Journal articles: 'Mokopirirakau 'southern North Island''

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KNOX, CAREY, RODNEY A. HITCHMOUGH, STUART V. NIELSEN, TONY JEWELL, and TRENT BELL. "A new, enigmatic species of black-eyed gecko (Reptilia: Diplodactylidae: Mokopirirakau) from North Otago, New Zealand." Zootaxa 4964, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 140–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4964.1.7.

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The New Zealand endemic gecko genus, Mokopirirakau, is notable for its ecology, with some species inhabiting extreme alpine environments, as well as for the large number of geographically circumscribed, species-level lineages awaiting formal description. In, 2018, a population superficially similar in colour and morphology to the black-eyed gecko (M. kahutarae) was discovered in alpine greywacke rock outcrops in the Oteake Conservation Park, North Otago, ~400 km south of the nearest M. kahutarae populations in the upper South Island. Genetic and morphological data indicate that this population is distinct, sister to a clade comprising M. granulatus and M. kahutarae. It can be distinguished from all but one Mokopirirakau species by colour pattern, and from M. kahutarae by smaller adult body size, eye and supraciliary characters, mouth and throat colour, ventral scale row count, tail length, toe shape, and lamellar count. Using an integrated taxonomic approach, we here formally describe this form as a new species, M. galaxias sp. nov., as well as discuss its ecology, likely distribution (particularly with respect to M. kahutarae), and potential conservation issues and requirements. Mokopirirakau galaxias sp. nov. should be considered “Threatened—Nationally Endangered” (qualifiers Data Poor) in the New Zealand Threat Classification System due to the low abundance and restricted known distribution, with potential threats from invasive predatory mammals and climate change. It should be considered Data Deficient in the IUCN Red List system.

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Neale and Revell. "SUMMER CONVECTION OVER THE SOUTHERN NORTH ISLAND." Weather and Climate 14, no. 1 (1994): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44279862.

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Buddle, B. M., M. Herceg, M. J. Ralston, H. D. Pulford, K. R. Millar, and D. C. Elliott. "A goat mortality study in the southern North Island." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 36, no. 4 (December 1988): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1988.35523.

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McGregor, Peter G., P. J. Watts, and M. J. Esson. "Light trap records from southern North Island hill country." New Zealand Entomologist 10, no. 1 (January 1987): 104–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779962.1987.9722515.

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Kelly, Emma Wilson, and Felix Jose. "Geomorphologic Recovery of North Captiva Island from the Landfall of Hurricane Charley in 2004." Geosciences 11, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11090358.

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Hurricane Charley made landfall on the Gulf Coast of Florida on 13 August 2004 as a category 4 hurricane, devastating North Captiva Island. The hurricane caused a breach to occur to the southern end of the island, which naturally healed itself over the course of three years. By 2008, the cut was completely repaired geomorphologically. LiDAR data analysis shows the northern half of the island has been subjected to persistent erosion from 1998–2018, while the southern half experienced accretion since 2004, including the complete closure of the “Charley cut”. The maximum volume of sediment erosion in the northern sector of the island (R71–R73) from 2004–2018 was −85,710.1 m3, which was the source of southern accretion. The breached area of the island (R78b–R79a) obtained 500,163.9 m3 of sediments from 2004–2018 to heal the cut made by Hurricane Charley. Along with LiDAR data analysis, Google Earth Pro historical imageries and SANDS volumetric analysis confirmed the longshore transport of sediments from the northern to the southern end of the island. Winter storms are mainly responsible for this southerly longshore transport and are hypothesized to be the main factor driving the coastal dynamics that restored the breach and helps in widening the southern end of North Captiva Island.

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Ummenhofer, Caroline C., and Matthew H. England. "Interannual Extremes in New Zealand Precipitation Linked to Modes of Southern Hemisphere Climate Variability." Journal of Climate 20, no. 21 (November 1, 2007): 5418–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1430.1.

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Abstract Interannual extremes in New Zealand rainfall and their modulation by modes of Southern Hemisphere climate variability are examined in observations and a coupled climate model. North Island extreme dry (wet) years are characterized by locally increased (reduced) sea level pressure (SLP), cold (warm) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the southern Tasman Sea and to the north of the island, and coinciding reduced (enhanced) evaporation upstream of the mean southwesterly airflow. During extreme dry (wet) years in South Island precipitation, an enhanced (reduced) meridional SLP gradient occurs, with circumpolar strengthened (weakened) subpolar westerlies and an easterly (westerly) anomaly in zonal wind in the subtropics. As a result, via Ekman transport, anomalously cold (warm) SST appears under the subpolar westerlies, while anomalies of the opposite sign occur farther north. The phase and magnitude of the resulting SST and evaporation anomalies cannot account for the rainfall extremes over the South Island, suggesting a purely atmospheric mode of variability as the driving factor, in this case the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). New Zealand rainfall variability is predominantly modulated by two Southern Hemisphere climate modes, namely, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the SAM, with a latitudinal gradation in influence of the respective phenomena, and a notable interaction with orographic features. While this heterogeneity is apparent both latitudinally and as a result of orographic effects, climate modes can force local rainfall anomalies with considerable variations across both islands. North Island precipitation is for the most part regulated by both local air–sea heat fluxes and circulation changes associated with the tropical ENSO mode. In contrast, for the South Island the influence of the large-scale general atmospheric circulation dominates, especially via the strength and position of the subpolar westerlies, which are modulated by the extratropical SAM.

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Menajang, Febry S. I., Georis J. F. Kaligis, and Billy T. Wagey. "Seagrass Community of The Coastal In Southern Of Bangka Island, North Minahasa Regancy, North Sulawesi Province." JURNAL ILMIAH PLATAX 5, no. 2 (April 17, 2017): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jip.5.2.2017.15532.

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Purpose of this research is to know the community of seagrass, and physical-chemical parameters in the South Bangka island, North Minahasa Regancy, North Sulawesi Province. Data retrieval by the random sampling of systematic method on three lines transect with 50 m long, and 30 quadrants. Data taken in each quadrant is number of species and number of individuals of each species. Results of the measurement of physical and chemical parameters of static waters associated with the feasibility of life for water organisms in it, generally in good condition. Ten species of seagrass have been found in the southern part of the island of Bangka. Four species are always found in any transek i.e Syringodium isoetifolium, Cymodocea rotundata, Enhallus acaroides, and Halophylla ovalis. The highest found in seagrass cover transek 1 i.e. 67.00% while the lowest in transek 3 i.e. 46.30%. Seagrass cover Enhallus acaroides in Bangka island very prominent compared to other species. Based on the current index value is important, Syringodium isoetifolium have a high importance value index only in the transek 3 which means this type of seagrass seagrass types affect other takes part in community level. Ecological index results suggest that the ecosystem of seagrass in Bangka island in the southern part of the State is stable.Keywords: Seagrass, Bangka Island, importance value index (INP). AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui komunitas lamun, dan parameter fisik-kimia di bagian Selatan Pulau Bangka; Kabupaten Minahasa Utara, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Pengambilan data dengan metode sampling acak sistimatis; pada tiga transek yang diletakkan tegak lurus garis, sepanjang 50 m. Jumlah kuadran yang digunakan sebanyak 30. Data yang diambil dalam setiap kuadran dihitung jumlah jenis dan jumlah individu setiap jenis. Hasil pengukuran parameter fisik statis dan kimia perairan dihubungkan dengan kelayakan hidup bagi organisme air yang ada di dalamnya, umumnya dalam kondisi baik. Telah ditemukan sepuluh spesies lamun di Pulau Bangka bagian selatan. Empat spesies selalu dijumpai di setiap transek yaitu Cymodocea rotundata, Syringodium isoetifolium, Enhallus acoroides, dan Halophylla ovalis. Tutupan lamun tertinggi ditemukan di transek 1 yaitu 67,00 % sedangkan yang terendah di transek 3 yaitu 46,30 %. Tutupan lamun Enhallus acaroides di Pulau Bangka sangat menonjol dibandingkan dengan jenis lainnya. Berdasarkan nilai indeks nilai penting; jenis Syringodium isoetifolium memiliki indeks nilai penting yang tinggi hanya di transek 3 yang berarti jenis lamun ini turut mempengaruhi jenis lamun lainnya dalam tingkat komunitas. Hasil indeks ekologi menunjukkan bahwa ekosistem lamun di Pulau Bangka bagian Selatan dalam keadaan stabil.Kata kunci: Lamun, Pulau Bangka, Indeks Nilai Penting (INP)

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Langourov, Mario, Nikolay Simov, and Stanislav Abadjiev. "Three species of butterflies new for the North Aegean Island of Lemnos (Greece)." Historia naturalis bulgarica 42, no. 10 (July 26, 2021): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.48027/hnb.42.101.

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The paper presents results of a brief entomological surveys carried out in the southern parts of Lemnos Island in 2016, 2017 and 2019. It includes a list of 14 recorded species of butterflies, three of which are new for the island.

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DAVIS, STEVEN R., TALIA BRAV-CUBITT, THOMAS R. BUCKLEY, and RICHARD A. B. LESCHEN. "Systematics of the New Zealand Weevil Etheophanus Broun (Curculionidae: Molytinae)." Zootaxa 4543, no. 3 (January 7, 2019): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4543.3.2.

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Etheophanus Broun is considered a molytine based on the form of the pharyngeal plate, presence of a small spiculum relictum in the male, and presence of a pair of small internal apodemes on the antero-lateral corners of the 5th abdominal ventrite of the female. Examination of primary type specimens and newer material confirm one new species Etheophanus kuscheli sp. n. and two synonomies (Etheophanus nitidellus Broun, 1923 [= Etheophanus obscurus Broun, 1923] and Etheophanus striatus Broun, 1910 [=Etheophanus punctiventris Broun, 1914]). Generic and species diagnoses, a key to the species, and lectotype designations for three species are included. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on a combined analysis of the nuclear 28S rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I genes confirmed the status of E. kuscheli and a species complex, the E. nitidellus/E. optandus clade distributed in the southern portion of the South Island. The relationship E. pinguis [northern North Island] (E. striatus [southern North Island, northern South Island] (E. kuscheli [northwestern South Island] (E. nitidellus, E. optandus [southwestern North Island]) corresponds to geographic patterns found in other beetle lineages. Etheophanus striatus is composed of three lineages, one widespread in the north and south islands and two allopatric populations in the northwest South Island. The E. nitidellus/E. optandus complex includes four distinct lineages, one restricted to Fiordland, the other three sympatric in the region affected by the Haast Corridor.

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Lees, Cynthia M. "Late quaternary palynology of the southern Ruahine Range North Island, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Botany 24, no. 2 (April 1986): 315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.1986.10412680.

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Jabbar, A., A. R. East, and C. Jenkins. "QUALITY VARIABILITY OF STRAWBERRIES IN THE SOUTHERN NORTH ISLAND OF NEW ZEALAND." Acta Horticulturae, no. 880 (November 2010): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2010.880.53.

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12

Chang, Jih-Hsin, Hsien-Hsiang Hsieh, Arif Mirza, Sung-Ping Chang, Ho-Han Hsu, Char-Shine Liu, Chih-Chieh Su, et al. "Crustal structure north of the Taiping Island (Itu Aba Island), southern margin of the South China Sea." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 142 (July 2017): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.08.005.

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Russ, Tom C., Laura Murianni, Gloria Icaza, Andrea Slachevsky, and John M. Starr. "Geographical Variation in Dementia Mortality in Italy, New Zealand, and Chile: The Impact of Latitude, Vitamin D, and Air Pollution." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 42, no. 1-2 (2016): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000447449.

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Background: Dementia risk is reported as being higher in the north compared to the south, which may be related to vitamin D deficiency. If this were the case, an opposite gradient of risk would be observed in the southern hemisphere, but this has not been investigated previously. Methods: We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for deaths in 2012 where dementia (Alzheimer's disease, vascular or unspecified dementia) was recorded as the underlying cause for 20 regions in Italy, 20 District Health Board areas in New Zealand and 29 Health Service areas in Chile. Results: Dementia SMRs were higher in northern than central or southern Italy. The inverse pattern was seen in women in New Zealand, with rates higher on South Island than North Island. However, dementia risk was raised in eight regions in the north and centre of Chile in both men and women. Conclusions: Geographical variation plays a key role in dementia risk, but patterns vary in men and women. In the northern hemisphere, dementia mortality is higher in the north, but the pattern in the southern hemisphere is more complex.

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van den Hoff, John. "Dispersal of southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina L.) marked at Macquarie Island." Wildlife Research 28, no. 4 (2001): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr00065.

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Southern elephant seals marked at Macquarie Island disperse to distant locations where they are sometimes seen during their moult and, for juveniles, a mid-year haul-out period (July–August). Most (87%) of these resighted seals were within 1000 km of Macquarie Island, and most commonly at Campbell Island (700 km to the north-east). The sex and age classes most likely to disperse there were males less than two years old. Male elephant seals of all ages were resighted significantly more often than females, the ratio being 2 : 1 (P > 0.05). Migration duration tended to increase with the seals’ age but migration distance was underestimated from resight observations when compared with known telemetry records. Emigration from the Macquarie Island population appears limited. From the resight effort at Campbell Island during 1995 the maximum proportion of the juvenile population from Macquarie Island to haul-out at Campbell Island was in the order of 0.0053.

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Ortiz, Joseph D., Doron Nof, Leonid Polyak, Guillaume St-Onge, Agathe Lisé-Pronovost, Sathy Naidu, Dennis Darby, and Stefanie Brachfeld. "The Late Quaternary Flow through the Bering Strait Has Been Forced by the Southern Ocean Winds." Journal of Physical Oceanography 42, no. 11 (November 1, 2012): 2014–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-0167.1.

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Abstract Because North and South America are surrounded by water, they constitute together a gigantic island whose peripheral sea level is controlled by the winds east of the island, winds along the western boundary of the island, the freshwater flux, and the meridional overturning cell. This idea has been expressed in several articles where a series of analytical models show that the Bering Strait (BS) flow is controlled by the interplay of the Southern Winds (sometimes referred to as the “Subantarctic Westerlies”), and the North Hemisphere freshwater flux. Here, the authors report a paleoceanographic analysis of proxies in the BS as well as the Southern Ocean, which clearly support the above through employment of a slowly varying time-dependent version of the coupled Sandal–Nof model. This study shows a very strong correlation between the Southern Ocean winds and the BS flow. A mid-Holocene weakening of the Southern Winds followed by the cession of freshwater fluxes from the melting Laurentide ice sheet strengthened the BS flow for several thousand years. Increasing the Southern Winds enhances the near surface, cross-equatorial flow from the Southern Ocean to the Northern Hemisphere. This cross-equatorial flow decreases the Arctic outflow into the Atlantic demonstrating a dynamic linkage between the Southern Ocean Winds and the mean flow through the BS.

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Atun, Resmiye Alpar, and Hifsiye Pulhan. "Learning From Housing: A Retrospective Narrative of Housing Environments in North Cyprus." Open House International 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2009-b0009.

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This study attempts to assess housing developments on the island of Cyprus by referring to the various actions taken and policies implemented during different periods as a result of changing socio-economic and political dynamics. From this perspective, the methodology of the study is based on an assessment of housing developments throughout periods which coincide with certain socio-political thresholds in the history of the island, such as the year 1974, which resulted in the division of the island into two as Northern and Southern parts, and the year 2004, in which the overall setting is changed as Southern part of the island became member of EU. The overall developments and transformations in housing developments are considered as a mirror image of the actors, actions and associations in building activity throughout the periods referred to in this paper. Nicosia as the capital city of the island, has experienced different spatial transformations, and is comprised of a diversity of housing schemes ranging from the low cost housing units of urban workers, located next to the centers of traditional employment, to the large refugee housing estates and to the institutionalized social housing settlements. In this regard, the study aims to understand, interpret and learn from past experiences in the field of housing developments in order to provide lessons which will serve to support future sustainable living environments, since the current situation is at a critical point, and is currently requiring the interest and attention of the responsible authorities.

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Senowbari-Daryan, Baba, and R. Pamela Reid. "Upper Triassic sponges (Sphinctozoa) from southern Yukon, Stikinia terrane." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 882–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e87-087.

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The first Tethyan-type Upper Triassic sponge reefs in North America have recently been discovered in the southern Yukon, in Stikinia terrane. Sphinctozoa from these reefs and inter-reef limestones are represented by 18 species and 12 genera belonging to six families. The genus Yukonella with one species, Y. rigbyi, and the species Polytholosia ramosa and Polycystocoelia norica are described for the first time. Some of the Yukon sponges were previously known only from the Tethyan realm (Colospongia, Dictyocoelia, Polycystocoelia, and Uvanella?); others, from Tethyan and North American localities (Ascosymplegma, Follicatena, Paradenigeria, and Salzburgia?). One (Polytholosia cylindrica) is probably endemic to North America. The mixed affinities of the Yukon sponges may reflect the paleogeographic origin of Stikinia as an island in the ancestral Pacific Ocean, between Tethys and the North American craton.

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Anderson, Morgan, and Michael C. S. Kingsley. "Distribution and abundance of muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and Peary caribou (Rangifer tarandus pearyi) on Graham, Buckingham, and southern Ellesmere islands, March 2015." Rangifer 37, no. 1 (November 15, 2017): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.37.1.4269.

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We flew a survey of southern Ellesmere Island, Graham Island, and Buckingham Island in March 2015 to obtain estimates of abundance for muskoxen and Peary caribou. Generally, muskoxen were abundant north of the Sydkap Ice Cap along Baumann Fiord, north of Goose Fiord, west and north of Muskox Fiord, and on the coastal plains and river valleys east of Vendom Fiord. Although few, they were also present on Bjorne Peninsula and the south coast between the Sydkap Ice Cap and Jakeman Glacier. We observed a total of 1146 muskoxen. Calves (approximately 10-months old) made up 22% of the observed animals. The population estimate was 3200 ± 602 SE (standard error) muskoxen, the highest muskox population size ever estimated for southern Ellesmere, Graham and Buckingham islands. This could be because previous efforts typically surveyed only a portion of our area or focused elsewhere, or the results were provided only as minimum counts rather than estimates of abundance. Regardless, our results indicate that the muskox population has recovered from low levels in 2005 of 312-670 (95% confidence interval [CI]) individuals. Peary caribou abundance appears to be low. We only saw 38 Peary caribou during our 2015 survey. This confounds appraisal of possible abundance change since 2005, when 109-442 caribou (95% CI) were estimated to inhabit the same surveyed area. We estimated 183 ± 128 SE Peary caribou, and suggest that their numbers are likely stable at low density on southern Ellesmere Island.

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ΜΠΑΡΑΚΟΥ, Θ., Ν. ΔΕΛΗΜΠΑΣΗΣ, Ν. ΒΟΥΛΓΑΡΗΣ, and Β. BAIER. "Seismotectonic features in the Northern Aegean sea." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 4 (January 1, 2001): 1449. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17242.

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The analysis and processing of 1135 microearthquakes, recorded during the time period May 1993 – December 1994, indicated that the North Aegean Trough and the Trough of Skyros are the boundaries of, respectively, the NW and SE side of a tectonic Block in the shape of a trapezium, whose large base is the NW one. ΝW of the island of Lemnos, the North Aegean Trough changes direction from ENE-WSW to NE-SW. This point operates as a joint, on either side of which a differentiation of the areas is visible. In the SW of the troughs, two seismic gaps, which seem to be connected to a presently shaping channel of a NW-SE trend, were observed. The two southern branches of the North Anatolia Fault will constitute, in future, the northern and southern boundary of the Trough of Skyros. The migration of earthquakes in the North Aegean Sea follows a right lateral direction, however this direction changes to left lateral east of Chios Island.

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Kemp, P. D., and I. F. LÃ³pez. "Hill country pastures in the southern North Island of New Zealand: an overview." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 16 (January 1, 2016): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.16.2016.3241.

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The 4 million ha of hill country pastures in New Zealand grow mostly on steep slopes and soils of naturally low soil fertility. Pastures are based on approximately 25 exotic species introduced within the last 130 years after the forest was cleared and burnt. Despite the environmental constraints and naturalised species, hill country is a major contributor to agricultural exports. The landscape and the pastures are spatially diverse, with slope and aspect strongly influencing the abundance and production of pasture species. The number of pasture species present is relatively stable, but the relative abundance of high fertility grass species (e.g. perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne), low fertility grass species (e.g. browntop, Agrostis capillaris) and legumes (e.g. white clover, Trifolium repens) can be shifted towards high fertility grass species and legumes through the interaction of phosphate fertiliser application and grazing decisions (that is, sheep versus cattle, stocking rate, grazing management). Increased proportions of desirable species and improved soil fertility and structure can support sustainable farming systems. There are challenges such as soil erosion and nutrient loss into waterways, but these are more readily managed when the pastoral system is productive and profitable. Keywords: slope, pasture condition, browntop, perennial ryegrass, soil characteristics

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Davey, F. J. "Seismic reflection measurements behind the Hikurangi convergent margin, southern North Island, New Zealand." Geophysical Journal International 89, no. 1 (April 1987): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1987.tb04444.x.

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Brook, M. S., and B. W. Brock. "Valley morphology and glaciation in the Tararua Range, southern North Island, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 48, no. 4 (December 2005): 717–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2005.9515143.

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Shane, P. A. R. "Remobilised silicic tuffs in middle Pleistocene fluvial sediments, southern North Island, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 34, no. 4 (December 1991): 489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1991.9514485.

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Duller, G. A. T. "Luminescence dating using feldspars: a test case from southern North Island, New Zealand." Quaternary Science Reviews 13, no. 5-7 (January 1994): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(94)90053-1.

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Utku, Murat, Gary B. Emmanuel, and Michael Poff. "NORTH BRETON ISLAND RESTORATION, DESIGNING TO INCREASE A BARRIER ISLANDâ€™S HABITAT AND LONGEVITY." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.risk.4.

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The product and purpose of a well-planned program of investigation and design will be realized later this year when restoration construction begins on North Breton Island. North Breton Island is the southern-most of a chain of barrier islands forming the Chandeleur Islands. The barrier island formation lies within the Mississippi River delta plain system approximately 62 miles southeast from the metropolitan city of New Orleans, LA. Under the authority of the Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) process, NRDA Trustees selected enhancement of North Breton Island as part of the 2014 Deepwater Horizon NRDA Phase III Early Restoration Plan to help restore injuries to natural resources (Trustees, 2014). The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) is the lead implementing agency for this Project. The Project includes restoring the barrier shoreline along the entire length of North Breton Island through beach, dune, and marsh fill placement utilizing an offshore sand source in the Borrow Area located approximately 3.3 nautical miles (NM) east of the Restoration Area in the Gulf of Mexico.

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Heenan, Peter B., Timothy R. Millar, Rob D. Smissen, Matt S. McGlone, and Aaron D. Wilton. "Phylogenetic measures of neo- and palaeo-endemism in the indigenous vascular flora of the New Zealand archipelago." Australian Systematic Botany 30, no. 2 (2017): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb17009.

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Categorical analysis of neo- and palaeo-endemism (CANAPE), phylogenetic diversity (PD) and phylogenetic weighted endemism (PWE) were used to explore patterns of diversity, endemism and biogeography in the indigenous vascular flora of the New Zealand archipelago. Distributional data comprising 213142 records for 436 genera and 2187 species and a phylogeny based mainly on rbcL sequences were used to calculate neo- and palaeo-endemism biodiversity metrics for 0.12° grid cells. Genus- and species-level analyses of PD revealed few significantly high-value cells mostly scattered in the northern North Island, and, for PWE, significantly high-value cells were concentrated in the northern North Island and northern offshore islands. CANAPE analyses suggested that palaeo-endemism is concentrated in northern North Island and the northern offshore islands, whereas neo-endemism is concentrated in South Island and the southern offshore islands. The areas of endemism highlighted by our analyses are compared with earlier biogeographic studies of endemism in the New Zealand flora. Some revision of previously suggested biogeographic boundaries is proposed, with the boundaries of the central South Island alpine gap being further north than previous studies have inferred, and the possibility that Pliocene marine transgression contributed to shaping the central North Island palaeo-endemism boundary is discussed.

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Ummenhofer, Caroline C., Alexander Sen Gupta, and Matthew H. England. "Causes of Late Twentieth-Century Trends in New Zealand Precipitation." Journal of Climate 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2323.1.

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Abstract Late twentieth-century trends in New Zealand precipitation are examined using observations and reanalysis data for the period 1979–2006. One of the aims of this study is to investigate the link between these trends and recent changes in the large-scale atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere. The contributions from changes in Southern Hemisphere climate modes, particularly the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the southern annular mode (SAM), are quantified for the austral summer season, December–February (DJF). Increasingly drier conditions over much of New Zealand can be partially explained by the SAM and ENSO. Especially over wide parts of the North Island and western regions of the South Island, the SAM potentially contributes up to 80% and 20%–50% to the overall decline in DJF precipitation, respectively. Over the North Island, the contribution of the SAM and ENSO to precipitation trends is of the same sign. In contrast, over the southwest of the South Island the two climate modes act in the opposite sense, though the effect of the SAM seems to dominate there during austral summer. The leading modes of variability in summertime precipitation over New Zealand are linked to the large-scale atmospheric circulation. The two dominant modes, explaining 64% and 9% of the overall DJF precipitation variability respectively, can be understood as local manifestations of the large-scale climate variability associated with the SAM and ENSO.

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Bornemann, H., M. Kreyscher, S. Ramdohr, T. Martin, A. Carlini, L. Sellmann, and J. Plötz. "Southern elephant seal movements and Antarctic sea ice." Antarctic Science 12, no. 1 (March 2000): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410200000002x.

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Weaned pups and post-moult female elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) were fitted with satellite transmitters at King George Island (South Shetland Islands) between December 1996 and February 1997. Of the nine adult females tracked for more than two months, three stayed in a localized area between the South Shetland Islands and the South Orkney Islands. The other six females travelled south-west along the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula up to the Bellingshausen Sea. Two of them then moved north-east and hauled out on South Georgia in October. One female was last located north of the South Shetland Islands in March 1998. In total, eight females were again sighted on King George Island and six of the transmitters removed. The tracks of the weaners contrasted with those of the adults. In January, five juveniles left King George Island for the Pacific sector spending about four weeks in the open sea west of the De Gerlache Seamounts. Three of them returned to the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula in June, of which one was last located on the Patagonian Shelf in November 1997. The juveniles avoided sea ice while the adults did not. The latter displayed behavioural differences in using the pack ice habitat during winter. Some females adjusted their movement patterns to the pulsating sea ice fringe in distant foraging areas while others ranged in closed pack ice of up to 100%. The feeding grounds of adult female elephant seals are more closely associated with the pack ice zone than previously assumed. The significance of the midwater fish Pleuragramma antarcticum as a potential food resource is discussed.

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Borrione, I., O. Aumont, M. C. Nielsdóttir, and R. Schlitzer. "Sedimentary and atmospheric sources of iron around South Georgia, Southern Ocean: a modelling perspective." Biogeosciences 11, no. 7 (April 9, 2014): 1981–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1981-2014.

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Abstract. In high-nutrient low-chlorophyll waters of the western Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, an intense phytoplankton bloom is observed annually north of South Georgia. Multiple sources, including shallow sediments and atmospheric dust deposition, are thought to introduce iron to the region. However, the relative importance of each source is still unclear, owing in part to the scarcity of dissolved iron (dFe) measurements in the South Georgia region. In this study, we combine results from a recently published dFe data set around South Georgia with a coupled regional hydrodynamic and biogeochemical model to further investigate iron supply around the island. The biogeochemical component of the model includes an iron cycle, where sediments and dust deposition are the sources of iron to the ocean. The model captures the characteristic flow patterns around South Georgia, hence simulating a large phytoplankton bloom to the north (i.e. downstream) of the island. Modelled dFe concentrations agree well with observations (mean difference and root mean square errors of ~0.02 nM and ~0.81 nM) and form a large plume to the north of the island that extends eastwards for more than 800 km. In agreement with observations, highest dFe concentrations are located along the coast and decrease with distance from the island. Sensitivity tests indicate that most of the iron measured in the main bloom area originates from the coast and very shallow shelf-sediments (depths < 20 m). Dust deposition exerts almost no effect on surface chlorophyll a concentrations. Other sources of iron such as run-off and glacial melt are not represented explicitly in the model, however we discuss their role in the local iron budget.

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30

Limpus, CJ, D. Zeller, D. Kwan, and W. Macfarlane. "Sea-Turtle Rookeries in North-Western Torres Strait." Wildlife Research 16, no. 5 (1989): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890517.

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Deliverance Island, Kerr Islet and Turu Cay in north-western Torres Strait support a major nesting population and the most northerly recorded rookery of the flatback turtle, Natator depressa. Nesting occurs there year round, with a peak in the early months of the year. The islands are insignificant nesting sites for the green turtle, Chelonia mydas, and the hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata. The N. depressa turtles that nest in western Torres Strait-north-eastern Gulf of Carpentaria are smaller and lay smaller eggs on average than the N. depressa turtles that breed in the southern Great Barrier Reef. On Deliverance Island, the inhabitants of nearby Queensland islands and Papua New Guinea coastal villages infrequently harvest N. depressa eggs as well as the green turtles that feed over the surrounding reef flats.

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31

Howse, Matthew W. F., John Haywood, and Philip J. Lester. "Bioclimatic Modelling Identifies Suitable Habitat for the Establishment of the Invasive European Paper Wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) across the Southern Hemisphere." Insects 11, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11110784.

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Species distribution models (SDMs) are tools used by ecologists to help predict the spread of invasive species. Information provided by these models can help direct conservation and biosecurity efforts by highlighting areas likely to contain species of interest. In this study, two models were created to investigate the potential range expansion of Polistes dominula Christ (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the southern hemisphere. This palearctic species has spread to invade North and South America, South Africa, Australia, and more recently New Zealand. Using the BIOCLIM and MAXENT modelling methods, regions that were suitable for P. dominula were identified based on climate data across four regions in the southern hemisphere. In South America areas of central Chile, eastern Argentina, parts of Uruguay, and southern Brazil were identified as climatically suitable for the establishment of P. dominula. Similarly, southern parts of South Africa and Australia were identified by the model to be suitable as well as much of the North Island and east of the South Island of New Zealand. Based on outputs from both models, significant range expansion by P. dominula is possible across its more southern invaded ranges.

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32

de Lange, P. J., and G. M. Crowcroft. "Macrothelypteris torresiana(Thelypteridaceae) at North Cape, North Island, New Zealand — a new southern limit for a tropical fern." New Zealand Journal of Botany 35, no. 4 (December 1997): 555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.1987.10410179.

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33

Coppins, Brain J., and William M. Malcolm. "A New Belonia From New Zealand and a Second Record of B. Mediterranea." Lichenologist 30, no. 06 (November 1998): 563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282992000550.

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AbstractBelonia pellucidasp. nov. is described from coastal scrubland in North Island, New Zealand. This is the third report of the genusBelonia(Gyalectales) from the Southern Hemisphere.Belonia mediterraneais reported for the second time, from Mallorca.

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34

Borrione, I., O. Aumont, M. C. Nielsdóttir, and R. Schlitzer. "Sedimentary and atmospheric sources of iron around South Georgia, Southern Ocean: a modelling perspective." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 7 (July 2, 2013): 10811–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-10811-2013.

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Abstract. In high-nutrient low-chlorophyll waters of the western Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, an intense phytoplankton bloom is observed annually north of South Georgia, most likely due to an enhanced supply of the limiting micronutrient iron. Shallow sediments and atmospheric dust deposition are believed to be the main iron sources. However, their relative importance is still unclear and in the South Georgia region have yet not been ascertained because iron measurements are very few. In this study, we use austral summer dissolved iron (dFe) data around South Georgia (January and February 2008) with a coupled regional hydrodynamic and biogeochemical model to investigate natural iron fertilization around the island. The biogeochemical component of the model includes an iron cycle, where sediments and dust deposition are the sources of iron to the ocean. The model captures the characteristic flow patterns around South Georgia, hence simulating a large phytoplankton bloom to the north, i.e., downstream, of the island. Modelled dFe concentrations agree well with observations (mean difference and root mean square errors of ~0.02 nM and ~0.81 nM) and form a large plume to the north of the island that extends eastwards for more than 800 km. In agreement with observations, highest dFe concentrations are located along the coast and decrease with distance from the island. Sensitivity tests indicate that most of the iron measured in the main bloom area originates from the coast and the very shallow shelf-sediments (depths < 20 m) while dust deposition plays a minor role, with almost no effects on surface chlorophyll a concentrations. Iron sources such as run-off not represented explicitly in the model, but that likely contribute to the iron plumes observed around South Georgia, are also discussed together with the potential effects their temporal variability may have on the system.

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35

Chmielewski, Jerry G., and John C. Semple. "Cytogeographic studies on North American asters. II. Virgulus ericoides and V. novae-angliae in southern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 1652–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-226.

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Chromosome number determinations for 95 populations of Virgulus ericoides and 135 populations of V. novae-angliae from southern Ontario are reported for the first time. Although much of southern Ontario was sampled for these species, sampling was concentrated in the area formerly occupied by Ontario Island. All populations for both taxa were diploid (2n = 10), unlike the situation in several other asters that have been studied previously.

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36

Tenzer, Robert, and Ali Fadil. "Tectonic classification of vertical crustal motions – a case study for New Zealand." Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 46, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/congeo-2016-0007.

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Abstract We investigate the relationship between vertical crustal motion and tectonic block configuration. The study is conducted along the active tectonic margin between the Australian and Pacific tectonic plates in New Zealand with a well-defined tectonic block configuration. For this purpose, the rates of vertical crustal motions relative to the ITRF2008 reference frame are estimated based on processing the GPS data (provided by the GeoNET project) collected at 123 continuous and semi-continuous GPS sites. The numerical results confirmed the uplift of the central Southern Alps at the current rate of 4.5 mm/yr. This tectonic uplift is coupled in the South Island by the subsidence on both sides of the Southern Alps. The detected rates of subsidence in the eastern South Island are typically less than 1 mm/yr. The subsidence in the Buller Region (in the northwest South Island) is 1.4–1.5 mm/yr. Except for the Taupo Volcanic Zone and the upper Raukumara Block (in the central and northeast North Island), the subsidence is prevailing in the North Island. The systematic subsidence up to 9 mm/yr is detected along the Dextral Fault Belt (in the lower North Island). The largest localized vertical displacements (between −10 and 17 mm/yr) in the Taupo Volcanic Zone are attributed to active tectonics, volcanisms and geothermal processes in this region. A classification of these vertical tectonic motions with respect to the tectonic block configuration reveals that most of tectonic blocks are systematically uplifted, subsided or tilted, except for regions characterized by a complex pattern of vertical motions attributed to active geothermal and volcanic processes.

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37

Sasseville, C., K. Y. Tomlinson, A. Hynes, and V. McNicoll. "Stratigraphy, structure, and geochronology of the 3.02.7 Ga Wallace Lake greenstone belt, western Superior Province, southeast Manitoba, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 929–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e06-041.

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In western Superior province, the North Caribou terrane (NCT) constitutes a Mesoarchean proto-continent heavily overprinted by Neoarchean magmatism and deformation resulting from the western Superior Province accretion. Locally, along the southern margin of the NCT, Mesoarchean (~3.0 Ga) rift sequences are preserved. These sequences are of key importance to our understanding of the early tectonic evolution of continental crust. The Wallace Lake greenstone belt is located at the southern margin of the NCT and includes the Wallace Lake assemblage, the Big Island assemblage, the Siderock Lake assemblage, and the French Man Bay assemblage. The Wallace Lake assemblage exposes one of the best-preserved Mesoarchean rift sequences along the southern margin of the NCT. The volcano-sedimentary assemblage (3.02.92 Ga) exposes arkoses derived from the uplift of a tonalite basement in a subaqueous environment, capped by carbonate and iron formation. Mafic to ultramafic volcanic rocks exhibiting crustal contamination and derived from plume magmatism cap this rift sequence. The Wallace Lake assemblage exhibits D1 Mesoarchean deformation. The Big Island assemblage comprises mafic volcanic rocks of oceanic affinity that were docked to the Wallace Lake assemblage along northwest-trending D2 shear zones. The timing of volcanism and docking of the Big Island assemblage remain uncertain. The Siderock Lake and French Man Bay assemblages were deposited in strike-slip basins related to D3 and D4 stages of movement of the transcurrent Wanipigow fault (<2.709 Ga). Regionally, the Wallace Lake assemblage correlates with the LewisStory Rift assemblage observed in Lake Winnipeg, whereas the Big Island assemblage appears to correlate with the Black Island assemblage observed in the Lake Winnipeg area. Thus, the North Caribou terrane appears to preserve vestiges of a Mesoarchean rifted succession together with overlying Neoarchean allochthonous, juvenile, volcanic successions over a considerable distance along its present-day southern margin.

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38

Reading, Anya M., David Gubbins, and Weijian Mao. "A multiphase seismic investigation of the shallow subduction zone, southern North Island, New Zealand." Geophysical Journal International 147, no. 1 (September 2001): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2001.00500.x.

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39

Schwendel, Arved C., Ian C. Fuller, and Russell G. Death. "Morphological dynamics of upland headwater streams in the southern North Island of New Zealand." New Zealand Geographer 66, no. 1 (April 2010): 14–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.2010.01170.x.

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40

Rogers, G. M., and M. S. McGlone. "A postglacial vegetation history of the southern-central uplands of North Island, New Zealand." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 19, no. 3 (September 1989): 229–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1989.10427179.

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41

Marson-Pidgeon, Katrina, and Martha K. Savage. "Shear-wave splitting variations across an array in the southern North Island, New Zealand." Geophysical Research Letters 31, no. 21 (November 2004): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004gl021190.

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42

Gerdes, Gisela, and Achim Wehrmann. "Biofilms in surface sediments of the ephemeral sand bank island Kachelotplate (southern North Sea)." Senckenbergiana maritima 38, no. 2 (December 2008): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03055294.

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43

Lansing, Sarah W. "A Range Extension for the Rock Vole, Microtus chrotorrhinus, in Labrador." Canadian Field-Naturalist 119, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v119i3.153.

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Rock Voles (Microtus chrotorrhinus) were previously documented only from the southern coast of Labrador and the Strait of Belle Isle south of Hamilton Inlet. During two field seasons in 2000 and 2001, both in July, six Rock Vole specimens were collected on Southern Island, off the north-central coast of Labrador, extending the range of the subspecies Microtus chrotorrhinus ravus approximately 250 km to the central Labrador coast north of Hamilton Inlet. Rock Voles were trapped primarily in stunted Black Spruce (Picea mariana) forest and areas associated with rocks, thick brush, and water.

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44

SOKOLOV, IGOR M. "Eight new species of the genus Nesamblyops Jeannel (Anillini: Carabidae: Coleoptera) from New Zealand with notes about dispersal of the genus to the North Island." Zootaxa 5230, no. 2 (January 20, 2023): 179–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5230.2.3.

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Species of flightless litter ground beetles of the tribe Anillini, genus Nesamblyops, from the North Island and from the north-eastern part of the South Island are revised. Eight new species are described and one previously known species, Nesamblyops oreobius (Broun), is re-described. Nesamblyops oreobius, the only hitherto recorded species from the North Island, is most similar to the group of two new species from the South Island, N. confusus n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, Marlborough Sounds, Mount Stokes) and N. lescheni n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, Marlborough Sounds, D’Urville Island), based on the structure of the male genitalia. The second species of the genus known from the North Island, N. tararua n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, Wellington, Tararua Range) represents another lineage, based on the structure of the male genitalia, and is closely related to a group of three new species from the South Island, N. brouni n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, Canterbury, Southern Alps, Lewis Pass), N. distinctus n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, Marlborough, Richmond Range, Fabians Valley), and N. townsendi n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, Marlborough Sounds, Tennyson Inlet). Nesamblyops carltoni n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, Nelson, Richmond Range, Dun Mountain) and N. parvulus n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, Marlborough Sounds, Mount Stokes), both from the South Island occupy an isolated position among the examined species. All species are illustrated with digital images of habitus, body parts, and drawings of genitalia. Distribution maps for all species are also provided. Geographical evidence of Nesamblyops dispersal to the North Island is discussed, based on distributional data.

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45

Coppins, Brain J., and William M. Malcolm. "A New Belonia From New Zealand and a Second Record of B. Mediterranea." Lichenologist 30, no. 6 (November 1992): 563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1998.0168.

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AbstractBelonia pellucida sp. nov. is described from coastal scrubland in North Island, New Zealand. This is the third report of the genus Belonia(Gyalectales) from the Southern Hemisphere. Belonia mediterranea is reported for the second time, from Mallorca.

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46

Burschil, T., W. Scheer, R. Kirsch, and H. Wiederhold. "Hydrogeological characterisation of a glacially affected barrier island – the North Frisian Island of Föhr." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 4 (April 19, 2012): 5085–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-5085-2012.

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Abstract. We present the application of geophysical investigations to characterise and improve the geological/hydrogeological model through the estimation of petrophysical parameters for groundwater modelling. Seismic reflection and airborne electromagnetic surveys in combination with borehole information enhance the 3-D geological model and allow a petrophysical interpretation of the subsurface. The North Sea Island of Föhr has a very complex underground structure what was already known from boreholes. The local waterworks use a freshwater body embedded in saline groundwater. Several glaciations disordered the Youngest Tertiary and Quaternary sediments by glaciotectonic thrust-faulting as well as incision and refill of glacial valleys. Both underground structures have a strong impact on the distribution of freshwater bearing aquifers. An initial hydrogeological model of Föhr was built from borehole data alone and was restricted to the southern part of the island where in the sandy areas of the Geest a large freshwater body was formed. We improved the geological/hydrogeological model by adding data from different geophysical methods, e.g. airborne electromagnetics (EM) for mapping the resistivity of the entire island, seismic reflections for detailed cross sections in the groundwater catchment area, and geophysical borehole logging for calibration of these measurements. An integrated evaluation of the results from the different geophysical methods yields reliable data. To determinate petrophysical parameter about 18 borehole logs, more than 75 m deep, and nearby airborne EM inversion models were analyzed concerning resistivity. We establish an empirical relation between measured resistivity and hydraulic conductivity for the specific area – the North Sea island of Föhr. Five boreholes concerning seismic interval velocities discriminate sand and till. The interpretation of these data was the basis for building the geological/hydrogeological 3-D model. We fitted the relevant model layers to all geophysical and geological data and created a consistent 3-D model. This model is the fundament for groundwater simulations considering forecasted changes in precipitation and sea level rise due to climate change.

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Wijayanti, H., M. A. Marfai, B. W. Mutaqin, D. S. Hadmoko, F. Lavigne, A. Faral, and W. Riasasi. "Ecotourism in a Hazardous Small-Volcanic Island: Tidore Island, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1039, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1039/1/012021.

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Abstract Being known as a small island with the highest volcano in North Maluku Province, Tidore Island is also famed for its exotic ecotourism potential. There are many benefits for areas that have good ecotourism potential, but it is necessary to consider the potential for local disasters. Kie Matubu Volcano is currently in a dormant status and is likely to be active at any time. Regional planning and disaster mitigation should thus go hand in hand, but the complexity of the geographical conditions of a small island requires various prior analyses. This research aims to integrate ecotourism mentioned in Regional Planning with disaster mitigation action in Tidore Island. Combining spatial analysis and social vulnerability can provide an overview of the integration planning and disaster management in this small volcanic island to improve community resilience. However, it still calls for some actions to develop ecotourism areas that co-occur with disaster mitigation efforts. Several villages with high social vulnerability in the western, southern, and eastern parts of the island require additional infrastructures (e.g., port terminals) and functional disaster evacuation facilities as the important aspect while disaster occurs.

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48

Green, K., R. Williams, K. A. asyde, and P. D. Burton HR. and Shaughnessy. "Interspecific and intraspecific differences in the diets of Fur seals, Arctocephalus species (Pinnipedia: Otariidae) at Macquarie Island." Australian Mammalogy 13, no. 2 (1990): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am90019.

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Between November 1988 and March 1989, scats were collected from three species of fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri, A. gazella and A. tropicalis) at the northern end of Macquarie Island and from A. forsteri between January and March 1989 at the southern end. All fed mainly on fish. For A. gazella/A. tropicalis an average 99.2 % of scats in monthly collections contained fish remains, while for A. forsteri the figure for North Head was 100 % and for Hurd Point was 94.9 %. Arctocephalus forsteri at Hurd Point took less fish and more penguins than at North Head and there were significant differences in the composition of the fish diet in two of three months. At North Head, the fish diet of A. gazella/A. tropicalis differed significantly from that of A. forsteri in three of the five months studied . Food resources for fur seals around Macquarie Island are considered to be less available than they are around Heard Island.

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49

Korb, R. E., M. J. Whitehouse, M. Gordon, P. Ward, and A. J. Poulton. "Summer microplankton community structure across the Scotia Sea: implications for biological carbon export." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 5 (October 13, 2009): 9781–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-9781-2009.

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Abstract. During the austral summer of 2008, we carried out a high resolution survey of the microplankton communities along a south to north transect covering a range of environments across the Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean; high and low productivity, sea-ice to open water conditions, and over a number of oceanographic fronts and bathymetric features. Cluster analysis revealed five distinct communities that were geographically constrained by physical features of bathymetry and fronts. From south to north the communities were: (1) The South Orkney group, a mixed community of naked dinoflagellates and heavily silicified diatoms, (2) Southern Scotia Sea, a mixed community of cyptophytes and naked dinoflagellates, (3) Central Scotia Sea, dominated by naked dinoflagellates, (4) southwest of the island of South Georgia, lightly silicified diatoms and naked dinoflagellates (5) northwest of South Georgia, dominated by diatoms. Data from a previous summer cruise (2003) to the Scotia Sea followed a similar pattern of community distribution. MODIS images, chlorophyll-a and macronutrient deficits revealed dense phytoplankton blooms occurred around the island of South Georgia, were absent near the ice edge and in the central Scotia Sea and were moderate in the southern Scotia Sea. Using these environmental factors, together with community composition, we propose that south of the Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front, biogenic silica is preferentially exported and north of the front, in the vicinity of South Georgia, carbon is exported to depth.

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50

Korb, R. E., M. J. Whitehouse, M. Gordon, P. Ward, and A. J. Poulton. "Summer microplankton community structure across the Scotia Sea: implications for biological carbon export." Biogeosciences 7, no. 1 (January 28, 2010): 343–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-343-2010.

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Abstract. During the austral summer of 2008, we carried out a high resolution survey of the microplankton communities along a south to north transect covering a range of environments across the Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean; high and low productivity, sea-ice to open water conditions, and over a number of oceanographic fronts and bathymetric features. Cluster analysis revealed five distinct communities that were geographically constrained by physical features of bathymetry and fronts. From south to north the communities were: (1) the South Orkney group, a mixed community of naked dinoflagellates and heavily silicified diatoms, (2) southern Scotia Sea, a mixed community of cyptophytes and naked dinoflagellates, (3) central Scotia Sea, dominated by naked dinoflagellates, (4) southwest of the island of South Georgia, lightly silicified diatoms and naked dinoflagellates (5) northwest of South Georgia, dominated by diatoms. Data from a previous summer cruise (2003) to the Scotia Sea followed a similar pattern of community distribution. MODIS images, Chlorophyll a and macronutrient deficits revealed dense phytoplankton blooms occurred around the island of South Georgia, were absent near the ice edge and in the central Scotia Sea and were moderate in the southern Scotia Sea. Using these environmental factors, together with community composition, we propose that south of the Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front, biogenic silica is preferentially exported and north of the front, in the vicinity of South Georgia, carbon is exported to depth.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mokopirirakau 'southern North Island''

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