, and therefore, they should be useful for selecting seedling progeny heterozygous for acitric in nearly all crosses between pummelo 2240 and other citrus genotypes. This part of the project resulted in one paper. Objective 4 was also fully achieved. Clones isolated by the Israeli group were sent to the American laboratory for co segregation analysis. However, none of them seemed to co segregate with the low acid phenotype. Both laboratories invested much effort in achieving the goals of Objective 2, namely the isolation of genes that are elevated in expression in low and high acid phenotypes, and in tissue cultures treated with arsenite (a treatment which reduces fruit acidity). However, conventional differential display and restriction fragment differential display analyses could not identify any differentially expressed genes. The isolation of such genes was the major aim of a continuation project, which was recently submitted.
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Veilleux, Richard E., Jossi Hillel, A. Raymond Miller, and David Levy. Molecular Analysis by SSR of Genes Associated with Alkaloid Synthesis in a Segregating Monoploid Potato Family. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570550.bard.

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More than 15,000 anthers of an interspecific hybrid (CP2) between two diploid (2n=2x=24) potato species, Solanum chacoense (weedy) and S. phureja (cultivated), were cultured to generate a family of monoploid (haploid, 2n-1x=12) plants. Of 260 regenerated plants, 34 were monoploid, 210 diploid and 16 tetraploid. SSR analysis revealed that six monoploids were genetically identical and 14 diploids were homozygous, thus limiting the population to 42 (28 monoploids and 14 homozygous diploids). New microsatellite loci were developed for potato from database sequences (15), a conventional genomic library (6), an enriched library (18) and tomato (11). Of these, 13 were polymorphic in the CP2 family and 11 were used to study genetic segregatin. Four of 11 exhibited skewed segregation in the monoploid family. Seven of 18 microsatellite markers were polymorphic and informative on a set of 12 tetraploid potato cultivars. Acetylleptinidine (ALD) is the aglycone of leptines, a natural defense against insects, especially the highly destructuve Colorado potato beetle. ALD is absend in S. phureja but highly expressed in the S. chacoense parent of CP2. A backcross population between CP2 and tis S. phureja parent was used to examine segregation for ALD. Bulks of 10 backcross individuals that expressed ALD and 10 that did not were used to identify putative RAPD markers associatd with the trait. Of 80 primers tested, one putative marker amplified by OPQ02 was present in eight of ten individuals comprising the high bulk and absent in all 10 individuals comprising the low bulk. This is a putative marker for ALD expression in potato.
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Blum, Abraham, and Henry T. Nguyen. Molecular Tagging of Drought Resistance in Wheat: Osmotic Adjustment and Plant Productivity. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580672.bard.

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Drought stress is a major limitation to bread wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) productivity and its yield stability in arid and semi-arid regions of world including parts of Israel and the U.S. Currently, breeding for sustained yields under drought stress is totally dependent on the use of yield and several key physiological attributes as selection indices. The attempt to identify the optimal genotype by evaluating the phenotype is undermining progress in such breeding programs. Osmotic adjustment (OA) is an effective drought resistance mechanism in many crop plants. Evidence exists that there is a genetic variation for OA in wheat and that high OA capacity supports wheat yields under drought stress. The major objective of this research was to identify molecular markers (RFLPs, restriction fragment length polymorphisms; and AFLPs, amplified fragment length polymorph isms) linked to OA as a major attribute of drought resistance in wheat and thus to facilitate marker-assisted selection for drought resistance. We identified high and low OA lines of wheat and from their cross developed recombinant inbred lines (RILs) used in the molecular tagging of OA in relation to drought resistance in terms of plant production under stress. The significant positive co-segregation of OA, plant water status and yield under stress in this RIL population provided strong support for the important role of OA as a drought resistance mechanism sustaining wheat production under drought stress. This evidence was obtained in addition to the initial study of parental materials for constructing this RIL population, which also gave evidence for a strong correlation between OA and grain yield under stress. This research therefore provides conclusive evidence on the important role of OA in sustaining wheat yield under drought stress. The measurement of OA is difficult and the selection for drought resistance by the phenotypic expression of OA is practically impossible. This research provided information on the genetic basis of OA in wheat in relations to yield under stress. It provided the basic information to indicate that molecular marker assisted selection for OA in wheat is possible. The RIL population has been created by a cross between two agronomic spring wheat lines and the high OA recombinants in this population presented very high OA values, not commonly observed in wheat. These recombinants are therefore an immediate valuable genetic recourse for breeding well-adapted drought resistant wheat in Texas and Israel. We feel that this work taken as a whole eliminate the few previous speculated . doubts about the practical role of OA as an important mechanism of drought resistance in economic crop plants. As such it should open the way, in terms of both concept and the use of marker assisted selection, for improving drought resistance in wheat by deploying high osmotic adjustment.
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Paran, Ilan, and Molly Jahn. Analysis of Quantitative Traits in Pepper Using Molecular Markers. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570562.bard.

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Original objectives: The overall goal of the proposal was to determine the genetic and molecular control of pathways leading to the production of secondary metabolites determining major fruit quality traits in pepper. The specific objectives were to: (1) Generate a molecular map of pepper based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. (2) Map QTL for capsaicinoids content (3) Determine possible association between capsaicinoids and carotenoid content and structural genes for capsaicinoid and carotenoid biosynthesis. (4) Map QTL for quantitative traits controlling additional fruit traits. (5) Map fruit-specific ESTs and determine possible association with fruit QTL (6) Map the C locus that determines the presence and absence of capsaicinoids in pepper fruit and identify candidate genes for C. Background: Pungency, color, fruit shape and fruit size are among the most important fruit quality characteristics of pepper. Despite the importance of the pepper crop both in the USA and Israel, the genetic basis of these traits was only little known prior to the studies conducted in the present proposal. In addition, molecular tools for use in pepper improvement were lacking. Major conclusions and achievements: Our studies enabled the development of a saturated genetic map of pepper that includes numerous simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and the integration of several independent maps into a single resource map that consists of over 2000 markers. Unlike previous maps that consisted mostly of tomato-originated RFLP markers, the SSR-based map consists of largely pepper markers. Therefore, the SSR and integrated maps provide ample of tools for use in marker-assisted selection for diverse targets throughout the Capsicum genome. We determined the genetic and molecular bases of qualitative and quantitative variation of pungency, the most unique characteristics of pepper fruit. We mapped and subsequently cloned the Pun1 gene that serves as a master key for capsaicinoids accumulation and showed that it is an acyltransferase. By sequencing the Pun1 gene in pungent and non-pungent cultivars we identified a deletion that abolishes the expression of the gene in the latter cultivars. We also identified QTLs that control capsaicinoids content and therefore pungency level. These genes will allow pepper breeders to manipulate the level of pungency for specific agricultural and industrial purposes. In addition to pungency we identified genes and QTLs that control other key developmental processes of fruit development such as color, texture and fruit shape. The A gene controlling anthocyanin accumulation in the immature fruit was found as the ortholog of the petunia transcription factor Anthocyanin2. The S gene required for the soft flesh and deciduous fruit nature typical of wild peppers was identified as the ortholog of tomato polygalacturonase. We identified two major QTLs controlling fruit shape, fs3.1 and fs10.1, that differentiate between elongated and blocky and round fruit shapes, respectively. Scientific and agricultural implications: Our studies allowed significant advancement of our understanding at the genetic and molecular levels of important processes of pepper fruit development. Concomitantly to gaining biological knowledge, we were able to develop molecular tools that can be implemented for pepper improvement.
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