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Academic literature on the topic 'Molecular adaptor'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Molecular adaptor"

Pucadyil, Thomas J., and Sachin S. Holkar. "Comparative analysis of adaptor-mediated clathrin assembly reveals general principles for adaptor clustering." Molecular Biology of the Cell 27, no. 20 (October 15, 2016): 3156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e16-06-0399.

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Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) manages the sorting and uptake of the bulk of membrane proteins (or cargo) from the plasma membrane. CME is initiated by the formation of clathrin-coated pits (CCPs), in which adaptors nucleate clathrin assembly. Clathrin adaptors display diversity in both the type and number of evolutionarily conserved clathrin-binding boxes. How this diversity relates to the process of adaptor clustering as clathrin assembles around a growing pit remains unclear. Using real-time, fluorescence microscopy–based assays, we compare the formation kinetics and distribution of clathrin assemblies on membranes that display five unique clathrin adaptors. Correlations between equilibrium and kinetic parameters of clathrin assembly to the eventual adaptor distribution indicate that adaptor clustering is determined not by the amount of clathrin recruited or the degree of clathrin clustered but instead by the rate of clathrin assembly. Together our results emphasize the need to analyze kinetics of protein interactions to better understand mechanisms that regulate CME.

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Ades, Sarah E. "Proteolysis: Adaptor, Adaptor, Catch Me a Catch." Current Biology 14, no. 21 (November 2004): R924—R926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2004.10.015.

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D'Souza, Cynthia R., Ken V. Deugau, and John H. Spencer. "A simplified procedure for cDNA and genomic library construction using nonpalindromic oligonucleotide adaptors." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 67, no. 4-5 (April 1, 1989): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o89-031.

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The properties and characteristics of oligonucleotide adaptors for use in a simplified procedure for the construction of cDNA and genomic DNA libraries are described. The adaptors are suitable for joining to blunt ended cDNA or sheared genomic DNA, and then to the cohesive ends of restriction sites in vectors. Each adaptor consists of two oligonucleotides with complementary but nonpalindromic sequences that include an internal restriction site, a 5′ phosphorylated blunt end, and an overlapping or staggered 5′ hydroxylated end corresponding to a restriction endonuclease site in a vector of choice. Ligation of the blunt end to high molecular weight target DNA proceeds efficiently and there is no tandem concatenation of the adaptor. Insertion into the appropriate vector only requires ligation of the cohesive ends. There is no requirement for methylation, restriction enzyme cleavage, G-C tailing, or denaturation after ligation of the adaptor to the target DNA, all characteristics of other procedures.Key words: library, genomic, cDNA, oligonucleotides, adaptors.

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Maldonado-Báez, Lymarie, Michael R. Dores, Edward M. Perkins, Theodore G. Drivas, Linda Hicke, and Beverly Wendland. "Interaction between Epsin/Yap180 Adaptors and the Scaffolds Ede1/Pan1 Is Required for Endocytosis." Molecular Biology of the Cell 19, no. 7 (July 2008): 2936–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e07-10-1019.

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The spatial and temporal regulation of the interactions among the ∼60 proteins required for endocytosis is under active investigation in many laboratories. We have identified the interaction between monomeric clathrin adaptors and endocytic scaffold proteins as a critical prerequisite for the recruitment and/or spatiotemporal dynamics of endocytic proteins at early and late stages of internalization. Quadruple deletion yeast cells (ΔΔΔΔ) lacking four putative adaptors, Ent1/2 and Yap1801/2 (homologues of epsin and AP180/CALM proteins), with a plasmid encoding Ent1 or Yap1802 mutants, have defects in endocytosis and growth at 37°C. Live-cell imaging revealed that the dynamics of the early- and late-acting scaffold proteins Ede1 and Pan1, respectively, depend upon adaptor interactions mediated by adaptor asparagine-proline-phenylalanine motifs binding to scaffold Eps15 homology domains. These results suggest that adaptor/scaffold interactions regulate transitions from early to late events and that clathrin adaptor/scaffold protein interaction is essential for clathrin-mediated endocytosis.

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VanHook, A. M., and N. R. Gough. "Two-Way Adaptor." Science Signaling 1, no. 20 (May 20, 2008): ec190-ec190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/stke.120ec190.

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Luo, Leo Y., and William C. Hahn. "Oncogenic Signaling Adaptor Proteins." Journal of Genetics and Genomics 42, no. 10 (October 2015): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgg.2015.09.001.

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Horikawa, H. "Interaction of Synaptophysin with the AP-1 Adaptor Protein γ-Adaptin." Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 21, no. 3 (November 2002): 454–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mcne.2002.1191.

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Dziurdzik, Samantha K., Björn D. M. Bean, Michael Davey, and Elizabeth Conibear. "A VPS13D spastic ataxia mutation disrupts the conserved adaptor-binding site in yeast Vps13." Human Molecular Genetics 29, no. 4 (January 15, 2020): 635–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddz318.

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Abstract Mutations in each of the four human VPS13 (VPS13A–D) proteins are associated with distinct neurological disorders: chorea-acanthocytosis, Cohen syndrome, early-onset Parkinson’s disease and spastic ataxia. Recent evidence suggests that the different VPS13 paralogs transport lipids between organelles at different membrane contact sites. How each VPS13 isoform is targeted to organelles is not known. We have shown that the localization of yeast Vps13 protein to membranes requires a conserved six-repeat region, the Vps13 Adaptor Binding (VAB) domain, which binds to organelle-specific adaptors. Here, we use a systematic mutagenesis strategy to determine the role of each repeat in recognizing each known adaptor. Our results show that mutation of invariant asparagines in repeats 1 and 6 strongly impacts the binding of all adaptors and blocks Vps13 membrane recruitment. However, we find that repeats 5–6 are sufficient for localization and interaction with adaptors. This supports a model where a single adaptor-binding site is found in the last two repeats of the VAB domain, while VAB domain repeat 1 may influence domain conformation. Importantly, a disease-causing mutation in VPS13D, which maps to the highly conserved asparagine residue in repeat 6, blocks adaptor binding and Vps13 membrane recruitment when modeled in yeast. Our findings are consistent with a conserved adaptor binding role for the VAB domain and suggest the presence of as-yet-unidentified adaptors in both yeast and humans.

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Wong, W. "Zap70 as an Adaptor." Science Signaling 3, no. 150 (November 30, 2010): ec363-ec363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.3150ec363.

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Dell’Angelica, Esteban C., Chean Eng Ooi, and Juan S. Bonifacino. "β3A-adaptin, a Subunit of the Adaptor-like Complex AP-3." Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, no. 24 (June 13, 1997): 15078–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.24.15078.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Molecular adaptor"

Kowanetz, Katarzyna. "Adaptor Proteins in Regulation of Receptor Endocytosis." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4477.

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Ligand-induced endocytosis of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is a dynamic process governed by numerous protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. This is a major mechanism of signal termination and is also frequently impaired in cancer. The Cbl family of ubiquitin ligases has been shown to play a key role in downregulation of RTKs, by directing their ligand-induced ubiquitination and subsequent lysosomal degradation. My thesis work has led to the identification of novel, ubiquitin-ligase independent, functions of Cbl in receptor endocytosis. We demonstrated that the adaptor protein CIN85 links Cbl with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) internalization. The three SH3 domains of CIN85 interact with Cbl/Cbl-b in a phosphotyrosine dependent manner, whereas its proline-rich region constitutively binds endophilins, known regulators of plasma membrane invagination. The SH3 domains of CIN85 recognize an atypical proline-arginine (PxxxPR) motif present in Cbl and Cbl-b. Moreover, we showed that numerous endocytic regulatory proteins, among them ASAP1 and Dab2, interact with CIN85 via their PxxxPR motifs. The SH3 domains of CIN85 are able to cluster and exchange its effectors at subsequent stages of EGFR endocytosis, thus participating in the control of receptor internalization, recycling and degradation in the lysosome. We proposed that CIN85 functions as a scaffold molecule implicated in control of multiple steps in downregulation of RTKs.

Furthermore, we identified two novel Cbl- and ubiquitin-interacting adaptor proteins named Sts-1 and Sts-2 (Suppressors of T-cell receptor signaling). Ligand-induced and Cbl-mediated recruitment of Sts-1/Sts-2 into activated EGFR complexes led to inhibition of receptor internalization and subsequent block of receptor degradation followed by prolonged mitogenic signaling pathways. Our results indicate that Sts-1 and Sts-2 represent a new class of negative regulators of Cbl functions in receptor endocytosis.

In conclusion, this thesis describes novel mechanisms by which Cbl, coupled to its effectors, orchestrates trafficking of RTKs. Detailed understanding of how these processes are controlled under physiological as well as under pathological conditions may be important for future therapeutic approaches.

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Standen, Claire. "Molecular studies of the Fe65 and X11 adaptor proteins." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401885.

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Beauparlant, Stephen Lewis. "Functional characterization of the p97 adaptor protein UBXD1." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/213118.

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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Ph.D.
p97 is a member of the AAA family of proteins (ATPase Associated with various cellular Activities). It is a highly conserved and abundant protein and functions in numerous ubiquitin-mediated processes including ERAD. Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated Degradation is the process by which misfolded/ubiquitinated proteins translocate out of the ER and migrate to the proteasome for degradation. p97 maintains substrate misfolding and mediates its exit from the ER and trafficking to the 26S proteasome. It also plays important roles in protein trafficking, the cell-cycle, apoptosis and homeotypic Golgi Apparatus and Endoplasmic Reticulum membrane fusion after mitosis. In addition, p97 plays a role in the aggresome-autophagy degradation pathway, which handles the ubiquitin-mediated destruction of aggregate-prone, misfolded, cytosolic proteins. p97 mutation is the causative alteration in the disorder, IBMPFD, which is marked by defects in autophagy. This broad diversity of function is mediated through p97's interaction with a large group of adaptor proteins. Many of these adaptors harbor both p97 interaction motifs and ubiquitin association domains. However, more than half of known p97 adaptors do not. Their function is largely unknown. UBXD1 is one known adaptor for p97 that does not have a ubiquitin association domain (UBA), and has been shown to have decreased interaction with IBMPFD mutant p97R155H and p97A232E. Recently, it has been suggested to perform a role in protein trafficking, specifically in monoubiquitinated caveolin-1 internalization and trafficking to the endosome. A novel high abundance UBXD1 interacting partner has been identified via solution-based mass spectrometric analyses. ERGIC-53, the namesake of the ER-Golgi Intermediate Compartment, has been shown to be involved in bi-directional trafficking between the ER and Golgi. The association between UBXD1 and ERGIC-53 is unique among UBX family members. Deletional analysis has shown that unlike p97, the ERGIC-53-UBXD1 interaction takes place in the extreme amino terminus of UBXD1, (within the first 10 amino acids) which is predicted by computer modeling to form a hydrophobic binding pocket. Further site-directed mutagenesis work has clearly shown four amino acids (3 highly hydrophobic) are crucial for maintaining this interaction. They have been modeled to form a conserved alpha-helix. ßCOPI, a primary member of the COPI coatomer complex which is involved in protectively coating ERGIC-53 positive vesicles, is also thought to be involved with the ERGIC-53-UBXD1-p97 pathway. ßCOPI has been identified as a UBXD1-independent interactor with p97. Modest UBXD1 over- expression using a ponasterone inducible system has shown that UBXD1 modulates ERGIC-53 localization. Additionally, a functional link between UBXD1, p97 and ERGIC-53 in autophagy has been discovered through the use of a highly efficient, miR30-based, inducible knockdown system. Upon individual knockdown of UBXD1, p97 and ERGIC-53, autophagic markers p62 and LC3-II accumulate at relatively high levels in normal culture conditions, strongly suggesting a role in mediating basal autophagy. However, when placed under starvation conditions, autophagy progresses and p62 is degraded. It is speculated from these studies that a p97/UBXD1 complex plays a role in regulating the trafficking of ERGIC-53 positive vesicles and this activity plays an important role in autophagy.
Temple University--Theses

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Chan, Gabriel. "The role of Crk adaptor proteins in human breast cancer /." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81608.

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The family of Crk adaptor proteins is integral to the molecular signaling of cellular migration. Only limited research has demonstrated a role in human carcinogenesis. Through the analysis of human breast cancers with immunohistochemistry, there is a near significant association implicating Crk proteins over-expression and a worsened overall survival. There was no statistical difference in a relation to nodal status. The RNA interference of Crk in human cancer cell lines caused a significant decrease in cell migration. This in vitro suppression of a malignant characteristic could provide a new avenue towards the molecular targeting of breast cancer that may eventually benefit patient outcomes.

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Luke, Courtney. "Expression, molecular interactions and functions of Ruk, a novel adaptor protein." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29855.

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In this work I confirmed the Ruk gene structure using phage library analysis, which showed that it encompasses 320 kb and contains 24 exons with introns that are relatively large (³l00kb). There are 5 promoters found in Ruk and differential usage of these promoters together with alternative splicing generate 12 types of Ruk mRNA, which are for the majority developmentally down-regulated; the exceptions are Ruk_tand Ruk_h2 which are upregulated in adult testis. The 12 transcripts encode 7 different proteins and the only domain that is common for all of them is the coiled-coil. Therefore, the coiled-coil was targeted for conditional inactivation using the Cre loxP system. The tissue specific inactivation of Ruk dimerisation will help to elucidate the function of the individual isoforms depending on which tissues are targeted. GST pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation studies have shown that isoforms are able to interact with one another through various domains. Similar techniques have been used to elucidate the fine mechanism of the interaction between Ruk proteins and the p85α regulatory subunit of PI3-kinase. Ruk isoforms that were expressed in mammalian cells were shown to localize to vesicular structures, probably late endosomes, suggesting that certain domains interacting with membrane bound proteins cause the entire protein to be translocated to the endosomal membrane.

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Abu-Thuraia, Afnan. "Characterization of the interaction between the adaptor protein Nck and the protein kinase PKR." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=96908.

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Tight regulation of the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR) is critical for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis due to its potent inhibitory role on general translation. Previously, we have identified the adaptor protein Nck-1 as a novel cellular regulator of PKR activation through its interaction with PKR. In this study, we further confirmed that Nck-1 limits PKR activation under normal conditions. However, we demonstrate that the control of PKR activation by Nck-1 is reversible, since significant levels of dsRNA override Nck-1's negative control of PKR activation and induce dissociation of Nck-1 from PKR. Our data show that Nck-1 needs to be in full length to interact and modulate PKR. In addition, we observed that the interaction of Nck-1 with PKR is independent of any functional Src-homology domains of Nck-1, but our findings showing that Nck-1 interacts with both the N- and C-terminus of PKR challenge this concept. Nonetheless, we uncovered that upon significant levels of dsRNA, dissociation of Nck-1 from PKR is due to the activation of the catalytic activity of PKR rather than to competition by dsRNA binding or change of PKR conformation during its activation. Finally, we provided further evidence supporting the occurrence of Nck-1 phosphorylation by PKR in vivo. Hence, Nck-1 not only buffers PKR activation but appears to be a substrate of PKR. Therefore, we propose that PKR-mediated phosphorylation is part of the mechanism that promotes Nck-1 dissociation from activated PKR. Taken together, our data confirm Nck-1 as a novel cellular modulator of PKR that limits PKR activation under physiological conditions.
La protéine kinase PKR, activée par l'ARN double brins (ARNdb), est connue pour jouer un rôle inhibiteur de la traduction des protéines. La régulation de PKR est donc critique pour le maintien de l'homéostasie cellulaire. Nous avons précédemment identifié la protéine adaptatrice Nck 1 comme étant un potentiel régulateur de l'activation de PKR, suivant son interaction avec PKR. Dans la présente étude, nous avons été en mesure de confirmer que, dans des conditions physiologiques, Nck-1 peut limiter l'activation de PKR par l'ARNdb. Cependant, le contrôle qu'exerce Nck-1 sur PKR est réversible puisque, lorsque la quantité d'ARNdb dépasse une certaine concentration, PKR est activée et alors Nck-1 se dissocie de PKR, l'empêchant ainsi de limiter son activation. Nos données démontrent également que Nck-1 doit être dans sa forme native pour interagir et moduler l'activation de PKR. De plus, il semble que l'interaction entre Nck-1 et PKR ne nécessite pas que les différents domaines homologues de Src (SH2 et SH3) présents chez Nck-1 soient fonctionnels. De plus, nous avons observé que Nck-1 interagit à la fois avec les domaines N- et C-terminaux de PKR. Nous démontrons également que lorsque les niveaux d'ARNdb atteignent un niveau seuil, Nck-1 se dissocie de PKR non pas à cause d'une compétition avec l'ARNdb, ni à cause d'un changement de conformation de PKR ou son autophosphorylation, mais est plutôt dû à l'activation du domaine catalytique de PKR. De plus, il semble que Nck-1 puisse être phosphorylé par PKR in vivo. Nck-1 est donc non seulement un modulateur de l'activation de PKR mais peut également servir de substrat pour PKR. Ceci nous amène donc à proposer que la phosphorylation de Nck-1 par PKR activée soit responsable du mécanisme de dissociation entre Nck-1 et PKR. En conclusion, nos résultats confirment Nck-1 comme étant un nouveau modulateur cellulaire de PKR, en limitant son activation dans des conditions physiologiques.

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Nasertorabi, Fariborz. "Biochemical and Structural Studies on the Adaptor Protein p130Cas." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4777.

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Domiziana, De Tommaso. "Astrocytes contribute to neuroinflammation during EAE by shaping the CNS microenvironment via Rai signalling." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1105117.

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). One of the pathological hallmarks of MS is the T cells-mediated destruction of myelin sheath, which result in axonal damage and subsequent neurological dysfunction. Current MS therapies are focused on immunosuppression as they are aimed at limiting the entry of immune cells into CNS, thereby preventing neuroinflammation. Although these therapies have been shown to be potent disease-modifying agents they fail to prevent or reverse disease progression. Astrocytes, among CNS resident cells, has been recently suggested as alternative highly promising therapeutic targets because of the key role played by these cells in driving disease progression in MS. Indeed, thanks to a close contact between astrocyte end-feet and blood vessels, the crosstalk of astrocytes with encephalitogenic T cells is centrally implicated in MS pathogenesis (Ponath et al., 2018). In this view, we have recently demonstrated that ShcC/Rai is as a novel astrocytic adaptor whose loss in mice accounts for a reduced demyelination and a milder experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), notwithstanding a higher frequency and pathogenicity of autoreactive T cells infiltrated within CNS highlighting the key role played by astrocytes in T cell modulation during EAE (Ulivieri et al., 2016). In the first part of this project we have investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the ability of ShcC/Rai-deficient astrocytes to generate an efficient T cell suppressive microenvironment in the pathological setting of EAE. At the beginning, we focused to study the ability of astrocytes to control the balance between extracellular ATP and adenosine in response to encephalitogenic T cells. We found that astrocytes respond to autoreactive T cells injury by enhancing the expression and activity of CD39 ectonucleotidase, responsible for the enzymatic hydrolysis of extracellular ATP into the immunosuppressive mediator adenosine, and that ShcC/Rai couples CD39 to its negative regulator RanBPM thereby limiting its activity. Accordingly, we measured high adenosine concentration in conditioned medium of Rai-/- astrocytes. As a result, T cells in the presence of microenvironment shaped by Rai knock-out astrocytes showed reduced proliferation and an up-regulation of inhibitory receptor CTLA-4, indicating that higher levels of adenosine are responsible to immunosuppression. We further characterized the impact of Rai on the protein composition of astrocytes-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in response to T cell-derived cytokines. Data obtained using a proteomic approach revealed that several proteins are differentially present in EVs released from Rai deficient or control astrocytes. Interestingly, enrichment analysis showed that these proteins participate in glutamate metabolism, in the control of protein folding and in the protection from oxidative stress suggesting that Rai controls pathways involved in brain homeostasis. Additionally, we examined functional polarization of astrocytes towards a neuroprotective (A2) or a neurotoxic (A1) phenotype. We show that Rai-/- astrocytes skew towards the A2 neuroprotective phenotype in response to encephalitogenic T cells both in vitro and in the EAE mouse model of MS by enhancing the activation of STAT3 transcription factor. In the second part of the project we have analyzed the role of ShcC/Rai in adenosine signaling in T cells. We identify a novel mechanism by which Rai in T cells dampens immunosuppressive effect of adenosine by inhibiting A2A receptor signalling interfering with the activation of transcription factor CREB. Characterization of molecular mechanism in a Jurkat T cell lines overexpressing Rai shows that Rai forms a complex with CREB upon A2AR triggering. In this respect, the phosphorylation/activation of CREB was significantly higher in Rai knock-out T cells compared with control following A2AR stimulation. Collectively, these data identify Rai/ShcC adaptor protein as critical regulator of astrocytes responses to T cells mediated neuroinflammation and highlight a new molecular mechanism to which Rai prevents establishment of an immunosuppressive program in T cells by limiting the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor CREB.

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Demone, Jordan. "Characterizing the role of the transcriptional adaptor ADA2: an integrating node in the cold response mechanism in «Brachypodium distachyon»." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114517.

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Freezing stress limits crop productivity and generates substantial economic losses every year. While most temperate cereal crops exhibit some degree of cold tolerance, they require exposure to low, non-freezing temperatures in order to acclimate. This involves the induced expression of cold-regulated (COR) genes. COR gene promoters contain sequences that are recognized by C-repeat Binding Factor 1 (CBF1), a transcription factor that may mediate gene expression via the SAGA (SPT-ADA2-GCN5-acetyltransferase) complex in response to cold stress. The goal of this study was to characterize the function of the adaptor protein ADA2, a member of the SAGA complex that may link CBF1 to chromatin remodeling proteins. Expression analysis confirmed that Brachypodium CBF1 and ADA2 were expressed synchronously in response to cold treatment. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis demonstrated that ADA2 and CBF1 interact directly in planta. These results further support the hypothesis that the SAGA complex exists in Brachypodium and that it may play an important role in mediating the cold response mechanism.
Pour les pays nordiques, les épisodes de gel précoces et tardifs limitent considérablement le rendement des cultures et génèrent de lourdes pertes économiques. Bien que la plupart des plantes céréalières cultivées au Canada possèdent d'emblée un certain niveau de tolérance au gel, elles nécessitent toutes une période d'exposition à de basses températures (de 2 à 10°C) afin de maximiser leurs niveaux de tolérance. Ce processus d'acclimatation repose sur l'expression induite des gènes COR (Cold-Regulated Genes) contrôlés en grande partie par le régulateur CBF1 (C-repeat Binding Factor 1). Récemment, il a été proposé que CBF1 pourrait interagir avec le complexe chromatinien SAGA dans le but d'accomplir sa fonction. Cette interaction serait médiée par une sous-unité du complexe SAGA, la protéine adaptatrice ADA2. Cette dernière représenterait donc le lien moléculaire unissant les mécanismes de régulation génique traditionnels et chromatiniens impliqués dans le développement de la tolérance au gel des plantes. Le but de cette étude était de caractériser l'interaction physique entre CBF1 et ADA2 dans un contexte in planta. Des analyses d'expression en temps réel ont démontré que BradiCBF1 et BradiADA2 sont exprimés de façon similaire en réponse aux basses températures. De plus, des analyses d'interactions utilisant la technique de complémentation bimoléculaire de fluorescence (BiFC) ont démontré pour la première fois une interaction in planta entre les protéines BradiCBF1 and BradiADA2. Les résultats présentés ici suggèrent fortement qu'un complexe apparenté au complexe SAGA existe chez Brachypodium distachyon et que ce dernier pourrait jouer un rôle important lors du développement de la tolérance au gel chez les plantes céréalières.

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Kong, Mei 1972. "Epidermal growth factor-induced DNA synthesis : key roles for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the adaptor protein Gab2." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82904.

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In primary rat hepatocytes, we found that activation of the Pl3-kinase pathway is both necessary and sufficient to account for EGF-induced DNA synthesis. To identify the mechanism of EGF-induced Pl3-kinase activation, we demonstrated that three distinct p85-associated complexes were formed following EGF: ErbB3-p85, Shc-p85 and a large complex Gab2-Grb2-SHP2-p85. The latter accounted for >80% of total Pl3-kinase activity. Further experiments showed that these complexes are differentially localized in rat liver following EGF treatment. ErbB3-p85 and Shc-p85 complexes were localized to PM and Endosomes; whereas the multimeric Gab2-Grb2-SHP2-p85 complex was formed rapidly and exclusively in cytosol. A central role for Gab2 in EGF-induced Pl3-kinase activation and DNA synthesis was established when we observed that over-expression of wild-type Gab2 augmented these EGF actions, whereas a Gab2 mutant lacking p85 binding sites did not effect such augmentation. Over-expression of the PH-domain of Gab2 did not affect EGF-induced Gab2 phosphorylation, Pl3-kinase activation and DNA synthesis, whereas over-expressed Gab2 lacking the PH-domain was comparable to wild-type Gab2 in respect to these EGF-induced signals. These data demonstrated that Gab2 is phosphorylated and mediates EGF signaling in a PH-domain independent manner. We then explored the mechanism of Gab2 phosphorylation by EGF; our results demonstrated that PP1, a selective inhibitor of Src family kinases, blocked EGF-induced Gab2 tyrosine phosphorylation and downstream events. Moreover, Gab2 phosphorylation was increased in Csk knock-out cells in which Src family kinases are constitutively activated. A constitutive association between Gab2 and Src via proline rich sequences on Gab2 was demonstrated since deletion of proline rich sequences in Gab2 prevented EGF-induced association of Src with Gab2, Gab2 phosphorylation, Pl3-kinase/Akt activation, and DNA synthesis. The role of SHP2 was defin

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Books on the topic "Molecular adaptor"

Adler, M. Properties and potential of protein–DNA conjugates for analytic applications. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.25.

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This article examines the properties of protein-DNA conjugates and their potential for analytic applications. It begins with a discussion of DNA as a rigid construction tool for protein networks, reducing its functionality to the molecular equivalent of a steel bar in 'large-scale' architecture. It then describes DNA functionality in protein-DNA conjugates, like specific recognition of nucleotide sequences or its unique use as an amplification template. It also considers a range of applications for protein-DNA conjugates, including the use of artificial DNA-protein nanostructures as supramolecular building blocks and DNA-antibody conjugates for ultrasensitive antigen detection. Finally, it evaluates DNA-directed immobilization of protein-DNA adaptor molecules for flexible protein arrays. It shows that protein-DNA conjugates can be used as analytical targets for challenging and calibrating the properties of high-resolution atomic force microscopy, as well as analytical reagents for ultrasensitive target detection in immuno-PCR and related techniques.

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Schinner, Franz, and Rosa Margesin. Cold-Adapted Organisms: Ecology, Physiology, Enzymology and Molecular Biology. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2010.

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(Editor), Rosa Margesin, and Franz Schinner (Editor), eds. Cold-Adapted Organisms: Ecology, Physiology, Enzymology and Molecular Biology. Springer, 1999.

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Schinner, Franz, and Rosa Margesin. Cold-Adapted Organisms: Ecology, Physiology, Enzymology and Molecular Biology. Springer, 2014.

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Schinner, Franz, and Rosa Margesin. Cold-Adapted Organisms: Ecology, Physiology, Enzymology and Molecular Biology. Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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Schulkin, Jay. Evolution and Diversification of Function of an Information Molecule. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198793694.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 begins with a depiction of the evolutionary origins of CRF in living things. CRF appears to date back hundreds of millions of years. It is found in diverse invertebrates, including flies and bees. Invertebrates’ brains look nothing like those of vertebrates except for the diverse information molecules that underlie both brain systems. There is no clear anatomical organ like the HPA axis in invertebrates, yet information molecules, including CRF, are just as important to invertebrate functioning as they are to vertebrates. CRF in invertebrates is linked to basic regulatory functions such as osmotic regulation, food intake, learning, and circadian rhythmicity. There are many examples of regulatory molecules that, over time, become adapted to serve multiple functions. Once a gene for a potent regulatory molecule exists, the potential for the differentiation of function, regulation, and mode of action exist as well.

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Biology of Parasitism: Molecular Biology and Imunology of the Adaption and Development of Parasites. Ediciones Trilce, 1994.

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Powell, Craig M., and Antony A. Boucard. Neuroligins and Neurexins: Bridging the Synaptic Cleft in Autism. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199744312.003.0014.

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Animal models of autism are now prolific as human genetic findings in autism provide a compelling rationale for developing bona fide mouse models of subtypes of human autism/mental retardation. Furthermore, these findings provide the opportunity to understand at a molecular, cellular, and circuit level the pathogenesis of a subset of ASDs. This chapter introduces neuroligins and neurexins, their function, their genetic link to autism, genetic mouse models of autism based on neuroligin and neurexin mutation/deletion, and the potential for understanding the pathogenesis and ultimately treatment of ASDs linked to these genes. This chapter is updated and adapted from an earlier published version (Powell & Boucard, 2010).

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Darrigol, Olivier. The Critical Turn (1895–1899). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816171.003.0008.

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In the writings of this period, we see Boltzmann responding to criticism by British kinetic theorists and by the German mathematician Ernst Zermelo regarding the equipartition of energy and the H theorem. Boltzmann also acted as a critic of other authors. He ridiculed Joseph Bertrand’s attack on Maxwell’s kinetic-molecular reasoning and, after much pounding on Max Planck’s early radiation theory, he managed to convince Planck to alter his approach to irreversibility. Boltzmann also gave a last critical review of the problem of specific heats. During the same period, he was working on his Gastheorie and this prompted him to discuss Johannes Diderik van der Waals’s theory in the light of the Maxwell–Boltzmann theory, with similar reasoning adapted to the problem of chemical dissociation.

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Allen, Michael P., and Dominic J. Tildesley. Advanced Monte Carlo methods. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803195.003.0009.

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This chapter describes the ways in which the Monte Carlo importance sampling method may be adapted to improve the calculation of ensemble averages, particularly those associated with free energy differences. These approaches include umbrella sampling, non-Boltzmann sampling, the Wang–Landau method, and nested sampling. In addition, a range of special techniques have been developed to accelerate the simulation of flexible molecules, such as polymers. These approaches are illustrated with scientific examples and program code. The chapter also explains the analysis of such simulations using techniques such as weighted histograms, and acceptance ratio calculations. Practical advice on selection of methods, parameters, and the direction in which to make comparisons, are given. Monte Carlo methods for modelling phase equilibria and chemical reactions at equilibrium are described.

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Book chapters on the topic "Molecular adaptor"

Hedman, Andrew C., and David B. Sacks. "Adaptor Proteins." In Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21573-6_265-1.

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Hedman, Andrew C., and David B. Sacks. "Adaptor Proteins." In Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology, 24–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57401-7_265.

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Shi, Rui, Ying-Husan Sun, Xing-Hai Zhang, and Vincent L. Chiang. "Poly(T) Adaptor RT-PCR." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 53–66. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-427-8_4.

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Miura, Fumihito, Yukiko Shibata, Miki Miura, and Takashi Ito. "Post-bisulfite Adaptor Tagging Based on an ssDNA Ligation Technique (tPBAT)." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 21–37. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2724-2_2.

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Miura, Fumihito, and Takashi Ito. "Post-Bisulfite Adaptor Tagging for PCR-Free Whole-Genome Bisulfite Sequencing." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 123–36. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7481-8_7.

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Butler, Juliet M., and Leonard Beevers. "Putative Adaptor Proteins of Clathrin Coated Vesicles from Developing Pea." In Molecular Mechanisms of Membrane Traffic, 331–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02928-2_68.

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Qiu, Jingfan, and Shu-Bing Qian. "Poly-A Tailing and Adaptor Ligation Methods for Ribo-Seq Library Construction." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 221–37. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1150-0_10.

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Vautrot, Valentin, and Isabelle Behm-Ansmant. "Enhanced Probe-Based RT-qPCR Quantification of MicroRNAs Using Poly(A) Tailing and 5′ Adaptor Ligation." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 39–54. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9833-3_4.

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Caruccio, Nicholas. "Preparation of Next-Generation Sequencing Libraries Using Nextera™ Technology: Simultaneous DNA Fragmentation and Adaptor Tagging by In Vitro Transposition." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 241–55. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-089-8_17.

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Biswas-Fiss, Esther E., Stephanie Affet, Malissa Ha, Takaya Satoh, Joe B. Blumer, Stephen M. Lanier, Ana Kasirer-Friede, et al. "Adaptor Protein Complex 4." In Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules, 54. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0461-4_100036.

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Conference papers on the topic "Molecular adaptor"

Elmansuri, Aiman, Mishie Tanino, Roshan Mahabir, Lei Wang, Masumi Tsuda, Taichi Kimura, Hiroshi Nishihara, and Shinya Tanaka. "Abstract A156: CrkI and CrkII adaptor proteins promote invasiveness and metastasis via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells." In Abstracts: AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics--Oct 19-23, 2013; Boston, MA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-13-a156.

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Li, Z., EN Potts, WM Foster, and JW Hollingsworth. "Ozone-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness Is Dependent on TRIF-Related Adaptor Molecule (TRAM) and TIR-Domain-Containing Adaptor-Inducing Interferon-beta (TRIF)." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a2567.

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Dumitricaˇ, Traian, Dong-Bo Zhang, and Ming Hua. "Nanomechanics of Silicon Nanowires via Symmetry-Adapted Tight-Binding and Classical Objective Molecular Dynamics." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66802.

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Stability and elastic response of the most promising ground state candidate Si nanowires with less than 10 nm in diameter are comparatively studied with objective molecular dynamics coupled with non-orthogonal tight-binding and classical potential models. The computationally-expensive tight-binding treatment becomes tractable due to the substantial simplifications introduced by the presented symmetry-adapted scheme. Quantitative differences regarding stability with the classical model description are noted. Using a Wulff energy decomposition approach it is revealed that these differences are caused by the inability of the classical potential to accurately describe the interaction of Si atoms on surfaces. Differences between the results of the two atomistic treatments are also noted in the elastic response in elongation.

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Fisher, S. P., J. F. Leonard, I. T. Muirhead, G. Buller, and P. Meredith. "The Fabrication of Optical Devices by Molecular Beam Deposition Technology." In Optical Interference Coatings. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oic.1992.otub7.

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Molecular beam deposition (MBD) technology has been used to fabricate complex optical devices of varying designs for diverse applications. This was achieved using a V90H system purchased by Heriot-Watt University with funding from the Science and Engineering Research Council and adapted by Optical Coatings, Ltd. to produce optical thin film structures. The major modifications included the addition of quartz crystal monitoring, broadband optical monitoring, and automated process control with data logging capability and built upon the research begun at the Royal Signal and Radar Establishment.1

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Tejwani, Gopal D. "Transmittance and Radiance Computations for Rocket Engine Plume Environments." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47406.

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Rocket engine exhaust plume is generally thermal in character arising from changes in the internal energy of constituent molecules. Radiation from the plume is attenuated in its passage through the atmosphere. In the visible and the infrared region of the spectrum for clear-sky conditions, this is caused mainly through absorption by atmospheric molecular species. The most important combustion-product molecules giving rise to emission in the IR are water vapor, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. In addition, the high temperature plume reacting with the surrounding atmosphere may produce nitrogen oxides, in the boundary layer, all of which are strongly emitting molecules. Important absorbing species in the atmosphere in the engine plume environment are H2O, CO, CO2, CH4, N2O, NO, and NO2. Under normal atmospheric conditions, the concentrations of O3, SO2, and NH3 are too small to produce any significant absorption. Essentially the problem comprises of the propagation of radiation from a hot gas source through a long cool absorbing atmosphere thus combining aspects of atmospheric and combustion gas methods. Since many of the same molecular species are responsible for both emission and absorption, the high degree of line position correlation between the emission and absorption spectra precludes the decoupling of the optical path into isolated emitter and absorber regions and multiplying the source band radiance by the absorber band transmittance in order to arrive at the transmitted radiance spectrum. Also, very strong thermal gradients may be encountered. All this suggests that a layer-by-layer computation is called for. The pathlength through the plume and the atmosphere is assumed to go through a certain number of layers, each of which is considered to have all molecular species in local thermodynamic equilibrium at constant temperature and pressure within the layer. Radiative transfer problems can be visualized as a set of parallel layers orthogonal to the line of sight, each with an input radiance from the previous layer and an output radiance to the subsequent layer. The MODTRAN (MODerate resolution TRANsmission) code is ideally suited for layer-by-layer absorption/emission calculations for atmospheric molecular species. We have utilized MODTRAN 4.0 computer code, implemented on a Power Mac G3, for the radiance and transmittance computations. The MODTRAN code has been adapted for the engine plume radiance computations. If the plume composition and flowfield parameters such as the temperature and pressure values are known along the line of sight by means of the experimental measurements or (more likely) CFD simulations, one can compute the radiance from any plume with high degree of accuracy at any desired point in space. Emission and absorption characteristics of several atmospheric and combustion species have been studied and presented in this paper with reference to the rocket engine plume environments at the Stennis Space Center. In general transmittance losses can not be neglected for any pathlength of 2 m or more. We have also studied the effect of clouds, rain, and fog on the plume radiance/transmittance. The transmittance losses are severe if any of these occur along the line of sight. Preliminary results for the radiance from the exhaust plume of the space shuttle main engine are shown and discussed.

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Allam, Sushmita L., Jean-Marie C. Bouteiller, Renaud Greget, Serge Bischoff, Michel Baudry, and Theodore W. Berger. "EONS Synaptic Modeling Platform: Exploration of Mechanisms Regulating Information Processing in the CNS and Application to Drug Discovery." In ASME 2008 3rd Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/biomed2008-38095.

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EONS modeling platform is a resourceful learning and research tool to study the mechanisms underlying the non-linear dynamics of synaptic transmission with the aid of mathematical models. Mathematical modeling of information processing in CNS pathways, in particular modeling of molecular events and synaptic dynamics, have not been extensively developed owing to the complex computations involved in integrating a multitude of parameters. In this paper, we discuss the development of a strategy to adapt the EONS synaptic modeling platform to a multi-node environment using a parallel computational framework to compute data intensive long simulations in a shorter time frame. We describe how this strategy can be applied to (i) determine the optimal values of the numerous parameters required for fitting experimental data, (ii) determine the impact of all parameters on various aspects of synaptic transmission (under normal conditions or conditions mimicking pathological conditions) and (iii) study the effects of exogenous molecules on both healthy and pathological synaptic models.

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Zhu, Cheng, and Scott E. Chesla. "Dissociation of Individual Molecular Bonds Under Force." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0286.

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Abstract Specific interactions between receptors on cell surfaces are essential for living organisms to sense and adapt to their environment. For example, CD16A (Feγ receptor IIIA) signals a variety of immune functions upon binding of immunoglobulin (Ig) G. While receptor-ligand binding has been extensively studied in chemical terms, only until very recently has direct measurement of individual bond forces become possible. Evans et al. [1] pioneered the use of the micropipet technique to measure detachment forces between two red blood cells (RBC) crosslinked by antibodies. While these authors achieved the sensitivity necessary to detect individual bonds (in piconewton range), the forces they measured appeared to be those of uprooting the molecules from the cell membrane (cohesive detachment mode) instead of dissociating the antibody-antigen bonds (adhesive detachment mode).

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Meredith, Paul, Gerald S. Buller, Andrew C. Walker, and S. Desmond Smith. "Determination of the Optical Constants of Molecular Beam Deposited Thin Films." In Optical Interference Coatings. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oic.1992.othd6.

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The wide application of optical multilayer interference coatings has prompted the "growth" of numerous new vacuum and non vacuum techniques [1]. One such approach is that of Molecular Beam Deposition (MBD). A molecular beam epitaxy system, in our case an adapted VG Semicon V90H kit, is used under ultra high vacuum conditions for the production of polycrystalline films deposited on optically transparent substrates. Applications include, high damage threshold laser coatings [2], and also the fabrication of high finesse nonlinear Fabry Perot interference filters (NLIF) for use as logic, memory or threshold devices in the field of digital optical computing [3].

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Ilyasov, R. A., A. G. Nikolenko, and H. W. Kwon. "GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF HONEY BEES FOR KEEPING IN EXTREMAL CLIMATIC CONDITIONS." In V International Scientific Conference CONCEPTUAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS OF INVERTEBRATE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND BIOLOGICAL EDUCATION. Tomsk State University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-931-0-2020-55.

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Genetic improvement of honey bee populations based on molecular genetics features is faster and precision in comparison with morphometry and behavior-based methods. We developed the method based on nine nuclear microsatellite loci that allow a selection of most adaptive honey bee colonies by genetically defined features. Our study the heterozygosity of the dark European bee A. m. mellifera inhabiting the extremely cold region of the Ural Mountains to provide a marker-assisted selection for revealing the high adapted to extremely cold climate honey bee population can be applied for markerassisted selection of honey bees adapted to beekeeping in extremal climatic conditions.

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Gerosa, Luca, Christopher Chidley, Fabian Froehlich, Gabriela Sanchez, Sang Kyun Lim, Jeremy Muhlich, Jia-Yun Chen, et al. "Abstract LB-B09: ERK pulses drive non-genetic resistance in drug-adapted BRAFV600Emelanoma cells." In Abstracts: AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; October 26-30, 2019; Boston, MA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-19-lb-b09.

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Reports on the topic "Molecular adaptor"

Bray, Elizabeth, Zvi Lerner, and Alexander Poljakoff-Mayber. The Role of Phytohormones in the Response of Plants to Salinity Stress. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7613007.bard.

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Salinity is an increasing problem in many irrigated areas of crop production and is a significant factor in reducing crop productivity. Developmental, physiological, and molecular responses to salinity were studied in order to improve our understanding of these responses. Improvements in our understanding of plant responses to salinity are necessary in order to develop crops with improved salt tolerance. Previously, in Israel, it was shown that Sorghum biccolor can adapt to an otherwise lethal concentration of NaCl. These experiments were refined and it was shown that there is a specific window of development in which this adaption can occur. Past the window of development, Sorghum plants can not be adapted. In addition, the ability to adapt is not present in all genotypes of Sorghum. Cultivars that adapt have an increased coefficient of variation for many of the physiological parameters measured during the mid-phase of adaptation. Therefore, it is possible that the adaptation process does not occur identically in the entire population. A novel gene was identified, isolated and characterized from Sorghum that is induced in roots in response to salinity. This gene is expressed in roots in response to salt treatments, but it is not salt-induced in leaves. In leaves, the gene is expressed without a salt treatment. The gene encodes a proline-rich protein with a novel proline repeat, PEPK, repeated more than 50 times. An antibody produced to the PEPK repeat was used to show that the PEPK protein is present in the endodermal cell wall of the root during salt treatments. In the leaves, the protein is also found predominantly in the cell wall and is present mainly in the mesophyll cells. It is proposed that this protein is involved in the maintenance of solute concentration.

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Taylor, DeCarlos E. Prediction of the Impact Sensitivity of Energetic Molecules Using Symmetry Adapted Perturbation Theory. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada550736.

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Blum, Abraham, and Henry T. Nguyen. Molecular Tagging of Drought Resistance in Wheat: Osmotic Adjustment and Plant Productivity. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580672.bard.

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Drought stress is a major limitation to bread wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) productivity and its yield stability in arid and semi-arid regions of world including parts of Israel and the U.S. Currently, breeding for sustained yields under drought stress is totally dependent on the use of yield and several key physiological attributes as selection indices. The attempt to identify the optimal genotype by evaluating the phenotype is undermining progress in such breeding programs. Osmotic adjustment (OA) is an effective drought resistance mechanism in many crop plants. Evidence exists that there is a genetic variation for OA in wheat and that high OA capacity supports wheat yields under drought stress. The major objective of this research was to identify molecular markers (RFLPs, restriction fragment length polymorphisms; and AFLPs, amplified fragment length polymorph isms) linked to OA as a major attribute of drought resistance in wheat and thus to facilitate marker-assisted selection for drought resistance. We identified high and low OA lines of wheat and from their cross developed recombinant inbred lines (RILs) used in the molecular tagging of OA in relation to drought resistance in terms of plant production under stress. The significant positive co-segregation of OA, plant water status and yield under stress in this RIL population provided strong support for the important role of OA as a drought resistance mechanism sustaining wheat production under drought stress. This evidence was obtained in addition to the initial study of parental materials for constructing this RIL population, which also gave evidence for a strong correlation between OA and grain yield under stress. This research therefore provides conclusive evidence on the important role of OA in sustaining wheat yield under drought stress. The measurement of OA is difficult and the selection for drought resistance by the phenotypic expression of OA is practically impossible. This research provided information on the genetic basis of OA in wheat in relations to yield under stress. It provided the basic information to indicate that molecular marker assisted selection for OA in wheat is possible. The RIL population has been created by a cross between two agronomic spring wheat lines and the high OA recombinants in this population presented very high OA values, not commonly observed in wheat. These recombinants are therefore an immediate valuable genetic recourse for breeding well-adapted drought resistant wheat in Texas and Israel. We feel that this work taken as a whole eliminate the few previous speculated . doubts about the practical role of OA as an important mechanism of drought resistance in economic crop plants. As such it should open the way, in terms of both concept and the use of marker assisted selection, for improving drought resistance in wheat by deploying high osmotic adjustment.

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Stern, David, and Gadi Schuster. Manipulation of Gene Expression in the Chloroplast. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575289.bard.

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The steady-state level of a given mRNA is determined by its rates of transcription and degradation. The stabilities of chloroplast mRNAs vary during plant development, in part regulating gene expression. Furthermore, the fitness of the organelle depends on its ability to destroy non-functional transcripts. In addition, there is a resurgent interest by the biotechnology community in chloroplast transformation due to the public concerns over pollen transmission of introduced traits or foreign proteins. Therefore, studies into basic gene expression mechanisms in the chloroplast will open the door to take advantage of these opportunities. This project was aimed at gaining mechanistic insights into mRNA processing and degradation in the chloroplast and to engineer transcripts of varying stability in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. This research uncovered new and important information on chloroplast mRNA stability, processing, degradation and translation. In particular, the processing of the 3' untranslated regions of chloroplast mRNAs was shown to be important determinants in translation. The endonucleolytic site in the 3' untranslated region was characterized by site directed mutagensis. RNA polyadenylation has been characterized in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and chloroplast transformants carrying polyadenylated sequences were constructed and analyzed. Data obtained to date suggest that chloroplasts have gene regulatory mechanisms which are uniquely adapted to their post-endosymbiotic environment, including those that regulate RNA stability. An exciting point has been reached, because molecular genetic studies have defined critical RNA-protein interactions that participate in these processes. However, much remains to be learned about these multiple pathways, how they interact with each other, and how many nuclear genes are consecrated to overseeing them. Chlamydomonas is an ideal model system to extend our understanding of these areas, given its ease of manipulation and the existing knowledge base, some of which we have generated.

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Murray, Chris, Keith Williams, Norrie Millar, Monty Nero, Amy O'Brien, and Damon Herd. A New Palingenesis. University of Dundee, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001273.

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Robert Duncan Milne (1844-99), from Cupar, Fife, was a pioneering author of science fiction stories, most of which appeared in San Francisco’s Argonaut magazine in the 1880s and ’90s. SF historian Sam Moskowitz credits Milne with being the first full-time SF writer, and his contribution to the genre is arguably greater than anyone else including Stevenson and Conan Doyle, yet it has all but disappeared into oblivion. Milne was fascinated by science. He drew on the work of Scottish physicists and inventors such as James Clark Maxwell and Alexander Graham Bell into the possibilities of electromagnetic forces and new communications media to overcome distances in space and time. Milne wrote about visual time-travelling long before H.G. Wells. He foresaw virtual ‘tele-presencing’, remote surveillance, mobile phones and worldwide satellite communications – not to mention climate change, scientific terrorism and drone warfare, cryogenics and molecular reengineering. Milne also wrote on alien life forms, artificial immortality, identity theft and personality exchange, lost worlds and the rediscovery of extinct species. ‘A New Palingenesis’, originally published in The Argonaut on July 7th 1883, and adapted in this comic, is a secular version of the resurrection myth. Mary Shelley was the first scientiser of the occult to rework the supernatural idea of reanimating the dead through the mysterious powers of electricity in Frankenstein (1818). In Milne’s story, in which Doctor S- dissolves his terminally ill wife’s body in order to bring her back to life in restored health, is a striking, further modernisation of Frankenstein, to reflect late-nineteenth century interest in electromagnetic science and spiritualism. In particular, it is a retelling of Shelley’s narrative strand about Frankenstein’s aborted attempt to shape a female mate for his creature, but also his misogynistic ambition to bypass the sexual principle in reproducing life altogether. By doing so, Milne interfused Shelley’s updating of the Promethean myth with others. ‘A New Palingenesis’ is also a version of Pygmalion and his male-ordered, wish-fulfilling desire to animate his idealised female sculpture, Galatea from Ovid’s Metamorphoses, perhaps giving a positive twist to Orpheus’s attempt to bring his corpse-bride Eurydice back from the underworld as well? With its basis in spiritualist ideas about the soul as a kind of electrical intelligence, detachable from the body but a material entity nonetheless, Doctor S- treats his wife as an ‘intelligent battery’. He is thus able to preserve her personality after death and renew her body simultaneously because that captured electrical intelligence also carries a DNA-like code for rebuilding the individual organism itself from its chemical constituents. The descriptions of the experiment and the body’s gradual re-materialisation are among Milne’s most visually impressive, anticipating the X-raylike anatomisation and reversal of Griffin’s disappearance process in Wells’s The Invisible Man (1897). In the context of the 1880s, it must have been a compelling scientisation of the paranormal, combining highly technical descriptions of the Doctor’s system of electrically linked glass coffins with ghostly imagery. It is both dramatic and highly visual, even cinematic in its descriptions, and is here brought to life in the form of a comic.

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Lurie, Susan, John Labavitch, Ruth Ben-Arie, and Ken Shackel. Woolliness in Peaches and Nectarines. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570557.bard.

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The overall goal of the research was to understand the processes involved in the development of woolliness in peaches and nectarines. Four specific hypotheses were proposed and in the course of the research evidence was gathered t support two of them and to not support two others. The hypotheses and a summary of the evidence are outlined below. 1. That woolliness arises from an imbalance between the activities of the cell wall pectin degrading enzymes. Using 'Flavortop' nectarines and 'Hermoza' peaches as model systems, storage regimes were manipulated to induce or prevent woolliness. The expression (mRNA abundance), protein content (Western blotting), and activity of polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin esterase (PE) were followed. Expression of the enzymes was not different, but activity and the ratio between PG and PE activities were quite different in fruits developing woolliness or ripening normally. This was also examined by looking at the substrate, the pectin moiety of the cell wall, and i woolly fruit there were more high molecular weight pectins with regions of non-methylated galacturonic acid residues. Taking an in vitro approach it was found a) that PE activity was stable at 0oC while PG activity decreased; b) incubating the calcium pectate fraction of the cell wall with PE extracted from peaches caused the polymers to form a gel characteristic of the visual woolly symptoms in peaches. 2. That continued cell wall synthesis occurs during storage and contributes to structural changes i cell walls and improper dissolution and softening after storage. We tried to adapt our technique of adding 13C-glucose to fruit discs, which was used successfully to follow cell wall synthesis during tomato ripening. However, the difference in sugar content between the two fruits (4% in tomato and 12% in peach) meant that the 13C-glucose was much more diluted within the general metabolite pool. We were unable to see any cell wall synthesis which meant that either the dilution factor was too great, or that synthesis was not occurring. 3. That controlled atmosphere (CA) prevents woolliness by lowering all enzyme activities. CA was found to greatly reduce mRNA abundance of the cell wall enzymes compared to regular air storage. However, their synthesis and activity recovered during ripening after CA storage and did not after regular air storage. Therefore, CA prevented the inhibition of enzyme activation found in regular air storage. 4. That changes in cell wall turgor and membrane function are important events in the development of woolliness. Using a micro pressure probe, turgor was measured in cells of individual 'O'Henry' and 'CalRed' peaches which were woolly or healthy. The relationship between firmness and turgor was the same in both fruit conditions. These data indicate that the development and expression of woolliness are not associated with differences in membrane function, at least with regard to the factors that determine cell turgor pressure. In addition, during the period of the grant additional areas were explored. Encoglucanase, and enzyme metabolizing hemicellulose, was found to be highly expressed air stored, but not in unstored or CA stored fruit. Activity gels showed higher activity in air stored fruit as well. This is the first indication that other components of the cell wall may be involved in woolliness. The role of ethylene in woolliness development was also investigated at it was found a) that woolly fruits had decreased ability to produce ethylene, b) storing fruits in the presence of ethylene delayed the appearance of woolliness. This latter finding has implication for an inexpensive strategy for storing peaches and nectarines.

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Sela, Hanan, Eduard Akhunov, and Brian J. Steffenson. Population genomics, linkage disequilibrium and association mapping of stripe rust resistance genes in wild emmer wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598170.bard.

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The primary goals of this project were: (1) development of a genetically characterized association panel of wild emmer for high resolution analysis of the genetic basis of complex traits; (2) characterization and mapping of genes and QTL for seedling and adult plant resistance to stripe rust in wild emmer populations; (3) characterization of LD patterns along wild emmer chromosomes; (4) elucidation of the multi-locus genetic structure of wild emmer populations and its correlation with geo-climatic variables at the collection sites. Introduction In recent years, Stripe (yellow) rust (Yr) caused by Pucciniastriiformis f. sp. tritici(PST) has become a major threat to wheat crops in many parts of the world. New races have overcome most of the known resistances. It is essential, therefore, that the search for new genes will continue, followed by their mapping by molecular markers and introgression into the elite varieties by marker-assisted selection (MAS). The reservoir of genes for disease and pest resistance in wild emmer wheat (Triticumdicoccoides) is an important resource that must be made available to wheat breeders. The majority of resistance genes that were introgressed so far in cultivated wheat are resistance (R) genes. These genes, though confering near-immunity from the seedling stage, are often overcome by the pathogen in a short period after being deployed over vast production areas. On the other hand, adult-plant resistance (APR) is usually more durable since it is, in many cases, polygenic and confers partial resistance that may put less selective pressure on the pathogen. In this project, we have screened a collection of 480 wild emmer accessions originating from Israel for APR and seedling resistance to PST. Seedling resistance was tested against one Israeli and 3 North American PST isolates. APR was tested on accessions that did not have seedling resistance. The APR screen was conducted in two fields in Israel and in one field in the USA over 3 years for a total of 11 replicates. We have found about 20 accessions that have moderate stripe rust APR with infection type (IT<5), and about 20 additional accessions that have novel seedling resistance (IT<3). We have genotyped the collection using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) and the 90K SNP chip array. GBS yielded a total 341K SNP that were filtered to 150K informative SNP. The 90K assay resulted in 11K informative SNP. We have conducted a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) and found one significant locus on 6BL ( -log p >5). Two novel loci were found for seedling resistance. Further investigation of the 6BL locus and the effect of Yr36 showed that the 6BL locus and the Yr36 have additive effect and that the presence of favorable alleles of both loci results in reduction of 2 grades in the IT score. To identify alleles conferring adaption to extreme climatic conditions, we have associated the patterns of genomic variation in wild emmer with historic climate data from the accessions’ collection sites. The analysis of population stratification revealed four genetically distinct groups of wild emmer accessions coinciding with their geographic distribution. Partitioning of genomic variance showed that geographic location and climate together explain 43% of SNPs among emmer accessions with 19% of SNPs affected by climatic factors. The top three bioclimatic factors driving SNP distribution were temperature seasonality, precipitation seasonality, and isothermality. Association mapping approaches revealed 57 SNPs associated with these bio-climatic variables. Out of 21 unique genomic regions controlling heading date variation, 10 (~50%) overlapped with SNPs showing significant association with at least one of the three bioclimatic variables. This result suggests that a substantial part of the genomic variation associated with local adaptation in wild emmer is driven by selection acting on loci regulating flowering. Conclusions: Wild emmer can serve as a good source for novel APR and seedling R genes for stripe rust resistance. APR for stripe rust is a complex trait conferred by several loci that may have an additive effect. GWAS is feasible in the wild emmer population, however, its detection power is limited. A panel of wild emmer tagged with more than 150K SNP is available for further GWAS of important traits. The insights gained by the bioclimatic-gentic associations should be taken into consideration when planning conservation strategies.

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Splitter, Gary A., Menachem Banai, and Jerome S. Harms. Brucella second messenger coordinates stages of infection. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7699864.bard.

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Aim 1: To determine levels of this second messenger in: a) B. melitensiscyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate-regulating mutants (BMEI1448, BMEI1453, and BMEI1520), and b) B. melitensis16M (wild type) and mutant infections of macrophages and immune competent mice. (US lab primary) Aim 2: To determine proteomic differences between Brucelladeletion mutants BMEI1453 (high cyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate, chronic persistent state) and BMEI1520 (low cyclicdimericguanosinemonophosphate, acute virulent state) compared to wild type B. melitensisto identify the role of this second messenger in establishing the two polar states of brucellosis. (US lab primary with synergistic assistance from the Israel lab Aim 3: Determine the level of Brucellacyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate and transcriptional expression from naturally infected placenta. (Israel lab primary with synergistic assistance from the US lab). B. Background Brucellaspecies are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause brucellosis, the most prevalent zoonosis worldwide. Brucellosis is characterized by increased abortion, weak offspring, and decreased milk production in animals. Humans are infected with Brucellaby consuming contaminated milk products or via inhalation of aerosolized bacteria from occupational hazards. Chronic human infections can result in complications such as liver damage, orchitis, endocarditis, and arthritis. Brucellaspp. have the ability to infect both professional and non-professional phagocytes. Because of this, Brucellaencounter varied environments both throughout the body and within a cell and must adapt accordingly. To date, few virulence factors have been identified in B. melitensisand even less is known about how these virulence factors are regulated. Subsequently, little is known about how Brucellaadapt to its rapidly changing environments, and how it alternates between acute and chronic virulence. Our studies suggest that decreased concentrations of cyclic dimericguanosinemonophosphate (c-di-GMP) lead to an acute virulent state and increased concentrations of c-di-GMP lead to persistent, chronic state of B. melitensisin a mouse model of infection. We hypothesize that B. melitensisuses c-di-GMP to transition from the chronic state of an infected host to the acute, virulent stage of infection in the placenta where the bacteria prepare to infect a new host. Studies on environmental pathogens such as Vibrio choleraeand Pseudomonas aeruginosasupport a mechanism where changes in c-di-GMP levels cause the bacterium to alternate between virulent and chronic states. Little work exists on understanding the role of c-di-GMP in dangerous intracellular pathogens, like Brucellathat is a frequent pathogen in Israeli domestic animals and U.S. elk and bison. Brucellamust carefully regulate virulence factors during infection of a host to ensure proper expression at appropriate times in response to host cues. Recently, the novel secondary signaling molecule c-di-GMP has been identified as a major component of bacterial regulation and we have identified c-di-GMP as an important signaling factor in B. melitensishost adaptation. C. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements 1. The B. melitensis1453 deletion mutant has increased c-di-GMP, while the 1520 deletion mutant has decreased c-di-GMP. 2. Both mutants grow similarly in in vitro cultures; however, the 1453 mutant has a microcolony phenotype both in vitro and in vivo 3. The 1453 mutant has increased crystal violet staining suggesting biofilm formation. 4. Scanning electron microscopy revealed an abnormal coccus appearance with in increased cell area. 5. Proteomic analysis revealed the 1453 mutant possessed increased production of proteins involved in cell wall processes, cell division, and the Type IV secretion system, and a decrease in proteins involved in amino acid transport/metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid production, and iron acquisition suggesting less preparedness for intracellular survival. 6. RNAseq analysis of bone marrow derived macrophages infected with the mutants revealed the host immune response is greatly reduced with the 1453 mutant infection. These findings support that microlocalization of proteins involved in c-di-GMP homeostasis serve a second messenger to B. melitensisregulating functions of the bacteria during infection of the host.

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Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Accomplishments, 2007. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7296841.aphis.

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This past year’s hard work and significant changes have enabled CPHST—a division of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) program—to be an organization more capable and better aligned to support and focus on PPQ’s scientific needs. In 2007, CPHST developed the first PPQ strategic plan for CPHST. The plan shows where CPHST is going over the next 5 years, how it is going to get there, and how it will know if it got there or not. Moreover, CPHST plan identifies critical elements of PPQ’s overall strategic plan that must be supported by the science and technology services CPHST provides. The strategic plan was followed by an operational plan, which guarantees that the strategic plan is a living and breathing document. The operational plan identifies the responsibilities and resources needed to accomplish priorities in this fiscal year and measures our progress. CPHST identifies the pathways by which invasive plant pests and weeds can be introduced into the United States. CPHST develops, adapts, and supports technology to detect, identify, and mitigate the impact of invasive organisms. CPHST helps to ensure that the methods, protocols, and equipment used by PPQ field personnel are effective and efficient. All the work of CPHST is identified under one of the five program areas: Agricultural Quarantine Inspection and Port Technology, Molecular Diagnostics and Biotechnology, Response and Recovery Systems Technology, Risk and Pathway Analysis, and Survey Detection and Identification. CPHST scientists are leaders in various fields, including risk assessment, survey and detection, geographic information systems (GIS), molecular diagnostics, biocontrol techniques, methods and treatment, and mass rearing of insects. The following list outlines some of CPHST’s efforts in 2007: Responding to Emergencies, Developing and Supporting Technology for Treatments, Increasing Diagnostic Capacity, and Supporting Trade.

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