Journal articles on the topic 'Moisture sensors selectivity based on porous materials'
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1
Wang, Yanyan, Ming Yang, Weixiao Liu, Lei Dong, Da Chen, and Changsi Peng. "Gas sensors based on assembled porous graphene multilayer frameworks for DMMP detection." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 30 (2019): 9248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc02299f.
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In this work, a structure of assembled porous graphene multilayer frameworks was demonstrated to endow the resultant sensing devices with batch uniformity, good response, sensitivity, and selectivity.
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Duong, The, Alishba T. John, Hongjun Chen, Huyen Pham, Krishnan Murugappan, Thanh Tran-Phu, Antonio Tricoli, and Kylie Catchpole. "Mixed-dimensional organic–inorganic metal halide perovskite (OIMHP) based gas sensors with superior stability for NO2 detection." Materials Advances 3, no. 2 (2022): 1263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00976a.
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Mixed-dimensional 2D/3D perovskite-based NO2 gas sensors were developed with swift response, great sensitivity and good selectivity. The 2D/3D devices have significantly better moisture stability than the 3D devices.
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Hu, Ruijin, Jing Wang, Pengpeng Chen, Yuwen Hao, Chunli Zhang, and Xiaogan Li. "Preparation of Cd-Loaded In2O3Hollow Nanofibers by Electrospinning and Improvement of Formaldehyde Sensing Performance." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/431956.
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Pure In2O3and Cd-loaded In2O3hollow and porous nanofibers with different Cd/In molar ratios (1/20, 1/10, 1/1) were synthesized by electrospinning method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the nanofibers. The porous nanofibers were composed of small grains. The average grain sizes and the diameters of Cd-loaded In2O3nanofibers increased with the increasing of Cd/In molar ratios. The formaldehyde sensing properties of the sensors based on pure In2O3and Cd-loaded In2O3nanofibers were investigated in formaldehyde concentration range of 0.5∼100 ppm. Moreover, the selectivity of those sensors was studied by testing responses to methanol, toluene, ethanol, acetone, and ammonia. The result showed that Cd-loaded In2O3nanofibers with Cd/In molar ratio of 1/10 possessed the highest response value and good selectivity at operating temperature 280°C. In addition, the formaldehyde sensing mechanism of the sensors based on Cd-loaded nanofibers was briefly analyzed.
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Huang, Bo, Yanqiong Li, and Wen Zeng. "Application of Metal-Organic Framework-Based Composites for Gas Sensing and Effects of Synthesis Strategies on Gas-Sensitive Performance." Chemosensors 9, no. 8 (August 14, 2021): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9080226.
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Gas sensing materials, such as semiconducting metal oxides (SMOx), carbon-based materials, and polymers have been studied in recent years. Among of them, SMOx-based gas sensors have higher operating temperatures; sensors crafted from carbon-based materials have poor selectivity for gases and longer response times; and polymer gas sensors have poor stability and selectivity, so it is necessary to develop high-performance gas sensors. As a porous material constructed from inorganic nodes and multidentate organic bridging linkers, the metal-organic framework (MOF) shows viable applications in gas sensors due to its inherent large specific surface area and high porosity. Thus, compounding sensor materials with MOFs can create a synergistic effect. Many studies have been conducted on composite MOFs with three materials to control the synergistic effects to improve gas sensing performance. Therefore, this review summarizes the application of MOFs in sensor materials and emphasizes the synthesis progress of MOF composites. The challenges and development prospects of MOF-based composites are also discussed.
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Sun, Peng. "Gas Sensors Based on Oxide Semiconductors with Porous Nanostructures." Proceedings 14, no. 1 (June 19, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019014013.
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Gas sensor as a device composed of sensing material coupled with signal transducer, has been acknowledged as an analytical tool for detection and quantification of inflammable, explosive or toxic gases. The gas sensors based on nanostructured oxide semiconductor endowed with excellent sensing properties have exhibited great potential application in the fields of environmental monitoring, resource exploration, medical welfare, etc. It is well known that the sensing mechanism of sensor employing oxide semiconductors is mainly that the interactions between the surface adsorbed oxygen species and target gases lead to a change in the electrical conductivity. Therefore, the gas sensing properties of oxide semiconductors are closely related with their composition, crystalline size, and microstructure. In this regard, design and preparation of oxides with novel architectures will be increasingly important in the construction of high performance gas sensors. Due to high specific surface area, low density, and good surface permeability, porous nanostructures oxide semiconductor sensing materials have attracted growing interest in recent years. In our work, we successfully prepared various porous nanostructures oxides and their composites to the construction of high performances gas sensors with enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, as well as lowered detection limit. The subsequent gas sensing measurements explicitly revealed that these oxides and composites manifested superior sensing behaviors (like much higher sensitivity and faster response speed), which can be ascribed to the porous architectures and the synergistic effects.
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S, Anil Subash, Manjunatha C, Ajit Khosla, R. Hari Krishna, and Ashoka S. "Current Progress in Materials, Device Fabrication, and Biomedical Applications of Potentiometric Sensor Devices: A Short Review." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 6343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.6343ecst.
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Potentiometric sensor devices are having a wide range of applications in environmental and biomedical fields. This short review aims to provide updates on recent innovations in various nanomaterials as sensing components used in potentiometric sensor devices. The review also covers the various methods and conditions used to develop these sensor nanomaterials with appropriately decorated by functional groups. Reduced graphene oxide along with traditional platinum electrodes is used to monitor algae growth in an aquatic ecosystem. Here, the addition of reduced-graphene increases the selectivity and precision of the potentiometric sensor. The review also describe the fabrication and the mechanism of sensing of carbon composite based glucose sensors, sweat sensors, and pH sensors, which are used for monitoring a human body. Sweat sensors are the ion-sensors which use carbon nanoparticles for high selectivity. Porous graphene oxide is also one of the highly used carbon nanomaterials which show high selectivity towards different types of chemicals under certain conditions. PANI/Graphene/CNT nanocomposite based potentiometric sensor is used to detect hazardous 4-aminophenol in the surrounding area. Using nanocomposite increases the selectivity and gives a high current response in the I-V graph. The granular nature of InVO4 is used in the fabrication of ammonia sensors. Formaldehyde is one of the commonly found adulterations in the food. A biosensor has been fabricated using CNTs-Fe3O4 nanocomposite to detect the formaldehyde in the foods. Finally the review summarizes the merits and limitations of various potentiometric sensors developed for different biomedical applications.
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Do, Jing Shan, Wen Long Liu, Ming Liao Tsai, and Sheng Yeng Kuo. "Preparation and Selectivity of Resistive Acetone Gas Sensors Based on Polyaniline/Au Interdigitated Electrode." Key Engineering Materials 605 (April 2014): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.605.202.
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The acetone gas sensor can be applied in the fields of the occupational safety, the prevention of fire accident and explosion in plants and the diabetic patients breathe analysis. The properties of the sensing materials and the sensing characteristics of the acetone gas sensors based on polyaniline (PANI)/Au/porous ceramic plate prepared by the microfabrication technologies and the electrochemical methods are studied in this work. PANI with stable sensing performance is prepared by a three-stage chronopotentiometric method onto Au/porous ceramic plate. The PANI nanowires are uniformly distributed on Au interdigitated electrode surface characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM).The sensitivity and the response time of the resistive acetone gas sensor are obtained to be 4.0×10-3% ppm-1and 3 min when using N2as carrier gas. Based on the same sensing electrode, the sensitivities of the gas sensor to mixed gas containing acetone are measured.Key words: gas sensor; acetone; polyaniline; sensitivity; selectivity
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Li, Dengke, Yanwei Li, Xiaohua Wang, Guang Sun, Jianliang Cao, and Yan Wang. "Improved TEA Sensitivity and Selectivity of In2O3 Porous Nanospheres by Modification with Ag Nanoparticles." Nanomaterials 12, no. 9 (May 2, 2022): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12091532.
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A highly sensitive and selective detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by using gas sensors based on metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) has attracted increasing interest, but still remains a challenge in gas sensitivity and selectivity. In order to improve the sensitivity and selectivity of In2O3 to triethylamine (TEA), herein, a silver (Ag)-modification strategy is proposed. Ag nanoparticles with a size around 25–30 nm were modified on pre-synthesized In2O3 PNSs via a simple room-temperature chemical reduction method by using NaBH4 as a reductant. The results of gas sensing tests indicate that after functionalization with Ag, the gas sensing performance of In2O3 PNSs for VOCs, especially for TEA, was remarkably improved. At a lower optimal working temperature (OWT) of 300 °C (bare In2O3 sensor: 320 °C), the best Ag/In2O3-2 sensor (Ag/In2O3 PNSs with an optimized Ag content of 2.90 wt%) shows a sensitivity of 116.86/ppm to 1–50 ppm TEA, about 170 times higher than that of bare In2O3 sensor (0.69/ppm). Significantly, the Ag/In2O3-2 sensor can provide a response (Ra/Rg) as high as 5697 to 50 ppm TEA, which is superior to most previous TEA sensors. Besides lower OWT and higher sensitivity, the Ag/In2O3-2 sensor also shows a remarkably improved selectivity to TEA, whose selectivity coefficient (STEA/Sethanol) is as high as 5.30, about 3.3 times higher than that of bare In2O3 (1.59). The sensitization mechanism of Ag on In2O3 is discussed in detail.
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Strangfeld, Christoph, Sergej Johann, and Matthias Bartholmai. "Smart RFID Sensors Embedded in Building Structures for Early Damage Detection and Long-Term Monitoring." Sensors 19, no. 24 (December 13, 2019): 5514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245514.
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In civil engineering, many structures are made of reinforced concrete. Most degradation processes relevant to this material, e.g., corrosion, are related to an increased level of material moisture. Therefore, moisture monitoring in reinforced concrete is regarded as a crucial method for structural health monitoring. In this study, passive radio frequency identification (RFID)-based sensors are embedded into the concrete. They are well suited for long-term operation over decades and are well protected against harsh environmental conditions. The energy supply and the data transfer of the humidity sensors are provided by RFID. The sensor casing materials are optimised to withstand the high alkaline environment in concrete, having pH values of more than 12. Membrane materials are also investigated to identify materials capable of enabling water vapour transport from the porous cement matrix to the embedded humidity sensor. By measuring the corresponding relative humidity with embedded passive RFID-based sensors, the cement hydration is monitored for 170 days. Moreover, long-term moisture monitoring is performed for more than 1000 days. The experiments show that embedded passive RFID-based sensors are highly suitable for long-term structural health monitoring in civil engineering.
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Simion, Cristian E., Corneliu Ghica, Catalina G. Mihalcea, Daniela Ghica, Ionel Mercioniu, Simona Somacescu, Ovidiu G. Florea, and Adelina Stanoiu. "Insights about CO Gas-Sensing Mechanism with NiO-Based Gas Sensors—The Influence of Humidity." Chemosensors 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9090244.
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Polycrystalline NiO thick film-based gas sensors have been exposed to different test gas atmospheres at 250 °C and measured via simultaneous electrical resistance and work function investigations. Accordingly, we decoupled different features manifested toward the potential changes, i.e., work function, band-bending, and electron affinity. The experimental results have shown that the presence of moisture induces an unusual behavior toward carbon monoxide (CO) detection by considering different surface adsorption sites. On this basis, we derived an appropriate detection mechanism capable of explaining the lack of moisture influence over the CO detection with NiO-sensitive materials. As such, CO might have both chemical and dipolar interactions with pre-adsorbed or lattice oxygen species, thus canceling out the effect of moisture. Additionally, morphology, structure, and surface chemistry were addressed, and the results have been linked to the sensing properties envisaging the role played by the porous quasispherical–hollow structures and surface hydration.
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Qiu, Tiantian, Na Luo, Mengmeng Guo, Haijie Cai, Zhixuan Cheng, and Jiaqiang Xu. "Synthesis and Enhanced H2S Sensing Properties of V2O3-NiO Nanoflower Assembled by Porous Nanosheets." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 037504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac5653.
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Constructing porous structure has proved to be an effective strategy to improve the gas sensing properties of metal oxide semiconducting materials. In this work, high-performance hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas sensing material with porous structure were synthesized by growing nickel oxide (NiO) on vanadium trioxide (V2O3) seeds. Morphology and structure characterizations reveal that the novel three-dimensional (3D) nanoflowers are formed by self-assembling two-dimensional (2D) porous nanosheets with high surface area and abundant active sites. Compared with pristine NiO, the sensing performance of V2O3-NiO (VN8, VN7, VN6) with different ratios of V3+: Ni2+ is enhanced due to their porous structure. Among them, VN7 sensor shows excellent sensing properties at 200 °C. The response to 500 ppb H2S can reach 65, which increases as high as 2.2 times compared with the pristine NiO sensor. The response time to 500 ppb H2S is further decreased from 13 s of the pristine NiO sensors to 8 s of VN7 sensor. The VN7 sensor also shows a wide linear range from 20 ppb to 500 ppb, high selectivity, good repeatability, long-term stability, moisture resistance and low detection limit (20 ppb), indicating its potential candidate for ppb-level H2S detection in complex environment of industrial mine.
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Kim, Andrew, Imre Varga, Arindam Adhikari, and Rajkumar Patel. "Recent Advances in Layered Double Hydroxide-Based Electrochemical and Optical Sensors." Nanomaterials 11, no. 11 (October 22, 2021): 2809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11112809.
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Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have attracted considerable attention as promising materials for electrochemical and optical sensors owing to their excellent catalytic properties, facile synthesis strategies, highly tunable morphology, and versatile hosting ability. LDH-based electrochemical sensors are affordable alternatives to traditional precious-metal-based sensors, as LDHs can be synthesized from abundant inorganic precursors. LDH-modified probes can directly catalyze or host catalytic compounds that facilitate analyte redox reactions, detected as changes in the probe’s current, voltage, or resistance. The porous and lamellar structure of LDHs allows rapid analyte diffusion and abundant active sites for enhanced sensor sensitivity. LDHs can be composed of conductive materials such as reduced graphene oxide (rGO) or metal nanoparticles for improved catalytic activity and analyte selectivity. As optical sensors, LDHs provide a spacious, stable structure for synergistic guest–host interactions. LDHs can immobilize fluorophores, chemiluminescence reactants, and other spectroscopically active materials to reduce the aggregation and dissolution of the embedded sensor molecules, yielding enhanced optical responses and increased probe reusability. This review discusses standard LDH synthesis methods and overviews the different electrochemical and optical analysis techniques. Furthermore, the designs and modifications of exemplary LDHs and LDH composite materials are analyzed, focusing on the analytical performance of LDH-based sensors for key biomarkers and pollutants, including glucose, dopamine (DA), H2O2, metal ions, nitrogen-based toxins, and other organic compounds.
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Zhang, Weiming, Qiang Li, Chao Wang, Jiangwei Ma, Chao Wang, Haijun Peng, Yun Wen, and Huiqing Fan. "High sensitivity and selectivity chlorine gas sensors based on 3D open porous SnO2 synthesized by solid-state method." Ceramics International 45, no. 16 (November 2019): 20566–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.07.036.
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Li, Jing, Yong Zhou, Yanjie Wang, Sen Zhou, Ruijie Zhang, Yuhang Wang, and Zhigang Zang. "Improving Humidity Sensing of Black Phosphorus Nanosheets by Co-Doping Benzyl Viologen and Au Nanoparticles." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 017513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac4b27.
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Black phosphorus (BP) is a two-dimensional and layered elemental semiconductor that is very sensitive to the subtle fluctuation of relative humidity (RH). However, the practical application of BP material was undesirably plagued by the irreversible degradation under moisture/oxygen atmospheres. To circumvent this limitation, here we prepared BP co-doped with benzyl viologen (BV) and Au nanoparticles as the sensing layer and explored the humidity-sensing performance at room temperature (20 °C). Unlike BP (BP-BV) counterparts, BP-Au (BP-BV-Au) sensors demonstrated unvaried response polarity with increasing RH. And BV introduction improved the recovery characteristics. Additionally, the ternary BP-BV-Au sensors delivered decent selectivity and negligible hysteresis. On the one hand, the in situ reduction of Au nanoparticles consumed lone electron pairs within BP, suppressed the interaction with ambient moisture/oxygen, and improved the operation stability and recovery. On the other hand, hydrophobic BV as the protection layer further hindered water attachment. This co-doping behavior reduced the hole density and ensured the predominant interaction between low-energy sorption sites within BP and water molecules, thus leading to a larger resistance modulation (i.e., stronger response) and quicker reaction kinetics. This work offered a feasible method to propel the practical application and enriched the sensing mechanisms of BP-based humidity sensors.
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Popov, Vasiliy I., Igor A. Kotin, Nadezhda A. Nebogatikova, Svetlana A. Smagulova, and Irina V. Antonova. "Graphene-PEDOT: PSS Humidity Sensors for High Sensitive, Low-Cost, Highly-Reliable, Flexible, and Printed Electronics." Materials 12, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 3477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12213477.
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A comparison of the structure and sensitivity of humidity sensors prepared from graphene (G)-PEDOT: PSS (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)) composite material on flexible and solid substrates is performed. Upon an increase in humidity, the G: PEDOT: PSS composite films ensure a response (a linear increase in resistance versus humidity) up to 220% without restrictions typical of sensors fabricated from PEDOT: PSS. It was found that the response of the examined sensors depends not only on the composition of the layer and on its thickness but, also, on the substrate used. The capability of flexible substrates to absorb the liquid component of the ink used to print the sensors markedly alters the structure of the film, making it more porous; as a result, the response to moisture increases. However, in the case of using paper, a hysteresis of resistance occurs during an increase or decrease of humidity; that hysteresis is associated with the capability of such substrates to absorb moisture and transfer it to the sensing layer of the sensor. A study of the properties of G: PEDOT: PSS films and test device structures under deformation showed that when the G: PEDOT: PSS films or structures are bent to a bending radius of 3 mm (1.5% strain), the properties of those films and structures remain unchanged. This result makes the composite humidity sensors based on G: PEDOT: PSS films promising devices for use in flexible and printed electronics.
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Suchorab, Zbigniew, Krzysztof Tabiś, Przemysław Brzyski, Zenon Szczepaniak, Tomasz Rogala, Waldemar Susek, and Grzegorz Łagód. "Comparison of the Moist Material Relative Permittivity Readouts Using the Non-Invasive Reflectometric Sensors and Microwave Antenna." Sensors 22, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 3622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22103622.
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The article concerns the issue of non-invasive moisture sensing in building materials. Two techniques that enable evaluating the value of the relative permittivity of the material, being the measure of porous material moisture, have been utilized for the research. The first is the microwave technique that utilizes the non-contact measurement of velocity of microwave radiation across the tested material and the second is the time domain reflectometry (TDR) technique based on the measurement of electromagnetic pulse propagation time along the waveguides, being the elements of sensor design. The tested building material involved samples of red ceramic brick that differed in moisture, ranging between 0% and 14% moisture by weight. The main goal of the research was to present the measuring potential of both techniques for moisture evaluation as well as emphasize the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Within the research, it was stated that both methods provide similar measuring potential, with a slight advantage in favor of a microwave non-contact sensor over surface TDR sensor designs.
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Fidríková, Danica, and Ľudovít Kubičár. "The use of the hot-ball method for observing the transport of moisture in porous stones." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 3 (November 8, 2012): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10189-012-0013-8.
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AbstractThe effect of moisture on materials leads to changes in their physical and chemicalproperties. Materials with different porosities are saturated by various mechanisms. Thispaper is focused on water transport or diffusion in various porous structures. The Hot-BallMethod is used for determining the water content in certain parts of a specimen. Theprocess of water transport or water diffusion is closely related to a porous structure.Porosity affects the transport properties of a material; therefore, knowledge of themechanisms distributing the water in materials with different porosities is very important.The measurements were carried out by thermal conductivity sensors (hot-ball sensor)located in different positions along the path of the water’s movement. The principle of thehot-ball sensor (thermal conductivity sensor) is based on the Hot-Ball Method formeasuring thermal conductivity. The local moisture content and local temperature ofa porous stone is inspected using the Hot-Ball Method, where the measured values of thethermal conductivity are correlated with the water content. The experimental set up for theinvestigation of the water diffusion in stones is described.
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Krasovska, Marina, Vjaceslavs Gerbreders, Irena Mihailova, Andrejs Ogurcovs, Eriks Sledevskis, Andrejs Gerbreders, and Pavels Sarajevs. "ZnO-nanostructure-based electrochemical sensor: Effect of nanostructure morphology on the sensing of heavy metal ions." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 9 (September 11, 2018): 2421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.227.
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ZnO nanostructures are promising candidates for use in sensors, especially in electrochemical sensors and biosensors, due to their unique physical and chemical properties, as well as sensitivity and selectivity to several types of contamination, including heavy metal ions. In this work, using the hydrothermal method, nanostructures of ZnO were synthesized in four different morphologies: nanorods, nanoneedles, nanotubes and nanoplates. To determine the peculiarities of adsorption for each morphology, a series of electrochemical measurements were carried out using these nanostructured ZnO coatings on the working electrodes, using aqueous solutions of Pb(NO3)2 and Cd(NO3)2 as analytes with different concentrations. It was found that the sensitivity of the resulting electrochemical sensors depends on the morphology of the ZnO nanostructures: the best results were achieved in the case of porous nanostructures (nanotubes and nanoplates), whereas the lowest sensitivity corresponded to ZnO nanorods with a large diameter (i.e., low surface-to-volume ratio). The efficiency of sedimentation is also related to the electronegativity of adsorbate: it has been shown that all observed ZnO morphologies exhibited significantly higher sensitivity in detecting lead ions compared to cadmium ions.
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Kubičár, Ľudovít, Ján Hudec, Danica Fidríková, Peter Dieška, and Martin Vitkovič. "Effects in Monitoring of the Thermal Moisture Regime of Cultural Objects Located in Different Climate Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 1126 (October 2015): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1126.93.
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Historical monuments are most often built from materials (plaster, walls, rocks, etc.), which have a porous structure. The porous structure is characterized by a set of parameters that control its response to environment. In such structures, depending on the environmental conditions, we encounter with processes like vapor diffusion, adsorption, pore surface diffusion, capillary transport, etc. The processes are accompanied with the transport of heat energy and moisture. When monitoring of thermal - moisture regime of such structures we can find a wide range of effects such as wetting, drying, freezing and thawing. We have monitored several cultural objects localized in different environments, namely the Duomo Cathedral in Florence, the tower of St. Martin in Bratislava and pillar of the St. James Church in Levoča. Building components of the mentioned objects are of different nature such as masonry composed of bricks and plaster, Gioia marble and sandstone. Moisture sensors were used to monitor the thermal – moisture regime based on the hot-ball method for measuring thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity is a function of the pore content. In the pores, depending on the thermodynamic conditions, air, vapor, water or ice can be found. Collected data are correlated with meteorological conditions.
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Hoa, Nguyen Duc, Nguyen Van Duy, Sherif A. El-Safty, and Nguyen Van Hieu. "Meso-/Nanoporous Semiconducting Metal Oxides for Gas Sensor Applications." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/972025.
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Development and/or design of new materials and/or structures for effective gas sensor applications with fast response and high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability are very important issues in the gas sensor technology. This critical review introduces our recent progress in the development of meso-/nanoporous semiconducting metal oxides and their applications to gas sensors. First, the basic concepts of resistive gas sensors and the recent synthesis of meso-/nanoporous metal oxides for gas sensor applications are introduced. The advantages of meso-/nanoporous metal oxides are also presented, taking into account the crystallinity and ordered/disordered porous structures. Second, the synthesis methods of meso-/nanoporous metal oxides including the soft-template, hard-template, and temple-free methods are introduced, in which the advantages and disadvantages of each synthetic method are figured out. Third, the applications of meso-/nanoporous metal oxides as gas sensors are presented. The gas nanosensors are designed based on meso-/nanoporous metal oxides for effective detection of toxic gases. The sensitivity, selectivity, and stability of the meso-/nanoporous gas nanosensors are also discussed. Finally, some conclusions and an outlook are presented.
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Ochoa-Muñoz, Yasser H., Ruby Mejía de Mejía de Gutiérrez, Jorge E. Rodríguez-Páez, Isabel Gràcia, and Stella Vallejos. "Gas Sensors Based on Porous Ceramic Bodies of MSnO3 Perovskites (M = Ba, Ca, Zn): Formation and Sensing Properties towards Ethanol, Acetone, and Toluene Vapours." Molecules 27, no. 9 (April 30, 2022): 2889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092889.
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In this work, the gas-sensing functionality of porous ceramic bodies formed by the slip casting technique was studied using perovskite nanoparticles of an MSnO3 system (M = Ba, Ca, Zn) synthesized by a chemical route. The performance and reliability of the sensitive materials in the presence of different volatile organic compounds (acetone, ethanol, and toluene), and other gases (CO, H2 and NO2) were analysed. The ZnSnO3, BaSnO3, and CaSnO3 sensors showed sensitivities of 40, 16, and 8% ppm−1 towards acetone, ethanol, and toluene vapours, respectively. Good repeatability and selectivity were also observed for these gaseous analytes, as well as excellent stability for a period of 120 days. The shortest response times were recorded for the ZnSnO3 sensors (e.g., 4 s for 80 ppm acetone) with marked responses to low concentrations of acetone (1000 ppb). These results are attributed to the porosity of the sensitive materials, which favours the diffusion of gases, induces surface defects, and provides greater surface area and good sensitivity to acetone, as is seen in the case of ZnSnO3.
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Kim, Do Hun, Yang Soo Lee, Won Kyu Park, Jin Sun Yoo, Changup Shim, Young Joon Hong, Bong Kyun Kang, Dae Ho Yoon, and Woo Seok Yang. "Flexible Graphite/PPG Hybrid Composite-Based Resistive Sensor for Sensing Organic Compounds." Sensors 20, no. 9 (May 6, 2020): 2651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092651.
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Our objective in this study was to investigate a sensor for volatile organic compounds based on a graphite (G)/polypropylene glycol (PPG) hybrid composite (HC) for sensing hybrid elements. The G/PPG HC sensor films for organic-matter detection were successfully fabricated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film with a simple blade-coating method. The sensing paste based on G/PPG (1:2) HC showed good dispersibility and stability. In addition, G/PPG HC sensor films with organic compounds showed different thickness changes as a function of the G/PPG ratio because of the swelling effect of the polymer. The observed differences in resistance of the G/PPG HC films corresponded to those of common organic compounds, suggesting that the disconnection of graphite caused by the swollen PPG matrix caused explosive resistance change. Moreover, we evaluated the sensitivity of typical hydrocarbon materials, such as benzene and toluene, in the sensor film as well as petroleum materials without moisture-induced malfunctions. This study could provoke knowledge about superior sensing with cost-effective and easily scalable materials using polymer/graphite composite-based sensors to improve the sensitivity, selectivity, and stability of chemical sensor applications.
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Zhong, Zhicheng, Zhao-Jun Jing, and Yang Xu. "Highly Sensitive Acetone Sensor Based on LaFeO3 Microspheres Prepared by Facile Hydrothermal Synthesis." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 1511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.3129.
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This paper describes a gas sensor based on LaFeO3 nanoparticles for sensitive detection of low-concentration acetone. LaFeO3 nanoparticles were synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal reaction and subsequent annealing. The sample phases and morphologies were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and the Brunauer—Emmett—Teller method. The results show that the LaFeO3 nanoparticles were spherical with a loose porous structure. Gas sensors based on the LaFeO3 nanoparticles were prepared and their gas sensitivities were determined. In particular, the fabricated sensor based on LaFeO3 nanoparticles annealed at 600 °C showed an excellent response to acetone at 1–300 ppm, and high stability and selectivity. A response of 4.53 toward acetone gas down to 1 ppm at an operating temperature of 120 °C was obtained. This enhanced gas-sensing performance is attributed to a specific mesoporous structure of high roughness, a large surface area, and surface pores of an appropriate size. These properties enable more favorable conditions were provided for gas reaction.
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Rymarczyk, Tomasz, Grzegorz Kłosowski, and Edward Kozłowski. "A Non-Destructive System Based on Electrical Tomography and Machine Learning to Analyze the Moisture of Buildings." Sensors 18, no. 7 (July 14, 2018): 2285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18072285.
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This article presents the results of research on a new method of spatial analysis of walls and buildings moisture. Due to the fact that destructive methods are not suitable for historical buildings of great architectural significance, a non-destructive method based on electrical tomography has been adopted. A hybrid tomograph with special sensors was developed for the measurements. This device enables the acquisition of data, which are then reconstructed by appropriately developed methods enabling spatial analysis of wet buildings. Special electrodes that ensure good contact with the surface of porous building materials such as bricks and cement were introduced. During the research, a group of algorithms enabling supervised machine learning was analyzed. They have been used in the process of converting input electrical values into conductance depicted by the output image pixels. The conductance values of individual pixels of the output vector made it possible to obtain images of the interior of building walls as both flat intersections (2D) and spatial (3D) images. The presented group of algorithms has a high application value. The main advantages of the new methods are: high accuracy of imaging, low costs, high processing speed, ease of application to walls of various thickness and irregular surface. By comparing the results of tomographic reconstructions, the most efficient algorithms were identified.
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Balusamy, Brabu, Anitha Senthamizhan, and Tamer Uyar. "Functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers as Colorimetric Sensory Probe for Mercury Detection: A Review." Sensors 19, no. 21 (November 2, 2019): 4763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214763.
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Mercury is considered the most hazardous pollutant of aquatic resources; it exerts numerous adverse effects on environmental and human health. To date, significant progress has been made in employing a variety of nanomaterials for the colorimetric detection of mercury ions. Electrospun nanofibers exhibit several beneficial features, including a large surface area, porous nature, and easy functionalization; thus, providing several opportunities to encapsulate a variety of functional materials for sensing applications with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, and a fast response. In this review, several examples of electrospun nanofiber-based sensing platforms devised by utilizing the two foremost approaches, namely, direct incorporation and surface decoration envisioned for detection of mercury ions are provided. We believe these examples provide sufficient evidence for the potential use and progress of electrospun nanofibers toward colorimetric sensing of mercury ions. Furthermore, the summary of the review is focused on providing an insight into the future directions of designing electrospun nanofiber-based, metal ion colorimetric sensors for practical applications.
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Tangsuwanjinda, Sripansuang, Yu-Yu Chen, Ching-Hsiang Lai, Guan-Ting Jhou, Yu-Wei Chiang, and Hsin-Ming Cheng. "Microporous Oxide-Based Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Film for Quadrillionth Detection of Mercury Ion (II)." Processes 9, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9050794.
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A variety of chemical sensing materials and procedures for conveniently detecting mercuric ion (II) (Hg2+) have been extensively explored. The detection challenges for accomplishing a simple, fast, and low investment procedure at the ultrasensitive level are ongoing. Herein we report a quadrillionth level for detecting Hg2+ by the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique. There is an interaction of silver nanoparticles decorated on a zinc-oxide tetrapod structure and coated on FTO glass (Ag@ZnO-FTO) with an organic ligand. 4,4′-Dipyridyl (DPy) performed as being chemisorbed by Ag nanoparticles interacting with a pyridine ring to produce plasmonic hot spots for SERS. The morphology of the surface and porous structure of the tetrapod becomes the powerful platform for enhanced SERS performance of DPy detection. In the absence of the augmentative electrolyte, the enhancement factor for DPy is more than 107. The inhibiting of the aggregation between Ag and DPy was present following the appearance of Hg2+, demonstrated by the quenching of the SERS signal from the DPy molecules. The capability to reproduce and the selectivity of the sensing by DPy were both demonstrated. In addition, the applications for detecting Hg2+ in natural water and beverages were successfully detected. These results demonstrated the SERS sensors had the potential for detecting Hg2+ in practical use.
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Zhelnin, M. S., A. E. Prokhorov, A. A. Kostina, and O. A. Plekhov. "Experimental and theoretical study of mechanical deformation of freezing saturated soil." PNRPU Mechanics Bulletin, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/perm.mech/2019.4.02.
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An intensive development of infrastructure in the far North and application of the artificial ground freezing technology for construction of civil and industrial buildings require an accurate description of frost heave caused by freezing of pore water in soils. It is important to understand this processes at the developing stage for the aim of safety exploitation of constructions. The present work is devoted to an experimental and theoretical study of the frost heave in laboratory samples of water saturated sand. Artificial freezing of the sample is performed in a chest freezer. During freezing measurements of temperature and strain are carried out by a control system consisting of a set of thermocouples and fiber optic sensors based on Bragg gratings. To analyze the obtained experimental data, a thermo-hydro-mechanical model has been developed. Water saturated soil is supposed to be three phase porous media consisting of a drained skeleton, water and ice. The model includes the energy conservation equation, the mass balance equations for moisture and ice content, the equilibrium equation and the constitutive relations taking into account an influence of the phase transition of water on heat and mass transfer and the additional volumetric strain. The numerical solution of the nonlinear partial differential equations of the model is performed by the finite element method. The feature of the model is a possibility to take into account the crystallization kinetics on the frost heave of the freezing saturated soil. As a result of the study, a good qualitative and quantitative agreement between a temperature measurement in the volume of the sample and the results of the simulation has been obtained. A comparison of the fiber-optic sensors readings with the results of the numerical simulation has shown that the calculated values are slightly deviated from the experimental ones. On the basis of the measurements analysis and the numerical results it can be concluded that the frost heave proceeds in a long time after the phase transition starts within the temperature range below the temperature of water freezing.
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Rahiminezhad, Mohsen, Seyed Jamaleddin Shahtaheri, Mohammad Reza Ganjali, and Abbas Rahimi Rahimi Forushani. "Application of Response Surface Methodology to Synthesize Appropriate Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Diazinon." Key Engineering Materials 605 (April 2014): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.605.67.
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Molecular imprinting technology has become an interesting research area to the preparation of specific sorbent material for environmental and occupational sample preparation techniques (1). In the molecular imprinting technology, specific binding sites have been formed in polymeric matrix, which often have an affinity and selectivity similar to antibody-antigen systems (2). In molecular imprinted technology, functional monomers are arranged in a complementary configuration around a template molecule, then, cross-linker and solvent are also added and the mixture is treated to give a porous material containing nono-sized binding sites. After extraction of the template molecule by washing, vacant imprinted sites will be left in polymer, which are available for rebinding of the template or its structural analogue (3). The stability, convention of preparation and low cost of these materials make them particularly attractive (4). These synthetic materials have been used for capillary electrochromatography (5), chromatography columns (6), sensors (7), and catalyze system (8). Depending on the molecular imprinting approach, different experimental variables such as the type and amounts of functional monomers, porogenic solvent, initiator, monomer to cross-linker ratio, temperature, and etc may alter the properties of the final polymeric materials. In this work, chemometric approach based on Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to design the experiments as well as to find the optimum conditions for preparing appropriate diazinon molecularly imprinted polymer.
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Kelly, M. J., T. R. Guilinger, D. W. Peterson, M. R. Tuck, and J. N. Sweet. "Oxidized Porous Silicon Moisture Sensors for Evaluation of Microelectronic Packaging." MRS Proceedings 225 (1991). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-225-313.
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ABSTRACTAccurate moisture measurements in microelectronic assemblies are crucial in assessing reliability of integrated circuits (ICs). We describe the fabrication and use of a silicon-based device for evaluation of moisture barrier coatings. The capacitive moisture sensors use oxidized porous silicon (OPS) as the sensing element. Porous silicon (PS) is formed by anodization of Si in hydrofluoric acid (HF). Oxidation of PS in oxygen produces OPS, which is also porous if an appropriate starting microstructure and oxidation treatment are selected. Metallization layers on the OPS and the wafer back complete the capacitor structure. The capacitance of OPS sensors is functionally related to the moisture content of the surrounding atmosphere. For example, the capacitance of one sensor changed from 4 nF/cm2when exposed to a moisture level of 300 ppm by volume (ppmv) to 36 nF/cm2at 10,000 ppmv. In addition to this excellent sensitivity, capacitor response to step changes in moisture is rapid and reversible. The sensors are also rugged, as demonstrated by their consistent performance during accelerated testing at 85% relative humidity and 140°C. A silicon nitride IC moisture barrier coating was deposited on sensors of this type after normal ceramic dual in-line packaging. Sensor operability after coating deposition was confirmed following intentional introduction of a pinhole into the moisture barrier coating.
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Alberti, Sebastián, and Jana Jágerská. "Sol-Gel Thin Film Processing for Integrated Waveguide Sensors." Frontiers in Materials 8 (March 5, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2021.629822.
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Integrated opto-chemical sensors present great advantages in comparison to the current lab equipment. They bring portability, reduced costs, facilitate in-situ measurements, as well as largely reduced sample volumes. In this quest, standard processing protocols over established materials, such as silicon nitride, silicon, silicon dioxide, titanium oxide, and even a wide variety of polymers have so far been the key toward on-chip devices. However, if very specific materials in terms of composition and tailored properties are required, the deposition via a solution represents a viable alternative. In this review, we highlight the role of sol-gel chemistry and top-down processing of sol-gel thin film layers in the design of waveguide-based optical sensors. In particular, we stress the advantages of porous sol-gel based materials as a new approach to increase sensitivity and selectivity, first when used as claddings, and, more recently, as waveguides with enhanced light–analyte interaction. We finally discuss the future perspectives of such devices to increase specificity in complex matrices, which is of utmost importance for bio-sensing.
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Frye, Gregory C., C. Jeffrey Brinker, Antonio J. Ricco, Stephen J. Martin, Janice Hilliard, and Daniel H. Doughty. "Sol-Gel Coatings on Acoustic Wave Devices: Thin Film Characterization and Chemical Sensor Development." MRS Proceedings 180 (1990). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-180-583.
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ABSTRACTWe have investigated the use of porous oxide coatings, formed using sol-gel chemistry routes, as the discriminating elements of acoustic wave (AW) chemical sensors. These coatings provide several unique advantages: durability, high adsorption capacity based on large surface areas, and chemical selectivity based on both controlled pore size and acid/base, ion exchange or chelation chemistry. The porosity of these coatings is determined by performing nitrogen adsorption isotherms using the AW device response to mass changes to monitor the uptake of nitrogen at 77 K. These studies demonstrate how sol-gel chemistry and film deposition can be combined to tailor the microstructure of thin oxide coatings. The chemical sensitivity and selectivity obtained with this class of coatings will be demonstrated using several examples: hydrous titanate ion exchange coatings, zeolite/silicate microcomposite coatings, and surface-modified silicate films.
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Sutti, Alessandra, Gianluca Calestani, Chiara Dionigi, Camilla Baratto, Matteo Ferroni, Guido Faglia, and Giorgio Sberveglieri. "Inverse Opal Nanoassemblies: Novel Architectures for Gas Sensors The SnO2:Zn Case." MRS Proceedings 915 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-0915-r07-06.
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AbstractA novel technique is here presented, based on inverse opal metal oxide structures for the production of high quality macro and meso-porous structures for gas sensing. Taking advantage of a sol-gel templated approach, different mixed semiconducting oxides with high surface area, commonly used in chemical sensing application, were synthesized. In this work we report the comparison between SnO2 and SnO2:Zn. As witnessed by Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy (SEM and TEM) analyses and by Powder x-ray Diffraction (PXRD), highly ordered meso-porous structures were formed with oxide crystalline size never exceeding 20 nm. The filled templates, in form of thick films, were bound to allumina substrate with Pt interdigitated contacts and Pt heater, through in situ calcination,in order to perform standard electrical characterization. Pollutant gases like CO and NO2 and methanol, as interfering gas, were used for the targeted electrical gas tests. All samples showed low detection limits towards both reducing and oxidizing species in low temperature measurements. Moreover, the addiction of high molar percentages of Zn(II) affected the behaviour of electrical response improving the selectivity of the proposed system.
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Sahm, Thorsten, Weizhi Rong, Nicolae Barsan, Lutz Mädler, Sheldon K. Friedlander, and Udo Weimar. "Formation of Highly Porous Gas-sensing Films by In-situ Thermophoretic Deposition of Nanoparticles from Aerosol Phase." MRS Proceedings 915 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-0915-r07-03.
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AbstractGas sensors based on tin dioxide nanoparticles show high sensitivity to reducing and oxidizing gases. Dry aerosol synthesis applying the flame spray pyrolysis was used for manufacture and directly (in-situ) deposit nanoparticles on sensor substrates. For the first time this technique has been used to synthesize a combination of two stacked porous layers for gas sensor fabrication. Compared to state-of-the-art techniques, aerosol technology provides a direct and versatile method to produce homogeneous nanoparticle films. Two different sensing layers were deposited directly on interdigital ceramic substrates. These porous bottom layers consisted either of pure tin dioxide or palladium doped tin dioxide. The top layer was a palladium doped alumina nanoparticle film which served as a chemical filter. The fabricated gas sensors were tested with methane, CO and ethanol. In case of CH4 detection, the pure tin dioxide sensor with the Pd/Al2O3 filter layer showed higher sensor signals and significantly improved analyte selectivity with respect to water vapor compared to single tin dioxide films. At temperatures up to 250°C the Pd-doping of the tin dioxide strongly increased the sensitivity to all gases. At higher temperatures the sensor signal significantly decreased for the Pd/SnO2 sensor with a Pd/Al2O3 filter on top indicating high catalytic activity.
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Benkstein, Kurt D., Christopher B. Montgomery, Mark D. Vaudin, and Steve Semancik. "The Development and Evaluation of TiO2 Nanoparticle Films for Conductometric Gas Sensing on MEMS Microhotplate Platforms." MRS Proceedings 828 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-828-a7.4.
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ABSTRACTOver the past decade, MEMS microhotplate devices have been developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology to support semiconductor metal oxide films for use in conductometric gas sensor arrays. In most cases, the materials have been based on compact thin films of SnO2 or TiO2 deposited by single-source precursor chemical vapor deposition. Of particular interest to our group is the enhancement of the sensitivity of the microsensors to trace gas species by inducing nanostructured porosity and large internal surface areas in the films. In this presentation, we discuss the development of nanostructured sensor materials based on porous TiO2 nanoparticle thin films. The preparation and evaluation of pure and Nb-doped TiO2 nanoparticle films are described. The films on the MEMS microhotplate substrates are evaluated as conductometric gas sensors based on the critical performance elements of sensitivity, stability, speed and selectivity. The sensor performance, and specifically the sensitivity, of the novel nanoparticle TiO2 films is compared with that of traditional compact CVD-derived films.
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Gole, James L., and Serdar Ozdemir. "Novel Concept for the Formation of Sensitive, Selective, Rapidly Responding Conductometric Sensors." MRS Proceedings 1253 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-1253-k07-05.
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AbstractRapidly responding, reversible, sensitive, and selective porous silicon-based (PS) gas sensors, operating at low power, are formed with a highly efficient electrical contact to a nanopore covered microporous array. Significant changes in sensor surface sensitivity can be correlated with the strong and weak acid-base (HSAB) character of the interacting gas analyte and the acidic nature of the PS surface so as to produce a dominant physisorption and create a range of highly selective surface coatings. This selection process dictates the application of nanostructured metal oxide and/or nanoparticle catalytic coatings, and provide for notably higher sensitivities which, in concert, form a basis for selectivity. Depositions which include AuxO, SnOx (Sn+2,+4) , CuxO ( Cu+1,+2), NiO(Ni+2) , nano-alumina, and titania, provide for the detection of gases including NO, NO2, CO, NH3, PH3, and H2S in an array-based format at the sub-ppm level. The value of this conductometric sensor technology results from a combination of (1) its sensitivity and short recovery time, (2) its operation at room temperature as well as at a single, readily accessible, temperature with an insensitivity to temperature drift, (3) its potential operation in a heat-sunk configuration allowing operation to a surface temperature of 80°C even in highly elevated temperature environments (in sharp contrast to metal oxide sensors), (4) its ease of coating with diversity of clearly mapped gas-selective materials for form sensor arrays, (5) its low cost of fabrication and operation, (6) its low power consumption, (7) its ease of rejuvenation following contamination, and (8) its ability to rapidly assess false positives using FFT techniques, operating the sensor in a pulsed gas mode.
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Shiu, Bing-Chiuan, Jia-Ci Jhang, Ting-Ting Li, Hao-kai Peng, Li-wei Wu, Ching-Wen Lou, and Jia-Horng Lin. "Using antibacterial fibers and metallic wires to make woven fabrics used as smart diapers." Journal of Industrial Textiles, June 14, 2020, 152808372093037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083720930378.
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Cloth diapers also known as eco-diapers, traditional sandwich-structured eco-diapers are composed of top and bottom layers that are made of cotton or polyester nonwoven fabrics. On account of the hydrophilic bottom layer, urine permeates when the water absorption reaches saturation. In this study, polypropylene is melt-blown into hydrophobic polypropylene nonwoven fabrics to be used as the top and bottom layer. Polypropylene is hydrophobic but after being fabricated into nonwoven fabrics, the porous structure enables the urine to leak to the absorbent interlayer of eco-diapers. Hence, the top layer of diaper does not contain urine, which makes smart diapers more comfortable than cloth diapers that are made of cotton or other moisture-absorbent materials. Moreover, the sensing mechanism via Bluetooth module can detect the water content of the interlayer with a view to improving the demerit of urine leakage. The interlayer is the sensing layer that has antibacterial function. Two types of antibacterial yarns are treated by zinc oxide and silver ions. The yarns are fabricated into antibacterial woven fabrics, after which the antibacterial properties of fabrics are investigated with quantitative and qualitative tests. Next, two parallel metallic wires are assembled in order to trigger short circuit when sensing moisture, thereby obtaining different electric resistance based on different moisture levels. Furthermore, the miniature senor can signify the cellular phones or buzzers when the two metallic wires generate electrical resistance due to the presence of urine. The metallic wires are silver-plated copper yarns, stainless steel fibers, and copper fibers, which possess different electric resistance for the corresponding miniature sensors. This study proposes an efficient manufacture of smart diapers that require only a combination of woven fabrics and two metallic wires to sense moisture, the design of which can be encompassed in diverse fields.