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1

D'AVERSA, Elisabetta. "Innovative approaches for molecular diagnosis of genetic diseases." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2488091.

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The diagnosis of genetic diseases in fetal age is obtained using invasive procedures, but these hide a high risk of miscarriage. Recently, non-invasive pre-natal diagnosis, based on circulating cell-free fetal DNA (ccffDNA) analysis starting from a simple maternal peripheral blood sampling, has become increasingly important. The fetal sex determination is necessary for predicting the risk of X-linked disorders. Against this background, the principal purpose of the first part of the research was the development of rapid and sensitive non-invasive diagnostic methods for the fetal sex determination, in particular at early gestational ages. In order to detect the SRY gene on Y chromosome, in ccffDNA samples extracted from maternal plasma, the quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR) was first employed. The obtained results confirmed that the fetal sex determination can correctly performed from the 9th gestational week, as shown in an already reported study. The innovative technology digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) was applied to non-invasive sex diagnosis at early gestational ages: after optimizing the experimental conditions, ccffDNA samples at early gestational stages (12-4.5 weeks) were analysed, and for all of them the fetal gender was correctly determined achieving 100% accuracy. β thalassemia is an autosomal recessive inherited disease associated with the absence (β0) or reduction (β+) of adult hemoglobin β chains. β thalassemia major is the most severe form of the disease, in fact, patients are unable to survive into adulthood without a therapeutic transfusion plan associated with iron chelation. The only definitive treatment is the bone marrow transplantation, which hides transplant-related complications. So, innovative therapeutic approaches are been investigated in order to employ a personalized therapy. For this reason, the detection of the specific pathogenic molecular alteration is crucial for the employment of the correct targeted and personalized therapy. Therefore, the aim of the second part of the research was the development of rapid, sensitive and cost-effective pre- and post-natal diagnostic approaches for the identification of the four most common mutations causing β thalassemia in the Mediterranean area (β039, β+IVSI-110, β0IVSI-1, β+IVSI-6). The first technique employed, for post-natal diagnosis, was BiacoreTM system: after the immobilization and the validation of a normal and a mutated probes on the instrument chip, the diagnosis was performed from single-stranded PCR products, obtained from genomic DNA of healthy subjects and heterozygous and homozygous patients. For all the specimens, it was possible to correctly discriminate the genotype. Another post-natal approach employed the qRT-PCR based on genotyping assays. After the optimization and the validation, the assays allowed the correct molecular diagnosis. The same approach, based on genotyping assays, was applied to non-invasive pre-natal screening of the paternally inherited mutations. The ccffDNA samples were pre-amplified and analysed showing that the developed genotyping assays could be efficiently employed for non-invasive pre-natal diagnosis of paternally inherited β thalassemia mutations, at least until the 9th gestational week. In order to extend the diagnosis to earlier pregnancy and to maternally or both maternally and paternally inherited mutations, the ddPCR technology had been proposed as molecular approach. β039 and β+IVSI-110 genotyping assays were optimized, validated and employed for the analysis. For all the samples, in which the mutation was paternally inherited, the fetal genotype was correctly determined, also at 5th gestational week. For the samples in which the mutation was maternally or both parents inherited, two diagnostic ranges of allelic ratio values were identified. They were statistically distinct and not overlapping, allowing the correctly determination of fetal genotype.
La diagnosi di patologie genetiche fetali viene effettuata a partire da materiale biologico prelevato tramite tecniche invasive, le quali presentano un elevato rischio di aborto. La diagnosi prenatale non invasiva, effettuata a partire da ccffDNA (DNA circolante fetale), isolato da sangue materno, negli ultimi anni, ha avuto una crescita esponenziale. La diagnosi del sesso, in età prenatale, permette di definire il rischio di malattie legate al cromosoma X. La prima parte della tesi ha come obbiettivo, quindi, lo sviluppo di approcci diagnostici molecolari non invasivi, rapidi e sensibili per la determinazione del sesso fetale, in particolare a settimane di gestazione precoci. Per verificare la presenza del gene SRY, sul cromosoma Y, nel ccffDNA, estratto da plasma materno, è stata impiegata, in primis, la Real Time PCR. I risultati hanno confermato il limite di rilevabilità della tecnica (9 settimane) individuato in uno studio preliminare del gruppo di ricerca. Per settimane di gestazione precoci è stata impiegata la tecnologia innovativa digital droplet PCR (ddPCR): dopo aver ottimizzato le condizioni sperimentali, sono stati analizzati campioni a settimane di gestazione comprese fra le 12 e le 4.5, e per tutti la tecnica si è dimostrata accurata al 100% nel determinare correttamente il sesso fetale. La β talassemia è una patologia autosomica recessiva associata all’assenza o riduzione delle catene β globiniche dell’emoglobina. I soggetti che presentano la forma più severa della patologia non possono sopravvivere senza trasfusioni associate a ferrochelanti. L’unico vero trattamento definitivo è il trapianto di midollo, il quale però è associato a forti rischi. Sono stati studiati, quindi, approcci terapeutici innovativi con l’obbiettivo di una terapia personalizzata. L’identificazione della specifica alterazione molecolare è, quindi, di fondamentale importanza al fine di scegliere la corretta strategia terapeutica. La seconda parte della ricerca ha, quindi, come obbiettivo lo sviluppo di approcci molecolari diagnostici pre- e postnatali rapidi, sensibili e poco costosi per l’identificazione delle più frequenti mutazioni talassemiche nel Mediterraneo (β039, β+IVSI-110, β+IVSI-6, β0IVSI-1). Per la diagnosi postnatale, è stata impiegata, in primis, la tecnologia BiacoreTM: una sonda mutata e normale sono state immobilizzate sul chip, validate e, successivamente, è stato estratto il DNA genomico di soggetti sani e pazienti omozigoti ed eterozigoti per le mutazioni considerate, ed effettuata l’analisi. Per tutti i campioni analizzati è stato possibile discriminare il diverso genotipo. Un secondo approccio ha previsto il disegno di saggi di genotipizzazione da utilizzare in Real Time PCR. Ottimizzati e validati, i saggi hanno permesso una corretta diagnosi di tutti i pazienti considerati. Lo stesso approccio, basato sui saggi di genotipizzazione, è stato utilizzato per la diagnosi prenatale delle mutazioni ereditate per via paterna. I campioni di ccffDNA sono stati preamplificati e analizzati, mostrando come questo approccio sia stato in grado di identificare il genotipo fetale a partire dalla nona settimana di gestazione. Per poter estendere la diagnosi prenatale a settimane di gestazione precoci e a mutazioni ereditate sia per via materna che da entrambi i genitori è stata utilizzata la ddPCR come approccio molecolare. I saggi di genotipizzazione per le mutazioni β039 e β+IVSI-110 sono stati ottimizzati, validati e utilizzati per l’analisi del ccffDNA. Per tutti i campioni in cui la mutazione è ereditata per via paterna, il genotipo fetale è stato correttamente individuato fino alla quinta settimana di gestazione. Per i campioni in cui solo la madre o entrambi i genitori sono portatori, è stato possibile individuare due intervalli, sulla base del rapporto fra allele mutato e normale, statisticamente separati, necessari per considerare il feto non portatore o eterozigote.
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2

Soler, Aznar Maria. "Nanoplasmonic biosensors for clinical diagnosis at the point of care." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/298172.

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Aquesta Tesi Doctoral se centra en el desenvolupament de noves metodologies analítiques en biosensors òptics com a solucions alternatives per a la diagnosi o la monitorització terapèutica de diferents malalties, com ara l’al·lèrgia, la celiaquia o el càncer. En particular, es proposa l’ús de biosensors nanoplasmònics per a la detecció de biomarcardors presents en fluids humans de manera ràpida, sensible i que no requereixi d’amplificació de senyal o de l’ús d’etiquetes. Tant el ja ben establert biosensor de Ressonància de Plasmó Superficial (SPR) com un innovador biosensor nanoplasmonic basat en nanodiscs d’or han estat avaluats per a la seva aplicació real en l’àrea clínica. Les distintes metodologies biosensores presentades estan basades en l’ús d’anticossos, tant com a elements de bioreconeixement o com a biomarcadors específics de malalties. Primer, es presenta un estudi en profunditat de dues estratègies d’immobilització orientada d’anticossos per tal d’obtenir immunoassaigs en format directe de biomarcadors proteics en fluids biològics. En segon lloc, es proposa una nova estratègia immunosensora per a la detecció de pèptids derivats del gluten directament en orina com a tècnica ràpida i no invasiva per al control dietètic de pacients celíacs. A més, s’han desenvolupat dues metodologies utilitzant el biosensor nanoplasmònic per a detectar anticossos circulants en sang com a biomarcadors de malalties. Per una banda, s’ha dissenyat una estratègia alternativa per a la diagnosi d’al·lèrgia als medicaments (en particular a l’antibiòtic amoxicil·lina) basada en uns receptors dendrimèrics per a la detecció directa d’anticossos tipus IgE en sèrum. Finalment, s’ha avaluat una nova estratègia biosensora per a quantificar específicament autoanticossos tumorals per a la diagnosi precoç de càncer colorectal. El treball d’aquesta Tesi combina l’experiència del grup de recerca en el disseny i fabricació de tecnologia biosensora avançada i innovadora amb el desenvolupament de tècniques bioanalítiques i de química de superfície per tal de superar els reptes actuals relacionats amb el cost i el temps requerit per a les anàlisis clíniques. A més, l’àmplia experiència del grup de recerca en transferència tecnològica i les col·laboracions establertes durant la tesi doctoral amb empreses com Biomedal S.L. o Protein Alternatives S.L. obren oportunitats interesants de cara a facilitar el procés de transferència tecnològica per a la implementació real de biosensors tipus Point-of-Care.
This Doctoral Thesis focuses on the development of novel analytical methodologies in optical biosensors as alternative solutions for diagnosis or therapy monitoring of relevant diseases, such as allergy, celiac disease or cancer. In particular, we propose the use of nanoplasmonic biosensors for a rapid, sensitive and label-free detection of biomarkers present in human fluids. Both the well-known Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensor and an innovative nanoplasmonic biosensor based on gold nanodisks surfaces have been evaluated for their real application in the clinical field. The different biosensor methodologies make use of antibodies, either as biorecognition elements in immunoassays or as specific disease biomarkers for diagnostics. First, an in-depth study of two site-directed antibody immobilization strategies is presented for the direct immunoassay of protein biomarkers in biological fluids. In second place, a novel immunosensing strategy is proposed for the detection of gluten-derivative peptides in urine as a rapid and non-invasive technique for dietary control in celiac patients. On the other hand, two assays have been developed employing the nanoplasmonic biosensor to detect blood circulating antibodies as disease biomarkers. First, we have designed an alternative approach for drug allergy diagnosis (in particular for amoxicillin) based on dendrimer-based receptors, which enable the detection IgE antibodies directly in serum. And second, a new biosensing strategy is assessed to quantify specific tumor-related autoantibodies for the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer. The work in this Thesis combines the wide knowledge of the research group in the design and fabrication of powerful biosensor technology with the development of surface activation chemistry and bioanalytical techniques to overcome current challenges related to costly and time-consuming clinical analysis. Besides, the strong experience of our research group in technological transfer and the established collaborations during this doctoral work with companies as Biomedal S.L. or Protein Alternatives S.L. open up interesting opportunities to facilitate the technology-transfer process for the real implementation of Point-of-Care biosensors.
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3

GRIONI, ANDREA. "Application of modern data science to genomics and clinical research." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/279991.

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Dopo che il progetto sul genoma umano è stato completato nell'aprile del 2003, il flusso continuo di nuovi database e dati di sequenziamento ha iniziato a trasformare il campo della genomica in scienza basata sui dati. La bioinformatica analizza i dati sperimentali grezzi con l'obiettivo di ottenere informazioni che descrivono le condizioni biologiche misurate, fornendo così un potente strumento per studiare specifici meccanismi molecolari e genetici. Questa conoscenza deve essere combinata con la genomica per decifrare le interrelazioni tra geni, elementi regolatori, vie metaboliche e interazioni proteiche. L'apprendimento profondo, conosciuto come Deep Learning, e’ una sottodisciplina dell'apprendimento automatico, è stato recentemente applicato al campo della genomica, portando a risultati notevoli. I due obiettivi principali di questo lavoro sono: lo sviluppo e le applicazioni di strumenti bioinformatici che consentano lo studio delle basi genetiche della leucemia linfoblastica acuta e l'uso di tecniche di apprendimento profondo per l'identificazione di piccoli elementi di RNA non codificanti del genoma umano. Questa tesi fornisce al lettore una panoramica completa della recente evoluzione della genomica come campo interdisciplinare di ricerca strettamente connesso con l'informatica e l'analisi dei dati.
After the completion of the human genome project in April 2003, the continuous flow of sequencing data and the development of new databases began to transform the field of genomics into data-driven science. Bioinformatics analyses raw experimental data with the aim to obtain information describing biological processes, thus providing a powerful tool to investigate specific molecular and genetic mechanisms. This domain knowledge in combination with genomics allows to decipher the interrelationships between genes, regulatory elements, metabolic pathways, and protein interactions. Deep learning, a subdiscipline of machine learning, has been recently applied to the field of genomics, leading to remarkable results. The two main objectives of this study were: the development and application of bioinformatic tools for the study of the genetic basis of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and the usage of deep learning techniques for the identification of small non-coding RNA elements in the human genome. This dissertation provides a comprehensive overview of the recent evolution of genomics as an interdisciplinary field of research strongly associated with computer science and data analysis.
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4

Shirahata, Mitsuaki. "Gene Expression-Based Molecular Diagnostic System for Malignant Gliomas Is Superior to Histological Diagnosis." Kyoto University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/124241.

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5

Ramiro, Juliana. "Detecção molecular de fungos fitopatogênicos associados às sementes de soja." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11135/tde-28042015-143631/.

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Fungos fitopatogênicos veiculados por sementes de soja podem causar sérios prejuízos à cultura, bem como danos diretos reduzindo o poder germinativo, vigor e emergência das sementes. A detecção e identificação precisa de fitopatógenos é uma das estratégias mais importantes para iniciar as medidas preventivas ou curativas no controle de doenças de plantas. Para se evitar a introdução e propagação de patógenos em áreas onde ainda não ocorrem, uma atenção especial deve ser tomada na detecção de agentes patogênicos em sementes. Os métodos tradicionalmente utilizados para detectar e identificar fungos em sementes são, muitas vezes, demorados, laboriosos e exigem um conhecimento extenso de taxonomia clássica. Métodos moleculares têm sido utilizados para detectar, identificar e quantificar uma longa lista de fungos fitopatogênicos. A técnica da reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (qPCR) é atualmente considerada a mais eficiente para a detecção de fitopatógenos, não exigindo conhecimentos taxonômicos especializados para interpretar seus resultados. Considerando a importância e as implicações da diagnose rápida e bem sucedida de agentes patogênicos em sementes de soja, este estudo teve como objetivo estabelecer uma metodologia para elevar a eficiência de detecção dos fungos fitopatogênicos Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Colletotrichum truncatum, Phomopsis spp. e Corynespora cassiicola, encontrados com maior frequência em sementes de soja, por meio de qPCR. Iniciadores e sondas de hidrólise TaqMan® foram projetados para os diferentes patógenos e avaliados quanto à sua especificidade e sensibilidade. Curvas padrões, baseando-se em diluições seriadas dos DNAs alvos de iniciadores e sondas específicas, foram estabelecidas para a quantificação desses patógenos. Amostras de sementes de soja naturalmente infectadas, provenientes dos Estados de Goiás, Minas Gerais e Paraná, foram submetidas a testes de detecção por meio de qPCR e métodos tradicionais, para fins de comparação. De todos os iniciadores e sondas projetados, apenas os de Phomopsis spp. e S. sclerotiorum apresentaram-se específicos e sensíveis, viabilizando sua utilização na detecção desses patógenos. Por meio dos testes tradicionais de detecção, Phomopsis spp. apresentou incidência máxima de 2,75% em uma amostra de Minas Gerais e S. sclerotiorum não foi detectado em nenhuma das amostras avaliadas. O método de qPCR proporcionou a detecção de Phomopsis spp. em todas as amostras testadas, alcançando o nível de incidência máximo de 6,75%. em amostra de Minas Gerais. S. sclerotiorum não foi detectado em nenhuma das amostras avaliadas pelo método de qPCR. Comparando-se os métodos de detecção testados, a qPCR foi mais sensível na detecção de Phomopsis spp. em sementes de soja.
Seed-born pathogenic fungi in soybean can cause serious damage to the crop, as well as direct damage by reducing seeds germination, vigor and emergence. The detection and accurate identification of plant pathogens is one of the most important strategies to initiate preventive and curative measures in the management of plant diseases. Particular attention should be taken in the detection of pathogens in seeds in order to avoid introduction and spread of pathogens in areas where they do not occur. The traditionally used methods for detection and identification of seed-born pathogenic fungi are often time consuming, laborious and require extensive knowledge of classical taxonomy. Molecular methods have been used to detect, identify and quantify a long list of plant pathogenic fungi. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is currently considered the most efficient technique for the detection of pathogens because it does not require specialized taxonomical knowledge to interpret its results. Given the importance and implications of rapid and successful diagnosis of seed-born pathogenic fungi in soybean, this study aimed to establish a qPCR methodology to increase the detection efficiency of plant pathogenic fungi Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Colletotrichum truncatum, Phomopsis spp. and Corynespora cassiicola, the most commonly occurring seed-born pathogenic fungi. Primers and TaqMan® hydrolysis probes were designed for these four pathogens and tested for specificity and sensitivity. Standard curves were established to quantify these pathogens, based on serial dilutions of the target DNA and specific primers and probes. Samples of naturally infected soybean seed from the states of Goiás, Minas Gerais and Paraná were subjected to detection tests using qPCR and traditional methods, for comparison purposes. From all primers and probes designed, only those for Phomopsis spp. and S. sclerotiorum showed up specificity and sensitivity, enabling their use to detect of these pathogens. Detection by traditional tests, resulted in a maximum Phomopsis spp. incidence of 2.75% in a sample from Minas Gerais and S. sclerotiorum was not detected in any of the samples. The detection and quantification of these pathogens by qPCR revealed the presence of Phomopsis spp. in all tested samples, the highest incidence level of 6.75% in a sample from Minas Gerais. S. sclerotiorum was not detected in any sample assessed by qPCR method. In comparison with traditional methods, qPCR was more sensitive in detecting Phomopsis spp. in soybean seeds.
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Wang, Lei. "Molecular Probes for Pancreatic Cancer Imaging." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3108.

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Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has the poorest five-year survival rate of any cancer. Currently, there are no effective diagnostics or chemotherapeutics. Surgical resection is the only curative therapy. However, most patients experience recurrence due largely to challenges in assessing tumor margin status in the operating room. Molecular probes that selectively highlight pancreatic cancer tissue, having the potential to improve PDAC margin assessment intraoperatively, are urgently needed. In this work, a series of red and near-infrared fluorescent probes is reported. Two were found to distribute to normal pancreas following systemic administration. One selectively accumulates in genetically modified mouse models of PDAC, providing cancer-specific fluorescence. In contrast to the small molecule probes reported previously, it possesses inherent affinity for PDAC cells and tissue, and thus does not require conjugation to targeting agents. Moreover, the probe exhibits intracellular accumulation and enables visualization of four levels of structure including the whole organ, tissue, individual cells and subcellular organelles. It can thus promote new strategies for precision image-guided surgery, pancreatic cancer detection, the monitoring of therapeutic outcomes and basic research.
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CATARINO, Aricléia de Moraes. "Detecção de vírus da videira por RT-PCR em tempo real e por extensão de primers alelo-específicos e caracterização molecular de isolados do Nordeste Brasileiro." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2015. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5995.

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The grapevine (Vitis spp.) belongs to the family of Vitaceae, being the botanical species V. vinifera L. and V. labrusca L. the most and widely cultivated, due to their products consumed as fresh fruits, jam, juices and wines. Despite the high economical importance, several factors may severely affect this crop, including the diseases caused by viruses. This study aimed to verify the incidence of virus present in commercial vineyards of two producing areas in Northeastern Brazil and evaluate the efficiency of some molecular methods for detecting and identifying viral species associated with grapevine. Materials showing or not symptoms were collected from grapevine genotypes in vineyards of Pernambuco, Paraiba, Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and Locorotondo, Province of Bari, of the Puglia Region, Italy. The first part of the work was conducted at the Virology Laboratory of the Embrapa Uva e Vinho, RS, Brazil. For the identification of viral agents in the samples collected in Brazil, the extraction of total RNA was performed, cDNAs were obtained and tested by real time RT-PCR, using primers and probes specific for the following viruses: Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV), Grapevine virus A (GVA), Grapevine virus B (GVB), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2, 3 e 4 (GLRaV-2, -3 e -4), Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV), Grapevine rupestris vein feathering virus (GRVFV) and Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV). DNA fragments, products of the RT-qPCR, corresponding to the CP gene of each virus were eluted, linked to pGEM-T Easy vector (Promega) and used to transform bacteria. The plasmid DNA was extracted from transformed bacterial colonies, confirming the presence of the cloned fragments, which were sequenced. The grapevine material collected in Locorotondo was processed at the Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (CNR-IPSP) and at the Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro”. In order to detect in multiplex test the most relevant viruses involved in the aetiology of fanleaf degeneration and the complexes of leafroll and rugose wood of grapevine, amplification techniques based on Allele Specific Primer Extension (ASPE) were tested by using the obtained cDNAs. The results showed that the techniques aggregate some advantages, such as reduction in time and relative simplicity of implementation, completely eliminating the use of toxic reagents, such as the ethidium bromide. The use of multiplex facilitates amplification of multiple targets in a single reaction, reducing the time and cost of the analyzes.
A videira (Vitis spp.) pertence à família Vitaceae, sendo as espécies botânicas V. vinifera L. e V. labrusca L. cultivadas em maior escala devido seus produtos, consumidos na forma de frutos in natura, geleias, sucos e vinhos. Apesar da grande importância econômica, vários fatores podem comprometer a produção desta cultura, incluindo as doenças causadas por vírus. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos verificar a incidência de vírus presentes em vinhedos comerciais de duas áreas produtoras do Nordeste do Brasil e avaliar a eficiência de alguns métodos moleculares para detecção e identificação de espécies virais associadas à videira. Amostras, apresentando ou não sintomas, foram coletados de genótipos de videira em propriedades situadas em Pernambuco, Paraíba, Bahia e Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, e em Locorotondo, Província de Bari, Região da Puglia, Itália. A primeira parte do trabalho foi conduzida no Laboratório de Virologia da Embrapa Uva e Vinho, RS, Brasil. Visando a identificação dos agentes virais, nas amostras coletadas no Brasil, foram realizadas as extrações do RNA total, obtidos os cDNAs e testados por PCR em Tempo Real, empregando-se primers e sondas, específicos para os seguintes vírus: Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV), Grapevine virus A (GVA), Grapevine virus B (GVB), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2, 3 e 4 (GLRaV-2, -3 e -4), Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV), Grapevine rupestris vein feathering virus (GRVFV) e Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV). Fragmentos de DNA, produtos da RTq-PCR, correspondentes ao gene da CP de cada vírus foram eluídos, ligados ao vetor pGEM-T Easy (Promega) e utilizados na transformação de bactéria. Foi extraído o DNA plasmidial das colônias bacterianas transformadas, confirmando-se a presença dos fragmentos clonados, os quais foram sequenciados. A segunda parte, realizada com o material coletado em Locorotondo, foi processada no Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (CNR-IPSP) e no Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro”. Foram utilizadas, a partir de cDNAs obtidos, técnicas de amplificação baseadas na Allele Specific Primer Extension (ASPE), visando detectar em teste multiplex os vírus mais relevantes envolvidos na etiologia da degenerescência e nos complexos do enrolamento das folhas e do lenho rugoso da videira. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as técnicas agregam algumas vantagens, como a redução no tempo e relativa simplicidade de execução, eliminando completamente o uso de reagentes tóxicos, a exemplo do brometo de etídeo. O uso de multiplex facilita a amplificação de múltiplos alvos em uma única reação, reduzindo o tempo e o custo das análises.
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顔鴻儀 and Hung-yee Ngan. "Molecular diagnosis of penicilliosis marneffei." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31970035.

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9

Yau, Shu Ching. "Molecular diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402033.

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Ngan, Hung-yee. "Molecular diagnosis of penicilliosis marneffei." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B23595978.

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11

Cheung, Pik-shan, and 張碧珊. "Molecular diagnosis of soft tissue tumours." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42905370.

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Cheung, Pik-shan. "Molecular diagnosis of soft tissue tumours." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42905370.

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13

Gorton, Rebecca Louise. "Molecular diagnosis of invasive fungal disease." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10047377/.

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BACKGROUND: Invasive fungal infections (IFI) are opportunistic infections caused by yeast or filamentous fungi, typically presenting in immunocompromised patients (haemato-oncology, intensive care, HIV, solid organ transplant settings). This research aims to comprehensively evaluate molecular diagnostics to address the current shortfall in IFI diagnosis and, where appropriate, embed molecular methods into routine clinical service. METHODS: Molecular methodologies, including PCR, MALDI-TOF MS and PNA-FISH, were evaluated on clinical sample cohorts from the Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. Each method was critically appraised for: statistical performance, clinical utility and suitability for service adoption. RESULTS: MALDI-TOF MS improved yeast agar culture identification, demonstrating 97.4% (185/190) concordance with ITS rRNA sequencing, and time to identification was significantly reduced (p < 0.01, 24 hrs. v’s 15 mins). Lower identification rates of 66% (33/50) were observed when applying MALDI-TOF MS directly to blood culture for yeast identification. In contrast PNA-FISH identified 98.5% (93/96, CI: 91.2, 98.9) of yeasts direct from blood culture within 30 minutes. Using PCP PCR a 60% (3/5) increase in the detection of PCP from BAL in non-HIV patients was demonstrated compared with GMS staining. Overall sensitivity was 100% (95% CI: 56.6, 100) and specificity was 97.9% (95% CI: 88.9, 99.6) for the diagnosis of PCP. Aspergillus PCR demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 34.2, 100) and specificity of 93.8% (95% CI: 86.4, 97.3) for the diagnosis of IA but a low PPV of 28.6% (95% CI: 8.2, 64.1). CONCLUSIONS: Molecular diagnostic assays can improve the diagnosis of IFI through improved accuracy of identification and increased detection of fungal pathogens from specimens. Results must be interpreted alongside clinical presentation, as false positivity occurs utilising highly sensitive molecular assays. Dual biomarker strategies may improve the performance of molecular diagnostics but the associated impact on healthcare economics must also be considered.
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Zetsma, Julia Wendelina. "Molecular diagnosis and epidemiology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2000. http://dare.uva.nl/document/83311.

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15

Eaton, Michael Campbell. "Assessment of CD44 and K19 as markers for circulating breast cancer cells using immunobead RT-PCR /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09MD/09mde14.pdf.

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16

Forsgren, Eva. "Molecular diagnosis and characterization of honey bee pathogens /." Uppsala : Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200979.pdf.

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17

Hemmings, Lance. "The molecular diagnosis of Echinococcus multilocularis in man." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47473.

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18

Dhorda, Mehul. "Molecular parasitology and diagnosis of Malaria in pregnancy." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066405.

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Le paludisme reste la maladie parasitaire la plus répandue au monde dont les effets néfastes sont particulièrement sévères chez les enfants et les femmes enceintes. La morbidité liée au paludisme pendant la grossesse (PpG) prend souvent la forme d’une séquestration parasitaire dans le placenta, d’une anémie chez la femme et chez le nouveau-né et d’une réduction du poids de l’enfant à la naissance. L’ensemble de ces facteurs augmente le risque de la mortalité maternelle, fœtale et néonatale. Il y a un besoin urgent d’améliorer la prise en charge du PpG à savoir le traitement, le diagnostic et la prophylaxie contre cette maladie. Les traitements antipaludiques actuellement recommandés pour les femmes dans le 2e ou 3e trimestre de leur grossesse sont les combinaisons thérapeutiques à base d’artémisinine (CTA). Les données actuelles sur ces médicaments concernent seulement environ 1500 femmes, principalement non-afriquaines. Des études rigoureuses sur l’utilisation de la combinaison artémether-luméfantrine (AL, Coartem®) chez les femmes enceintes Africaines n’ont pas encore été réalisées. De plus, la connaissance de la pharmacocinétique de ces médicaments, altérée chez les femmes enceintes, reste très limitée. Les CTAs sont supposées être utilisées une fois que l’infection a été mise en évidence par un test de diagnostic. La goutte épaisse est le moyen de diagnostic du PpG le plus souvent utilisé, mais cet outil n’est pas le mieux adapté à cette utilisation puisque les infections séquestrées placentaires peuvent rester indécelables dans le sang périphérique. Des tests rapides de diagnostic (TDR), où des protéines parasitaires dénommées HRP2 qui circulent dans le sang sont décelées par immuno-chromatographie, pourraient combler cette lacune. Les TDRs à l’HRP2 semblent pouvoir détecter des infections en dessous du seuil de détection microscopique, mais ceci n’a été démontré qu’au moment de l’accouchement. Leur utilité lors des dépistages effectués pendant la grossesse n’a pas été encore été évaluée. Enfin, il n’existe que très peu de données sur la dynamique de l’infection palustre durant la grossesse. OBJECTIFS : (1) Évaluer l’efficacité et l’innocuité de la CTA Coartem vs. Quinine dans le traitement du paludisme simple chez les femmes enceintes durant le 2e ou 3e trimestre de grossesse ; (2) Évaluer la sensibilité et la spécificité de la gouttes épaisses vs. Le TDR à l’HRP2 pour la détection des infections parasitaires pendant la grossesse ; (3) Obtenir des données sur l’histoire naturelle des infections palustres durant la grossesse, en se basant sur l’analyse moléculaires de parasites. MÉTHODES : Cette série d’études a été réalisée à Mbarara, une ville d’environ 70,000 habitants dans le sud-ouest de l’Ouganda. Mille deux cent vingt-neuf femmes enceintes ont été incluses dans la cohorte dite « MIP ». Chacune a été dépistée avec un TDR à l’inclusion dans la cohorte. Trois cent quatre femmes dans le 2e ou le 3e trimestre de leur grossesse qui ont été diagnostiquées avec le paludisme par goutte épaisse ont été invitées à participer à un essai clinique randomisé de non-infériorité de Coartem, une CTA composée de l’artémether et de la luméfantrine, et de la quinine par voie orale. Ces 304 femmes ont été suivies hebdomadairement jusqu'à l’accouchement. Les taux de guérison à J42 et/ou à l’accouchement ont été confirmés par génotypage des parasites par PCR. Les effets secondaires des médicaments, l’issue de la grossesse, la croissance et le développement du nouveau-né jusqu'à un an de vie ont été analysés. Pour l’évaluation des tests diagnostiques, les ultimes 103 femmes recrutées dans la cohorte MIP ont été suivies hebdomadairement (les femmes de l’essai clinique) ou mensuellement (les femmes de la cohorte MIP). A chaque visite de suivi, du sang capillaire ou veineux a été prélevé pour préparer des gouttes épaisses et des frottis, pour effectuer un TDR à l’HRP2 (Paracheck Pf®), et enfin pour des études moléculaires dont un dépistage des 4 espèces de Plasmodium qui infectent l’Homme par PCR. Les indicateurs standard des tests de diagnostic ont été calculés pour les gouttes épaisses et pour les TDRs en considérant les résultats de l’analyse PCR comme « gold standard ». Pour le suivi des femmes afin de décrire l’évolution de l’infection parasitaire post-traitement ou le long de la grossesse, les échantillons prélevés aux visites hebdomadaires ont aussi été testés pour Plasmodium par PCR, et les infections au P. Falciparum ont été caractérisées par le génotypage de 3 marqueurs parasitaires polymorphes : glurp, msp2, et msp1. RESULTATS : 304 femmes (152 dans chaque bras) ont été enregistrées dans l’étude thérapeutique. Les taux de guérison avec les deux médicaments étaient élevés : 99. 3% (96. 0—99. 9) pour le Coartem à J42 et 98. 2% (93. 8—99. 8) à l’accouchement. Pour la quinine, les chiffres correspondant étaient aussi élevés : 97. 6% (93. 1-99. 5) à J42 et 96. 1% (90. 4-98. 9) à l’accouchement. Donc l’efficacité du Coartem n’était pas inférieure à celle de la quinine. Aucun effet secondaire sévère n’a été enregistré chez les patients traités par le Coartem. Les effets indésirables de la quinine ont conduit à l’arrêt du traitement dans 4 cas. L’issue des grossesses était similaire dans les deux bras. Les résultats de 299 visites/échantillons furent analysables dans l’évaluation des tests diagnostiques. La PCR a détecté 23 infections de P. Falciparum, alors que la goutte épaisse n’en a détecté que 7 et le TDR à l’HRP2 seulement 6, La sensibilité des tests était de 30. 4% (95%CI 14. 1—53. 0) et de 26. 1% (95%CI 11. 1—48. 7) ; la spécificité de la goutte épaisse était de 99. 64% et des TDRs, de 100%. Des échantillons prélevés de 35 femmes qui ont reçu un traitement antipaludéen ont été analysés. Les résultats de ces analyses ont révélé la complexité et la variabilité des infections post-traitement. Trois cas de P. Vivax chez des femmes enceintes ont été confirmés, et une analyse de la séquence du gène de la dihydrofolate reductase a indiqué que certains de ses parasites avaient acquis des mutations liées à la résistance à la pyrimethamine. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS : L’efficacité et l’innocuité d’un traitement avec du Coartem (comparable à celui obtenu avec la quinine) amène des nouvelles données rassurantes quant au choix de drogues du type CTA pour le traitement du paludisme chez les femmes enceintes. La sensibilité des TDRs était moindre que celle attendue, mais ceci pourrait être du au type d’analyse possibles dans le cadre de notre suivi. De études qui évalueraient l’utilité des TDRs en prenant en compte des traitements antipaludiques donnés aux femmes enceintes, seraient à prévoir. Une dynamique compliquée des infections palustres, souvent chroniques et non décelées par microscopie, a été observée au fil du temps après traitement. Enfin il a été démontré qu’une transmission stable de P. Vivax, un parasite auparavant considéré comme étant très rare Afrique sub-Saharienne, peut être maintenue malgré une haute prévalence de personne Duffy négative.
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19

Loukola, Anu-Maria. "Molecular diagnosis of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2000. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/laa/haart/vk/loukola/.

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20

Schwarz, Emanuel. "Molecular diagnostic aids for neuropsychiatric disorders." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611585.

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21

Siu, Kit-hang, and 蕭傑恆. "Molecular characterization of multi-drug resistance mechanisms in mycobacterium tuberculosis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46076219.

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22

Mérola, Claudia Braida. "Molecular analysis of myotonic dystrophy type 1 patients with an unusual molecular diagnosis." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/359/.

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Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is the most common form of muscular dystrophy in adults, characterised by multiple tissue involvement and caused by an expansion of a (CTG)n repeat within the 3’-UTR of the DMPK gene (19q13.3). Normal individuals contain between 5 and 35 CTG repeats, whereas the repeats in DM1 patients expand in the range of 50 to several thousands. Longer alleles are very unstable and generally always increase in size when transmitted from parent to child, explaining the phenomenon of anticipation defined by earlier age of onset and an increase in the severity of the symptoms. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a genetically heterogeneous, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy of the peripheral nervous system. To date, 30 different loci have been mapped and mutations have been identified in more than 20 different genes. The DM1+CMT++ family is a very unusual three generation family in which all patients co-segregate both DM1 and CMT (LOD score = 7.03). It was postulated that either a single or two closely linked mutations near the APOC2 marker must be the cause of DM1 and CMT. Southern blot analysis of restriction digested genomic DNA revealed a fragment equivalent to a small CTG expansion (~200-400) at the DM1 locus, but an expanded allele could not be amplified by PCR. We postulated that the expanded repeats may have predisposed the repeat tract and the flanking regions to further DNA instability, leading to a secondary deletion, insertion and/or rearrangement. These novel mutations might modify the expression of DMPK and/or nearby genes explaining the unusual clinical presentation. To identify the lesion in the DM1+CMT++ family, a variety of molecular approaches was performed. The molecular lesion identified was an insertion of a GC rich region within the CTG repeats. The allele was comprised of a variable number of CTGs at the 5'-end followed by (GGC)3 G (CCG)20 (CCGCTG)14 (CTG)35. Analysis of single molecule separated alleles revealed 3 that the interrupted 3'-end of the array was stable, while the CTG repeats at the 5'-end were unstable. Postulated mechanisms to explain the DM1 and CMT symptoms in the family were: a novel RNA gain-of-function, and/or a novel effect on the downstream genes. Finding an imperfect CTG repeat allele in the DM1+CMT++ family led us to suggest that imperfect CTG repeat alleles may not be unique events and other DM1 patients may also contain similar alleles. To investigate this DNA samples from 14 DM1 patients with an unusual molecular diagnosis were analysed. The majority of these patients presented with an imperfect CTG repeat allele containing CCGCTG hexamers and/or CCG repeats. Five patients contained two or three higher order repeats containing between 18 and 30 bp such as ((CTG)5 (CCG)5), ((CTG)2 (CCGCTG)4) and ((CTG)5 (CCG)2 (CCGCTG)). These findings further suggest that imperfect CTG repeat alleles might not be as rare as was previously believed. The results of this project point out the importance of performing a more detailed molecular characterisation of the DM1 patients, which could lead to the provision of more accurate prognoses and the development of effective therapies.
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Braida, Claudia. "Molecular analysis of myotonic dystrophy type 1 patients with an unusual molecular diagnosis." Thesis restricted. Connect to e-thesis to view abstract, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/359/.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2008.
Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 2008. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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24

Elliott, Suzanne Louise. "Molecular analysis as an adjunct in the diagnosis and management of leukaemia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1992.

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25

Saleh, Meriam Naim. "Detecting Giardia: Clinical and Molecular Identification." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/89367.

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The protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (syn. G. lamblia, G. intestinalis) can cause diarrhea in humans, cats, dogs and other animals. Giardia duodenalis consists of eight assemblages (A-H) that are morphologically identical but genetically distinct. Assemblages C-H are generally species-specific, while A and B infect people and animals and are considered potentially zoonotic. Most canine and feline isolates belong to their respective species-specific assemblages, but isolates of assemblages A and B (predominantly found in humans) have also been recovered from dogs and cats. Diagnosis of infection has historically been by morphologic techniques (observing trophozoites on direct fecal smears or cysts on centrifugal zinc sulfate fecal flotations), and it is currently recommended to use morphologic techniques in conjunction with a sensitive and specific antigen test. Diagnosis is important for management of clinical giardiasis in cats and dogs and also to identify the assemblage present to determine its zoonotic potential. In my dissertation research I evaluated diagnostic techniques in use for companion animals, including centrifugal zinc sulfate fecal flotation, antigen tests optimized for use in dogs and cats, direct immunofluorescent assay (IFA), and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). I showed that when compared to the reference IFA the veterinary optimized antigen tests performed similarly and had no statistically significant differences in sensitivity or specificity when combined with a centrifugal zinc sulfate fecal flotation test. Sensitivity and specificity by comparison to IFA was ≥ 82% and ≥ 90%, respectively, for all diagnostic tests evaluated in dogs and cats. When analyzed via Bayesian analysis sensitivity and specificity for all diagnostic tests was ≥83% and ≥95%, respectively. The Bayesian analysis also showed that using the direct immunofluorescent assay (IFA) as the reference test was supported. I also evaluated PCR as a molecular diagnostic technique to detect Giardia infections in dogs with soft stool or diarrhea (mimicking clinical signs of infection). I utilized both conventional and real time PCR assays and compared the results to the recommended method of diagnosis, the zinc sulfate fecal flotation combined with an immunoassay test. I found that agreement between PCR and microscopy combined with an immunoassay was poor to fair and varied depending on the molecular parameters and size of the DNA target underscoring the complexity of test evaluation and molecular diagnostics for Giardia. I also evaluated cats from a varied population (owned, shelter, feral) in Virginia to determine to what extent (if any) they were infected with potentially zoonotic assemblages of Giardia. The species-specific assemblage F was detected in 57% of the samples and assemblage A, which is considered potentially zoonotic, was recovered from 32% of the sampleI. In 11% both assemblages F and A were detected. We showed for the first time that cats in Virginia are infected with potentially zoonotic assemblages of Giardia.
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26

Zurkiya, Omar. "Magnetic Resonance Molecular Imaging Using Iron Oxide Nanoparticles." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19848.

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is regularly used to obtain anatomical images, greatly advancing biomedical research and clinical health care today, but its full potential in providing functional, physiological, and molecular information is only beginning to emerge. The goal of magnetic resonance molecular imaging is to utilize MRI to acquire information on the molecular level. This dissertation is focused on ways to increase the use of MRI for molecular imaging using superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticle induced MRI contrast. This work is divided into three main sections: 1) Elucidation of the contribution of size and coating properties to magnetic nanoparticle induced proton relaxation. To maximize contrast generated without increasing particle size, new methods to increase effects on relaxivity must be developed. Experimental data obtained on a new class of biocompatible particles are presented, along with simulated data. The effects of coating size, proton exchange, and altered diffusion are examined. Simulations are presented confirming the effect of particle coatings on clustering-induced relaxivity changes, and an experimental system demonstrating the clustering effect is presented. 2) Development of a diffusion-dependent, off-resonance imaging protocol for magnetic nanoparticles. This work demonstrates an alternative approach, off-resonance saturation (ORS), for generating contrast sensitive to SPIO nanoparticles. This method leads to a calculated contrast that increases with SPIO concentration. Experimental data and a mathematical model demonstrate and characterize this diffusion-dependent, off-resonance effect. Dependence on off-resonance frequency and power are also investigated. 3) Development of a genetic MRI marker via in vivo magnetic nanoparticle synthesis. This work seeks to provide a gene expression marker for MRI based on bacterial magnetosomes, tiny magnets produced by naturally occurring magnetotactic bacteria. Here, magA is expressed in a commonly used human cell line, 293FT, resulting in the production of magnetic, iron oxide nanoparticles by these cells. MRI shows these particles can be formed in vivo utilizing endogenous iron and can be used to visualize cells positive for magA. These results demonstrate magA alone is sufficient to produce magnetic nanoparticles and that it is an appropriate candidate for an MRI reporter gene.
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Yip, Kam-tong, and 葉錦棠. "Comparative study on molecular and serological diagnosis of tuberculosis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31969902.

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28

Al-Jawabreh, Amer. "Molecular Epidemiology, Clinical Molecular Diagnosis and Genetic Diversity of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Jericho, Palestine." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medizinische Fakultät - Universitätsklinikum Charité, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15391.

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In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Sensitivität des Nachweises von Leishmanien in Giemsa-gefärbten Bioptaten aus Hautulzerationen mittels direkter Mikroskopie mit der Sensitivität der ITS1-PCR verglichen. Bei der ITS1-PCR wurde eine Sensitivität von 87 % mit einem positiven predictive value von 100 %, sowie eine Spezifität von 100 % mit einem negativen predictive value von 85 % nachgewiesen. Weiterhin wurden vier verschiedene Nachweismethoden miteinander verglichen: die in vitro Kultivierung in NNN Medium, die direkte Mikroskopie von Giemsa gefärbten Hautbioptaten, die PCR Amplifizierung der ITS1 Region aus auf Filterpapier aufgetragenen Hautbioptaten (FP) sowie die ITS1-PCR von ungefärbten Hautbioptaten (US). Die PCR der US erwies sich als die sensitivste Methode. Die Verbreitung von Leishmanien Arten in Jericho wurde mittels molekularer Epidemiologie untersucht. Die räumliche (Spatial) Analyse zeigte drei statistisch relevante Cluster innerhalb der kutanen Leishmaniose (CL): ein Cluster mit L. major und zwei L. tropica Cluster. Bei der Raum-Zeit–Analyse wurden vier Cluster von Kutanen Leishmaniose, zwei L. major und drei L. tropica Cluster nachgewiesen. Insgesamt 106 Stämme, die aus verschiedenen endemischen Regionen in Zentralasien, im Nahen Osten und Afrika stammen, wurden mit 10 Mikrosatellitenmarkern untersucht. Die Auswertung erfolgte über zwei Analysemethoden: die Distanz-basierte und die Modell-basierte Methode. Anhand der L. major Genomsequenz wurden PCR-Primer zur Amplifizierung von Mikrosatellitenloci von L. major entwickelt, die auf den Chromosomen 1, 3, 5, 21 und 35 liegen. Sieben unterschiedliche L. major Populationen einschließlich zweier genetisch isolierter Populationen im Nahen Osten wurden mit diesen Markern nachgewiesen.
In this study we compared the sensitivity of the diagnosis of Giemsa-stained skin scrapings by standardized graded direct microscopy with that of ITS1-PCR. ITS1-PCR showed a sensitivity of 87% with positive predictive value of 100% and a specificity of 100% with negative predictive value of 85%. In-vitro cultivation using NNN medium and direct smear microscopy of Giemsa-stained slides, PCR amplifying region 1 of internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) using skin scrapings spotted on filter papers (FP) and unstained tissue smears (US) were compared. PCR using US was more sensitive than all other methods Molecular epidemiology was used to study the distribution of Leishmania species in Jericho. Spatial analysis showed three statistically significant clusters of CL, one cluster for L. major and two clusters for L. tropica. In the case of space-time, four clusters for CL, two for L. major and three for L. tropica were detected. A total of 106 strains isolated in different endemic regions of Central Asia, Middle East and Africa were analysed using 10 pairs of microsatellite markers under two cluster methods: distance and model-based. Markers were designed to amplify microsatellite loci identified in the genome sequence of L. major on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 21 and 35. Seven discrete populations of L. major including two genetically isolated populations in the Middle East were revealed.
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29

Dawson, Sarah-Jane. "Molecular biomarkers in breast cancer." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609742.

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30

Yip, Kam-tong. "Comparative study on molecular and serological diagnosis of tuberculosis." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31969902.

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31

au, N. Phillips@murdoch edu, and Nyree Phillips. "Diagnosis, molecular epidemiology and control of avian intestinal spirochaetosis." Murdoch University, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070129.142632.

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Avian intestinal spirochaetosis (AIS) is a condition of laying and breeding hens resulting from colonisation of the large intestine with anaerobic intestinal spirochaetes of the genus Brachyspira. The main causative species in Australia are B. intermedia and B. pilosicoli. Infection with these species can lead to wet litter and reduced egg production. Currently, little is known about how these organisms enter flocks and spread, or how to control them. The economic losses to the poultry industry caused by AIS are thought to be significant, however problems with diagnostic techniques have resulted in this disease often being overlooked. The major aims of this thesis were to expand understanding of the epidemiology and cycles of transmission of B. intermedia and B. pilosicoli, measure the effectiveness of six disinfectants, develop faster and more reliable diagnostic identification methods, and to investigate effects of diet on colonisation by the spirochaetes. An epidemiological study on a laying hen farm detected infection with three different Brachyspira species, with multiple strains of these species being present. Infection appeared to have originated from other birds on the site rather than from environmental sources. Experiments showed that B. intermedia and B. pilosicoli survived in chicken faeces for between 2 and 17 hours at 37oC. B. intermedia tended to survive longer than B. pilosicoli, but the maximum survival time for both species at 4oC was only 72-84 hours. A study was then conducted into the efficacy of some common disinfectants in inactivating B. intermedia and B. pilosicoli. Six disinfectants were evaluated at their recommended working concentrations. All but alkaline salts inactivated two different concentrations of both spirochaete species in less than one minute in the presence of organic matter. Taken together, these results suggest that it should be relatively easy to break the cycle of infection by emptying, cleaning and disinfecting sheds between batches of birds. To improve diagnostic methodology, a two-step nested duplex PCR (D-PCR) was developed for detection of B. pilosicoli and B. intermedia, using DNA extracted from washed chicken faeces. The new test could provide results within 24 hours of sample receipt, and detected 4-5% more positive faecal samples than selective culture followed by individual species-specific PCRs. Finally, studies were conducted in experimentally-infected laying hens to investigate potential interactions between diet and colonisation with B. intermedia or B. pilosicoli. In the first experiment, the addition of zinc bacitracin or dietary enzymes to a wheat-based diet reduced colonisation by B. intermedia. In subsequent experiments, it was shown that diets based on wheat predisposed to colonisation with B. intermedia compared to diets based on barley or barley and sorghum. Subsequently, wheat variety Westonia was shown to increase susceptibility to B. intermedia but decrease it to B. pilosicoli, compared to a diet based on wheat variety Stiletto. There was no clear relationship between the soluble non-starch polysaccharide content of a given diet, the viscosity of the digesta in the ileum, or colonization with the spirochaete species. Addition of different dietary enzymes did not significantly reduce the digesta viscosity in the ileum, or significantly influence faecal water content. In flocks with persistent problems with AIS consideration should be given to modifying the diet, and, in particular, cereals other than wheat should be used. The wheat variety could be altered, but the addition of dietary enzymes to such wheat-based diets is not particularly reliable as a sole means of controlling AIS.
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Phillips, Nyree Dale. "Diagnosis, molecular epidemiology and control of avian intestinal spirochaetosis /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070129.142632.

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33

Kwong, Tsz-ching, and 鄺芷晴. "The role of molecular diagnosis of drug resistant tuberculosis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/208588.

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Emerging multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is one of the most urgent global public health issues. Recent advances in molecular techniques should enable the development of different rapid detection tests for drug-resistant TB. Large-scale comparative studies on the diagnostic accuracy and turn-around-time (TAT) of these novel assays may promote their smooth implementation as routine tests for TB in diagnostic laboratories. In a pilot evaluation of 30 clinical isolates and 202 sputum specimens, diagnostic performance of a novel in-house assay for MTB identification (IS6110 qPCR) was compared to a commercial COBAS TaqMan MTB test (Roche Diagnostics). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of IS6110 qPCR were 100%, 94.6%, 85.2% and 100%, respectively, compared to 94.7%, 100%, 100% and 98.6% for COBAS TaqMan MTB. Large-scale validation using 2,350 sputum specimens revealed the optimal cut-off crossing point (Cp) value of IS6110 qPCR was 29.61 with 97.3% sensitivity and 98.3% specificity determined by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. The median TAT for IS6110 qPCR and COBAS TaqMan MTB test to the reporting of results was 0.9 and 1.2 days, respectively. Among the IS6110 qPCR-positive specimens in the large-scale validation, 287 samples were tested in-house by katG MAS-PCR and rpoB PCR sequencing assays and 159 samples were tested by GenoType® MTBDRplus assay (Hain LifeScience). The sensitivity and specificity of katG MAS-PCR for isoniazid (INH) resistance detection were 71.4% and 99.5%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of rpoB PCR sequencing for rifampicin (RIF) resistance detection were 100% and 99.6%, respectively. Commercial GenoType® MTBDRplus assay reached 100% sensitivity for both INH and RIF resistance detection at a specificity of 99.3% and 100%, respectively. The median TAT for the in-house assays and GenoType® MTBDRplus assay to the reporting of the results was 4.7 and 1.4 days, respectively. The findings from this study provide different implementation strategies for diagnostic test combinations. The most cost-effective drug-resistant TB diagnosis cascade was IS6110 qPCR followed by GenoType® MTBDRplus assay. The TAT for results is 2.3 days at a cost of US$49.7. Despite an additional cost of US$24.6, COBAS TaqMan MTB test should replace IS6110 qPCR in populations with high prevalence of IS6110-negative strains. The in-house katG MAS-PCR and rpoB PCR sequencing assays should be used in developing countries instead of the expensive GenoType® MTBDRplus assay. Subsequently, accurate diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis can be achieved in 4.5 days with a reasonable reagent cost of US$9.3. In conclusion, excellent diagnostic accuracy and shorter TAT of the molecular diagnostic cascade for drug-resistant TB, in particular IS6110 qPCR, can serve to guide physicians in the prompt choice of chemotherapy. This leads to timely delivery of anti-TB treatments to patients and holds the promise of easing the MDR-TB burden.
published_or_final_version
Microbiology
Master
Master of Philosophy
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34

Phillips, Nyree. "Diagnosis, molecular epidemiology and control of avian intestinal spirochaetosis." Thesis, Phillips, Nyree (2006) Diagnosis, molecular epidemiology and control of avian intestinal spirochaetosis. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/259/.

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Avian intestinal spirochaetosis (AIS) is a condition of laying and breeding hens resulting from colonisation of the large intestine with anaerobic intestinal spirochaetes of the genus Brachyspira. The main causative species in Australia are B. intermedia and B. pilosicoli. Infection with these species can lead to wet litter and reduced egg production. Currently, little is known about how these organisms enter flocks and spread, or how to control them. The economic losses to the poultry industry caused by AIS are thought to be significant, however problems with diagnostic techniques have resulted in this disease often being overlooked. The major aims of this thesis were to expand understanding of the epidemiology and cycles of transmission of B. intermedia and B. pilosicoli, measure the effectiveness of six disinfectants, develop faster and more reliable diagnostic identification methods, and to investigate effects of diet on colonisation by the spirochaetes. An epidemiological study on a laying hen farm detected infection with three different Brachyspira species, with multiple strains of these species being present. Infection appeared to have originated from other birds on the site rather than from environmental sources. Experiments showed that B. intermedia and B. pilosicoli survived in chicken faeces for between 2 and 17 hours at 37oC. B. intermedia tended to survive longer than B. pilosicoli, but the maximum survival time for both species at 4oC was only 72-84 hours. A study was then conducted into the efficacy of some common disinfectants in inactivating B. intermedia and B. pilosicoli. Six disinfectants were evaluated at their recommended working concentrations. All but alkaline salts inactivated two different concentrations of both spirochaete species in less than one minute in the presence of organic matter. Taken together, these results suggest that it should be relatively easy to break the cycle of infection by emptying, cleaning and disinfecting sheds between batches of birds. To improve diagnostic methodology, a two-step nested duplex PCR (D-PCR) was developed for detection of B. pilosicoli and B. intermedia, using DNA extracted from washed chicken faeces. The new test could provide results within 24 hours of sample receipt, and detected 4-5% more positive faecal samples than selective culture followed by individual species-specific PCRs. Finally, studies were conducted in experimentally-infected laying hens to investigate potential interactions between diet and colonisation with B. intermedia or B. pilosicoli. In the first experiment, the addition of zinc bacitracin or dietary enzymes to a wheat-based diet reduced colonisation by B. intermedia. In subsequent experiments, it was shown that diets based on wheat predisposed to colonisation with B. intermedia compared to diets based on barley or barley and sorghum. Subsequently, wheat variety Westonia was shown to increase susceptibility to B. intermedia but decrease it to B. pilosicoli, compared to a diet based on wheat variety Stiletto. There was no clear relationship between the soluble non-starch polysaccharide content of a given diet, the viscosity of the digesta in the ileum, or colonization with the spirochaete species. Addition of different dietary enzymes did not significantly reduce the digesta viscosity in the ileum, or significantly influence faecal water content. In flocks with persistent problems with AIS consideration should be given to modifying the diet, and, in particular, cereals other than wheat should be used. The wheat variety could be altered, but the addition of dietary enzymes to such wheat-based diets is not particularly reliable as a sole means of controlling AIS.
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35

Phillips, Nyree. "Diagnosis, molecular epidemiology and control of avian intestinal spirochaetosis." Phillips, Nyree (2006) Diagnosis, molecular epidemiology and control of avian intestinal spirochaetosis. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/259/.

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Abstract:
Avian intestinal spirochaetosis (AIS) is a condition of laying and breeding hens resulting from colonisation of the large intestine with anaerobic intestinal spirochaetes of the genus Brachyspira. The main causative species in Australia are B. intermedia and B. pilosicoli. Infection with these species can lead to wet litter and reduced egg production. Currently, little is known about how these organisms enter flocks and spread, or how to control them. The economic losses to the poultry industry caused by AIS are thought to be significant, however problems with diagnostic techniques have resulted in this disease often being overlooked. The major aims of this thesis were to expand understanding of the epidemiology and cycles of transmission of B. intermedia and B. pilosicoli, measure the effectiveness of six disinfectants, develop faster and more reliable diagnostic identification methods, and to investigate effects of diet on colonisation by the spirochaetes. An epidemiological study on a laying hen farm detected infection with three different Brachyspira species, with multiple strains of these species being present. Infection appeared to have originated from other birds on the site rather than from environmental sources. Experiments showed that B. intermedia and B. pilosicoli survived in chicken faeces for between 2 and 17 hours at 37oC. B. intermedia tended to survive longer than B. pilosicoli, but the maximum survival time for both species at 4oC was only 72-84 hours. A study was then conducted into the efficacy of some common disinfectants in inactivating B. intermedia and B. pilosicoli. Six disinfectants were evaluated at their recommended working concentrations. All but alkaline salts inactivated two different concentrations of both spirochaete species in less than one minute in the presence of organic matter. Taken together, these results suggest that it should be relatively easy to break the cycle of infection by emptying, cleaning and disinfecting sheds between batches of birds. To improve diagnostic methodology, a two-step nested duplex PCR (D-PCR) was developed for detection of B. pilosicoli and B. intermedia, using DNA extracted from washed chicken faeces. The new test could provide results within 24 hours of sample receipt, and detected 4-5% more positive faecal samples than selective culture followed by individual species-specific PCRs. Finally, studies were conducted in experimentally-infected laying hens to investigate potential interactions between diet and colonisation with B. intermedia or B. pilosicoli. In the first experiment, the addition of zinc bacitracin or dietary enzymes to a wheat-based diet reduced colonisation by B. intermedia. In subsequent experiments, it was shown that diets based on wheat predisposed to colonisation with B. intermedia compared to diets based on barley or barley and sorghum. Subsequently, wheat variety Westonia was shown to increase susceptibility to B. intermedia but decrease it to B. pilosicoli, compared to a diet based on wheat variety Stiletto. There was no clear relationship between the soluble non-starch polysaccharide content of a given diet, the viscosity of the digesta in the ileum, or colonization with the spirochaete species. Addition of different dietary enzymes did not significantly reduce the digesta viscosity in the ileum, or significantly influence faecal water content. In flocks with persistent problems with AIS consideration should be given to modifying the diet, and, in particular, cereals other than wheat should be used. The wheat variety could be altered, but the addition of dietary enzymes to such wheat-based diets is not particularly reliable as a sole means of controlling AIS.
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36

Cheung, Nga-yin Annie, and 張雅賢. "Cervical cancer screening: evolution from Paptest to molecular markers." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46540465.

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37

Tsang, Lai-ying, and 曾麗凝. "Rapid detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis using single-tube nestedreal time PCR." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44670680.

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38

Varawalla, Nermeen Y. "Molecular genetics of beta thalassaemia in Asian Indians : basis for prenatal diagnosis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f3a2a0a7-3d14-4dcf-a6fc-616db75119bf.

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The primary aim of this thesis was to outline an approach for the prenatal diagnosis of β-thalassaemia in the Asian Indian population by DNA analysis. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based, nonradioactive and rapid technique, allele specific PCR, was successfully developed for the detection of β-thalassaemia mutations. A large sample of 656 unrelated carriers from seven different regions of the Indian subcontinent was studied by allele specific PCR and DNA sequence analysis. Sixteen different β-thalassaemia mutations were identified, two of which were new mutations. Of these five common mutations accounted for 91.7% of β-thalassaemia alleles. The β-globin gene haplotypes of 419 β-Th and 196 β-A chromosomes were constructed. On analysis of which it was inferred that β-thalassaemia mutations occurred relatively recently on existing chromosomal backgrounds and then they experienced positive selection. A strong but not invariant haplotype-mutation linkage was observed. A regional variation in the distribution of β-thalassaemia mutations was found. a-Globin gene mapping studies identifed the single a-globin gene deletion in 24 out of 51 unrelated Asian Indians who were suspected to have a-thalassaemia. It is likely that the remaining carriers have nondeletional a-thalassaemia determinants. To perform preimplantation diagnosis of β-thalassaemia, by analysis of a 10-30 cell embryonic biopsy, a PCR protocol was developed. Using two rounds of PCR with nested primers, successful amplification of a 597 bp fragment of the β-globin gene was achieved from as few as two embryonic cells. The problem of false positive amplification was encountered which appeared to be resolved by UV transillumination of the pre-amplification PCR mix. By allele specific PCR with nested primers it was possible to identify the presence or absence of five β-thalassaemia mutations from 10 pg of template DNA (equivalent to approximately two diploid cells). Thalassaemia control in India is a complex issue; the financial, social and demographic factors involved were considered and recommendations made.
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39

Nascimento, Aline Kelly Queiroz do. "Technological innovations for diagnosis of plant viruses and characterization from biotypes of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13205.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior
Plant virus identification and characterization can be achived by several methods based in the biological, morphological, cytological, serological and molecular virus properties. The molecular properties have been used with frequency for vÃrus identification and characterization and the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has constituted an efficient and precise method for researches with RNA plant viruses. On the other hand, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most used serological method for virus detection in plant tissues. A techncal innovation developed for plant virus identification represents a great technological development and support for plant virus research. A new approach involving virus particle immune precipitation to be used for RNA amplification by RT-PCR named IP-RT-PCR was sucessefuly used for amplification of RNA fragments from five virus species from the genera Comovirus, Cucumovirus, Potyvirus and Sobemovirus. Considering that the immune biological Companies have developed several DAS-ELISA kits, but neither of them produce and commercialize PTA-ELISA kits, a simple and practical PTA-ELISA kit was developed and validated for plant virus detection. The second part of the research had the objective to study, comparatively, the biological, serological and molecular properties of four plant virus isolates obtained from naturally infected Passiflora edulis (PWV-PET and PWV-GUA) and from naturally infected Vigna unguiculata (CABMV-BV and CABMV-FOR) with the objective to elucidate the identity of the causal agent of passion fruit woodiness in Brazil. In host range studies onle Canavalia ensiformes and Macroptilium lathyroides were infected by virus isolates obtained from cowpea and from passion fruit. The isolate PWV-GUA was purified from systemically infected M. lathyroides plants and the virus purified preparation (18.24 mg of virus.ml-1) was used for rabitt immunization for polyclonal antiserum production, which showed a title of 1:128,000 in PTA-ELISA. The electrophoresis analysis of the purified virus showed a unique capsidial protein with 34 kDA. Plant virus interaction studies in C. ensiformis indicated unilateral cross protection between PWV-GUA and CABMV-FOR. On the other hand, the isolate PWV-PET did not cross protect passion fruit plants against PWV-GUA. Filogenetic analysis of nucleotiode sequencies from cDNA fragments corresponding to coat protein (CP) genes amplified by IP-RT-PCR from the genomic virus isolates compared with virus sequencies from the Genbank grouped according to the host specifities. Based on the biological, serological and mainly molecular results, the virus isolates studied were classified into two biotypes: Biotype CABMC-C (Cowpea) to include isolates obtained from cowpea that do not infect passion fruit, and biotype CABMV-P (Passion fruit) to include the virus isolates responsible for the passion fruit woodiness in Brazil.
A identificaÃÃo e a caracterizaÃÃo de vÃrus de planta podem ser realizadas por vÃrios mÃtodos envolvendo propriedades morfolÃgicas, biolÃgicas, citolÃgicas, moleculares e sorolÃgicas. As tÃcnicas moleculares tÃm sido usadas com frequencia para identificaÃÃo e caracterizaÃÃo de vÃrus, e a tÃcnica de âreverse transcription polymerase chain reactionâ (RT-PCR) tem se constituÃdo em mÃtodo eficiente e preciso para pesquisas com vÃrus de planta com genoma de RNA. De outra parte, a tÃcnica de enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) constitui o mÃtodo sorolÃgico mais usado para detecÃÃo de vÃrus em tecidos vegetais. Uma inovaÃÃo tecnolÃgica desenvolvida nesta pesquisa para diagnose de vÃrus de planta representa grande avanÃo tecnolÃgico e suporte para pesquisa em virologia vegetal. A inovaÃÃo envolvendo a imunoprecipitaÃÃo (IP) de partÃculas de vÃrus para uso na RT-PCR denominada de IP-RT-PCR foi usada com sucesso para amplificaÃÃo de fragmentos de RNA de cinco espÃcies de vÃrus dos gÃneros Comovirus, Cucumovirus, Potyvirus e Sobemovirus. Considerando que kits de DAS-ELISA tÃm sido produzidos e comercializados por companhias de imunobiologicos, mas nenhuma companhia produz kits de PTA-ELISA, um kit simples e prÃtico de PTA-ELISA foi desenvolvido e validado para detecÃÃo de vÃrus de planta. A segunda etapa da pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar as propriedades biolÃgicas, sorolÃgicas e moleculares de isolados de vÃrus do gÃnero Potyvirus obtidos de maracujazeiro (Passiflora edulis) (PWV-PET e PWV-GUA) e isolados de Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV-FOR e CABMV-BV) obtidos de feijoeiro caupi (Vigna unguiculata), visando elucidar a identidade do agente causal do endurecimento dos frutos do maracujazeiro no Brasil. Em estudos de gama de plantas hospedeiras, somente Canavalia ensiformis e Macroptilium lathyroides foram infetadas por isolados obtidos de maracujazeiro e de feijoeiro caupi. O PWV-GUA foi purificado a partir de plantas de M. lathyroides sistemicamente infetadas e a preparaÃÃo viral purificada (18,24 mg de vÃrus.ml-1) foi usada para imunizaÃÃo de coelho com a produÃÃo de antissoro policlonal com tÃtulo de 1:128.000 em PTA-ELISA. AnÃlise eletroforÃtica da preparaÃÃo viral purificada revelou uma Ãnica proteÃna capisidial com peso molecular de 34 kDa. Experimentos de interaÃÃo entre os isolados virais em C. ensiformis indicaram proteÃÃo unilateral entre PWV-GUA e CABMV-FOR. De outra parte, o isolado PWV-PET nÃo protegeu plantas de maracujazeiro contra a super infecÃÃo de PWV-GUA. AnÃlises filogenÃticas das seqÃÃncias dos fragmentos de cDNA correspondentes Ãs capas protÃicas (CP), amplificados a partir dos genomas dos isolados virais de maracujazeiro e de feijoeiro caupi por IP-RT-PCR, agruparam-se com as seqÃÃncias de isolados virais de referidas culturas depositadas no GenBank, apresentando um agrupamento em funÃÃo da especificidade de hospedeiros. Com base nos resultados dos estudos biolÃgicos, sorolÃgicos e, sobretudo moleculares, os isolados virais estudados foram classificados em dois biÃtipos: BiÃtipo CABMV-C (Cowpea) incluindo os isolados obtidos de feijoeiro caupi e biÃtipo CABMV-P (Passion fruit) para incluir os isolados responsÃveis pelo endurecimento dos frutos do maracujazeiro no Brasil.
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40

Santos, Patrícia Resplandes Rocha dos. "Patogenicidade de fungos associados à sementes de andropogon e caracterização morfológica e molecular de Curvularia lunata." Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/384.

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O Andropogon L. é uma gramínea forrageira, amplamente distribuída em áreas de Cerrado e com períodos de seca prolongada. Apresenta características de ser denso com grandes touceiras e com inflorescência plumosa, tendo uma elevada capacidade na disseminação de suas sementes. Por sua vez, as sementes são consideradas principais fontes de abrigo e transporte de agentes patogênicos para áreas livres de doenças. No Tocantins, não há registros de trabalhos que relacionem a incidência de fungos em sementes de Andropogon como causadores de doenças em culturas de importância agrícola. Da mesma forma, não há pesquisas sobre o transporte, transmissibilidade e patogenicidade de fungos associados à suas sementes. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade sanitária de sementes do Andropogon, a transmissão de fungos via semente-plântula e a patogenicidade à plantas de outras espécies de importância agrícola, e também realizar a caracterização morfológica e molecular de Curvularia sp. isolados de sementes de Andropogon. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fitopatologia, Laboratório de Controle Biológico de Doenças e Casa de Vegetação da Universidade Federal do Tocantins. No capítulo 1, utilizou-se o método blotter test para a avaliação da sanidade das sementes com e sem desinfestação. A incidência dos fungos foi avaliada a partir da análise individual das sementes com auxílio de microscópio estereoscópico e ótico. A germinação das sementes foi avaliada após 10 dias de instalação do teste, juntamente com a identificação de fungos associados às sementes não germinadas. Para os fungos detectados na análise sanitária avaliou-se a capacidade de transmissão via semente-plântula. A patogenicidade dos fungos oriundos das sementes de Andropogon foi avaliada por meio da inoculação na própria planta e também foi avaliada a capacidade destes fungos em infectar outras plantas de interesse econômico. No capítulo 2, a identificação morfológica foi realizada a partir de observações macro e micromorfológicas utilizando-se como base as características descritas na literatura quanto ao aspecto da colônia e conídios de Curvularia sp. A caracterização molecular foi realizada a partir da extração do DNA, amplificação e sequenciamento da região do gene Clg2p. A transmissão foi avaliada a partir da semeadura de sementes sem tratamento com fungicidas, onde ao final de 40 dias observou-se sintomas típicos de mancha foliar de Curvularia. A patogenicidade foi avaliada a partir da inoculação de suspensão de conídios de Curvularia sp. nas folhas de plantas sadias, observando ao final de 10 dias, se houve sintomas do patógeno. Foram identificados e quantificados nas sementes de Andropogon L. fungos dos gêneros Alternaria sp., Bipolaris sp., Curvularia sp., Fusarium sp., Phoma sp., Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Penicillium sp. e Rhizopus sp. A realização da desinfestação das sementes reduziu os fungos presentes nas sementes. O fungo Curvularia sp. foi transmitido das sementes para as plantas de Andropogon. As sementes de Andropogon L. transportaram e disseminaram fungos que uma vez inoculados causaram infecção na própria planta e em outras culturas de importância econômica, tais como: arroz, feijão-caupi, melancia, melão, milho, sorgo e aos capins marandu, mombaça, piatã e quicuia. Baseado em marcadores morfológicos e moleculares, o fungo identificado com elevada incidência associado às sementes de Andropogon coletadas em diferentes regiões produtoras agrícolas, trata-se de Curvularia lunata. C. lunata é transmitido para as plantas de Andropogon via semente, sendo patogênico a esta espécie de gramínea forrageira, causando manchas necróticas foliares.
Andropogon L. is a forage grass, widely distributed in Cerrado areas and with prolonged drought periods. It presents dense characteristics with large clumps and with plumose inflorescence, with high capacity in the seeds dissemination. In turn, seeds are considered the main sources of shelter and transport of pathogens to disease-free areas. In Tocantins, there are no studies records relate the fungi incidence in Andropogon grass seeds as diseases cause in agricultural importance crops. Likewise, there is no research about the transport, transmissibility and pathogenicity of fungi associated with their seeds. The work aim was evaluate the sanitary quality of Andropogon grass seeds, the fungi transmission by seed-seedlings and the fungis pathogenicity to other species plants of agricultural importance, and also perform the Curvularia sp. morphological and molecular characterization, isolated from Andropogon grass seeds. The experiments were conducted at the Phytopathology Research Laboratory, Biologic Control of Disease Laboratory and green house of Tocantins Federal University. In chapter 1, the blotter test method was used to evaluate seed health with and without disinfestation. The fungi incidence was evaluated from seeds individual analysis using stereoscopic and optical microscope. The seeds germination was evaluated after 10 days after test installation, together with the fungi identification associated with non-germinated seeds. For the detected fungus in the sanitary analysis was evaluated the transmission capacity of seed-seedling. The fungi pathogenicity from the Andropogon seeds grass was evaluated by inoculation in the plant itself and was also evaluated the ability of these fungi to infect other plants of economic interest. In chapter 2, the morphological identification was performed from macro and micromorphological observations using as basis the characteristics described in literature regarding the aspect of the colony and conidia of Curvularia sp. Molecular characterization was performed from DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing gene Clg2p region. Transmission was evaluated from seed sowing whitout treatment with fungicides, where at the end of 40 days typical leaf spot symptoms of Curvularia. The pathogenicity was evaluated from the inoculation of conidia suspension on leaves of healthy plants, observing at the end 10 days, if there were symptoms of the pathogen. Were identified and quantified in the seeds of Andropogon L. fungi of the genera Alternaria sp., Bipolaris sp., Curvularia sp., Fusarium sp., Phoma sp., Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Penicillium sp. and Rhizopus sp. The seed disinfestation reduced the fungi present in the seeds. The fungus Curvularia sp. it was transmitted seed to Andropogon plant. Andropogon L. seeds carried and spread fungi the once inoculated caused infection in the plant itself and other economically important crops, such as rice, cowpea, watermelon, melon, corn, sorghum and grasses marandu, mombaça, piatã and quicuia. Based on morphological and molecular markers, the fungus identified with high incidence associated with Andropogon seeds collected in different agricultural producing regions, is Curvularia lunata. C. lunata is transmitted to plants of Andropogon by seed, being pathogenic to this species of forage grass, causing foliar necrotic spots.
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41

Cisek, Katryna. "Rational Optimization of Small Molecules for Alzheimer’s Disease Premortem Diagnosis." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338325484.

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42

Stolf, Beatriz Simonsen. "Identificação de marcadores moleculares para o câncer de tireóide por cDNA microarrays." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-21072008-101124/.

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Doenças tireoideanas são bastante comuns, sendo sua maioria benigna. A relação entre os diversos tipos de doenças tireoideanas, bem como seus aspectos moleculares, são pouco conhecidos. O bócio (hiperplasia), por exemplo, é descrito por alguns como relacionado com carcinoma (tumor maligno) papilífero, enquanto que outros afirmam não haver relação causal entre as duas doenças. A questão mais desafiante, porém, refere-se à distinção entre adenoma (tumor benigno) e carcinoma folicular, que atualmente é feita apenas após à cirurgia, não permitindo tratamento diferenciado para os dois tipos de tumor. Este trabalho buscou identificar genes diferencialmente expressos entre tecido tireoideano normal, bócio, adenoma e carcinoma papilífero utilizando microarrays. Carcinomas foliculares não foram incluídos devido ao número e tamanho reduzidos das amostras. Dois tipos de array foram utilizados: arrays em membranas de nylon, contendo 213 clones obtidos por DDRT-PCR de amostras de tireóide, e arrays em vidro, contendo 3800 clones ORESTES. Experimentos utilizando o primeiro tipo de array identificaram três genes diferencialmente expressos, cuja expressão foi analisada por RT-PCR em 10 amostras de cada tipo de tecido. Dois deles foram capazes de diferenciar carcinomas papilíferos de tecido normal e bócio com 89% de precisão para o tumor maligno e 80% para os tecidos não malignos. Os arrays em vidro foram utilizados para avaliar o perfil de expressão de aproximadamente 10 amostras de cada tipo de tecido tireoideano. Foram identificados 160 clones diferencialmente expressos entre quaisquer dois tipos de tecido, cujas seqüências foram determinadas e comparadas com as dos bancos de dados. Dentre os genes mais interessantes destacam-se o correspondente à ATPase Na/K, cuja expressão está reduzida nos carcinomas em relação a tecidos normais e adenomas, o da proteína PDCD4, envolvida em morte celular programada, mais expresso em adenomas e tecidos normais em comparação com carcinomas e bócios, e os da calgizzarin (S100A11) e da α1-anti-tripsina, ambos mais ativos nos carcinomas do que nos demais tecidos. Todos esses genes já foram descritos como diferencialmente expressos em algum tipo de tumor. Este trabalho levou à padronização da metodologia de microarray em lâminas de vidro em nosso laboratório, bem como à identificação de genes que podem elucidar as alterações envolvidas na formação do bócio, adenoma e carcinoma papilífero. A implantação da técnica de amplificação de mRNA em nosso laboratório viabilizou a utilização de 10 amostras de carcinoma folicular, cuja massa de RNA total era insuficiente para as hibridizações. Essas amostras serão hibridizadas, juntamente com 10 amostras de adenoma, com microarrays contendo 4800 genes humanos conhecidos para a busca de genes diferencialmente expressos, de grande interesse diagnóstico.
Thyroid diseases are very common and are usually benign. The causal relationships among the different types of disease, as well as their molecular aspects, are not well understood. The goiter (hyperplasia), for instance, is described by some as related to papillary carcinoma (a malignant tumor), while others say there is no causal relationship between the two diseases. The most defying question, however, concerns the distinction between adenoma (benign tumor) and follicular carcinoma, which is currently made only after surgery, not allowing distinct treatments for the two kinds of tumor. This work aimed to identify differentially expressed genes among normal thyroid tissue, goiter, adenoma and papillary carcinoma using microarrays. Follicular carcinomas were not included due to the reduced number and size of the samples. Two kinds of array were used: arrays in nylon membranes, with 213 clones isolated from thyroid samples by differential display (DDRT-PCR); and glass slide arrays containing 3800 ORESTES clones.Experiments using the first type of array identified three differentially expressed genes, whose expression was analyzed by RT-PCR in 10 samples of each kind of tissue. Two of these genes were able to differentiate papillary carcinomas from goiters and normal tissues with precisions of 89% for the malignant tumor and 80% for the non-malignant tissues. Glass slide arrays were used to evaluate gene expression profile of approximately 10 samples of each type of thyroid tissue. 160 clones differentially expressed between any two tissues were identified, and their sequences were determined and compared with databases. Among the most interesting genes are Na/K ATPase gene, whose expression is reduced in carcinomas compared to normal tissues and adenomas, the gene corresponding to PDCD4 protein, involved in program cell death, with elevated expression in adenomas and normal tissues than carcinomas and goiters, and the genes of calgizzarin (S100A11) and α1-antitrypsin, both more active in carcinomas than the other tissues. All these genes have already been described as differentially expressed in at least one type of human cancer. This work led to the standardization of glass slide microarray technology in our laboratory, and to the identification of genes that may clarify the alterations involved in the formation of goiter, adenoma and follicular carcinoma. The implementation of mRNA amplification technique in our laboratory allowed the utilization of 10 samples of follicular carcinoma, whose mass was insufficient for microarray hybridizations. These samples will be hybridized along with 10 samples of adenomas, with microarrays containing 4800 known human genes to search for differentially expressed genes, of great diagnostic interest.
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43

Edvinsson, Benjamin. "Molecular diagnosis of infection with Toxoplasma gondii in immunocompromised patients /." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-877-0/.

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44

Alhammadi, Mohammed Ali. "Molecular diagnosis and surveillance of community acquired respiratory viral infections." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493520.

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A total of 500 nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from community based patients in Manchester, UK (North West) with respiratory symptoms between October 2006 and February 2007 were evaluated for the presence of respiratory viruses. Molecular assays used were developed, optimized and evaluated initially using 100 NPA specimens obtained from paediatric patients. The relative frequencies and seasonal distribution of specific viruses were assessed, and virus type was correlated with specific clinical signs and symptoms.
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45

Owen, Martin Richard. "Molecular approaches to the epidemiology and diagnosis of ovine toxoplasmosis." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243214.

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46

Hughes, Kelvin J. D. "Molecular methods for the diagnosis of fungal quarantine plant pathogens." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272031.

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47

Hudspith, Karl Alexander Zhivojin. "Application of genomic technologies for molecular diagnosis of genetic diseases." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b4addaed-e9f9-4762-846a-87eb73f77235.

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Methods for sequencing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) have improved rapidly in the past decade. Recent methods, termed "next-generation sequencing" (NGS), have made sequencing large quantities of DNA economically viable in molecular diagnostics of genetic diseases. This thesis describes some of the first investigations to use NGS for such a purpose. Several different NGS platforms, each of which differs substantially in terms of sample preparation, chemistry, and sequencing methodology, were tested, in addition to several sequence capture and enrichment technologies that allow sequencing to be targeted, and these combinations were compared to Sanger sequencing. They were each found to have different strengths and weaknesses, which affect their accuracy, reliability, time taken to results, financial cost, and ease of use, but all showed high accuracy and dramatically increased throughput over Sanger sequencing. NGS was used to identify pathogenic mutations in two groups of patients who had either inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD), or severe early onset epilepsies. NGS was able to identify pathogenic variants, demonstrating the ability of the technology to provide medically useful information for genetically heterogeneous conditions. NGS combined with a novel data analysis pipeline was able to make a secure molecular diagnosis in 25% of a cohort of IRD patients who previously did not have a genetic diagnosis. The greatest challenge presented by NGS was found to be filtering the vast amounts of data produced to identify potential pathogenic variants. In silico pathogenicity prediction programs were used, but none were 100% accurate. Other methods were also employed to provide further evidence of pathogenicity. These included family based DNA testing for cosegregation of variants with phenotype, and transcript based analysis. In some patients, despite extensive genetic testing, a secure molecular diagnosis could not be made using DNA sequencing technologies, illustrating that challenges still remain in the field of genetic diagnostics.
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48

Araújo, Edivânio Rodrigues de. "Diagnose molecular e estudos epidemiológicos da mancha-bacteriana do tomateiro." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2014. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/16847.

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Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fitopatologia, 2014.
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A mancha-bacteriana está entre os fatores que prejudicam a produção de tomate no Brasil. A doença é causada por um complexo de espécies do gênero Xanthomonas: X. euvesicatoria, X. vesicatoria, X. perforans e X. gardneri. Os objetivos dessa tese são: i) realizar um levantamento da frequência de ocorrência de espécies e raças causadoras da doença em lavouras brasileiras de tomate, tanto destinadas ao consumo in natura quanto ao processamento industrial; ii) estabelecer protocolos de detecção e identificação simultânea das espécies causadoras da doença; iii) compreender o efeito da temperatura e molhamento foliar no monociclo da doença; iv) identificar possíveis agentes causadores da mancha-bacteriana e a comunidade bacteriana presente em mudas assintomáticas cultivadas em viveiro comercial e sementes comerciais de tomateiro. Para alcance desses objetivos, testes de patogenicidade, técnicas moleculares baseadas na PCR (BOX-PCR, iniciadores específicos), além de sequenciamento do gene de avirulência avrXv3 foram utilizados. O efeito da temperatura (15; 20; 25; 30 e 35°C) e molhamento foliar (0; 6; 12; 24 e 48 horas) na severidade da doença foi avaliado para as duas espécies de maior ocorrência: X. perforans e X. gardneri. Da mesma forma, foi verificado o efeito in vitro da temperatura na taxa de multiplicação em meio de cultura dessas espécies. Por fim, por meio de coletas de água superficial no filoplano de mudas assintomáticas e maceração de sementes, buscou-se identificar possíveis agentes patogênicos, tentando identificá-los por isolamento direto, uso de iniciadores específicos e sequenciamento do rRNA de 16S. Com base nos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que X. perforans é a espécie predominante (≈ 92% dos isolados) nos campos brasileiros de produção de tomate, em ambos os segmentos produtivos: consumo in natura e processamento industrial. Entre os isolados de X. perforans, a raça T3 predomina, representando 97,3% desses isolados. Cinco isolado foram identificados como raça T4. Esses isolados apresentaram uma inserção de 858 pb no gene avrXv3, relacionada à família de proteínas YscJ/HrcJ. Por meio dos protocolos estabelecidos foi possível identificar as quatro espécies causadoras da doença com iniciadores específicos tanto utilizando PCR convencional como PCR multiplex. As espécies X. perforans e X. gardneri apresentaram comportamento distinto com relação ao ótimo de temperatura para seu desenvolvimento. Enquanto X. perforans incitou maior porcentagem de área foliar lesionada quando exposta a temperaturas acima de v 25°C, com agressividade crescente até o limite superior testado (35°C), observou-se para X. gardneri uma redução da agressividade nos limites inferior (15°C) e superior de temperatura. Essas espécies só incitaram doença quando o período de molhamento foliar foi igual ou maior que 12 horas. Do mesmo modo, a temperatura teve efeito direto na taxa de crescimento in vitro de X. perforans. Por fim, foi possível identificar um isolado de X. euvesicatoria associado a mudas assintomáticas de tomateiro, além dos gêneros Agrobacterium, Enterobacter, Microbacterium, Sphingobium e Sphingomonas. Com isso, estratégias de manejo da doença devem focalizar X. perforans, já que é a espécie predominante. No mesmo sentido, estratégias de controle denominadas evasivas devem ser adotadas, uma vez que a doença apresenta faixas limítrofes para as variáveis temperatura e molhamento foliar. Este é o primeiro registro da ocorrência da raça T4 no país. Os isolados bacterianos dos demais gêneros encontrados em sementes e mudas devem ser avaliados quanto ao seu potencial como agentes de controle biológico. Levantamentos sistemáticos das espécies/raças causadoras da doença devem ser continuados para o auxílio nas tomadas de decisão. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Bacterial spot is among the limiting factors in tomato production in Brazil. The disease is caused by a species complex of the genus Xanthomonas: X. euvesicatoria, X. vesicatoria, X. perforans and X. gardneri. The aims of this thesis were: i) to perform a survey the frequency of occurrence of species and races causing bacterial spot on Brazilian tomato crops; ii) to establish protocols for simultaneous detection and identification of the species causing disease; iii) to understand the effect of temperature and leaf wetness on the monocycle of tomato bacterial spot; iv) to identify possible causal agents of tomato bacterial spot and bacterial community present in asymptomatic seedlings and seeds. For achieving these objectives, pathogenicity tests, molecular techniques based on PCR (BOX-PCR, specific primers) and sequencing of avirulence gene avrXv3 were used. The effect of temperature (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C) and leaf wetness (0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours) on disease severity was assessed. Likewise, the in vitro effect of temperature on the population growth rate of X. perforans and X. gardneri was checked. Finally, by collecting surface water on the phylloplane of asymptomatic seedlings and soaking commercial seeds, the presence of potential pathogens were surveyed. Direct isolation, using PCR with specific primers and sequencing of 16S rRNA were the tempted methods applied. Based on the results, we found that X. perforans is the predominant species (≈ 92% of isolates) in Brazilian tomato fields, in both production segments: fresh market and processing. Among strains of X. perforans, the T3 race was predominant, representing 97.3% of these isolates. Five isolates were identified as T4 race. These isolates had an insertion of 858 bp in avrXv3 gene related to a protein YscJ/HrcJ family. The protocols enabled the identification of the four species causing the disease with specific primers using both conventional PCR and multiplex PCR. The species X. perforans and X. gardneri showed different behaviors with respect to the optimum temperature for development. Xanthomonas perforans caused more disease at temperatures above 25°C, with increasing aggressiveness up to the upper limit tested (35°C). On the other hand, X. gardneri decreased the disease severity from the optimal temperature for both lower and upper limit of temperature. Both species only incited disease vii when leaf wetness periods were longer than six hours. In the same way, the temperature had a direct effect on the in vitro growth rate of X. perforans. Finally, it was possible to identify an isolate of X. euvesicatoria associated with asymptomatic tomato seedlings in a commercial nursery production, besides the genus Agrobacterium, Enterobacter, Microbacterium, Sphingomonas and Sphingobium. Thus, disease management strategies should focus on the species X. perforans, since it is the predominant species. Similarly, control strategies based on evasion should be applied, since the disease has a borderline range for the temperature and leaf wetness. This is the first report of occurrence of race T4 in Brazil. Bacterial isolates from other genus found in seeds and seedlings should be evaluated to assess their biological control potential. Systematic surveys of species/races causing the disease should be continued to aid in the control decision taking.
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49

Drury, Sarah L. "Molecular, morphological, and kinetic diagnosis of human preimplantation embryo vitality." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/88622/.

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There have been phenomenal advances in the field of reproductive medicine and success rates following in vitro fertilisation have improved dramatically in recent years. The aim of this project was to improve our understanding of human preimplantation embryo development by identifying potential markers of viability that may aid us in selecting the best embryo for uterine transfer in the clinical embryology laboratory. Investigations into the distribution of cytoskeletal F-actin in human embryos demonstrated that a highly organised actin cortex is important for embryo cleavage and continued development to the blastocyst stage. Whilst they are polarised in the mouse from the oocyte to the blastocyst, the regulatory proteins leptin and STAT3 are co-localised only at the oocyte stage in humans, and are distributed within different cytoplasmic domains in human cleavage stage embryos and blastocysts. Whether polarity in humans is predetermined in the oocyte remains elusive, but none of the evidence generated in this thesis supports this idea. Leptin transiently activates STAT3 via the long form of the leptin receptor, and most significantly in the ICM of human day 6 blastocysts. Morphological features of blastocysts that can be visualised microscopically, such as a double ICM and cytoplasmic projections connecting the ICM to the TE, provide clues to their viability and may help us to choose the most suitable embryo from a cohort when deciding which to transfer. Nuclear volumes may in future contribute to this selection. Using time lapse technology to study cleavage patterns is now a routine occurrence in the clinical embryology laboratory. The results in this thesis show that distinctive patterns of divisions and the site at which blastocysts hatch can provide us with more information than a snap-shot morphological evaluation. Finally, contributing to the development of modelling software and predictive algorithms for the study of human embryos, particularly in time lapse imaging, means that our understanding of this fascinating area of medicine will continue to progress.
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50

INGLESE, NADIA. "Hepatitis E virus from molecular diagnosis to in vitro replication." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/1122.

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Il virus dell’epatite E (HEV) è la principale causa di epatiti virali acute epidemiche nei paesi in via di sviluppo, con scarse condizioni igieniche, e causa di epatiti sporadiche nei paesi industrializzati. HEV infetta diverse specie animali, suino, cinghiale, cervo e mangoste, nella maggior parte dei casi asintomaticamente. In Europa, il genotipo 3 di HEV presenta un’elevata prevalenza nel suino e risulta strettamente correlato dal punto di vista genetico a ceppi identificati in casi sporadici umani nella stessa area geografica, suggerendo una possibile trasmissione zoonotica e alimentare. In questo studio e’ stata valutata la prevalenza dell’HEV nei maiali provenienti da sei allevamenti del Nord d’Italia, testando l’RNA fecale mediante nested-RT-PCR (RT: reverse transcription). Tutti gli allevamenti sono risultati positivi per la presenza di RNA genomico di HEV, con una prevalenza compresa tra il 12.8% e 72.5%. Le sequenze genomiche identificate sono state confrontate con altre sequenze di HEV di diversa origine identificate in tutto il mondo e sottoposte ad analisi filogenetica. In particolare un gruppo di 7 ceppi italiani suini confrontati con ceppi sia umani che suini europei, presentano una elevata identita’ di sequenza compresa tra il 91.6 e il 96.2%. La mancanza di un sistema di coltura cellulare per l’HEV ha fortemente ostacolato la scoperta delle vie di trasmissione del virus e l’analisi dettagliata del ciclo di replicazione nelle cellule infette. Nella seconda parte di questo studio, e’stato utilizzato un sistema di coltura cellulare rotante (RCCS) per la crescita del virus dell’HEV in vitro. RCCS e’ una tecnologia ottimizzata per crescere le colture cellulari in 3 dimensioni (3D) in condizioni che riproducono molte delle caratteristiche specifiche dei tessuti in vivo. In questi studi sono state utilizzate: cellule intestinali umane epiteliali (INT407 IFN KO) e cellule di rene di maiale (PK15 IFN KO), interferon knockout la cui risposta antivirale risulta modificata, linee cellulari umane di epatoma (PLC/PRF/5 e Hep G2/C3a). Ogni linea cellulare e’ stata inoculata con campioni risultati HEV positivi per PCR, provenienti da sospensioni fecali di maiali e con omogenati di fegato ed epatociti di un maiale sperimentalmente infettato con HEV. Esperimenti di real time RT-PCR sono stati utilizzati per identificare e quantizzare l’RNA virale nel terreno di coltura per tutto il periodo dell’infezione. Inoltre, mediante tecniche di RT-PCR, IPX, CM, SEM and TEM sono state valutate le differenze nell’espressione dei marcatori di differenziazione cellulare e di infezione virale (CK-8, CK-18, CK-19, IL-6, CytP450 e Albumin) tra le colture in configurazione 3D e le convenzionali colture in 2D delle stesse cellule. I risultati suggeriscono che gli aggregati 3D di cellule mostrano molte delle caratteristiche specifiche dei tessuti in vivo offrendo un nuovo approccio per lo studio della replicazione e della patobiologia virale paragonata all’analisi delle colture convenzionali in 2D delle stesse cellule.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute sporadic and epidemic viral hepatitis in several developing countries where sanitation is suboptimal, but it also occurs sporadically in many developed countries. HEV infects several animal species, mostly asymptomatically. HEV genotype 3 has been shown to have a high prevalence in pigs across Europe and to be closely related genetically to sympatric human HEV strains in developed regions, suggesting both a zoonotic and a possible foodborne transmission. In the first study, the prevalence of swine HEV in pigs from six farms in Northern Italy has been investigated, testing viral RNA in stools by nested RT-PCR. All farms were positive for HEV, with a prevalence ranging between 12.8% to 72.5%. The genome sequences identified were compared with HEV sequences of different origins reported worldwide followed by phylogenetic analysis. In particular, one group of seven Italian strains clustered close to human and swine European HEV strains (91.6-96.2% identity). The lack of a readily available virus propagation system for HEV has greatly hampered investigation of potential transmission routes and detailed analysis of the virus replication cycle in infected cells. In the second study, the rotary cell culture system (RCCS) has been used for in-vitro cultivation of HEV. RCCS is an optimized cell culture technology designed for growing cells in 3D under conditions that promote many features of in-vivo tissues. Cells used in these studies were: human intestinal epithelium interferon knocked-out (Int-407 IFN KO) engineered to constitutively block the cellular antiviral response, porcine kidney cells (PK-15 IFN KO), human hepatoma cell line (PLC/PRF/5) and Hep G2/C3a. These cell lines were inoculated with HEV derived from PCR-positive swine faecal suspensions, pig liver tissue and liver culture samples from experimentally infected pigs. Real time PCR was performed to detect and quantify HEV RNA in the cultures throughout the observation period and also to evaluate, together with RT-PCR, IPX, CM, SEM and TEM, differences in the expression of cell differentiation/infection markers (CK-8, CK-18, CK-19, IL-6, CytP450 and Albumin) between the cultures in 3D configuration compared to conventional 2D cultures of the same cells. The results suggest that the 3D cell aggregates show many of the specialized features of in vivo tissues offering a novel approach for studying viral replication and pathobiology compared to conventional 2D analysis of the same cells.
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