Academic literature on the topic 'Molars Anatomy'
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Journal articles on the topic "Molars Anatomy"
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Nepal, Manisha, Vanita Gautam, Snigdha Shubham, Rupam Tripathi, and Rinku Sah. "An Insight into Anatomical Variations in Maxillary Molars: A Case Series." Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 6, no. 2 (December 3, 2018): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v6i2.22502.
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The aim of this article is to show different anatomic complexities of the root canal system related to maxillary molars. Maxillary molars are presumed to have only three roots with three canals but this is not always the case, it might present with different variations. Some of the anatomical variations such as, mesiobuccal2 (MB2) canals in maxillary 1st and 2nd molars, two rooted maxillary 1st and 2nd molar, one rooted maxillary 2nd molar, C-shaped upper 2nd molar and maxillary 2nd molar with extra palatal root are reported in this case series. Hence, in treating each tooth every dentist must keep foresight that complex anatomy occurs often enough to be considered normal and manage them accordingly.
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Singh, Shishir, and Mansing Pawar. "Root canal morphology of South Asian Indian maxillary molar teeth." European Journal of Dentistry 09, no. 01 (January 2015): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.149662.
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ABSTRACT Objective: The objective was to study the root canal morphology of South Asian Indian Maxillary molars using a tooth clearing technique. Materials and Methods: Hundred teeth each comprising of first, second, and third molars collected from different dental schools and clinics in India were subjected to standard dye penetration, decalcification and clearing procedure before being studied. Results: The first molar mesiobuccal roots exhibited 69% Type I, 24% Type II, 4% Type IV, 2% Type V, and 1% exhibited a Vertuccis Type VIII canal anatomy. In the group with three separate roots the second molar mesiobuccal roots in exhibited 80.6% Type I, 15.3% Type II, 2.7% Type IV, and 1.4% Type V canal anatomy while the third molars mesiobuccal roots exhibited 57.4% Type I, 32% Type II, 2.1% Type III, 8.5% Type IV, 1% had a Type V canal anatomy in the similar group. Conclusion: A varied root canal anatomy was seen in the mesiobuccal root canal of the maxillary molars.
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Jafarzadeh, Hamid, Zahed Mohammadi, Sousan Shalavi, and Shilpa Bandi. "Root and Root Canal Morphology of Human Third Molar Teeth." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 16, no. 4 (2015): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1681.
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ABSTRACT Successful root canal treatment depends on having comprehensive information regarding the root(s)/canal(s) anatomy. Dentists may have some complication in treatment of third molars because the difficulty in their access, their aberrant occlusal anatomy and different patterns of eruption. The aim of this review was to review and address the number of roots and root canals in third molars, prevalence of confluent canals in third molars, C-shaped canals, dilaceration and fusion in third molars, autotransplantation of third molars and endodontic treatment strategies for third molars. How to cite this article Mohammadi Z, Jafarzadeh H, Shalavi S, Bandi S, Patil SG. Root and Root Canal Morphology of Human Third Molar Teeth. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(4): 310-313.
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Gupta, Ashu, Saroj Thakur, Vishal Sharma, Anshu Minocha, Bhanu Singh, and Rambhika Thakur. "Radix Entomolaris: An Endodontic Challenge." Dental Journal of Advance Studies 01, no. 01 (April 2013): 058–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1670598.
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AbstractVariation of root canal anatomy is always a challenge for accurate diagnosis and successful endodontic therapy. A thorough knowledge of most common anatomic characteristics and their possible variations is essential for the clinician. The hard tissue repository of the human dental pulp takes on numerous configurations and shapes. These aberrations occur so often that they can be considered as normal anatomy. Radix Entomolaris (RE) is one such aberration where an extra root is present on the distolingual aspect of mandibular first molar (molar with 3 roots). This article presents two case reports of mandibular first molars with extra roots which was successfully treated.
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Genaro, Luis Eduardo, Gabriely Ferreira, Marcelo Brito Conte, Marcela de Almeida Gonçalves, and Ticiana Sidorenko Oliveira Capote. "Morphological Differences between the First and Second Permanent Upper Molars." Journal of Morphological Sciences 36, no. 04 (September 19, 2019): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1695756.
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AbstractThe dental elements present similar and specific anatomical features, depending on the functions they have in the oral cavity. The permanent molars are the most complex structures, mainly the occlusal face, due to their function of food grinding. The aim of the present article is to present the upper first and second molars morphology, emphasizing the similarities and differences between them. Besides, the upper first and second molars of the collection of the Department of Morphology of Universidade Estadual de Paulista (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, were evaluated regarding the presence of the oblique ridge, frequency and classification of the molar tubercle, and the crown morphology (upper second molars). In the 372 evaluated upper first molars, the molar tubercle was absent in most of the teeth. When present, the molar tubercle belonged to the mesiolingual cusp; 8.9% were classified as type I; 9.1% as type II; and 9.4% as type III. The oblique ridge was present in all upper first molars. The morphology of 401 upper second molars was also evaluated; 64.83% were tetracuspid; 35.16% tricuspid; and 17.02% presented compression morphology. In 100 tricuspid teeth, 50% presented oblique ridge, with it being prominent in 30%. No upper second molars presented molar tubercle. Although there are similarities between the upper first and second molars, we must always be aware of the features that differ between them, so their functionality can be restored.
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Kumar, Rahul, Nishant Gandhi, Roshan Shetty, and Anuradha Patil. "Radix Entomolaris." Journal of Contemporary Dentistry 2, no. 1 (2012): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcd-2-1-33.
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Abstract Variation of root canal anatomy is always a challenge for accurate diagnosis and successful endodontic therapy. A thorough knowledge of most common anatomic characteristics and their possible variations is essential for the clinician. The hard tissue repository of the human dental pulp takes on numerous confi gurations and shapes. These aberrations occur so often that they can be considered as normal anatomy. Radix entomolaris (RE) is one such aberration where an extra root is present on the distolingual aspect of mandibular first molar (molar with 3 roots). This article presents one case report of mandibular first molars with extra roots which was successfully treated.
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Froehlich, David J., and Jon E. Kalb. "Internal reconstruction of elephantid molars: applications for functional anatomy and systematics." Paleobiology 21, no. 3 (1995): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300013361.
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The unique manner in which molars from members of the family Elephantidae erupt in the jaw and wear obliquely and sequentially has profound effects upon dental function and phylogenetic change within the group. Three-dimensional modeling using a “molar matrix” of elephantid dentition, and application of such models to systematic and functional studies, allows a more refined description of dental morphology. A method of examining variation within elephantid teeth is presented based on successive staging of worn molars. Results indicate that individual plates exhibit increasingly derived features with wear (relative to the systematic analysis used here), while successively worn plates exhibit successively more plesiomorphic features apically and posteriorly. Further, results indicate that the patterns developed by wear on the surface of elephantid molars are conserved throughout life despite their unique successive replacement pattern. The cheek teeth in a molar series act as a single, continuous masticating unit, here termed a “cheek tooth battery.” Overall, the tools developed here, wear staging and molar matrices, allow for a more refined understanding of morphological variation within and between elephantids, with application to more conservative elephantoid taxa.
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Felsypremila, Gnanasekaran, Thilla Sekar Vinothkumar, and Deivanayagam Kandaswamy. "Anatomic symmetry of root and root canal morphology of posterior teeth in Indian subpopulation using cone beam computed tomography: A retrospective study." European Journal of Dentistry 09, no. 04 (October 2015): 500–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.172623.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the anatomic symmetry of maxillary and mandibular posteriors in Indian subpopulation using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: CBCT images of 246 patients that had at least one noncarious, posterior tooth free of restorations in each quadrant were enrolled for retrospective analysis. A total of 3015 teeth (811 maxillary premolars, 845 mandibular premolars, 738 maxillary molars, and 621 mandibular molars) were analyzed for number of roots and root canals, canal morphology and anatomic symmetry, and concurrent types between the maxilla and mandible. Results: There was no difference in the percentage of symmetry for maxillary first (81.5%) and second (81.5%) premolars. Mandibular second premolars (98.3%) exhibited greater symmetry than mandibular first premolars (96.1%). First molars (77.5% and 82.1%) showed greater symmetry than second molars (70.8% and 78.6%), in both maxillary and mandibular arches, respectively. The most common anatomy observed were: maxillary first premolars – 2 roots with 2 canals, maxillary second premolars – 1 root with 2 canals, mandibular first and second premolars – 1 root with 1 canal, maxillary first and second molars – 3 roots with 4 canals, and mandibular first and second molars – 2 roots with 3 canals. When compared with any other teeth, maximum asymmetry was observed in maxillary second molar (29.2%). Conclusion: The percentage of symmetry observed in the present study varied from 70% to 98% with least percentage of symmetry in maxillary second molars. These data should alert the clinicians while treating homonymous teeth of the same patient.
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BARBIZAM, J., R. RIBEIRO, and M. FILHO. "Unusual Anatomy of Permanent Maxillary Molars." Journal of Endodontics 30, no. 9 (September 2004): 668–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.don.0000121618.45515.5a.
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Acharya, N., A. Singh, PS Samant, and V. Gautam. "Endodontic Management of Radix Paramolaris with Six Canals: A Clinical Case Report." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 11, no. 4 (September 23, 2015): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v11i4.13480.
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Endodontic therapy of mandibular molars is a challenging task due to its varied root canal morphology. A mandibular first molar with additional buccal root (Radix paramolaris) and additional distolingual root (Radix Entomolaris) is an example of its varied anatomy. A successful management of atypical root canal configurations is an important aspect in determining the success rate of root canal therapy. The detail knowledge of the root morphology and canal anatomy allows the clinician for accurate location of the extra roots and canals and accordingly the refinement of the access cavity for the stress free entry of complex anatomy. Hence, for a successful root canal therapy, clinician must be aware of the external and internal anatomic variations .The aim of this clinical case report is to present and describe the unusual presence of two separate mesial roots and six root canals in mandibular first molar, detected during routine endodontic therapy.Kathmandu Univ Med J 2013; 11(4): 338-341
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Molars Anatomy"
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Spears, Iain. "Functional adaptations of hominoid molars : an engineering approach." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241490.
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Fumes, Ana Caroline. "Avaliação da anatomia de molares decíduos por meio de microtomografia computadorizada." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58135/tde-22072013-100259/.
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O conhecimento prévio da anatomia interna e externa dos dentes decíduos é de fundamental importância para o sucesso do tratamento endodôntico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a morfologia das raízes e dos canais radiculares de molares decíduos superiores e inferiores, por meio de microtomografia computadorizada (micro-CT). Foram usados 40 molares decíduos, divididos em quatro grupos, sendo 10 primeiros molares inferiores, 10 segundos molares inferiores, 10 primeiros molares superiores e 10 segundos molares superiores. Os dentes foram escaneados e avaliados quantitativamente por meio de parâmetros bidimensionais no terço apical (número, área, circularidade, maior e menor diâmetro) a 1, 2 e 3 mm do bisel de rizólise e tridimensionais (volume, área de superfície e SMI), assim como a medida da espessura na face interna e externa da dentina e qualitativamente por meio da observação dos modelos tridimensionais. Os resultados mostraram que o número máximo de canais radiculares encontrados por raiz foi 2. Os canais apresentaram valores de SMI entre 1,98 ± 0,45 e 2,74 ± 0.38, sugerindo forma geométrica tridimensional com tendência a um cone. Para a espessura da dentina, observou-se que a espessura da dentina na face interna das raízes foi, em geral, menor que a espessura na face externa. Os valores de espessura interna variaram entre 0,25 e 0,90 mm na raiz mesial e 0,20 e 0,92 mm na raiz distal para os molares inferiores e, 0,14 e 1,00 mm na raiz mesiovestibular, 0,24 e 1,14 mm na raiz distovestibular e 0,26 e 1,54 mm na raiz palatina para os molares superiores. Em relação à espessura externa, a variação foi de 0,35 a 1,45 mm na raiz mesial e 0,32 a 1,52 mm na raiz distal para os molares inferiores e, 0,22 a 1,33 mm na raiz mesiovestibular, 0,28 a 1,40 mm na raiz distovestibular e 0,44 a 2,24 mm na raiz palatina nos molares superiores. Foi observado também, que a extensão da raiz foi sempre maior que a extensão do canal. Dessa forma, conclui-se que as variações anatômicas observadas e os parâmetros obtidos a partir da micro-CT, método não destrutivo, reprodutível e confiável para o estudo de anatomia interna e externa, são importantes para determinar protocolos clínicos nos casos de dentes decíduos.The previous knowledge of the internal and external anatomy of primary teeth is of fundamental importance for the success of the endodontic treatment. The purpose of this study was to analyze the morphology of the roots and root canals of the upper and lower primary molars, using the microcomputed tomography (micro-CT). Forty primary molars, divided in four groups, ten first lower molars, ten second lower molars, ten first upper molars and ten second upper molars. The teeth were scanned and assessed quantitatively by the observation of two-dimensional parameters in the apical third (number, area, roundness, major and minor diameter) at 1, 2 and 3 millimeters of the resorption bevel and three-dimensional parameters (volume, surface area and SMI), as well as the measurement of internal and external dentin thickness and qualitatively by means of observation of the three-dimensional models. The results showed that the maximum number of root canals found for each root was 2. The canals have SMI values between 1.98 ± 0.45 and 2.74 ± 0.38, suggesting a three-dimensional geometrical shape with a tendency to conical. For the dentin thickness of the internal wall of the roots, in general the values were lower than the ones for the external wall. The values of the internal thickness ranged between 0.25 and 0.90 mm in the mesial root and 0.20 and 0.92 mm in the distal root for the lower molars and 0.14 and 1.00 mm on the mesio-vestibular root, 0.24 and 1.14 mm on the disto-vestibular and 0.26 and 1.54 mm on the palatal for the upper molars. Regarding the external thickness, it ranged between 0.35 and 1.45 mm on the mesial root and 0.32 and 1.52 mm on the distal for the lower molars, and 0.22 and 1.33 mm on the mesio-vestibular, 0.28 and 1.40 mm on the disto-vestibular and 0.44 and 2.24 mm on the palatal root of the upper molars. It was observed that the dentin thickness of the external wall was always higher than the extension of the canal. That way, it can be concluded that the observed anatomical variations and the obtained parameters from the micro-CT, a non-destructive method, reproducible and reliable for the study of internal and external anatomy, are important to define clinical protocols for the primary teeth.
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Perez, Carolina Altagracia Filpo. "Análise quantitativa da anatomia dos canais radiculares distais dos molares inferiores mediante a microtomografia computadorizada." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25147/tde-08112013-110759/.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por meio de imagens obtidas a partir da microtomografia computadorizada (micro-ct), a morfologia interna de canais radiculares distais de molares inferiores. Cem imagens de raízes distais de primeiros e segundos molares inferiores foram obtidas com os microtomógrafos (Skyscan 1176 e 1174, Bélgica) utilizando uma resolução de 18.1μm. Após, a reconstrução das imagens foram feitos os modelos 3D com ajuda da ferramenta CTan e CTvol para a visualização e padronização segundo a classificação de Vertucci. Os seguintes parâmetros foram estudados: classificação morfológica, prevalência do canal principal e ramificações, classificação e prevalência de istmos, forma dos canais, diâmetro apical por meio das distâncias mesiodistais e vestibulolinguais e avaliação do volume apical. Para a avaliação do número, forma dos canais e a presença de istmos foi feito um registro de 9 cortes de cada imagem desde 1,0 até 5,0 mm apicais, considerando 0,5 mm aquém do comprimento real do canal. Para fazer a mensuração do diâmetro mesiodistal e vestibulolingual foi alinhada cada imagem por meio do programa DataViewer e depois foram feitas as anotações das medidas dos canais nos 5,0 mm apicais. O volume apical foi calculado de acordo com a ferramenta 3D Analysis do software CTan. Os resultados foram submetidos ao análise descritiva com o cálculo da porcentagem de ocorrência. Os resultados mostraram que a morfologia do canal mais prevalente foi a tipo I de Vertucci (76%), seguida do tipo V de Vertucci (11%). A forma do canal mais comum foi a circular de 1,0 a 3,5 mm, seguido pela oval de 4,0 a 5,0 mm. A presença de um canal único foi a mais prevalente nos níveis de 1,0 a 5,0 mm. O istmo mais observado foi o do tipo I de Hsu & Kim (86%) no nivel de 1,0 mm, seguido do tipo 5 (39%) a 5,0 mm. Na mensuração das distâncias, a vestibulolingual foi maior que a mesiodistal e o volume aumentou de apical para cervical. Conclui-se que nos canais distais a classificação de Vertucci mais comum foi a tipo I, seguida do tipo V; a presença de um canal único foi o mais prevalente tanto nos níveis de 1,0 como 5,0 mm; quanto a forma do canal, a circular foi a mais predominante desde 1,0 a 3,5 mm (65%), seguida pela forma oval em 4,0 a 5,0 mm (40%); a forma achatada foi a menos prevalente em todos os níveis. A presença de istmos mais observada foi a do tipo I, nos níveis de 1,0 a 5,0 mm. As medidas das distâncias vestibulo-linguais foram maiores em todos os níveis da raiz comparadas com as medidas mesio-distais, e o volume aumentou de apical para cervical.The objective of this study to evaluate by means of images obtained from computed microtomography (micro-ct), the morphology of the distal root canals of mandibular molars. One hundred images of distal roots of first and second lower molars were obtained with the microtomography (Skyscan 1176 and 1174, Belgium) using a resolution of 18.1 μm. After the reconstruction of the images were analyzed with CTan and CTvol to viewing and standardization according to the classification of Vertucci. The following parameters were evaluated: morphological classification, prevalence the principal canals and ramifications, classification and prevalence isthmus, shape of the canals, through apical diameter mesio-distal and bucco-lingual interval and apical volume. For evaluation of the number, shape of the canals and the presence of isthmus were searched 9 sections of each image from apical 1.0 to 5.0 mm, 0.5 mm before the canals length. To measure mesio-distal and bucco-lingual diameter each image ranged up through DataViewer and then made notations of measurements of the canals in the apical 5.0 mm. The apical volume was calculated in according to the 3D Analysis. The results were subjected to descriptive analysis with the calculation of the percentage of occurrence. The results showed that the morphology the most prevalent was canal type I the Vertucci (76%), followed by type V the Vertucci (11%). The most common canal shape was circular 1.0 to 3.5 mm, followed by the oval in 4.0 mm to 5.0 mm. The presence of a single canal was the most prevalent in levels of 1.0 to 5.0 mm. The isthmus was the most frequently observed type I of the Hsu & Kim (86%) in the level of 1.0 mm, followed by type V (39%) to 5.0 mm. In the measurements of distances, the bucco-lingual was greater than the mesio- distal and volume increased from apical to cervical. The most common Vertuccis classification of the distal canal was the type I, followed by type V; the presence of a single canal was the most prevalent in the levels of 1.0 to 5.0 mm; in the shape of canal, the circular shape was the most common from 1.0 to 3.5 mm (65%), followed by oval shape at 4.0 to 5.0 mm (40%), the flattened shape was less frequent in all levels. The presence of isthmuses most observed was the type I, at levels of 1.0 to 5.0 mm. The measures of bucco-lingual interval were greater at all levels of the root compared to mesio-distal measures, and the volume increased from apical to cervical.
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Harb, Leandro José Corrêa. "AVALIAÇÃO IN VITRO DO CANAL CAVO-INTERRADICULAR EM MOLARES INFERIOR." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2009. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/6054.
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Every endodontic treatment may lead to failures due to internal anatomical changes. Among these faults is the which links pulp chamber floor with the periodontium in the furcation area. So the purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of this canal in 360 human permanent mandibular molars which were kept dehydrated, using four evaluation methods: radiography, naked eye (NE), dental microscope (DM) and clearing technique. The used methods (radiography and clearing) were compared to verify the presence of the furcation canal, and observed the presence of foramina through the methods (NE and DM) by the pulp chamber floor and by the furcation; as well they were compared to the results between the complete rhizogenesis groups and the incomplete ones. Three hundred and sixty mandibular molars were used that belong to the collection of the Dental Anatomy Course of the Morphology Department of UFSM, all of them with an intact pulp chamber floor and stored in dry containers. They were rehydrated, sectioned to 1,5 mm apically to the furcation and up to 0.5 mm of pulp chamber floor. After that, they were immersed in 1% sodium hypochlorite (24 hours), rinsed under running water and immersed again in 1% sodium hypochlorite in ultrasonic (10 minutes) followed by another rinsed under running water and dried at room temperature. Then they were stored individually in glass containers, numbered and capped. All evaluations were made by the one observer, being the radiography evaluation with for four samples radiographed on each piece of film with a magnifying glass (4x); the NE and DM (30x) with directional lighting in the sample; and clearing technique each sample in its container with liquid on a X-ray box and with the aid of DM (30x). Through the radiography analysis the furcation canal wasn't clear, but as a slightly radiolucent area in the furcation region in 9,04% of the samples, suspecting its presence in 2,33% and it was not found in 88,63%; through the clearing technique the canal was not found in 100%;to the NE were evident foramina in 20,9% of the furcation and 1,9% in the pulp chamber floor; through DM, 62,1% in the furcation and 5% in the pulp chamber floor. The RC group presented foramina in 61,1% in the furcation and 5,8% in the pulp chamber floor; the RI group with 64,7% in the furcation and 3% in the pulp chamber floor. Given the developed conditions in this work it's possible to conclude that radiographic evaluation really does not work as an effective means of diagnosis, but as an aid exam, important to schedule medical procedures. Observing the assessments by the NE and DM, the foramina number is much higher in the furcation than in the pulp chamber floor and can be sites of deposition of dental plaque, making cleaning more difficult in the area when exposed in the oral cavity, and there was no foramina incomplete rhizogenesis group, the use of dental microscope is an excellent tool for the visualization of dental anatomical details; the clearing technique is an excellent evaluation method, since we have the full three-dimensional visualization of internal dental anatomy, and there is a need of studying more about the use of stored dehydrated teeth in some of the methods of research.Todo tratamento endodôntico pode levar a insucessos devido às alterações anatômicas internas. Dentre estas está o canal cavo-interradicular, que comunica o assoalho da câmara pulpar com o periodonto na região da furca. Assim foi propósito deste trabalho avaliar a presença deste canal em 360 molares inferiores permanentes humanos que se encontravam armazenados desidratados, utilizando quatro métodos de avaliação: radiografias, a olho nu (ON), pelo microscópio odontológico (MO) e diafanização. Foram comparados os métodos (radiográfico e diafanização) utilizados para verificar a presença do canal cavo-interradicular; e observada a presença de foraminas através dos métodos (ON e MO) pelo assoalho da câmara pulpar e furca; bem como comparados os resultados entre os grupos de rizogênese completa (RC) e incompleta (RI). Foram utilizados 360 molares inferiores pertencentes ao acervo da Disciplina de Anatomia e Escultura Dental da UFSM, todos com assoalho da câmara pulpar intacto e armazenado em recipientes secos. Os mesmos foram rehidratados, seccionados, até 1,5 mm apicalmente à furca e até 0,5 mm do assoalho pulpar. Após, foram imersos em hipoclorito de sódio 1% (24h), lavados em água corrente e nova imersão em hipoclorito de sódio 1% em ultrassom (10 min.), seguida de nova lavagem em água corrente e secos à temperatura ambiente. Depois, foram armazenados individualmente em recipientes de vidro, numerados e tampados. Todas as avaliações foram feitas pelo mesmo operador, sendo a radiográfica com quatro amostras por película com uma lupa (4x); a ON e MO (30x) com iluminação artificial direcional na amostra; e pela diafanização cada amostra em seu recipiente com líquido, sobre um negatoscópio e com auxílio do MO (30x). Pela análise radiográfica o canal cavo-interradicular não se mostrou evidente, mas como uma zona levemente radiolúcida na região da furca em 9,04% das amostras; com suspeita da sua presença em 2,33% e não foi encontrado em 88,63%; pela diafanização, o canal não foi encontrado em 100%; a ON foram evidentes foraminas em 20,9% na furca e 1,9% no assoalho pulpar; pelo MO, 62,1% na furca e 5% no assoalho pulpar. O grupo RC apresentou foraminas em 61,1% na furca e 5,8% no assoalho pulpar; o grupo RI com 64,7% na furca e 3% no assoalho pulpar. Diante das condições desenvolvidas neste trabalho pode-se concluir que o exame radiográfico realmente não serve como um meio de diagnóstico efetivo, mas sim como um exame auxiliar, importante para programar procedimentos clínicos; pelas avaliações a ON e MO, o número de foraminas é bem maior na furca que no assoalho pulpar, podendo ser sítios de deposição de placa bacteriana, dificultando a limpeza da região quando exposta na cavidade bucal, e não houve maior número de foraminas no grupo rizogênese incompleta; o uso do microscópio odontológico é uma ferramenta excelente para visualização dos detalhes anatômicos dentários; a diafanização é um excelente método avaliativo, visto que temos a total visualização em terceira dimensão da anatomia interna dental; e que há necessidade de se estudar mais a respeito da utilização de dentes armazenados desidratados em algumas metodologias de pesquisas.
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Lima, Fernando Jose Camello de. "Estudo in vitro da anatomia dos canais radiculares de molares permanentes de humanos." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/289994.
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Orientador: Brenda P. F. A. GomesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a moriologia dos canais radiculares dos molares permanentes de humanos, identificando a configuração dos canais radiculares (classificação de WEINE modificada), os istmos, canais em C, e a correlação entre anatomia externa e interna. Foram utilizados 131 dentes: primeiros e segundos molares superiores (1°Se 2°SMS) e primeiros e segundos molares inferiores (1°Se 2°8 MI), obtidos em Maceió, AL. Os dentes tiveram as suas características externas registradas, para aí serem seccionados na junção amelo-cementária (JAC), para a visualização dos soalhos e das entradas dos canais radiculares. As raízes foram seccionadas transversalmente a 1; 2,5; 4; 5,5 e 7 mm do ápice e examinadas pelo lado apical no estereomicroscópio. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste do qui-quadrado com significância de 5%. Encontraram-se todos os tipos estudados de canais radiculares nas raízes mésiovestibulares (MV) dos MS. As raízes palatinas (P) dos 1°SMS e distais (O) de 2°S MI só tiveram um canal, enquanto que esta configuração não foi encontrada nas raízes mesiais (M) de 1°SMI. Os istmos estiveram presentes nas raízes MV dos MS em 98,5%, disto-vestibulares (OV) de MS em 10,4% e nos MI, em 91,1% das raizes mesiais (M) e 46,4% das raizes (O). Seis dentes tiveram canais em C, desses, só um não apresentava fusionamento radicular. O soalho da câmara pulpar nos 1°SMS foi trapezoidal em 75% dos casos e triangular no 2° MS em 53,6% dos casos. Os MS com projeções de cúspides MV apresentaram 81,3% de casos nos 1°SMS e 60,7% nos 2°SMS com mais de um canal na raiz MV. Pode-se concluir que as raizes MV de MS e M de MI têm maior probabilidade de possuírem dois canais. Quanto aos istmos, exceto as raízes P e eventuais raízes V dos MS, todas as outras raízes apresentaram istmos nos canais radiculares, porém a maior incidência apareceu nas raizes MV dos 1°SMS, e nas raízes M dos MI. Quanto ao canal em C, todos os molares, exceto os 1°SMI, mostraram esta configuração anatômica ao nível de raiz, sendo isto mais encontrado nas raízes fusionadas. Os MS, principalmente os primeiros molares, com projeções de cúspides MV apresentam maior possibilidade de ter mais de um canal na raiz MV
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the root canais morphology of permanent human molars, to identify the root canal configuration (Weine modified), to verify the presence of isthmus and C-shapes configuration in root canais, and to establish a correlation between internal/external anatomies. One hundred and thirty-one first and second upperllower molars obtained from Maceio, AL, Brazil, were used. Teeth were sectioned in the enamel- cement junction to investigate pulp canal chamber floar and orifice shapes. Then, the roots were transversally sectioned at 1; 2,5; 4; 5,5 and 7 mm from the apex. Afterwards, they were investigated in stereomicroscopy from an apex side view. Data obtained were submitted to chi-square test. The major diversity of root canal types was found in mesial-buccalroots of the uppermolars. Palatal roots of 1st upper molar and distal roots of 2nd lower molars presented only one root canal, while it did not happen in mesial roots of 1st lower molars. Isthmus were presentin mesial-buccalrootsof the upper molars (98,5%), distal-buccal roots of the upper molars (10,4%), mesial root of the lower molars (91,1%) and distal root of the lower molars (46,4%) of the cases. C-shape root canais were found in 6 teeth, in which, only one did not show root-fusion. Most chamber floar shapes were trapezoidal in 1st (75%) and triangle in the 2nd upper molars (53,6%). First upper molars presented in 81,3% a projection of the mesial-buccal cusps, and 60,7% of the 2nd upper molars showed greater possibility of presenting more than one canal in the mesial-buccal root. In conclusion, mesial-buccal roots in upper molars and mesial roots in lower molars presented more often two root canais. Isthmus was found in ali root canais, except from palatine and eventually buccal roots of upper molars. C-shape root canal morphology were found in ali molars besides first lower ones; being frequently found in teeth with fusioned roots. First upper molars with an overprojected mesial buccal cusp showed more frequently two root canais
Mestrado
Endodontia
Mestre em Clínica Odontológica
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Ribeiro, Rafael Rezende. "Avaliação das alterações morfológicas em canais radiculares curvos, promovidas pela instrumentação reciprocante, associada à instrumentação rotatória. Análise por microtomografia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58133/tde-20032014-110028/.
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O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as alterações morfológicas bi, tridimensionais, e o transporte em canais mesiais de molares inferiores com curvatura acentuada. Selecionou-se molares inferiores com dois canais e forames independentes, livres de nódulos pulpares, reabsorção interna, tratamento endodôntico prévio, fratura radicular e dentro do padrão de raio e ângulo de curvatura, avaliados pelos exames radiográficos, tomográficos cone bean e microtomográficos. Partiu-se de 393 dentes para selecionar 15 dentro deste padrão morfológico. Esses dentes foram submetidos à microtomografia antes da instrumentação, após o preparo com instrumento Reciproc® R25 e após o preparo por cada lima dos sistemas de complementação (Mtwo e K3). Os dados morfométricos foram analisados pelo programa CTAn e as análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando o programa SPSS onde observou-se os seguintes resultados: a análise morfométrica bidimensional mostrou que a área e o perímetro apresentaram aumento gradual a cada milímetro avaliado, partindo do primeiro milímetro apical; houve também aumento gradual de área e de perímetro a cada troca de instrumento de acordo com o que se realizou o preparo biomecânico dentro dos conjuntos de grupos; houve diferença estatisticamente significante de área e de perímetro dos canais radiculares apenas após o preparo com os instrumentos #40 taper 04 e taper 02 (P<0,05). Em relação à distância do ápice, houve diferença estatística de área entre todos os milímetros avaliados (P<0,05). Em relação ao perímetro, não houve diferença entre os milímetros 1 e 2; e, 4 e 5 (P>0,05), entretanto com diferença entre o terceiro milímetro e os demais (P<0,05). As análises morfológicas tridimensionais de volume, área de superfície e SMI (Índice de Modelo Estrutural) do canal radicular, tiveram comportamento semelhante entre os grupos. Os espécimes submetidos à complementação, com instrumentos taper 04 e taper 02, não apresentaram diferença estatística após os preparos (P>0,05), com diferença entre os canais preparados com a R25 e os canais originais (P<0,05). Quando comparados os conjuntos de grupos, nenhum grupo análogo apresentou diferença estatística (P>0,05). Foi analisado o transporte por terços (cervical, médio e apical) e por todo o canal, não sendo detectada diferença estatisticamente significante (P>0,05) entre os terços, nem do canal todo entre a complementação pelos instrumentos taper 04 (Mtwo) e taper 02 (K3).The purpose of this study was to evaluate the two- and three-dimensional morphological changes, and the transportation that occurs in the mesial canals of mandibular molars with severe curvature. Molars were selected with two independent canals and foramina, no pulpal nodules, internal resorptions, previous endodontic treatment or root fracture and within the standard radius and angle of curvature evaluated by radiographs, cone-beam tomography and microtomography. From the 393 teeth initially selected, 15 fulfilled the selected parameters. The teeth were subjected to microtomography before instrumentation, after instrumentation with Reciproc® R25 and after preparation with each file of the complementary systems (MTwo and K3). The morphometric data were analyzed by CTAn software and the statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software where the following results were observed. The two-dimensional morphometric analysis showed that the area and the perimeter presented a gradual increase for every evaluated millimeter, starting from the first apical millimeter. There was also a gradual increase in area and perimeter with each change of instrument according to the biomechanical within the sets of groups. There was a statistically significant difference in area and perimeter of root canals after the preparation with the instruments #40 taper 04 and taper 02 (P <0.05). Regarding the distance from the apex area, there was statistically difference among all evaluated millimeters (P <0.05). Regarding the perimeter, there was no difference between 1 and 2 mm, and 4 or 5 (P> 0.05), however with a difference between the third millimeter and the others (P <0.05). The three-dimensional morphological analyses of volume, surface area and root canal SMI (Structural Model Index) of the root canal showed a similar behavior among the groups. The specimens subjected to complementation to the instrumentation with instruments of tapers 04 and 02 showed no statistically significant difference after preparation (P> 0.05), with significant difference between the original and prepared canals (P <0.05). When comparing the sets of groups, no analogue group presented a statistically significant difference (P> 0.05). Transport was analyzed by thirds (cervical, middle and apical) and throughout the canal there, without statistically difference (P> 0.05) among the thirds or between groups with complementation with taper 04 (MTwo) and taper 02 (K3) instruments.
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Almeida, Marcela Milanezi de. "Estudo da anatomia radicular de segundos molares superiores por meio da Microtomografia Computadorizada." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25147/tde-14102013-163556/.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar qualitativa e quantitativamente a anatomia do sistema de canais radiculares de segundos molares superiores por meio de microtomografia computadorizada. Cem dentes foram escaneados no micrótomografo (SkyScan 1174) utilizando uma resolução de 19,7 μm e reconstruídos para análises bidimensionais dos número de canais principais e ramificações, diâmetro maior (V-P) e menor (M-D) a 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5mm do forame apical e área (mm2) das raízes mésio-vestibular, disto-vestibular e palatina. Após a reconstrução tridimensional das amostras escaneadas a classificação do sistema de canais radiculares foi realizada de acordo com Vertucci e os tipos adicionais. Os resultados evidenciaram que nos 2mm apicais iniciais a raiz mésio-vestibular mostrou uma frequência maior do número de canais. O diâmetro maior (V-P) das raízes avaliadas aumentou gradualmente a cada milímetro no sentido ápico-cervical, o diâmetro menor (M-D) das raízes avaliadas diminuiu no segundo milímetro apical, voltando a aumentar a partir deste, a cada milímetro avaliado. A análise tridimensional revelou uma equivalência de dados com relação a classificação de Vertucci, principalmente na raiz palatina e disto-vestibular 98% e em menor escala a raiz mésio-vestibular com 64%. Dentre os tipos de classificações adicionais foram encontrados no presente estudo, 18% dessas classificações para as raízes mésio-vestibulares, 2% para as raízes disto-vestibulares e 1% para a raiz palatina. Este estudo registrou também novos tipos de anatomia, que não se enquadraram nas classificações de Vertucci e nas classificações adicionais dos outros autores: 18% das raízes mésio-vestibulares e 1% da raiz palatina. O presente estudo confirmou por meio do microCT, a alta incidência de canais mésio-palatinos e grande quantidad de ramificações nas raízes mésio-vestibulares nos segundos molares superiores.The aim of this study was to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the anatomy of the root canal system of maxillary second molars using computerized microtomography.One hundred samples were scanned at microCT (SkyScan 1174) using a resolution of 19.7 μm and reconstructed in two-dimensional slices to determine the number of main canals and branches, root canal diameter (B-P) and lower diameter (M-D) direction at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5mm from the apical foramen. Also, the area (mm2) of the mesiobuccal, distobuccal and palatal roots was analyzed. The classification of the root canal system was performed according to Vertucci and additional authors classifications. The results showed that at the apical third, the mesiobuccal root showed a higher frequency of root canals and ramifications. In overall, the bucco-palatal diameter (B-P) and mesio-distal diameter (M-D) gradually increased from the apical to the cervical third. Threedimensional analysis revealed that 98% of disto-buccal and palatal canals fits in the Vertuccis classification. In the mesiobuccal canal 64% of the anatomies could be described by the Vertucci classification. Other authors classifications were found in 18% of mesiobuccal roots, 2% on distobuccal roots and 1% on palatal roots. This study found new types of root canal anatomies that were not previously described, mainly, in the mesiobuccal and palatal roots (19%). It can be concluded that the mesial buccal roots in maxillary second molars show a higher complexity in comparison to the distobuccal and palatal root.
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Beleza, Anabela de Jesus Borges. "Anatomia interna dos canais radiculares dos pré-molares inferiores." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4587.
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Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Medicina DentáriaO tratamento endodôntico tem como objectivo restaurar a função e a forma próprias de um dente, mantendo uma condição perirradicular saudável. O objectivo deste trabalho baseia-se numa breve revisão da literatura com a intenção de reforçar a estreita relação entre o conhecimento da anatomia interna do sistema de canais radiculares e o sucesso no tratamento endodôntico. São relatadas nesta monografia as características da anatomia interna no grupo dos pré-molares inferiores. Os dentes pré-molares são um grupo dentário que pode apresentar variações na anatomia interna dos canais radiculares. Uma raiz com apenas um canal único e forâmen único são uma excepção e não a regra. A pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada nas bibliotecas da Universidade Fernando Pessoa e Faculdade de Medicina Dentária da Universidade do Porto e nos motores de busca da internet Pubmed, Science Direct e Scielo, entre Abril e Junho de 2014. Novos recursos estão ao dispor dos Médicos Dentistas para facilitar o trabalho e aumentar o conhecimento dos canais, tais como, a tomografia computorizada de feixe cónico, a tomografia micro-computorizada ou o microscópio operativo. As alterações anatómicas quando desconsideradas podem dificultar o tratamento endodôntico. É essencial que os Médicos Dentistas tenham uma ideia clara e conhecimentos acerca da anatomia do sistema de canais dos pré-molares. A resolução de casos com anatomia incomum exige, consequentemente, mudanças não só como no diagnóstico, como também no tratamento. Endodontic treatment aims to restore tooth’s function and form as well as mantaining a healthy periradicular condition. This presente work is based on a brief review of the literature with the intent to reinforce the close link between knowledge of internal anatomy of the radicular canal systems and the achievement of succes in endodontic treatment. In this monography are reported characteristic of the internal anatomy in the dental group of mandibular premolars. The dental group of the premolars can present themselves with a variable internal root canal anatomy. One root with one single canal and one single foramen is the exeption and not a rule. The bibliographic research was realized in the libraries of Fernando Pessoa University, in the Dental Medicine College from the Oporto University and in the internet search engines Pubmed, Science Direct and Scielo, between April and June 2014. New features are available for dentists for a better work and increase of knowledge, such as, computed come beam tomography, microcomputed tomography or surgical operative microscope. The anatomical changes when ignored can complicate the endodontic therapy. It is essential for the clinicians to have a clear picture and understanding of the canal anatomy of premolars and its variations. The resolution of unusual cases demands, therefore, not only changes in the diagnosis, but in the treatment, as well.
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Rosalem, Cíntia Gonçalves Carvalho. "Influência do tratamento endodôntico sobre a espessura dentinária na região da concavidade mesial do 1o . pré-molar superior." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2015. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/1370.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA)
Introduction: The root concavities may influence the dental treatment. Variations in root morphology are suggested as the main cause of perforations and other types of failures. The decrease in dentin thickness in the wall of the root canal in teeth subjected to endodontic treatment can be aggravated by procedures such as scaling and root planing and preparation for intracanal posts, especially in areas where the concavity is present. Objective: To evaluate the influence of root concavity mesial on the thickness and volume of dentin of maxillary first premolars before and after endodontic instrumentation and scaling and root planing. Methods: Twenty-seven firts premolars were analyzed for the presence of the proximal concavity. The teeth were then evaluated using the method of computed microtomography (micro-CT), where the thickness and the volume of dentin was examined. The teeth were scanned again after endodontic instrumentation and scaling and root planing. The data were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis. To evaluate the dentin thickness was used t test for paired samples and to evaluate the dentin volume, the Wilcoxon test (p <0.05). Results: The root concavities were present in all mesial surfaces of teeth examined. The dentin thickness in the region of the concavities decreased in millimeters, of 1.81 ± 0.25 to 1.55 ± 0.26 (p <0.001) and decreased dentin volume in cubic millimeters of 148.37 ± 43 53 to 140.36 ± 37.09 (p <0.001) after endodontic instruments and scaling and root planing. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the root concavities were present in 100% of the analyzed teeth. The dentin thickness in the region of the concavities decreased considerably after endodontic instruments and scaling and root planing, and the volume of dentin at the cervical third of the root also reduced after the treatments.
Introdução: As concavidades radiculares podem ter influência no tratamento odontológico. Variações na morfologia radicular são sugeridas como a principal causa de perfurações e outros tipos de falhas. A diminuição da espessura dentinária na parede do canal radicular, em dentes submetidos a tratamentos endodônticos, pode ser agravada por procedimentos como raspagem e alisamento radicular e preparos para pinos intrarradiculares, especialmente em áreas onde a concavidade está presente. Objetivo: avaliar a influência da concavidade radicular da face mesial dos primeiros pré-molares superiores na espessura e no volume de dentina antes e após instrumentação endodôntica e raspagem e alisamento radicular. Métodos: Vinte e sete primeiros pré-molares superiores foram analisados quanto à presença de concavidade proximal. Os dentes foram então avaliados, através do método da microtomografia computadorizada (Micro-CT), onde foi analisada a espessura e o volume de dentina. Os dentes foram novamente digitalizados após instrumentação endodôntica e raspagem e alisamento radicular. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva. Para avaliação da espessura dentinária foi utilizado o teste t para amostra pareadas e para avaliação do volume dentinário, o teste de Wilcoxon (p<0,05). Resultados: As concavidades radiculares estavam presentes em todas as faces mesiais dos dentes avaliados. A espessura de dentina na região da concavidade diminuiu, em milímetros, de 1,81±0,25 para 1,55±0,26 (p<0,001) e o volume dentinário diminuiu, em milímetros cúbicos, de 148,37±43,53 para 140,36±37,09 (p<0,001) após a instrumentação endodôntica e raspagem e alisamento radicular. Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que as concavidades radiculares estiveram presentes em 100% dos dentes analisados. A espessura de dentina na região da concavidade diminuiu consideravelmente após a instrumentação endodôntica e raspagem e alisamento radicular, assim como o volume de dentina no terço cervical da raiz também diminuiu após os tratamentos realizados.
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Dantas, Jacqueline Garcia Fernandes. "Comprova??o da real comunica??o entre o endodonto e o periodonto atrav?s do canal cavo inter-radicular e sua preval?ncia em molares inferiores humanos." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2006. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17081.
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Previous issue date: 2006-03-14The neurovascular system of the pulp and of the periodontium is interconnected and among the possible intercommunications between these two tissues, there is the cavo inter-radicular canal. It is a small canal that goes through any inter-radicular dentine and arises in the furca region of the multi-radicular teeth. Its predominance has been studied in the literature, by several methodologies, with divergent results. The objective of this work was to establish, in vitro, the predominance of the cavo inter-radicular canal, in human lower molars, through the diaphanization technique and dye leakage. For this research, 140 teeth (100 first and second 40 lower molars) were selected, extracted due to different reasons, belonging to a teeth bank of the Endodontics discipline of the Dentistry College at Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. The teeth were preserved in formol until the moment of use and immersed in physiological solution. Had the endodontic access fulfilled and the whole external surface, except for the furcation, sealed with two layers of nail enamel. The cleaning of the pulpar chamber floor was carried out with sodium hypochlorite solution 5%, being this solution renewed every 5 minutes, during 1 hour. The teeth were immersed in Indian dye and, after drying of the dye, they had their crowns split up in the amelo-cemental junction. Then, they were examined in a stereomicroscope, where marks of the coloring were observed in the furcation and on the pulpar floor. After this recording, the sample was diaphanized and with the transparent teeth, it was possible to observe in the stereomicroscope, the true inter-radicular canals. As a result of this experiment, the presence of these canals was observed in 13 % of the first and 7, 5 % of the second evaluated molars. The study showed that both the presence of the cavo inter-radicular canal is real and the diaphanization and dye leakage is an efficient method for this type of research
O sistema neurovascular da polpa e do periodonto ? interligado e, dentre as poss?veis intercomunica??es entre esses dois tecidos, tem-se o canal cavo inter-radicular. Trata-se de um pequeno canal que percorre toda dentina inter-radicular e se exterioriza na regi?o de furca dos dentes multirradiculares. Sua preval?ncia foi estudada na literatura, por diversas metodologias, com resultados divergentes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estabelecer, in vitro, a preval?ncia do canal cavo inter-radicular, em molares inferiores humanos, atrav?s da t?cnica de infiltra??o de corante e diafaniza??o. Para a pesquisa foram selecionados 140 dentes (100 primeiros e 40 segundos molares inferiores), extra?dos por raz?es diversas, pertencentes ao estoque de dentes da disciplina de Endodontia da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Os dentes anteriormente mantidos em formol foram lavados em ?gua corrente e conservadps em soro fisiol?gico at? o momento de uso. Nesse momento os mesmos tiveram os acessos endod?nticos realizados e toda a superf?cie externa, exceto a furca, impermeabilizada com duas camadas de esmalte de unha. A limpeza do assoalho da c?mara pulpar foi feita com solu??o de hipoclorito de s?dio a 5%, sendo essa solu??o renovada a cada 5 minutos durante 1 hora. Os dentes foram imersos em tinta nanquim e, ap?s secagem do corante, tiveram suas coroas seccionadas na jun??o amelocement?ria. Foram ent?o examinados em um estereomicrosc?pio, onde se observou marcas do corante na furca e ou assoalho pulpar. Feito esse registro, a amostra foi diafanizada e, com os dentes transparentes, p?de-se observar no estereomicrosc?pio, os verdadeiros canais cavo inter-radiculares. Como resultado desse experimento, foi verificada a presen?a desses canais em 13% dos primeiros e 7,5% dos segundos molares avaliados. O estudo demonstrou que a presen?a do canal cavo inter-radicular ? real e a diafaniza??o associada ? infiltra??o de corante um m?todo eficaz para esse tipo de pesquisa
Books on the topic "Molars Anatomy"
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Cooper-Palomar, Judith Louise. Studies of development in the water mold Achlya ambisexualis Raper. 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Molars Anatomy"
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Paqué, Frank. "Molar Root Canal Anatomy." In The Guidebook to Molar Endodontics, 1–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-52901-0_1.
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Kumaraswamy, Jayalakshmi. "The Permanent Molars." In Textbook of Dental Anatomy: A Practical Approach, 94. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/12354_6.
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(Phulari), Rashmi. "The Permanent Maxillary Molars." In Textbook of Dental Anatomy, Physiology and Occlusion, 188. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/11986_12.
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(Phulari), Rashmi. "The Permanent Mandibular Molars." In Textbook of Dental Anatomy, Physiology and Occlusion, 211. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/11986_13.
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BS, Manjunatha. "Chapter-08 Permanent Molars." In Textbook of Dental Anatomy and Oral Physiology, 103–27. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/11841_8.
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Atkinson, Martin E. "The oral cavity and related structures." In Anatomy for Dental Students. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199234462.003.0034.
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Technically, the oral cavity consists of the vestibule between the lips and cheeks externally and the teeth and alveolar processes internally and the larger oral cavity proper located internal to the dental arches. In clinical practice, the whole mouth is simply referred to as the oral cavity, but ‘vestibule’ is used for the specific area defined above. For charting of teeth and similar dental procedures, the mouth is divided into quadrants—upper right and left and lower right and left with the midline and occlusal surfaces of the teeth forming the dividing lines. It is a crucial skill for dental students and practitioners to recognize the naked eye appearance of the structures in a normal healthy mouth and variations that occur; abnormal appearances can then be recognized, diagnosed, and treated successfully. Much of the macroscopical appearance is determined by the underlying gross anatomy so this must be understood too. The best way to examine the interior of the mouth is on a subject seated in a dental chair with clinical lighting and the use of a tongue spatula and a dental mirror where necessary. However, you will be able to see most of the important features by examining the inside of your own mouth in a well-lit household mirror. The following description and illustrations apply to an adult mouth with a full secondary (permanent) dentition of two incisors, one canine, two premolars, and three molars in each quadrant, making 32 teeth in total. Apart from size, the major differences in childrens’ mouths are in the dentition. The primary (deciduous) dentition erupts into the oral cavity between the age of 6 months and 2 years. It comprises two incisors, one canine, and two molars in each quadrant, giving a total of 20 teeth. Most of the teeth of the secondary dentition erupt between the ages of 6 to 12, replacing the primary teeth; a combination of primary and secondary teeth, a mixed dentition, is found between these ages. Primary incisors and canines are replaced by their permanent successors, but the deciduous molars are succeeded by the permanent premolars; the three permanent molars in each quadrant are additional teeth.
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Atkinson, Martin E. "Mastication." In Anatomy for Dental Students. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199234462.003.0035.
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Now you have an understanding of the anatomy of the maxilla and mandible, the TMJs, and jaw musculature, we can examine how these structures work together to produce the complex actions involved in the biting and chewing of food. Technically, incision is biting a piece from a larger chunk of food and mastication is the grinding down of that piece into smaller components and mixing them with saliva. Mastication is often used to cover both actions. Box 26.1 briefly compares the anatomy of the human dentition to that of other mammals. As well as knowledge of the TMJ, muscles of mastication, and other muscles used in jaw movements, it is necessary to appreciate some aspects of the static and dynamic relationships of the teeth to understand chewing movements. The first thing to notice is the bigger width of the upper dental arch compared to the lower arch, a condition known as anisognathy. In Figure 26.1A , you can see that the maxillary molars overhang the mandibular teeth by half a cusp width so the buccal cusps of the lower molars and premolars occlude between the buccal and palatal cusps of the maxillary teeth. Observe also that the long axis of the maxillary molars and premolars incline buccally while the corresponding axis of the mandibular teeth incline lingually; the occlusal plane of the posterior teeth is thus curved transversely as illustrated in Figure 26.1A . It would be possible to chew food simply by moving the teeth up and down without any side-to-side movement, but this would be inefficient and not make full use of the cusps on the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth. However, we can only chew on one side at a time because of the anisognathy of the upper and lower teeth. Due to anisognathic jaw positions, the maxillary anterior teeth are also going to protrude in front of the mandibular anterior teeth. Figure 26.1B illustrates the normal relationships of the anterior teeth. The maxillary incisors overhang the mandibular incisors by about 2–3 mm in the horizontal plane; this is called the overjet. The upper incisors usually have a vertical overhang, the overbite, of about the same amount. As mentioned in Chapter 24 , the mouth at rest is closed by tonic contraction of the muscles of mastication and facial expression.
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A. Mufadhal, Abdulbaset, Mohammed A. Aldawla, and Ahmed A. Madfa. "External and Internal Anatomy of Maxillary Permanent First Molars." In Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84518.
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Mitchell, David A., Laura Mitchell, and Lorna McCaul. "Paediatric dentistry." In Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry, 55–118. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199679850.003.0003.
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Contents. Principal sources and further reading. The child patient. Treatment planning for children. The anxious child. The child with toothache. Abnormalities of tooth eruption and exfoliation. Abnormalities of tooth number. Abnormalities of tooth structure. Abnormalities of tooth form. Abnormalities of tooth colour. Anatomy of primary teeth (& relevance to cavity design). Extraction versus restoration of primary teeth. Local analgesia for children. Restoration of carious primary teeth. Plastic restoration in primary molars. Stainless steel crowns. Class III, IV, and V in primary teeth. Severe early childhood caries. Primary molar pulp therapy. Pulp therapy techniques. Dental trauma. Safeguarding children. Injuries to primary teeth. Injuries to permanent teeth—crown fractures. Root fractures. Luxation, subluxation, intrusion, and extrusion. Splinting. Management of the avulsed tooth. Pulpal sequelae following trauma. Management of missing incisors. Common childhood ailments affecting the mouth. Sugar-free medications.
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Goldfinger, Eliot. "Four-Legged Animals Skeleton & Superficial Muscles (Side View)." In Animal Anatomy for Artists. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195142143.003.0012.
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Domestic cat characteristics: Rounded skull, short snout. Long whiskers. Large canines, small incisors. Cheek teeth with sharp edges for shearing. Large temporalis and masseter muscles of skull. Eyes shifted slightly forward for binocular vision. Large eyes in domestic cats. Constricted pupil in domestic cats is vertical; round in large cats. Top edge of scapula usually higher than tips of thoracic vertebrae. Small rib cage. Five digits on front limb (thumb reduced); four digits on hind limb—may have very reduced first metatarsal or reduced first digit with claw (dewclaw). Walks on toes. Sharp, curved, retractile claws (which keeps them sharp—they don’t walk on them). Forearm rotates (pronates/supinates). Hairy tail. Very flexible body. Spine (back) straight or arched. Can walk in crouched position, as when stalking prey. Bear characteristics: Large, powerful body; powerful limbs appear relatively short. Rear feet wide. Walks on sole and heel of rear foot and usually on digits of front foot. Five digits per limb with long, curved, nonretractile claws. Front claws longer than rear claws. Large head, small eyes. Small, round, erect, furry ears. Large canines; flat, grinding molars. Short tail. Arched back, high shoulder. Grizzly has most prominent shoulder hump and dished, slightly concave face (in profile). Can have very thick layer of fur. Grizzly and brown bear belong to the same species, but differ in geographical range and size. The giant panda is now considered to be a member of the bear family, not the raccoon family.
Conference papers on the topic "Molars Anatomy"
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Mendes, Wallace, Yasmin Galani Gasparino, Fernanda Felipe de Andrade, Nathieli Thalita Peres do Nascimento, Lais Regina de Andrade Silva, Ana Claudia Rossi, Juliana Haddad, ALEXANDRE RODRIGUES FREIRE, and Felippe Bevilacqua Prado. "DESENVOLVIMENTO DE MODELOS VIRTUAIS E DE MACROMODELOS DE DENTES PRÉ-MOLARES SUPERIORES PARA ENSINO EM ANATOMIA DENTAL." In XXV Congresso de Iniciação Cientifica da Unicamp. Campinas - SP, Brazil: Galoa, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.19146/pibic-2017-78006.
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Ramos Gonzalez, Maria, Brendan O’Toole, and Zhiyong Wang. "Experimental Study of Bio-Polymer Knee Implant." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88479.
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This study tests a custom-designed knee implant made of an FDA approved biomaterial, Chronoflex AR. The implant is designed to cushion the damaged cartilage at the distal end of the femur to reduce knee pain without the removal of cartilage and bone. A patient’s MRI scan was used to render a 3D computer graphic design of the knee. The manufacturing of the implant is conducted by 3D printing the shape of the distal end of the femur and coating it with the biomaterial. This is a preliminary fabrication method. Ultimately, the implant material will be 3D printed or cast in 3D printed molds. A successful implementation of this sort of custom-designed implant would reduce the invasiveness of knee correcting procedures, enable the patient to retain the shape of his or her femoral and tibial anatomy, and reduce the possibility of revision surgeries. A custom knee implant testing machine was designed and fabricated to measure the force, elastic deformation, plastic deformation, wear and fatigue of the component after performing lab tests simulating a normal walking pattern while adhering to ISO standards.