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Baik, Un-Bong, Yoon-Ah Kook, Mohamed Bayome, Je-Uk Park, and Jae Hyun Park. "Vertical eruption patterns of impacted mandibular third molars after the mesialization of second molars using miniscrews." Angle Orthodontist 86, no. 4 (October 5, 2014): 565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/061415-399.1.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate (1) whether vertical eruption of impacted third molars improves after mesialization of second molars and (2) what factors affect the vertical eruption of impacted third molars when space caused by missing molars is successfully closed by mesialization of the second molar using miniscrews. Materials and Methods: The treatment group (Group 1) included 52 patients who had (1) missing mandibular first molars (ML-6) or missing deciduous mandibular second molars (ML-E), (2) initially impacted mandibular third molars, and (3) successful space closure of the edentulous area with orthodontics. Panoramic radiographs at start of treatment (T1) and at time of space closure (T2) were collected. The control group (Group 2) included 46 nonedentulous patients with impacted mandibular third molars without molar protraction treatment. Panoramic radiographs with similar T1/T2 treatment times were selected. Nine measurements were obtained regarding horizontal available space, vertical eruption, and third molar angulation. Results: Third molars erupted vertically an average of 2.54 mm in Group 1 compared with 0.41 mm in Group 2. Age, gender, Nolla stage, and angle of the third molars did not show significant correlations with the vertical change of the impacted third molars, whereas the depth of third molar impaction and available space showed significant correlations. Conclusions: Impacted mandibular third molars vertically erupt as a result of uprighting with mesialization of the second molar, and vertical eruption is affected by the initial vertical location of impacted third molars and available space.
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Baik, Un-Bong, Jae-Yul Jung, Hyung-Ju Jung, Yoon-Ji Kim, Hwa Sung Chae, Kwan-Soo Park, Nikhilesh R. Vaid, and Ravindra Nanda. "Alveolar bone changes after molar protraction in young adults with missing mandibular second premolars or first molars." Angle Orthodontist 92, no. 1 (September 29, 2021): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/022321-147.1.
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ABSTRACT Objectives To assess the changes in alveolar bone of the mandibular second molars following molar protraction and investigate the factors associated with the alveolar bone changes. Materials and Methods Cone-beam computed tomography of 29 patients (mean age 22.0 ± 4.2 years) who had missing mandibular premolars or first molars and underwent molar protraction were reviewed. Alveolar bone level was measured as the distance from the cementoenamel junction at six points, buccal, lingual, mesiobuccal (MB), mesiolingual (ML), distobuccal (DB), and distolingual (DL), of the second molars at pretreatment (T0) and after molar protraction (T1). Factors associated with alveolar bone changes at the distal and mesial of the second molars were assessed. Results Mean alveolar bone changes ranged from −1.2 mm (bone apposition) to 0.8 mm (bone resorption). The presence of a third molar impaction at T0 (P < .001), third molar angulation at T0 (P < .001), and Nolla's stage of third molar at T0 (P = .005) were significantly associated with alveolar bone level changes distal to the second molars. Treatment duration (P = .028) was significantly associated with alveolar bone level changes mesial to the second molar. Conclusions Patients with impacted third molars, third molars at an earlier stage of development, and mesially angulated third molars at pretreatment may have less alveolar bone resorption distal to the second molars following protraction. Patients with increased treatment time may have reduced alveolar bone resorption mesial to the second molars.
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Kaye, E., B. Heaton, E. A. Aljoghaiman, A. Singhal, W. Sohn, and R. I. Garcia. "Third-Molar Status and Risk of Loss of Adjacent Second Molars." Journal of Dental Research 100, no. 7 (February 4, 2021): 700–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034521990653.
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The prophylactic removal of asymptomatic third molars is a common but controversial procedure often rationalized as necessary to prevent future disease on adjacent teeth. Our objective in this retrospective cohort study of adult men was to examine whether second-molar loss differed by baseline status of the adjacent third molar, taking into account the individual’s overall state of oral hygiene, caries, and periodontitis. We analyzed data from participants of the VA Dental Longitudinal Study who had at least 1 second molar present at baseline and 2 or more triennial dental examinations between 1969 and 2007. We classified second molars by third-molar status in the same quadrant: unerupted, erupted, or absent. Tooth loss and alveolar bone loss were confirmed radiographically. Caries and restorations, calculus, and probing depth were assessed on each tooth. We estimated the hazards of second-molar loss with proportional hazards regression models for correlated data, controlling for age, smoking, education, absence of the first molar, and whole-mouth indices of calculus, caries, and periodontitis. The analysis included 966 men and 3024 second molar/first molar pairs. Follow-up was 22 ± 11 y (median 24, range 3–38 y). At baseline, 163 third molars were unerupted, 990 were erupted, and 1871 were absent. The prevalence of periodontitis on the second molars did not differ by third-molar status. The prevalence of distal caries was highest on the second molars adjacent to the erupted third molars and lowest on the second molars adjacent to the unerupted third molars. Relative to the absent third molars, adjusted hazards of loss of second molars were not significantly increased for those adjacent to erupted (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.79–1.16) or unerupted (HR = 1.25, 95% CI = 0.91–1.73) third molars. We found similar results when using alveolar bone loss as the periodontitis indicator. Our findings suggest that retained third molars are not associated with an increased risk of second-molar loss in adult men.
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Butt, Hira, Maria Jabbar, Dur e. Shumyle, Zahra Moeen, Samra Liaqat, Fareeha Irum, and Nauman Rauf Khan. "Relationship of Oral Pathologies Associated with Second Molars to the Patterns of Adjacent Impacted Third Molar." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 554–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22164554.
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Objective: To assess the relationship of oral pathologies associated with second molars to the patterns of adjacent impacted third molar. Methodology: A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted on 385 Orthopantomograms (OPG) of patients. The study was conducted in the Institute of Dentistry, CMH Lahore Medical College, Lahore, Sharif Medical and Dental College (SMDC) and Services Institute of Medical Sciences (SIMS) over a period of three months from December 2020 to February 2021. The Pell and Gregory classification was used for depth of third molar impaction and ramus relationship of mandibular third molars. Winter`s classification was used for classifying the angle of impaction. Results: The association between presence of caries (p=≤0.001) and external resorption (p=≤0.001) in second mandibular molar with depth of impaction of adjacent an impacted third molar, ramus relationship of third molar with presence of external root resorption in second molar (p=≤0.001) and presence of caries (p=0.005), periapical radiolucencies (p=0.009) and external root resorption (p=≤0.001) in second molar with the angle of impacted third molar were significant. The association of presence of caries, pericoronal, periapical radiolucencies and external root resorption in the maxillary second molars with the depth and angle of adjacent impacted third molars was not significant. Conclusion: The carious lesions were the highest where the third molar had class A depth of impaction while the maximum external resorption was seen where the third molar had class C depth of impaction. Second mandibular molars adjacent to impacted third molars in class 2 ramus relationship had the most external root resorption. It was seen that second molars adjacent to the impacted third molars with mesioangular impactions had the highest percentage of caries and periapical radiolucencies while those adjacent to third molars with horizontal angle of impaction showed the maximum external root resorption. Keywords: Second molars, impacted third molars, pericoronal radiolucency, periapical radiolucency, external root resorption, caries
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Iqbal, Faiqa, Khadija Zia, Ramsha Sajid, Amna Nauman Khan, Sarah Rabbani, and Nauman Rauf Khan. "Effect of Impacted Mandibular Third Molar on Development of Distal Caries of Second Molars." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 529–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22164529.
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Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of caries on distal aspect of mandibular second molars due to impacted third molars. Methodology: Radiographs were obtained for the patients with clinical evidence of impacted 3rd molar. Dental records including number of impacted third molars, pathological conditions and complaints of caries, pericoronitis and recurrent pain were taken. Data of patients with visible distal caries to second molars in the absence of third molar was also recorded entered into specially formulated Performa. Results: A total of 151 participants shared their data for research purpose. According to Winter’s classification, 42.4% and 41.7% impactions were mesioangular and vertical 3rd molars respectively. According to Pell and Gregory classification more than half (55%) of the impacted 3rd molars were in Class I relationship to the ramus whereas 51% of impacted 3rd molars were at the depth of level A. Conclusion: Caries of second more is more common if the impacted third molar tooth is mesioangulated, having class I relationship with respect to ramus. Keywords: second molar, distal caries, impacted third molar
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Treifi, Amir, Jessica Cooper, and Julian Yates. "Third molars: not so NICE? risk factors for distal caries in mandibular second molars." Dental Update 50, no. 2 (February 2, 2023): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2023.50.2.135.
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UK guidelines currently advise against the prophylactic removal of mandibular third molars. However, growing evidence shows that asymptomatic impacted mandibular third molars may contribute to the formation of distal caries in mandibular second molars. Patients should be made aware that these guidelines do not necessarily prevent the potential development of decay or loss of mandibular second molars. A retrospective review, over 6 months, analysed the incidence and evaluated the risk for developing caries on the distal aspect of mandibular second molars, in patients referred for assessment of impacted third molars. Distal caries in the mandibular second molar was present in 24.1% of cases. Of these patients, 9% demonstrated caries bilaterally. In those who developed distal caries in the mandibular second molar, 76% of adjacent third molars demonstrated mesio-angular impaction, 91% of third molars were partially erupted, and 95% of third molars were either touching or in close proximity to the ACJ of the second molar tooth. The prophylactic removal or coronectomy of mesio-angluar or horizontally impacted third molars that are partially erupted and closely related to the ACJ of mandibular second molars may result in improved long-term patient outcomes. CPD/Clinical Relevance: The prophylactic removal or coronectomy of certain third molars may result in improved long-term patient outcomes.
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Kwon, Woojin, Hyung-Jun Choi, Jaeho Lee, and Je Seon Song. "Analysis of Prevalence of Pyramidal Molars in Adolescent." JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY 47, no. 4 (November 30, 2020): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5933/jkapd.2020.47.4.389.
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A pyramidal molar is which has completely fused roots with a solitary enlarged canal. The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the prevalence and characteristics of pyramidal molars among adolescent.<br/>A total of 1,612 patients’ panoramic radiographs were screened. A total of 12,896 first and second molars were evaluated. The relative incidence and the correlations regarding the location of pyramidal molar (maxillary versus mandibular) and gender were analyzed using the chi-square test.<br/>The overall incidence of patients with pyramidal molars was 1.49%. 24 patients were found to have a pyramidal molar and it was more prevalent in women (18 women and 6 men). The prevalence of pyramidal molars from all first and second molars examined was 0.31%. 88 percent of pyramidal molars occurred in maxilla. All pyramidal molars were second molar.<br/>Pyramidal molar has a relatively poor periodontal prognosis compared with common multi-rooted teeth and it is important to understand the structural characteristics of root canal during pulp treatment. Clinicians should be able to understand the anatomical properties of pyramidal molar and apply it to treatment and prognostic evaluation.
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Baik, Un-Bong, Hong-Beom Choi, Yoon-Ji Kim, Dong-Yul Lee, Junji Sugawara, and Ravindra Nanda. "Change in alveolar bone level of mandibular second and third molars after second molar protraction into missing first molar or second premolar space." European Journal of Orthodontics 41, no. 5 (February 2, 2019): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjz001.
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Summary Objective To investigate the factors associated with the change in alveolar bone level of mandibular second and third molars after second molar protraction into the space of the missing first molar (L6) or second premolar (LE). Methods Fifty-one patients in whom space of the missing L6 or LE was treated with second molar protraction (13 males, 38 females, mean age 19.6 ± 4.7 years) from 2003 to 2015 were included. The alveolar bone level and position and angulation of the mandibular second and third molars were measured in panoramic radiographs at pre-treatment (T1), and after the alignment of the third molars following second molar protraction (T2). Factors associated with alveolar bone loss on the distal aspect of the mandibular second molars were assessed using linear regression analysis. Results Age at T1 (P < 0.001) and third molar angulation at T1 (P = 0.002) were significant factors for the prediction of alveolar bone level distal to the second molars. Limitation This study used two-dimensional panoramic radiographs, and we could observe only the interproximal bone level. Conclusions After second molar protraction into the missing first molar or second premolar space, mandibular second molars may exhibit alveolar bone resorption in the distal root in older patients and in those with mesially tilted third molars before treatment.
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Ren, Calvin Gan Chee, and B. Senthil Kumar. "Prevalence of Eruption of Third Molar Tooth among South Indians and Malaysians." Journal of Academy of Dental Education 1, no. 1 (January 8, 2014): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jade/2014/2427.
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<strong>Introduction:</strong>In prehistoric humans, when the jaw size permitted space for normal dental development and position in the arches, third molar may have been a vital survival tool. However, as human evolution has progressed, jaw size has been gradually decreasing (Lamarckian Evolution). Hence due to the decrease in size of the jaw bone, it’s been reported that approximately 65% of the human population has at least one impacted third molar, and third molars that do erupt are often malposed in the arches and are consequently difficult to clean and prone for infection.<p><strong>Aim and Objective:</strong> To study the prevalence of eruption of third molar tooth among South Indians and Malaysians by observing the presence of third molars among them and to analyze the percentage of impacted third molars and congenital absence of third molar teeth among the Indian and Malaysian population.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong>50 Malaysians and 50 Indians (25 males and 25 females in each population) aged between 17 to 25 years old were examined for the presence or absence of the third molars. To confirm the congenital absence of third molars, Orthopantomograms (OPG) were taken.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Results and Conclusion:</strong> In South Indian Population, it was noted that only 48% of males and 64% of females have congenital absence of third molar, and 52% of males and 36% of females have erupted third molars. 16% of males had partly impacted third molar whereas in case of female it was 28%. Congenital absence of third molars among females was 16% more than in males. More males (36%) had impacted third molars than females (24%). It was also noted that majority of them have their maxillary third molars erupted first before their mandibular third molars. In Malaysian Population, it was noted that only 28% of males and 20% of females had congenital absence of third molars, and 72% of males and 80% of females had erupted third molars. 40% of males had partly impacted third molar whereas in case of female it was 52%. Congenital absence of third molars among males was 8% more than females. More males (32%) had impacted third molars than females (28%). It was also noted that in majority of them their mandibular third molars had erupted before their maxillary third molars. When compared among south Indians and Malaysian population congenital absence and impacted third molars are more common in south Indians, whereas partly impacted third molar is more common among Malaysians.</p>
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Genaro, Luis Eduardo, Gabriely Ferreira, Marcelo Brito Conte, Marcela de Almeida Gonçalves, and Ticiana Sidorenko Oliveira Capote. "Morphological Differences between the First and Second Permanent Upper Molars." Journal of Morphological Sciences 36, no. 04 (September 19, 2019): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1695756.
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AbstractThe dental elements present similar and specific anatomical features, depending on the functions they have in the oral cavity. The permanent molars are the most complex structures, mainly the occlusal face, due to their function of food grinding. The aim of the present article is to present the upper first and second molars morphology, emphasizing the similarities and differences between them. Besides, the upper first and second molars of the collection of the Department of Morphology of Universidade Estadual de Paulista (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, were evaluated regarding the presence of the oblique ridge, frequency and classification of the molar tubercle, and the crown morphology (upper second molars). In the 372 evaluated upper first molars, the molar tubercle was absent in most of the teeth. When present, the molar tubercle belonged to the mesiolingual cusp; 8.9% were classified as type I; 9.1% as type II; and 9.4% as type III. The oblique ridge was present in all upper first molars. The morphology of 401 upper second molars was also evaluated; 64.83% were tetracuspid; 35.16% tricuspid; and 17.02% presented compression morphology. In 100 tricuspid teeth, 50% presented oblique ridge, with it being prominent in 30%. No upper second molars presented molar tubercle. Although there are similarities between the upper first and second molars, we must always be aware of the features that differ between them, so their functionality can be restored.
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Karlsson, Ingela, and Lars Bondemark. "Intraoral Maxillary Molar Distalization." Angle Orthodontist 76, no. 6 (November 1, 2006): 923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/110805-390.
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Abstract Objective: To evaluate the maxillary molar distalization and anchorage loss in two groups, one before (MD 1 group) and one after (MD 2 group) eruption of second maxillary molars. Materials and Methods: After a sample size calculation, 20 patients were recruited for each group from patients who fulfilled the following criteria: no orthodontic treatment before distal molar movement, Class II molar relationship defined by at least end-to-end molar relationship, space deficiency in the maxilla, and use of an intra-arch NiTi coil appliance with a Nance appliance to provide anchorage. Patients in the MD 1 group were without any erupted second molars during the distalization period, whereas in the MD 2 group both the first and second molars were in occlusion at start of treatment. The main outcome measures to be assessed were: treatment time, ie, time in months to achieve a normal molar relation, distal movement of maxillary first molars, and anterior movement of maxillary incisors (anchorage loss). The mean age in the MD 1 group was 11.4 years; in the MD 2 group, 14.6 years. Results: The amount of distal movement of the first molars was significantly greater (P < .01) and the anchorage loss was significantly lower (P < .01) in the group with no second molars erupted. The molar distalization time was also significantly shorter (P < .001) in this group, and thus the movement rate was two times higher. Conclusions: It is more effective to distalize the first maxillary molars before the second molars have erupted.
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Estrela, Carlos, Keila SA Oliveira, Ana Helena G. Alencar, Fernando B. Barletta, Cyntia RA Estrela, and Wilson T. Felippe. "Oxygen Saturation in the Dental Pulp of Maxillary and Mandibular Molars - Part 2." Brazilian Dental Journal 28, no. 6 (December 2017): 704–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201701447.
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Abstract This study determined the oxygen saturation (SaO2) in dental pulp of healthy maxillary and mandibular molars. Mean of SaO2 was evaluated in 112 maxillary and mandibular molars using pulse oximetry. Quantitative variables were described by mean and standard deviation. Variables with symmetric distribution were compared by Student t test and Mann-Whitney test. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to correlate quantitative variables. Analysis of variance was used to assess differences in SaO2 levels between the molar groups, followed by post-hoc Tukey. The significance level established at p<0.05. Mean of oxygen saturation for the 112 molar dental pulps was 85.09%. There was no significant correlation (r=-0.007; p=0.977) between the mean of SaO2 of molar pulps with patient´s indicator finger (92.89%). There was a significant difference (p=0.037) between the mean of SaO2 of the first (85.76%) and second maxillary molars (81.87%), and it was not significant (p=0.1775) between the first and second mandibular molars. Maxillary molars had lower pulpal SaO2 (83.59%) than mandibular molars (86.89%) (p=0.018). The mean of the patient’s response time to the cold stimulus was 1.12 s (maxillary molars 1.25 s and mandibular molars 0.99 s)(p=0.052). There was no significant correlation between the time response of the patient to the cold stimulus and the SaO2 for molars. The mean oxygen saturation level was 85.09%. The mandibular molars presented higher SaO2 level than maxillary molars.
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Ashar, Talha, Asma Shakoor, Sadia Ghazal, Naghma Parveen, Muhammad Nasir Saleem, and Hina Zafar Raja. "Prevalence of Distal Carious Lesions in Mandibular Second Molars Due to Mesio-Angular Impacted Third Molars." Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association 30, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25301/jpda.301.50.
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OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to observe the relationship of mesio-angular impacted third molars to the development of distal caries in adjacent second molars. METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Nishtar Institute of Dentistry, Multan. Nine hundred and eighty nine periapical, bitewing and Panoramic radiographs were recorded and examined for distally carious second molars and impacted mandibular third molars. SPSS version 23.0 was used for data entry and analysis. RESULTS: Almost 40.8% of the target population reported with distal caries due to third molar impactions. A total of 53.30% of these impactions were of the mesio-angular variety. No distal caries was detected in transverse type of impactions. CONCLUSION: The current study concluded that the prevalence of distal caries in mandibular second molars and the positioning of adjacent impacted mandibular third molars in the dental arch were interlinked. Consequently, extraction of mandibular third molars should be considered to prevent caries and premature loss of second molar teeth. KEYWORDS: Distal caries, Impacted third molar, Infections, Risk Factor HOW TO CITE: Ashar T, Shakoor A, Ghazal S, Parveen N, Saleem MN, Raja HZ. Prevalence of distal carious lesions in mandibular second molars due to mesio-angular impacted third molars. J Pak Dent Assoc 2021;30(1):50-55.
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Pallippurath, Girish, Neeta Shetty, Rayapudi Phani Mohan, Manuel S. Thomas, and Arjun Tallada. "Evaluation of the Root and Canal Morphology of Maxillary First and Second Molar using Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A Retrospective Study." World Journal of Dentistry 8, no. 2 (2017): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1426.
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ABSTRACT Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the root and canal morphology of maxillary first and second molars in Southern West Coastal Indian population using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and methods Cone beam computed tomography images of (n = 143) maxillary first molar and (n = 139) maxillary second molar were obtained from Southern West Coastal Indian population. The number of roots, root canals, and presence of second mesiobuccal (MB2) canal were determined. Results Two roots were seen only in 1.4% of first molars and 8.6% of second molars. Three- rooted were the most common and seen in 98.6% of first molars and 89.9% of second molars. Single root was seen in 1.4% of second molars. The incidence of MB2 canal in the first molar is 64.1% and in second molar 23%. C-shaped canals were found in 1.4% of the second molars Conclusion Southern West Coastal Indian population showed features that were similar to other regions of Indian Population. The CBCT is a wonder tool for the study of root canal morphology and a reliable source of information for retrospective studies. How to cite this article Mohan RP, Thomas MS, Shetty N, Ahmed J, Pallippurath G, Tallada A. Evaluation of the Root and Canal Morphology of Maxillary First and Second Molar using Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A Retrospective Study. World J Dent 2017;8(2):134-138.
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Choi, Yoomin, Seonmi Kim, and Namki Choi. "Assessment of Root and Root Canal Morphology of Human Primary Molars using CBCT." JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY 47, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5933/jkapd.2020.47.1.25.
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the morphological characteristics of the roots and roots canals of primary molar teeth using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).<br/>A total of 68 CBCT images of children aged 4 - 5 years was used for this study. A total of 160 molar teeth were analyzed. Various parameters such as the number of roots and canals, length of root and root canal, and the angulation and shape of the roots were analyzed.<br/>All maxillary primary molars had 3 roots. The presence of 2 root canals in 1 root was only observed in the mesiobuccal root of maxillary primary second molars. Most mandibular primary molars had 2 roots, and most mesial roots had 2 root canals.<br/>Concerning the length of the roots, the palatal root of the maxillary primary molar was found to be longest whereas the distobuccal root was shortest. In mandibular primary molars, the mesial root was longer than the distal root. In maxillary primary molars, the palatal root had the greatest angulation whereas the distal root has the greatest in mandibular molars. The root and root canals of maxillary primary molars were more curved in shape whereas mandibular primary molars were straight.
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Popovic, Milica, Suzana Zivanovic, Tamara Vucicevic, Miona Grujovic, and Milos Papic. "Cone-beam computed tomography study of tooth root and canal morphology of permanent molars in a Serbian population." Vojnosanitetski pregled 77, no. 5 (2020): 470–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp180322100p.
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Background/Aim. For successful endodontic therapy, it is necessary to know root morphology. Therefore, the aim of our study was to analyze root canal morphology and root canal length of permanent molars in a Serbian population, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods. The study included a total of 305 maxillary molars, and 280 mandibular molars receiving cone-beam computed tomography examination and determined root numbers, canal morphology according to Vertucci classification, and canal lengths. Results were correlated with sex and tooth location in the jaw. Results. The mesiobuccal roots of first maxillary molars showed Vertucci type I in 45.7%, followed by type II in 29% of cases. For the second molar, Vertucci type I was found in 60.5% of cases in mesiobuccal canals. Palatal and distobuccal canals mostly presented Vertucci type I configuration. The mesial roots of mandibular molars had the highest frequency of two canals with Vertucci type IV as the most frequent for the first molar, and Vertucci type II for the second molar. Distal roots most commonly had one canal in both molars. Palatal canal length was the highest in maxillary first molars, with the mean value of 20.62 mm, while in second molars, the highest length value was for the mesiobuccal canal (20.09 mm). In both mandibular molars the mesial root canal was the longest one. Differences were found according to sex and tooth location in the jaw. Conclusion. Mesiobuccal roots of maxillary first molars had two canals; it was more frequently compared to second molars. Mesial roots of mandibular molars showed same frequency of two canals, and diversity in Vertucci types. Male patients tended to have higher complexity of root canal morphology compared to that of females. CBCT can improve understanding of the root canal morphology.
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Flores-Mir, Carlos, Lisa McGrath, Giseon Heo, and Paul W. Major. "Efficiency of molar distalization associated with second and third molar eruption stage." Angle Orthodontist 83, no. 4 (November 20, 2012): 735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/081612-658.1.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the efficiency of molar distalization associated with the second and third molar eruption stage. Materials and Methods: A systematic computerized database search was conducted using several databases. Adaptations of the terms molar distalization and distalizing appliances were used. The reference lists of all the selected articles were also searched for any potential articles that might have been missed in the electronic search. The data provided in the selected publications were grouped and analyzed in terms of molar distalization with respect to various eruption stages of maxillary second and third molars. Results: Out of the 13 initially identified articles only four fulfilled the final selection criteria. Three of the four studies showed no statistical significance in linear molar distalization based on the eruptive stage of the second and/or third molars, while one study found that the amount of distal movement of the first molars was significantly greater in the group with unerupted second molars. Only one study found that the amount of molar tipping that occurred as a result of distalization was related to the eruption stage of the maxillary molars. Similarly, three of the four studies found that molar distalization time was not significantly affected by eruption of the second or third molars. Conclusion: The effect of maxillary second and third molar eruption stage on molar distalization—both linear and angular distalization—appears to be minimal. This conclusion is only based on low–level of evidence clinical trials. The large variability in the outcomes should be considered clinically.
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Song, Min Sun, Chung-Min Kang, Je Seon Song, Hyung-Jun Choi, Jaeho Lee, and Seong-Oh Kim. "Modifications of Rect-Spring to Enhance the Engagement of Ectopically Entrapped Molars with 2 Case Reports." Children 8, no. 9 (September 19, 2021): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8090823.
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The Rect-spring appliance, used for the management of ectopically erupting molars, shows weak retention on mesially tilted molars. We present three modifications of the appliance for better engagement and their advantages. We describe cases of two 7-year-old patients with ectopically erupting maxillary first molars with a 2.2 mm and 2.5 mm depth of entrapment, respectively. The modified Rect-spring (mRS) was inserted between the ectopically erupting first molar and adjacent primary second molar, and exerted a distalization force with an interproximal wedging effect at the same time. After 3 months, the ectopically erupting first molars were successfully brought into proper occlusion. No discomfort was reported. The mRS is suitable for various locking cases except for severely tilted molars without requiring any laboratory procedures. We suggest it as the first choice for unlocking the first molars.
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Cansiz, Erol, Sabri Cemil Isler, and B. Alper Gultekin. "Removal of Deeply Impacted Mandibular Molars by Sagittal Split Osteotomy." Case Reports in Dentistry 2016 (2016): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1902089.
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Mandibular third molars are the most common impacted teeth. Mandibular first and second molars do not share the same frequency of occurrence. In rare cases the occlusal surfaces of impacted molars are united by the same follicular space and the roots pointing in opposite direction; these are called kissing molars. In some cases, a supernumerary fourth molar can be seen as unerupted and, in this case, such a supernumerary, deeply impacted fourth molar is seen neighboring kissing molars. The extraction of deeply impacted wisdom molars from the mandible may necessitate excessive bone removal and it causes complications such as damage to the inferior alveolar nerve and iatrogenic fractures of the mandible. This case report describes the use of the sagittal split osteotomy technique to avoid extensive bone removal and protect the inferior alveolar nerve during surgical extruction of multiple impacted teeth.
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Mahmood, Dr Ala'a Dawood. "Changes in Third Molar Angulations After First Premolar Extractions During Fixed Orthodontic Treatment." Mustansiria Dental Journal 6, no. 4 (March 27, 2018): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32828/mdj.v6i4.485.
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To evaluate the effects of first premolar extraction on third molar angulation during fixed orthodontic treatment.Panoramic radiographs of 40 patients treated orthodontically by fixed appliances were evaluated for change in third molar angulation. Twenty patients were treated by extraction of first premolars, whereas the other 20 patients were treated nonextraction. The change in upper and lower third molars angulation, relative to the occlusal plane and adjacent second molars, were obtained by subtracting post- treatment from pre- treatment values.Statistically significant change in the angulation of both upper and lower third molars, relative to the occlusal plane and second molars, were found in the extraction group as compared to nonextraction group.The extraction of first premolars during orthodontic treatment significantly improved the angulation of third molars toward uprightening.
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Scheiwiller, Maya, Elias S. Oeschger, and Nikolaos Gkantidis. "Third molar agenesis in modern humans with and without agenesis of other teeth." PeerJ 8 (November 17, 2020): e10367. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10367.
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Background The number of teeth in the human dentition is of interest both from developmental and evolutionary aspects. The present case-control study focused on the formation of third molars in modern humans aiming to shed more light on the most variable tooth class in the dentition. Materials and Methods For this reason, we investigated third molar formation in a sample of 303 individuals with agenesis of teeth other than third molars (agenesis group) and compared it to a sex and age matched control group of 303 individuals without agenesis of teeth other than third molars. Results The prevalence of third molar agenesis in the agenesis group was 50.8%, which is significantly higher than the 20.5% in the control group (p < 0.001). The chance of a missing third molar in the agenesis group was increased by 38.3% (p < 0.001), after controlling for the agenesis in other teeth factor. When considering the amount of missing third molars per individual, a clear tendency towards more missing third molars was evident in the agenesis group compared to the control group. The frequency of bilaterally missing third molars in the agenesis group was 29% in the maxilla, as well as in the mandible, which is about three times higher than the frequency of unilaterally missing third molars (p < 0.001). In the control group, bilaterally missing third molars occurred in 8.6% in the maxilla and 8.9% in the mandible. Conclusion The present results indicate that genetic factors involved in tooth agenesis affect also the dentition as a whole. Furthermore, the third molars are more vulnerable to factors involved in agenesis of other teeth and they are more often affected as a whole. These findings seem to be associated with the evolutionary trend in humans towards reduced molar number.
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Alkhatib, Rola, and Chun-Hsi Chung. "Buccolingual inclination of first molars in untreated adults: A CBCT study." Angle Orthodontist 87, no. 4 (April 4, 2017): 598–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/110116-786.1.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the buccolingual inclinations of maxillary and mandibular first molars in untreated adults. Materials and Methods: Fifty-nine subjects (14 males and 45 females; mean age, 41.2 years) with no missing teeth, no crossbite, and minimal crowding were included. For each subject, a CBCT was taken. The long axis of each first molar was determined, and the inclination of each molar was measured using the long axis and the floor. Results: One hundred seventeen out of 118 mandibular first molars measured had a lingual inclination, with a mean of 12.59° ± 5.47°. For the maxillary first molars, 107 out of 118 had a buccal inclination, with a mean of 4.85° ± 4.22°. Conclusions: There is a curvature to the inclinations of first molars in untreated adults, where the maxillary molars have a slight buccal inclination and mandibular molars have a slight lingual inclination.
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Ana Clélia Roussenq Baracho, Eun Sol Cho, Nayara Ramos de Almeida Torres, Thiago Gomes da Silva, and Antonio Adilson Soares de Lima. "Morphology Analysis of Human Fourth Molars Using Computed Microtomography - Pilot Study." Brazilian Journal of Forensic Sciences, Medical Law and Bioethics 9, no. 4 (September 28, 2020): 570–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17063/bjfs9(4)y2020570-581.
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Analyze the morphological characteristics of fourth molars from non-syndromic patients using computed microtomography (microCT). Five human fourth molars (case group) and other three third molars (control group) were obtain from Biobank of UFPR Dentistry School. The teeth were submitted to macroscopic and microCT analysis. Sample characteristics: 60% of the teeth from the lower arch, mainly from the right lower arch (40%). The results showed that eighty percent of the teeth were impacted and all of them presented normal morphology. The microCT revealed that one of the fourth molars had hypercementosis. Concerning the root canal anatomy, all of the fourth molars studied had just one principal root canal. Four teeth had one collateral canal that ended at the lateral face of the root. The volume average of root canal, dentine and enamel were respectively 9.27 mm3, 122.64 mm3 and 74.71 mm3. The averages between these variables in third molars were 46.98 mm3, 473.25 mm3 and 198.34 mm3, respectively. Proportionally, the volume of the fourth molars was five times less than the third molars, but the dentine and enamel volume were, respectively, 3.8 and 2.7 times less than third molars. The fourth molar teeth usually showed only one principal root canal and it can be associated with other alterations, such as hypercementosis. Although the fourth molars were smaller, the proportion of enamel volume is bigger than third molar in comparison.
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Türköz, Çağrı, and Çağrı Ulusoy. "Effect of premolar extraction on mandibular third molar impaction in young adults." Angle Orthodontist 83, no. 4 (January 11, 2013): 572–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/101712-814.1.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To test the null hypothesis that orthodontic therapy with or without premolar extraction does not result in any difference in third molar impaction. Materials and Methods: Two groups were formed: 22 patients in one group with first premolar extractions and 22 patients in the other group without extractions. All patients were nongrowing subjects who had normal gonial angles and were skeletal Class I at the beginning of treatment. The available space for third molars, inclination of second and third molars, and angle between the second and third molars were evaluated. Also, the correlation of measured parameters and type of orthodontic therapy with the eruption of third molars was evaluated. Results: Of the third molars, 81.8% were impacted in the nonextraction group and 63.6% were impacted in the extraction group. Impaction of mandibular third molars was significantly correlated to the pretreatment and posttreatment inclination of third molars and the angle between the second and third molars. In the extraction therapy group, the retromolar distance increased significantly with a mean of 1.30 ± 1.25 mm. Conclusions: When the inclination of the third molar is inconvenient, the tooth may remain impacted even if there is enough retromolar space.
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Kim, Min Jin, Ji-Soo Song, Young-Jae Kim, Jung-Wook Kim, Ki-Taeg Jang, and Hong-Keun Hyun. "Clinical Considerations for Dental Management of Children with Molar-Root Incisor Malformations." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 44, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/1053-4625-44.1.10.
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Molar root-incisor malformation (MRIM) or molar-incisor malformation (MIM) is a new type of dental anomaly characterized by dysplastic roots of permanent first molars, occasionally second primary molars, and the crowns of maxillary central incisors. MRIM involving permanent first molars and second primary molars is characterized by normal crowns with short, thin, and narrow roots, whereas MRIM involving permanent maxillary central incisors exhibits constrictions of the crown in the cervical area. In the first case, we extracted the affected first permanent molars at the optimal timing to minimize space deficiencies and induce space closure. In addition, composite resin restorations were performed on the anterior central incisors. In the second case, a mandibular lingual arch was used to stabilize the affected teeth in order to mitigate discomfort by reducing rotational biting forces.
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Ivanovic, Mirjana, Vesna Zivojinovic, Dejan Markovic, and Mirjana Sindolic. "Treatment options for hypomineralized first permanent molars and incisors." Serbian Dental Journal 53, no. 3 (2006): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs0603174i.
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The aim of this study was to discuss therapy possibilities in the management of molar incisor hypomineralization. Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is defined as hypomineralization of one or more first permanent molars frequently affecting incisors. Etiology of MIH is not fully clarified and numerous etiological factors have been cited. Hypomineralized molars are more prone to caries, cause severe restorative problems and are frequently extracted due to serious damage and caries complications. Incisors can present demarcated enamel opacities, while enamel breakdown is uncommon. Clinically, affected molars can be sensitive to thermal and chemical irritations even when there is no enamel breakdown. Molars can be sensitive to mechanical irritations making even regular tooth brushing painful. Specific problems related to the treatment of these teeth are sensitivity and occlusion in molars and aesthetics in incisors. Considering the fact that permanent first molars with severe defects and incisors demand complex and multidisciplinary treatment they present serious problem for the patient as well as for the dentist.
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Magnusson, Cathrine, and Heidrun Kjellberg. "Impaction and Retention of Second Molars: Diagnosis, Treatment and Outcome." Angle Orthodontist 79, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/021908-97.1.
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Abstract Objective: To evaluate treatment outcome in patients with second molar impaction and retention. Materials and Methods: A total of 135 second molars, 65 in the maxilla and 70 in the mandible were collected from 87 patients (45 girls and 42 boys) with a mean age of 15 years (range: 11– 19 years). Available patient records, x-rays, study casts, and photos were studied. The mean follow-up period was 22 months (range: 4–106 months). Results: A total of 166 second molars were diagnosed as impacted, 24 as primary and 5 as secondarily retained; 80% of the second molars were orthodontically or surgically treated. In more than half of the treated patients the second molars failed to erupt into a proper position. Surgical exposure of the retained or impacted second molar was the treatment found most successful (71%). The least successful treatment (11%) used the third molar to replace the second molar after the second molar was extracted. No clear difference in treatment outcome could be detected between the impacted and the primary or secondary retained teeth. However, a clear difference was found between the impacted and the primary retained second molars regarding treatment strategy: 9% of the impacted and 67% of the primary retained teeth were left untreated. Dental crowding was found in 70% of the patients. Conclusion: In more than half of the treated patients the second molars failed to erupt into a proper position. The most common treatment given (extraction of the second molar) was the least successful.
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Uribe, Flavio, Nandakumar Janakiraman, Amine N. Fattal, Gian Pietro Schincaglia, and Ravindra Nanda. "Corticotomy-assisted molar protraction with the aid of temporary anchorage device." Angle Orthodontist 83, no. 6 (July 8, 2013): 1083–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/122612-968.1.
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ABSTRACT This case report describes the interdisciplinary management of a 58-year-old woman who was missing lower first molars and supraerupted maxillary first molars. The treatment plan included intrusion of the upper first molars and corticotomy-assisted mandibular second molar protraction with the aid of temporary anchorage devices. Miniscrews were effective in intrusion of the maxillary first molars and protraction of the lower second molars. Although good functional outcome was achieved in 41 months, the corticotomy-assisted procedure did not significantly reduce the treatment time.
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Mehra, Anhad, Venkatesh Anehosur, and Niranjan Kumar. "Impacted Mandibular Third Molars and Their Influence on Mandibular Angle and Condyle Fractures." Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction 12, no. 4 (December 2019): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685459.
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The aim of this study is to retrospectively analyze the effect unerupted or partially erupted third molars have on the angle and condyle fracture patterns of the mandible. It also focuses on evaluating the type of impaction that causes angle fracture and the level at which the condyle most commonly fractures. The study involves all the patients who had undergone treatment for condylar and angle of the mandible fractures from 2010 to 2017 in our craniofacial center. The case records and orthopantomograms of each patient were taken into consideration and a correlation was established based on gender, age, etiology, presence of third molars, position of third molars, angulation, and root development of third molars. Of the 150 angle fracture patients, 146 had third molars and 4 did not, whereas of the 130 condyle fractures, third molar was present in 54 patients and absent in 76. The prevalence of angle fractures was statistically significant when a third molar was present, whereas the prevalence of condyle fractures was higher when third molar was absent. The results of age, etiology, angulation, position, and root development of third molars were also statistically significant. However, sex of the patient did not influence the fracture pattern. The presence of an impacted third molar or a completely erupted one has a definite influence on the fracture pattern of the mandible. The occurrence of angle and condyle fractures was mostly affected by the continuity of the cortical bone at the angle of the mandible. Hence, prophylactic removal of mandibular third molars does increase the risk of condyle fractures.
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Baik, Un-Bong, Jin Hye Kang, Ui-Lyong Lee, Nikhilesh R. Vaid, Yoon-Ji Kim, and Dong-Yul Lee. "Factors associated with spontaneous mesialization of impacted mandibular third molars after second molar protraction." Angle Orthodontist 90, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/050919-322.1.
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ABSTRACT Objectives: To investigate factors associated with spontaneous mesialization of impacted third molars after second molar protraction to close the space caused by a missing mandibular first molar (L-6) or retained deciduous mandibular second molars with a missing succedaneous premolar (L-E). Materials and Methods: Panoramic radiographs of patients treated with mandibular second molar protraction to close the space due to missing L-6 or L-E (14 males, 36 females, mean age = 18.6 ± 4.4 years) were analyzed before treatment (T1) and after second molar protraction (T2). Factors associated with the amount of third molar mesialization were investigated using regression analyses. Results: Mandibular second molars were protracted by 5.1 ± 2.1 mm and 5.8 ± 2.7 mm, measured at the crown and root furcation, respectively. After second molar protraction, third molars showed spontaneous mesialization by 4.3 ± 1.6 mm and 3.8 ± 2.6 mm, measured at the crown and root furcation, respectively. Nolla's stage of the third molar at T1 (B = 0.20, P = .026) and second molar protraction time (B = 0.04, P = .042) were significantly associated with the amount of third molar mesialization. Conclusions: Greater third molar mesialization was observed when Nolla's stage of the third molar was higher before treatment and when the second molar protraction time was longer.
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Hong, Hye-Rim, Nam-Ki Lee, Jae Hyun Park, Ja-Hyeong Ku, Jaehyun Kim, Mohamed Bayome, Sung-Seo Mo, and Yoon-Ah Kook. "Long-Term CBCT Evaluation of Mandibular Third Molar Changes after Distalization in Adolescents." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (May 4, 2022): 4613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094613.
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Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate mandibular molar changes after distalization using Class III elastics and modified C-palatal plates (MCPPs) in the maxilla and to use CBCT to specifically analyze the third-molar position after long-term retention in adolescents. Methods: The sample consisted of 65 mandibular third molars from 35 subjects, divided into two groups. Twenty-six of the third molars were from fourteen adolescent patients with Class I bimaxillary protrusion (mean age, 12.8 years) who had undergone bilateral maxillary distalization using an MCPP and mandibular distalization with Class III elastics with non-extraction treatment. For the control group, 39 third molars from 21 Class I normal-occlusion subjects were used. In the treated group, CBCT images were taken before distalization (T1), after molar distalization (T2), and at a long-term observation point (6.1 ± 2.7 years) (T3). Repeated measures ANOVA and a post hoc test with Bonferroni correction were used to analyze significant differences in the positions at the three points in time. Results: There were 2.3 and 1.7 mm of distal movement at the crown of the mandibular first and second molars, with distal tipping of 5.2° and 5.3°, respectively, and 3.0° of distal tipping of the third molars. Comparing the treated group with the control group at T3, there was a significant change in the angulation of the third molars (p < 0.001). In the long-term, the third molars from the treated group showed a downward and buccal position after distalization. Conclusions: In the long term, the developing mandibular third molar buds had downward and buccal positional changes after total arch distalization. These findings suggest the need for clinicians to consider the possibility of the impaction of developing third molars after mandibular total arch distalization in adolescents.
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Abulohom, Faisal, Hesham Mohammed Al-Sharani, Zakarya Al-Muaalemi, Abdalhaq Hussin Alhasani, Nassr Abdalwhab Al-Hutbany, Mubarak Ahmed Mashrah, Ekaterina Diachkova, and Tenglong Hu. "Prevalence and Pattern of Maxillary Wisdom Tooth Impaction and Angulation in Relation to the Maxillary Sinus among Yemeni Students." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 10 (August 9, 2022): e522111030579. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i10.30579.
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The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of maxillary third molar impaction and angulation, as well as its relationship to the maxillary sinus, in a group of Yemeni students. Panoramic x-rays were used to assess 200 students, 102 men and 98 females, in this retrospective investigation. Chi-square tests were used to assess age, gender, maxillary sinus approximation to maxillary third molar roots, depth of impaction, and angulation. A total of 327 maxillary third molars were examined; the most congenitally missing maxillary third molar was on the right side, and females (10.25%) had more maxillary third molars engaged in the maxillary sinus than males (8.0%) (4.9%). Type A (52.9%) was the most common according to Pell and Gregory's classification, although vertical angulations of the maxillary third molar were seen more frequently (85.32%). Congenitally missing maxillary third molars are more common in females, and position A was the most common among the maxillary third molars on a vertical level.
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Alshaya, Saleh Ibrahim, Abdulrahman Faleh Alanazi, Saleh Sulaiman Aldawish, Mogren Mohmed Alsuhaim, Mohammad Saad Alomar, Yazeed Marzouq Almuaytiq, Sami Abdulaziz Alfahad, Abdulrahman Abdulmohsen Suliman Almousa, Abdullah Alassaf, and Sreekanth Kumar Mallineni. "Infraocclusion: Prevalence, Characteristics, and Associated Dental Anomalies in Arabian Children." BioMed Research International 2022 (July 23, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6624804.
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Aim. To analyze the distribution and characteristics of infraocclusion among Arabian children in primary dentition and its associated dental anomalies. Methods. A radiographic analysis was performed retrospectively using digital panoramic radiographs of children attending the pediatric dental clinic of College of Dentistry, Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia, from January 2019 to May 2021. The panoramic radiographs were analyzed to assess the distribution and characteristics of infraocclusion and its associated dental anomalies. Descriptive statistics were used for comparisons using SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). The chi-square test was used to compare percentages. Results. Among the study population (542), only 40 children reported infraocclusion of 65 primary molars. Infraocclusion was common in males (90%) and very frequent in the mandibular arch ( n = 48 teeth). In the primary dentition, unilateral infraocclusion (62.5%) was very frequent than bilateral presence (37.5%). Single molars were involved in 50% of the patients, while two, three, and four molars were involved in 42.5%, 2.5%, and 5% of cases. The mandibular second primary molar was frequently affected with infraocclusion, while the maxillary first primary molar was less commonly affected. In the mandibular arch, the second primary molar (28, 58%) was more commonly affected with infraocclusion than the mandibular first primary molars and maxillary primary and secondary molars ( p < 0.05 ). The majority of the infraoccluded molars were mild (75%), followed by moderate (23.5%) and severe (1.5%). Hypodontia (12.5%) is frequently associated with infraocclusion, followed by supernumerary teeth (5%) and radix entomolaris of the first permanent mandibular molars (5%). Infraocclusion was more in the second primary molar mandibular arch, while in the maxillary arch, the first primary molars were commonly affected ( p > 0.05 ). Conclusion. In Arabian children, infraocclusion was commonly observed in mandibular second primary molars. Unilateral infraocclusion is a mild type of infraocclusion frequent in Arabian children. Numerical anomalies such as hypodontia and supernumerary teeth are associated with infraocclusion.
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de Lange, J. "Third molars and second molar distal caries." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 39, no. 6 (June 2010): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2010.02.005.
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Matsuda, Shinpei, and Hitoshi Yoshimura. "Maxillary third molars with horizontal impaction: A cross-sectional study using computed tomography in young Japanese patients." Journal of International Medical Research 50, no. 2 (February 2022): 030006052210802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03000605221080281.
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Objective To examine the anatomical characteristics of impacted maxillary third molars to help predict and prevent possible adverse events during extraction. Methods This retrospective study enrolled young Japanese patients that were assessed for third molar extraction. Patients with maxillary third molar impaction presenting with no space between the maxillary second molar and the occlusal surface of the maxillary third molar were analysed using computed tomography data. Results In this study, a total of 663 patients aged 20–29 years were examined for third molar extraction and 26 teeth in 23 patients were analysed. The mean ± SD angle between the second and third molar axes was 54.2° ± 7.5° and the mean ± SD length of the maxillary third molar was 16.1 ± 1.9 mm. The maxillary third molars showed close or extensive contact with the maxillary sinus and computed tomography did not show any bone from the maxillary sinus floor. Furthermore, in all patients, the crowns of the third molars were not completely covered by the alveolar bone. Conclusions Maxillary third molars with horizontal impaction showed close or extensive contact with the maxillary sinus and their crowns were not completely covered by the alveolar bone.
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Nepal, Manisha, Vanita Gautam, Snigdha Shubham, Rupam Tripathi, and Rinku Sah. "An Insight into Anatomical Variations in Maxillary Molars: A Case Series." Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 6, no. 2 (December 3, 2018): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v6i2.22502.
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The aim of this article is to show different anatomic complexities of the root canal system related to maxillary molars. Maxillary molars are presumed to have only three roots with three canals but this is not always the case, it might present with different variations. Some of the anatomical variations such as, mesiobuccal2 (MB2) canals in maxillary 1st and 2nd molars, two rooted maxillary 1st and 2nd molar, one rooted maxillary 2nd molar, C-shaped upper 2nd molar and maxillary 2nd molar with extra palatal root are reported in this case series. Hence, in treating each tooth every dentist must keep foresight that complex anatomy occurs often enough to be considered normal and manage them accordingly.
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Tantanapornkul, Weeraya, Darika Mavin, Jaruthai Prapaiphittayakun, Natnicha Phipatboonyarat, and Wanchanok Julphantong. "Accuracy of Panoramic Radiograph in Assessment of the Relationship Between Mandibular Canal and Impacted Third Molars." Open Dentistry Journal 10, no. 1 (June 23, 2016): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601610010322.
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Background: The relationship between impacted mandibular third molar and mandibular canal is important for removal of this tooth. Panoramic radiography is one of the commonly used diagnostic tools for evaluating the relationship of these two structures. Objectives: To evaluate the accuracy of panoramic radiographic findings in predicting direct contact between mandibular canal and impacted third molars on 3D digital images, and to define panoramic criterion in predicting direct contact between the two structures. Methods: Two observers examined panoramic radiographs of 178 patients (256 impacted mandibular third molars). Panoramic findings of interruption of mandibular canal wall, isolated or with darkening of third molar root, diversion of mandibular canal and narrowing of third molar root were evaluated for 3D digital radiography. Direct contact between mandibular canal and impacted third molars on 3D digital images was then correlated with panoramic findings. Panoramic criterion was also defined in predicting direct contact between the two structures. Results: Panoramic findings of interruption of mandibular canal wall, isolated or with darkening of third molar root were statistically significantly correlated with direct contact between mandibular canal and impacted third molars on 3D digital images (p < 0.005), and were defined as panoramic criteria in predicting direct contact between the two structures. Conclusion: Interruption of mandibular canal wall, isolated or with darkening of third molar root observed on panoramic radiographs were effective in predicting direct contact between mandibular canal and impacted third molars on 3D digital images. Panoramic radiography is one of the efficient diagnostic tools for pre-operative assessment of impacted mandibular third molars.
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Al-Obaid, Maryam Mohammed, and Fatima Abdullah Al-Sheeb. "Root Canal Morphology of Maxillary First and Second Molars in a Qatari Population: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study." European Dental Research and Biomaterials Journal 2, no. 01 (January 2021): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1731625.
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Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the number of roots and canal configuration of maxillary first and second molars in Qatari population. Materials and Methods A total of 544 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) records of Qatari patients were included in this study. The CBCT images were reviewed by two endodontists. The age, sex, bilateral symmetry, root number, and canal configuration according to Vertucci were tabulated. Results About 97.5% maxillary first molars had three roots and 2.5% had two roots. Maxillary second molar showed 88.2% three roots, 7.3% two roots, 3.3% single root, and 1.2% four roots. For maxillary first molars, the most common Vertucci classifications for the mesiobuccal root were type IV (2-2, 35.9%) and type II (2-1, 21.1%). For maxillary second molars, the most common Vertucci classifications for the mesiobuccal root were type IV (2-2, 27%), type III (1-2-1, 21.3%), type I (1, 19.6%), and type II (2-1, 18.9%). In maxillary first molar, 53.1% right is different from the left and in maxillary second molars, 60.2% right is different from the left. Conclusions In Qatari population, three roots are common in maxillary molars. Mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molars is predominant with Vertucci type IV (2-2) and type II (2-1). Maxillary second molars showed variable Vertucci classification. High bilateral asymmetry was found in canal configuration of the same individuals that should be considered during root canal treatment of two opposite molars.
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Kuzekanani, Maryam, Laurence J. Walsh, Jahangir Haghani, and Ali Zeynali Kermani. "Radix Entomolaris in the Mandibular Molar Teeth of an Iranian Population." International Journal of Dentistry 2017 (2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9364963.
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Purpose. Supernumerary roots in permanent mandibular molar teeth make endodontic treatment more complicated. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Radix Entomolaris (RE) in permanent mandibular first and second molars in the population of Kerman, in the southeast of Iran. Materials and Methods. From a collection of 500 mandibular first and second molar teeth extracted over 2015-2016 at dental clinics in Kerman, teeth were scored for an additional distolingual root, and the average root length and root morphology of this extra root were determined using the De Moor classification scheme. Results. In this population, RE occurred in 6% of mandibular first molars (4% with a straight apex (Type I) and 2% with buccal apical curvature (Type III)). In all cases, RE was the shortest root, with an average root length of 18.37 mm. RE occurred in only 0.8% of mandibular second molars, with an average root length of 18.0 mm. All mandibular second molars with RE were of Type III. Fisher’s exact test showed that the difference in frequency between first and second molars was statistically significant (two-sided P=0.002). Conclusion. Radix Entomolaris occurs more frequently in mandibular first molars than in mandibular second molars in this sample of 500 mandibular molars. The reported rate of 6% in first molars is expected to be higher than reported rates in European or Caucasian populations where the prevalence is typically less than 2%.
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Badea, Dr Raed Aziz. "Occurrence of intermediate bifurcational ridges and attached cementicles on furcation area of Iraqi mandibular molars." Mustansiria Dental Journal 8, no. 1 (March 6, 2018): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32828/mdj.v8i1.289.
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Successful treatment of molar furcation defects remains a challenge in clinicalpractice. Knowledge of anatomic factors facilitates predictable management offurcation involvement lesions. Intermediate bifurcational ridge (IBRs) andcementicles are of those anatomical variations which considered as problems inprogression treatment of the disease.The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of IBRs andcementicles in Iraqi mandibular molars. The sample used in the study included 498extracted mandibular molars. The results revealed that the prevalence IBRs was306/498 teeth (61.44%), and that for the cementicles was 204/498 teeth (40.96%).The total sample was allocated into two groups:Group 1 included 313 molars (165 mandibular first molar and 148 mandibularsecond molar) , The teeth of group 1 were extracted because of caries andpulpal lesions, whileGroup 2 included 185 mandibular molars ( 98 first molar and 87 second molar).The reason of extraction of the teeth of group 2 was periodontal disease (differentdegrees of furcation involvement). For group 1 the results showed that 111/313(35.46%) of mandibular molars had attached cementicles in furcation area and185/313 (59.10%) were affected by IBRs. While in group 2 the percentage of bothanomalies was higher than that of group 1. In group 2 the results revealed that 93/185(50.27%) of the teeth had cementicles and 121/185 (65.4%) were recorded withIBRs.These results give an indication that the prevalence of cem. and IBRs highenough to be of clinical importance.
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Smith, R. "The Effects of Extracting Upper Second Permanent Molars on Lower Second Permanent Molar Position." British Journal of Orthodontics 23, no. 2 (May 1996): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bjo.23.2.109.
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There is some controversy over whether the extraction of upper second permanent molars as part of orthodontic treatment leads to the over eruption of unopposed lower second permanent molars. A study was established to investigate the presence of any over-eruption in a group of subjects who had upper second permanent molars extracted as part of a previous course of orthodontic treatment. These subjects (the experimental group) were compared with a control group of subjects, matched for age and sex. Upper and lower impressions were taken, and the vertical positions of the posterior teeth were objectively assessed from the study models using the travelling microscope. Measurements from the study models showed that the distal aspect of the lower second permanent molar had over erupted in the experimental group when compared to the control (P <0·001 right, P<0·05 left). The degree of over-eruption was influenced on the mesial aspect by the distal position of the upper first permanent molar (P<0·01), but the distal aspect was not. Eruption of the upper third molar did not affect the over-eruption of the lower second permanent molar in the experimental group. The majority of upper third molars had erupted at least 3 years since the upper second molars had been extracted, but the majority had erupted into an unfavourable contact position with the Just permanent molar.
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Gkantidis, Nikolaos, Manuel Tacchi, Elias S. Oeschger, Demetrios Halazonetis, and Georgios Kanavakis. "Third Molar Agenesis Is Associated with Facial Size." Biology 10, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10070650.
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Individuals with congenitally missing permanent teeth, other than third molars, present smaller craniofacial configurations compared to normal controls. However, it is not known if agenesis of third molars is part of the same mechanism. Therefore, this study assessed individuals with and without isolated third molar agenesis and tested the relation of this condition to the size of their facial configurations, using geometric morphometric methods. We show that the absence of one or more third molars is associated with a smaller maxilla, smaller mandible and a smaller overall facial configuration. The effect was larger as the number of missing third molars increased. For example, the size of the mandibular centroids in five 16-year-old females with no, one, two, three or four missing third molars showed a size reduction of approximately 2.5 mm per missing third molar. In addition, in cases with third molar agenesis in one jaw only, the effect was also evident on the opposite jaw. Our findings suggest that isolated third molar agenesis is part of a developmental mechanism resulting also in craniofacial size reduction. This might be the effect of an evolutionary process observed in humans, leading to fewer and smaller teeth, as well as smaller facial structures.
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Ko, Daisy (Jihyung), Tess Kelly, Lacey Thompson, Jasmene K. Uppal, Nasim Rostampour, Mark Adam Webb, Ning Zhu, et al. "Timing of Mouse Molar Formation Is Independent of Jaw Length Including Retromolar Space." Journal of Developmental Biology 9, no. 1 (March 12, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb9010008.
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For humans and other mammals to eat effectively, teeth must develop properly inside the jaw. Deciphering craniodental integration is central to explaining the timely formation of permanent molars, including third molars which are often impacted in humans, and to clarifying how teeth and jaws fit, function and evolve together. A factor long-posited to influence molar onset time is the jaw space available for each molar organ to form within. Here, we tested whether each successive molar initiates only after a minimum threshold of space is created via jaw growth. We used synchrotron-based micro-CT scanning to assess developing molars in situ within jaws of C57BL/6J mice aged E10 to P32, encompassing molar onset to emergence. We compared total jaw, retromolar and molar lengths, and molar onset times, between upper and lower jaws. Initiation time and developmental duration were comparable between molar upper and lower counterparts despite shorter, slower-growing retromolar space in the upper jaw, and despite size differences between upper and lower molars. Timing of molar formation appears unmoved by jaw length including space. Conditions within the dental lamina likely influence molar onset much more than surrounding jaw tissues. We theorize that molar initiation is contingent on sufficient surface area for the physical reorganization of dental epithelium and its invagination of underlying mesenchyme.
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Gul, Hafsa, Rubbab Zahra, Nadia Bhutta, Varda Jalil, Shahlisa Hameedi, and Khurram Shahzad. "Correlation between Mandibular third Molar Impactions and the Skeletal Face Type." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 7 (July 30, 2022): 154–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22167154.
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Aim: To investigate the correlation between mandibular third molar impactions and the skeletal face type both sagittally and vertically. Study design: Cross-sectional study Place and duration of study: Avicenna dental hospital, Lahore from July 2019 to September 2021. Methodology: Pre-treatment records of 135 patients visiting the Orthodontics department of Avicenna Dental Hospital, including history, clinical examination, photos, study casts and radiographs were retrospectively studied to determine the skeletal face type and status of mandibular third molars. Relationship of skeletal face type was correlated with the impacted third molars. Results: Mean age of the patients was 22 years with more (67%) patients being females. Mandibular third molar impactions were 39.58% in skeletal Class I, 57.53% in Class II and 35.71% in Class III respectively. Both mandibular third molars were found impacted in 64.28% dolicofacial, 53.96% mesofacial and 53.33% brachyfacial patients. Conclusion: Mandibular third molars are impacted in many patients reporting to Orthodontics department. Both mandibular third molars were significantly more impacted in dolicofacial skeletal face type and skeletal Class II individuals. Keywords: Skeletal face type, dolicofacial, brachyfacial, mesofacial, growth pattern, molar impactions, Orthodontics.
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Diéguez-Pérez, Montserrat, and Jesús Miguel Ticona-Flores. "Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Pulp Chamber and Coronal Tooth of Primary Molars: An In Vitro Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (July 29, 2022): 9279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159279.
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The anatomical variability of primary molars promotes research to improve clinical restorative activity, forensic identification, and industrial development. The objective was to study the morphology of the pulp chamber and its three-dimensional relationship with the external morphology of the tooth. A total of 151 deciduous molars were collected and subjected to three-dimensional imaging analysis in order to determine dental crown (CV) and pulp chamber (PV) volumes, their ratio (VR), pulp chamber roof (PCR) and pulp chamber floor (PCF) area, the furcation length (FD), and morphological peculiarities. The data were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis test in SPSS 26 software. The statistical analysis determined statistically significant differences between the four groups of molars for all variables. Great anatomical variability was observed, especially in the maxillary first molar, the volumes were higher in the maxillary second molar and the highest risk of furcal perforation was seen in the mandibular first molar. Additionally, mandibular second molars with six pulp horns, and some different density images compatible with accessory canals and pulp stones were found. Based on the findings of this investigation, we confirm the great anatomical variability that exists between the maxillary and mandibular molars.
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Orhan, Büyük Kaan, Dilek Yılmaz, Mehmet Ozgur Ozemre, Kıvanç Kamburoğlu, Orhan Gulen, and Ayse Gulsahi. "Evaluation of Mandibular Third Molar Region in a Turkish Population Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography." Current Medical Imaging Formerly Current Medical Imaging Reviews 16, no. 9 (December 16, 2020): 1105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573405616666200103094611.
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Objectives: To evaluate impacted mandibular third molar tooth region and obtain linear measurements using CBCT images and to assess the relationship between the impacted third molar and the mandibular canal. Methods: CBCT scans of 351 patients (208 females, 143 males) were assessed. Age, gender, and impaction site were recorded for each patient. The relationship of third molars with the vertical axis of second molars, 2nd molar resorption and the relationship between third molar apices and the mandibular canal were assessed. In addition, the distance between ramus and second molar, mesiodistal width of the third molar, the angle between third molar and second molar, and width of the third molar capsule were measured. Binary Logistic Regression, Chi-Square Test, and General Linear Model were used for statistical analysis. Results: The highest percentage of impaction was found for mesioangular followed by transversal and vertical. The transversal impacted third molars revealed a significant association with adjacent second molar root resorption (p<0.001). There was a statistical significance between the second molar resorption and distance between ramus and second molar (p<0.001). The mesioangular impacted third molars revealed significant relation with the mandibular canal (p<0.05). The most frequent variation found was the dental canal followed by the retromolar canal. In general, higher measurement values were obtained for men when compared to women (p<0.05). Conclusion: CBCT assessment of the third molar region provided useful information regarding impacted mandibular third molar surgery operations.
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Li, Chenshuang, Boryana Dimitrova, Normand S. Boucher, and Chun-Hsi Chung. "Buccolingual Inclination of Second Molars in Untreated Adolescents and Adults with Near Normal Occlusion: A CBCT Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 22 (November 8, 2022): 6629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11226629.
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The mandibular second molars are lingually positioned relative to the alveolar ridge and have a limited amount of lingual alveolar bony support. As the maxillary second molars are articulated with the mandibular second molars, maintaining the normal buccolingual inclination of both maxillary and mandibular second molars would potentially help to not only optimize the masticatory function, but also avoid dehiscence and fenestration. The current study evaluated the buccolingual inclination of second molars in untreated adolescents and adults. One hundred and two Caucasian subjects with skeletal class I and minimum dental arch crowding/spacing were selected and divided into two groups: (1) adolescent group: age 12–18 years, N = 51 (21 females, 30 males); (2) adult group: age 19–65 years, N = 51 (40 females, 11 males). For each subject, the inclination for each second molar was measured as the angle between the long axis of each tooth and a vertical line on cone beam computed tomography images. The Mann–Whitney U test was used for intergroup comparisons. Maxillary second molars exhibited a buccal inclination of 15.30° in the adolescent group and 15.70° in the adult group. Mandibular second molars exhibited a lingual inclination of 17.05° in the adolescent group and 15.20° in the adult group. No statistically significant differences were detected between the age groups. In addition, a statistically significant difference was only found between genders in the adolescent group for the maxillary second molar inclination. In summary, maxillary second molars exhibited buccal inclination and mandibular second molars exhibited lingual inclination. The amount of buccolingual inclination of the second molars was similar in the adolescent and adult groups.
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Ahmadi, Hanie, Alireza Ebrahimi, and Farhad Ghorbani. "The Correlation between Impacted Third Molar and Blood Group." International Journal of Dentistry 2021 (November 12, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2775913.
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Background. Blood type is among the most important genetical characteristics of any individual and is shown to be correlated with the development of a variety of illnesses including dental diseases. Finding the association of ABO and Rh blood groups and impacted tooth is important in order to predict which population is more vulnerable to grow impacted third molars that could lead to making better intervention. The present investigation tried to take a small step in that regard, by evaluating the correlation between ABO and Rh blood groups and the most commonly impacted tooth, bony impacted third molars among Iranian individuals. Methods. The investigation was done retrospectively on patients who were referred to the Department of Oral Radiology, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran. The patients were classified according to their blood groups, and 40 patients were randomly selected for each blood type. Therefore, the impaction of their third molars was evaluated, and statistical analyses were done in order to find any association. Results. A total of 320 participants contributed to the study; 136 (42%) were males and 184 (57%) were females. The mean age was 29 ± 6 years. Among all participants, 205 (64%) had no impacted third molar, 26 (8%) had one impacted third molar, 43 (13%) had 2 impacted third molars, 5 (1%) had 3 impacted third molars, and 41 (12%) had 4 impacted molars. Conclusion. According to the results of the present study, nearly one out of three individuals has at least an impacted third molar in the Iranian population, being more prevalent in individuals between 20 and 30 years old. The evaluation of the relationship between the blood group and impacted third molar revealed that blood groups have no association with the impacted third molars. However, more studies with higher and diversified participants should be done to find comprehensive results.
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Jafarzadeh, Hamid, Zahed Mohammadi, Sousan Shalavi, and Shilpa Bandi. "Root and Root Canal Morphology of Human Third Molar Teeth." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 16, no. 4 (2015): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1681.
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ABSTRACT Successful root canal treatment depends on having comprehensive information regarding the root(s)/canal(s) anatomy. Dentists may have some complication in treatment of third molars because the difficulty in their access, their aberrant occlusal anatomy and different patterns of eruption. The aim of this review was to review and address the number of roots and root canals in third molars, prevalence of confluent canals in third molars, C-shaped canals, dilaceration and fusion in third molars, autotransplantation of third molars and endodontic treatment strategies for third molars. How to cite this article Mohammadi Z, Jafarzadeh H, Shalavi S, Bandi S, Patil SG. Root and Root Canal Morphology of Human Third Molar Teeth. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(4): 310-313.
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Scanavini, Paulo Estevão, Renata Pilli Jóias, Maria Helena Ferreira Vasconcelos, Marco Antonio Scanavini, and Luiz Renato Paranhos. "Assessment of first molars sagittal and rotational position in Class II, division 1 malocclusion." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 18, no. 6 (December 2013): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2176-94512013000600016.
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OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the anterior-posterior positioning of the upper and lower first molars, and the degree of rotation of the upper first molars in individuals with Class II, division 1, malocclusion. METHODS: Asymmetry I, an accurate device, was used to assess sixty sets of dental casts from 27 females and 33 males, aged between 12 and 21 years old, with bilateral Class II, division 1. The sagittal position of the molars was determined by positioning the casts onto the device, considering the midpalatal suture as a symmetry reference, and then measuring the distance between the mesial marginal ridge of the most distal molar and the mesial marginal ridge of its counterpart. With regard to the degree of rotation of the upper molar, the distance between landmarks on the mesial marginal ridge was measured. Chi-square test with a 5% significance level was used to verify the variation in molars position. Student's t test at 5% significance was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A great number of lower molars mesially positioned was registered, and the comparison between the right and left sides also demonstrated a higher number of mesially positioned molars on the right side of both arches. The average rotation of the molars was found to be 0.76 mm and 0.93 mm for the right and left sides, respectively. CONCLUSION: No statistically significant difference was detected between the mean values of molars mesialization regardless of the side and arch. Molars rotation, measured in millimeters, represented ¼ of Class II.