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1
Suslyanok, Georgiy, Tat'yana Auerman, and Tat'yana Generalova. Fundamentals of biochemistry. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1003787.
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The textbook contains basic information about the structure, properties and biological functions of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins. The most important ways of transformation of substances and energy in a living organism are considered. The information about the use of biochemical processes in the food industry is given.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For university students studying in the areas of training 19.03.01 "Biotechnology", 19.03.02 "Food products from plant raw materials", 19.03.04 "Product technology and catering organization", as well as for students studying in other areas of training, and graduate students.
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Nazarov, Vyacheslav, Roman Sandu, and Dmitriy Makarenkov. Technique and technology of combined processing of solid waste. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/996365.
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The educational manual provides information about industrial and domestic waste. The properties of the lithosphere and the soil components. The estimation of soil pollution by industrial and household waste. The peculiarities of classification of wastes and provides criteria for determining risk. Describe the General pattern of the combined methods of processing that use mechanical, physical, thermal and biothermal recycling processes. In detail the construction described granulating equipment, methods of intensification of processes, process flow sheets and engineering calculation methods. Special attention is given to the thermal methods of waste treatment, process lines, constructions of furnaces and reactors. On the basis of the system approach with use of data of environmental monitoring are considered the methodology for selecting the most available technology.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
Intended for independent work of undergraduates majoring in 20.04.01 "Technospheric safety" (master level), 20.03.01 "Technosphere safety" (bachelor level), 18.03.01 "Chemical technology" 18.03.02 "Energy and resource saving processes in chemical technology, petrochemistry and biotechnology". Can be useful for engineers and technicians of chemical industry and related industries.
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Delivering the Goods: Making the Most of North America's Evolving Oil Infrastructure. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2015.
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Eduardo Silva, Romero. Part II Investor-State Arbitration in the Energy Sector, 13 Energy Investor-State Disputes in Latin America. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198805786.003.0013.
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This chapter discusses the recent resurgence of ‘resource nationalism’ in the Latin American region. These include the shift in the political and economic control of the energy sector from foreign, private interests to domestic, state-controlled companies and the disputes this has triggered. After looking at the historical background of investor-state arbitration in Latin America, the chapter analyzes relevant strategies used by investors and states to defend their standpoint on resource nationalism. It also identifies which ones have proved most successful in relation to fiscal measures and nationalizations by certain Latin American states. The chapter also provides an assessment of corporate restructuring strategies used by foreign companies to challenge these types of resource nationalism measures.
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Anton, Asoskov. Part II Investor-State Arbitration in the Energy Sector, 12 Energy Investor-State Disputes in Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198805786.003.0012.
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This chapter looks at the most prominent cases under the Energy Charter Treat (ECT) involving the Russian Federation, and their fate in annulment actions before the Dutch courts. Recently, the ECT became the most discussed international instrument in Russia due to the large-scale arbitrations initiated by the former Yukos shareholders against the Russian Federation. The chapter also discusses the use of some lesser known multilateral investment treaties and analyzes their possible bases for arbitrating energy investment disputes involving the Russian Federation or other states from the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). It further describes recurrent issues and cases rendered on the basis of BITs signed by the Russian Federation, or specific legislation on the protection of investments existing in the Russian Federation and other CIS states. Finally, the chapter deals with the question as to what extent Russian state-entities may enter into individual investment agreements containing an arbitration clause.
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Danae, Azaria. Treaties on Transit of Energy via Pipelines and Countermeasures. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198717423.001.0001.
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This monograph examines the relationship between treaties providing for uninterrupted energy transit and countermeasures under the law of international responsibility. It analyses the obligations governing energy transit through pipelines in multilateral and bilateral treaties, looking at the WTO Agreement, the Energy Charter Treaty, and sixteen bespoke pipeline treaties. It argues that a number of transit obligations under these treaties are indivisible, reflecting the collective interests of states parties. The analysis is placed in the historical and normative landscape of freedom of transit in international law. After setting out the content and scope of obligations concerning transit of energy, it distinguishes countermeasures from treaty law responses, and examines the dispute settlement and compliance supervision provisions in these treaties. Building on these findings, the work discusses the availability and lawfulness of countermeasures as, on the one hand, a means of implementing the transit state’s responsibility for interruptions of energy transit via pipelines; and, on the other hand, circumstances that preclude the wrongfulness of the transit state’s interruptions of transit. The competing interests of the transit state and those of the states dependent on the pipeline make this question one of the most controversial aspects of modern international law.
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Omorogbe, Yinka, and Ada Okoye Ordor. Achieving Effective Law and Policy Frameworks for Access to Sustainable Energy in Africa— A Multidimensional Effort. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819837.003.0018.
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This chapter highlights some common themes which the editors see as significant research findings. The ubiquitous nature of energy is at once the most obvious and yet the most surprising realization. Not only are there clear linkages with water and renewable energy, but also with areas such as intellectual property and arbitration and, no doubt, the law in these areas can enhance or impede access. Access to energy so far falls short of the status of a realizable human right and this amounts to a denial of energy justice for affected persons. The lack of modern energy erodes and in some instances amounts to a denial of the rights of women, children, and the vulnerable. Electricity access has suffered, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa because of a combination of factors, chiefly the absence of legal provisions or failure to either reform or comply with legal provisions.
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Kaj, Hobér. Part II Investor-State Arbitration in the Energy Sector, 8 Overview of Energy Charter Treaty Cases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198805786.003.0008.
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This chapter analyzes rendered awards and pending Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) cases using detailed statistical data on the disputes overall (including the number of cases brought and their outcomes), the parties involved (including the types of investors making use of the ECT, and most frequent respondent states), the underlying investment (including the different energy sectors concerned), and the arbitration rules used. It also discusses a number of issues that often arise in ECT cases. First, the chapter looks at jurisdictional objections regularly raised by respondents, including the provisional application of the ECT under Article 45; the ‘denial of benefits’ clause of Article 17(1); and the definition of an ‘investment’ under Article 1(6). The chapter then analyzes selected merits issues that have been addressed in the ECT awards rendered to date. Finally, this chapter considers the future of the ECT.
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Baer, Tomas, and William L. Hase. Unimolecular Reaction Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195074949.001.0001.
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This book provides a penetrating and comprehensive description of energy selected reactions from a theoretical as well as experimental view. Three major aspects of unimolecular reactions involving the preparation of the reactants in selected energy states, the rate of dissociation of the activated molecule, and the partitioning of the excess energy among the final products, are fully discussed with the aid of 175 illustrations and over 1,000 references, most from the recent literature. Examples of both neutral and ionic reactions are presented. Many of the difficult topics are discussed at several levels of sophistication to allow access by novices as well as experts. Among the topics covered for the first time in monograph form is a discussion of highly excited vibrational/rotational states and intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution. Problems associated with the application of RRKM theory are discussed with the aid of experimental examples. Detailed comparisons are also made between different statistical models of unimolecular decomposition. Both quantum and classical models not based on statistical assumptions are described. Finally, a chapter devoted to the theory of product energy distribution includes the application of phase space theory to the dissociation of small and large clusters. The work will be welcomed as a valuable resource by practicing researchers and graduate students in physical chemistry, and those involved in the study of chemical reaction dynamics.
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Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. Comparing the Four Main Cases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0009.
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No two system leaders were identical in their claims to being the most innovative states in their respective zones, eras, and periods of leadership. Nonetheless, three general categories emerge: maritime commercial leadership, a pushing of agrarian boundaries, and sustained industrial economic growth. Those that made breakthroughs in the latter category, of course, redefined the modern world. Frontiers were critically important in all four cases of system leadership (China, the Netherlands, Britain, and the United States), but not exactly in the same way. Major improvements in transportation/communication facilitated economic growth by making interactions more feasible and less expensive, although the importance of trade varied considerably. Expanding populations were a hallmark of all four cases, even if the scale of increase varied. Population growth and urbanization forced agriculture to become more efficient and provided labor for nonagricultural pursuits. Urban demands stimulated regional specialization, technological innovation, and energy intensification, expanding the size of domestic markets and contributing to scalar increases in production. Just how large those scalar increases were depended on the interactions among technological innovation, power-driven machinery, and energy transition. Yet no single change led automatically to technological leadership. While lead status was never gained by default, it helped to have few rivals. As more serious rivals emerged, technological leaderships became harder to maintain.
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Davies, John K. State Formation in Early Iron Age Greece. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817192.003.0002.
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This chapter attempts to delve into the prehistory of the Greek citizen-state, in order to identify the sources of human energy and experience that contributed most to shape that institution as a complex construct. Using two early literary portrayals as initial signposts, it lists the six principal inputs of force and energy as those exerted by the exceptional individual, by population, by the natural environment, by ideas of the supernatural, by the availability of convertible resources, and by memory, imagination, and a sense of identity. Each is explored at some length, though a final emphasis is laid on a 400-year absence of invasion.
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Selvage, Douglas. The Truth About Friendship Treaties: Behind The Iron Curtain. Edited by Dan Stone. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199560981.013.0016.
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The basic, legal building blocks for the Soviet sphere of influence during the Cold War were the bilateral ‘Treaties of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance’ between the states of East Central Europe and the Soviet Union. Germany was the main potential enemy, but the treaties also applied to any state allied with it or any third state in general – most importantly, the United States. This article traces the evolution of the East Central European states' limited sovereignty from the origins of the friendship-treaty system during World War II through to its final reformulation in the mid-1970s. In terms of the Soviet bloc friendship treaties, one can speak of three periodsm the first of which began with the establishment of the system of friendship treaties under Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, 1943–1948, and ended with his death in 1953. A second period began after Stalin's death in 1953 and the eventual assumption of power by Soviet leader Nikita S. Khrushchev, whose removal ushered in a third and final period for the friendship-treaty system under his successor, Leonid Brezhnev.
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Thompson, William R. American Global Pre-Eminence. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197534663.001.0001.
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Most discussions of US decline in global politics couch their arguments and evidence in the most contemporary context. But US systemic leadership is not entirely novel. The United States follows a global lineage that has been emerging and evolving for centuries. From this perspective, systemic leadership is based not so much on executive personality, clever diplomacy, or randomness as it is on a pecking order established by leads in technological innovation, energy, and global reach. When these leads falter, the ability to engage in systemic leadership becomes more difficult, regardless of whoever occupies the American presidency. The context that facilitates systemic leadership does not determine what chief executives will attempt to do, but it does play an important facilitative or non-facilitative role. Similarly, the people who compete for and win the presidency reflect that systemic and sub-systemic (domestic politics) context. Thus, the interactions among global and domestic contexts and politicians are more complex and yet more shaped by long-term history than is commonly accepted. The ultimate irony is that as it becomes clearer how these variables interact, the possibility that the processes are undergoing fundamental transformation cannot be ruled out. The real policy question is not whether the United States is ahead or behind China but, rather, will it be possible for a single state to lead the global system as in the past? As technological innovation, energy consumption, and global reach capability become less concentrated, the prospects for systemic leadership shrink—even as global problems become more complex and acute.
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Miller, Kenneth P. Texas vs. California. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190077365.001.0001.
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Texas and California are the leaders of red and blue America. As the nation has polarized, its most populous and economically powerful states have taken charge of the opposing camps. These states now advance sharply contrasting political and policy agendas and view themselves as competitors for control of the nation’s future. This book provides a detailed account of the rivalry’s emergence, present state, and possible future. First, it explores why, despite their many similarities, the two states have become so deeply divided. The explanations focus on critical differences in the state’s origins as well as in their later demographic, economic, cultural, and political development. Second, the book analyzes how the two states have translated their competing visions into policy. It describes how Texas and California have constructed opposing, comprehensive policy models—one conservative, the other progressive. It describes how these models operate and how they have produced widely different outputs in a range of domestic policy areas. In separate chapters, the book highlights the states’ contrasting policies in five areas: tax, labor, energy and environment, poverty, and social issues. It also shows how Texas and California have led the red and blue state blocs in seeking to influence federal policy in these and other areas. Finally, the book assesses the two models’ strengths, vulnerabilities, and potential futures, providing a balanced analysis of their competing visions.
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Dubash, Navroz K., Sunila S. Kale, and Ranjit Bharvirkar, eds. Mapping Power. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199487820.001.0001.
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Electricity is critical to enabling India’s economic growth and providing a better future for its citizens. In spite of several decades of reform, the Indian electricity sector is unable to provide high-quality and affordable electricity for all, and grapples with the challenge of poor financial and operational performance. To understand why, Mapping Power provides the most comprehensive analysis of the political economy of electricity in India’s states. With chapters on fifteen states by scholars of state politics and electricity, this volume maps the political and economic forces that constrain and shape decisions in electricity distribute on. Contrary to conventional wisdom, it concludes that attempts to depoliticize the sector are misplaced and could worsen outcomes. Instead, it suggests that a historically grounded political economy analysis helps understand the past and devise reforms to simultaneously improve sectoral outcomes and generate political rewards. These arguments have implications for the challenges facing India’s electricity future, including providing electricity to all, implementing government reform schemes, and successfully managing the rise of renewable energy.
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Hamblin, Jacob Darwin. The Wretched Atom. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197526903.001.0001.
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After the Second World War, the United States offered a new kind of atom that differed from the bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This atom would cure diseases, produce new foods, make deserts bloom, and provide abundant energy for all. It was an atom destined for the formerly colonized, recently occupied, and mostly non-white parts of the world that were dubbed the “wretched of the earth” by Frantz Fanon. The “peaceful atom” had so much propaganda potential that President Dwight Eisenhower used it to distract the world from his plan to test even bigger thermonuclear weapons. His scientists said the peaceful atom would quicken the pulse of nature, speeding nations along the path of economic development and helping them to escape the clutches of disease, famine, and energy shortfalls. That promise became one of the most misunderstood political weapons of the twentieth century. It was adopted by every subsequent US president to exert leverage over other nations’ weapons programs, to corner world markets of uranium and thorium, and to secure petroleum supplies. Other countries embraced it, building reactors and training experts. Atomic promises were embedded in Japan’s postwar recovery, Ghana’s pan-Africanism, Israel’s quest for survival, Pakistan’s brinksmanship with India, and Iran’s pursuit of nuclear independence. As The Wretched Atom shows, promoting civilian atomic energy was an immense gamble, and it was never truly peaceful. American promises ended up exporting violence and peace in equal measure. While the United States promised peace and plenty, it planted the seeds of dependency and set in motion the creation of today’s expanded nuclear club.
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Eland, John H. D., and Raimund Feifel. Diatomic molecules. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788980.003.0003.
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Double ionisation of most of the experimentally accessible diatomic molecules has been studied previously by several techniques, including Auger spectroscopy, double electron transfer, kinetic energy release, and high-level theory. New double photoionisation spectra of HBr, HI, N2, CO, NO, O2, Br2, ICl, and I2 are presented here with analysis to identify the electronic states of the doubly charged ions. A simple empirical model is introduced to estimate double ionisation energies on the basis of orbital energies. For CO, NO, and O2, an indirect double ionisation mechanism is found, involving dissociation of a singly charged molecular ion followed by atomic autoionisation of one fragment. Energies of the dication states are listed with distinction between adiabatic and vertical values.
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Crawford, Neta C. The Pentagon, Climate Change, and War. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14617.001.0001.
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How the Pentagon became the world's largest single greenhouse gas emitter and why it's not too late to break the link between national security and fossil fuel consumption. The military has for years (unlike many politicians) acknowledged that climate change is real, creating conditions so extreme that some military officials fear future climate wars. At the same time, the U.S. Department of Defense—military forces and DOD agencies—is the largest single energy consumer in the United States and the world's largest institutional greenhouse gas emitter. In this eye-opening book, Neta Crawford traces the U.S. military's growing consumption of energy and calls for a reconceptualization of foreign policy and military doctrine. Only such a rethinking, she argues, will break the link between national security and fossil fuels. The Pentagon, Climate Change, and War shows how the U.S. economy and military together have created a deep and long-term cycle of economic growth, fossil fuel use, and dependency. This cycle has shaped U.S. military doctrine and, over the past fifty years, has driven the mission to protect access to Persian Gulf oil. Crawford shows that even as the U.S. military acknowledged and adapted to human-caused climate change, it resisted reporting its own greenhouse gas emissions. Examining the idea of climate change as a “threat multiplier” in national security, she argues that the United States faces more risk from climate change than from lost access to Persian Gulf oil—or from most military conflicts. The most effective way to cut military emissions, Crawford suggests provocatively, is to rethink U.S. grand strategy, which would enable the United States to reduce the size and operations of the military.
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Fiorino, Daniel J. Ecology and Economy: Partners or Antagonists? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190605803.003.0003.
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Ecological policy and politics in the United States and most other countries has turned on the almost inevitable conflicts between ecological and economic goals. US policy recognized this in defining policy as a process of minimizing negatives: of limiting ecological harm while also controlling for pollution and other effects of growth. Instead, policy choices should be built on a green growth strategy—of maximizing the opportunities for positive relationships. This goal is supported by evidence. Ecological policies in the United States have had limited adverse effects on economic growth and competitiveness; at the same time, strategies built on such concepts as clean energy and green infrastructure define options for positive-sum solutions. Evidence of both ecological and social costs of unguided economic growth, as well as the realities of American politics, makes a compelling case for a green growth framing.
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Kaj, Hobér, and Eliasson Nils. Part VI The Post-Award Phase, 28 Review of non-ICSID Awards by National Courts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0028.
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In investment arbitration, just as in private commercial, the final award is often merely the starting shot for challenge and/or enforcement proceedings that may take as long as, or even longer than, the prior proceedings. This chapter discusses the challenge and review of investment treaty awards in municipal courts, based on 38 cases from 12 different jurisdictions: Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, England, France, Germany, The Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Singapore, and the United States. Most Canadian and US cases challenge NAFTA awards, whereas most European cases challenge bilateral investment treaty awards. The remaining cases challenge awards under the Energy Charter Treaty, one challenge of a decision on jurisdiction under the Kyrgyz Foreign Investment Law, and two challenges of awards under the CIS Convention for the Protection of Investors Rights. These jurisdictions are frequently chosen as the seat of non-ICSID arbitrations.
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Snyder, C. R., Kevin L. Rand, and David R. Sigmon. Hope Theory. Edited by Matthew W. Gallagher and Shane J. Lopez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.3.
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This chapter provides a conceptual introduction to and overview of Snyder’s hope theory. Hope is defined as “a positive motivational state that is based on an interactively derived sense of successful (a) agency (goal-directed energy) and (b) pathways (planning to meet goals)”. The interactions among the goals, agency, and pathways components of hope theory are identified as well as the role of emotions in hope theory and how hope motivates behavior in the face of obstacles. A brief overview of the two most widely used measures of hope (the trait hope scale and the state hope scale) is provided. The conceptual differences between hope theory and related positive psychology theories such as optimism and self-efficacy are identified. Finally, the role of hope in promoting positive functioning in academics, coping with stress, psychotherapy, and other life contexts is reviewed.
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Dörmann, Knut. Unlawful Combatants. Edited by Andrew Clapham and Paola Gaeta. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199559695.003.0024.
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The legal situation of ‘unlawful combatants’ has been one of the most contentious issues in international humanitarian law. It has been addressed in some detail in legal writings following the adoption of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and then before the 1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions were adopted. The United States-led military campaign in Afghanistan, which started in 2001, revived the debate. This chapter examines the debate concerning the legal framework applicable to the possible detainability and targetability of ‘unlawful combatants’. It first considers ‘unlawful combatants’ in the hands of the enemy within the framework of international and non-international armed conflicts. It then discusses the penal prosecution of ‘unlawful combatants’ as well as their status under the rules of the conduct of hostilities. The chapter concludes by looking at the practice in Israel and the United States, the former in reference to the incarceration of unlawful combatants and the latter with respect to the fight against terrorism.
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Axworthy, Michael. Iran. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190232955.001.0001.
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Since the beginning of recorded history, Iran/Persia has been one of the most important world civilizations. Iran remains a distinct civilization today despite its status as a major Islamic state with broad regional influence and its deep integration into the global economy through its vast energy reserves. Yet the close attention paid to Iran in recent decades stems from the impact of the 1979 revolution, which unleashed ideological shock waves throughout the Middle East that reverberate to this day. Many observers look at Iran through the prism of the Islamic Republic's adversarial relationship with the US, Israel, and Sunni nations in its region, yet as Michael Axworthy shows in Iran: What Everyone Needs to Know, there is much more to contemporary Iran than its fraught and complicated foreign relations. He begins with a concise account of Iranian history from ancient times to the late twentieth century, following that with sharp summaries of the key events since the1979 revolution. The final section of the book focuses on Iran today--its culture, economy, politics, and people--and assesses the challenges that the nation will face in coming years. Iran will be an essential overview of a complex and important nation that has occupied world headlines for nearly four decades.
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Baracos, Vickie E., Sharon M. Watanabe, and Kenneth C. H. Fearon. Aetiology, classification, assessment, and treatment of the anorexia-cachexia syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0205.
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Anorexia-cachexia is a heterogeneous and multifactorial syndrome most likely driven by systemic inflammation and neuroendocrine activation. Key diagnostic features include reduced appetite, weight loss, and muscle wasting. Key clinical problems include management of anorexia without resort to artificial nutritional support, and muscle wasting that cannot be completely arrested/reversed even with such intervention. Assessment should cover domains such as body stores of energy and protein, food intake, performance status, and factors resulting in excess catabolism. Intervention should be early rather than late, informed by the assessment process and focused on a multimodal approach (nutrition, exercise, and pharmacological agents). This chapter aims to discuss these issues and provide (a) the reader with some background principles to classification, (b) a simple approach to patient assessment and a robust algorithm for basic multimodal treatment, and (c) an overview of the evidence base for different pharmacological interventions.
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Burns, Charlotte, Paul Tobin, and Sebastian Sewerin, eds. The Impact of the Economic Crisis on European Environmental Policy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826958.001.0001.
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The European Union (EU) has sought to establish itself as a global environmental leader. However, from 2007–8 onwards, the combined effects of the economic and financial crisis led some to question whether the EU would continue to adopt ambitious environmental policy. This volume brings together leading scholars from across Europe to analyse the impacts of the crisis upon environmental policy in the EU and its member states. The authors analyse policy decisions in fourteen countries to determine whether environmental policy has been dismantled, expanded, or has stayed the same. If policy has been dismantled, contributors identify the kind of dismantling strategy adopted, and at what levels change has occurred. A new measurement approach, the Index of Policy Activity (IPA) is applied systematically across the cases, offering a comprehensive reference framework for both quantitative and qualitative analysis. A wide range of policy areas, from climate change to biodiversity, are examined and non-European cases are also included to provide a counterpoint for comparison. The book finds that, while the EU has not actively dismantled environmental policy, its economic policies have had negative effects upon some Member States, prompting policy dismantling in places. Climate and energy policies have seen some policy expansion, but there are examples, most notably the UK, where there has also been active policy dismantling. The main trend is one of stasis— environmental policy in Europe has plateaued, calling into question Europe’s much-vaunted environmental leadership. The book contributes to scholarship on environmental policy and public administration, combining empirical and methodological insights to give an up-to-date perspective on the impact of crisis upon European environmental policy.
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Kuo, Raymond C. Following the Leader. Stanford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503628434.001.0001.
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Nations have powerful reasons to get their military alliances right. When security pacts go well, they underpin regional and global order; when they fail, they spread wars across continents as states are dragged into conflict. We would, therefore, expect states to carefully tailor their military partnerships to specific conditions. This expectation, Raymond C. Kuo argues, is wrong. Following the Leader argues that most countries ignore their individual security interests in military pacts, instead converging on a single, dominant alliance strategy. The book introduces a new social theory of strategic diffusion and emulation, using case studies and advanced statistical analysis of alliances from 1815 to 2003. In the wake of each major war that shatters the international system, a new hegemon creates a core military partnership to target its greatest enemy. Secondary and peripheral countries rush to emulate this alliance, illustrating their credibility and prestige by mimicking the dominant form. Be it the NATO model that seems so commonsense today, or the realpolitik that reigned in Europe of the late nineteenth century, a lone alliance strategy has defined broad swaths of diplomatic history. It is not states' own security interests driving this phenomenon, Kuo shows, but their jockeying for status in a world periodically remade by great powers.
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Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann, Anna D. Epilogue. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039096.003.0010.
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This epilogue comments on the changes within the Polish American community and the Polish-language press during the most recent decades, including the impact of the Internet and social media on the practice of letter-writing. It also poses questions about the legacy and memory of Paryski in Toledo, Ohio, and in Polonia scholarship. Paryski's life and career were based on his intelligence, determination, and energy. He believed that Poles in the United States, as in Poland, must benefit from education, and that education was not necessarily the same as formal schooling. Anybody could embark on the path to self-improvement if they read and wrote. Long before the Internet changed the way we communicate, Paryski and other ethnic editors effectively adopted and practiced the concept of debate within the public sphere in the media. Ameryka-Echo's “Corner for Everybody” was an embodiment of this concept and allowed all to express themselves in their own language and to write what was on their minds.
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Smiley, Will. Negotiating the Prisoner-of-War System. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785415.003.0007.
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This chapter examines how prisoners of war in Ottoman hands attempted to work with, around, or against the Ottoman state to improve their conditions in the 1768–74, 1787–92, and 1806–12 Russo–Ottoman wars. It argues that in the process they revealed, and defined, the legal limits and the principles of Ottoman captivity. Many of these factors were the same as those that governed captives’ fates under the Law of Release. The claims considered include officers’ privileges; claims under the European Law of Nations; work in or out of the Arsenal; religion (both converts and Muslims by birth); refusal to work through a strike; and release at war’s end. In the end, what proved most important was the Ottoman state’s need for skilled labor; the pressure of reciprocity with enemy states; claims of Russian subjecthood; and religious identity or conversion. Claims under the Law of Nations were unavailing.
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Markey, Daniel S. China's Western Horizon. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680190.001.0001.
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This book explains how China’s new foreign policies like the vaunted “Belt and Road” Initiative are being shaped by local and regional politics outside China and assesses the political implications of these developments for Eurasia and the United States. It depicts the ways that President Xi Jinping’s China is zealously transforming its national wealth and economic power into tools of global political influence and details these developments in South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East. Drawing from extensive interviews, travels, and historical research, it describes how perceptions of China vary widely within states like Pakistan, Kazakhstan, and Iran. Eurasia’s powerful and privileged groups often expect to profit from their connections to China, while others fear commercial and political losses. Similarly, statesmen across Eurasia are scrambling to harness China’s energy purchases, arms sales, and infrastructure investments as a means to outdo their strategic competitors, like India and Saudi Arabia, while negotiating relations with Russia and America. The book finds that, on balance, China’s deepening involvement will play to the advantage of regional strongmen and exacerbate the political tensions within and among Eurasian states. To make the most of America’s limited influence along China’s western horizon (and elsewhere), it argues that US policymakers should pursue a selective and localized strategy to serve America’s aims in Eurasia and to better compete with China over the long run.
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Trentmann, Frank. Introduction. Edited by Frank Trentmann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561216.013.0001.
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This volume follows several of the most exciting recent pathways into consumption and its history, re-examines old debates, and looks ahead to questions for future research. It looks at several rich traditions of material culture that existed prior to modernity with which consumer society is often conflated. The book examines the public as well as private face of consumption, in relation to public life and social order as well as the organization of households and social groups. It also discusses the movement of goods between societies, along with questions of global exchange and diffusion in the early modern world. The book then explores luxury and necessity, the luxury wars, patterns of possessions and diet in town and country, changes in the standard of living, the life cycle of consumption from the desire to consume in the future (saving), the use of energy to be comfortable and run things, and the politics of consumption. Finally, it considers the relationship between consumers and civil society, status, family life, generational identities, fashion, and well-being.
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Thompson, Lonnie G., and Alan L. Kolata. Twelfth Century AD. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.003.0008.
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Climate is a fundamental and independent variable of human existence. Given that 50 percent of the Earth’s surface and much of its population exist between 30oN and 30oS, paleoenvironmental research in the Earth’s tropical regions is vital to our understanding of the world’s current and past climate change. Most of the solar energy that drives the climate system is absorbed in these regions. Paleoclimate records reveal that tropical processes, such as variations in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), have affected the climate over much of the planet. Climatic variations, particularly in precipitation and temperature, play a critical role in the adaptations of agrarian cultures located in zones of environmental sensitivity, such as those of the coastal deserts, highlands, and altiplano of the Andean region. Paleoclimate records from the Quelccaya ice cap (5670 masl) in highland Peru that extend back ~1800 years show good correlation between precipitation and the rise and fall of pre-Hispanic civilizations in western Peru and Bolivia. Sediment cores extracted from Lake Titicaca provide independent evidence of this correspondence with particular reference to the history of the pre-Hispanic Tiwanaku state centered in the Andean altiplano. Here we explore, in particular, the impacts of climate change on the development and ultimate dissolution of this altiplano state.
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Antonio R, Parra. 11 “The Premier International Investment Arbitration Facility in the World”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198767466.003.0011.
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This chapter examines activities of the Centre from the start of 2011 to the end of June 2015. Almost 50 percent more cases were registered at ICSID in that period compared to the previous five years. The chapter provides some statistics on the cases of this period. As in the decade before, it shows, most the cases were brought to ICSID on the basis of the dispute settlement provisions of investment treaties, mostly bilateral investment treaties (BITs) (in over 60 percent of the cases). A large proportion of the cases (more than ten percent) came to ICSID under the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT). Cases submitted to the Centre pursuant to the dispute resolution clauses of investment contracts made up for a smaller share of the total. A handful (5 percent) of the cases were initiated under dispute settlement provisions of an investment law of the host State. The chapter then looks at institutional developments of ICSID during the period and considers new challenges that ICSID might meet in the future.
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Cohen, Amichai, and David Zlotogorski. Proportionality in International Humanitarian Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197556726.001.0001.
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The principle of proportionality is one of the cornerstones of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Almost all states involved in armed conflicts recognize that it is prohibited to launch an attack that is expected to cause incidental harm to civilians that exceeds the direct military advantage anticipated from the attack. This prohibition is included in military manuals, taught in professional courses, and accepted as almost axiomatic. And yet, the exact meaning of this principle is vague. Almost every issue is in dispute—from the most elementary question of how to compare civilian harm and military advantage, to the possible obligation to employ accurate but expensive weapons. Controversy is especially rife regarding asymmetrical conflicts, in which many modern democracies are involved. How exactly should proportionality be implemented when the enemy is not an army, but a non-state actor embedded within a civilian population? What does it mean to use precautions in attack, when almost every attack is directed at objects that are used for both military and civilian purposes?
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Gurgenidze, Davit, and Givi Gavardashvili. Fundamentals of The Ecological-Economic Theory of Integrated Natural Resource Management. Georgian Technical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36073/978-9941-28-869-2.
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The main effective indicator of the use of natural resources is the natural capacity, which is determined by the volume of natural resources used and the final products. There are two types (levels) of natural capacity: Macro level - the level of the whole economy and the level of productivity. It is argued that the measurement of the rate of naturalness in dynamics may become one of the main criteria for the transition to solid development. We can distinguish three mechanisms for the implementation of environmental-economic policies: direct regulation (state influence); Economic stimulus (market mechanisms); Mixed mechanisms. The experience of the world in 2010-2020 shows that it is impossible to solve environmental problems only through state intervention or market mechanisms. There are "principal" reasons for the failure of the market mechanism (external, low prices, etc.) and the ineffectiveness of state influence (subsidies, taxes, etc.) in the areas of environmental protection and use of natural resources. In this regard, a mixed mechanism is most acceptable, which allows the implementation of environmental-economic policies, etc., using state influence and market mechanisms. In view of all the above, the monograph "Fundamentals of the Ecological-Economic Theory of Integrated Natural Resource Management" discusses the necessary and necessary theoretical-practical issues, which knowledge will help PhD students, masters and researchers interested in the field of ecology and economics to take an active part in solving the tasks required for the safe operation of Georgia's energy and transport corridors at the modern level.
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Laursen, Finn, ed. The Oxford Encyclopedia of European Union Politics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780190856427.001.0001.
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This encyclopedia offers the most comprehensive and up-to-date resource on the European integration process. Under the editorial directorship of Finn Laursen and associate editors Derek Beach, Roberto Domínguez, Sung-Hoon Park, Sophie Vanhoonacker, and Amy Verdun, the publication brings together peer-reviewed contributions by leading researchers on the European Union as a global actor. Topics include the basic treaties, institutions and policies of the European Union and the previous European Communities, the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community, and the European Atomic Energy Community. It also includes articles on the various conceptual frameworks and theories that have been developed by political scientists to guide research into the integration process and the policy- and decision-making processes with a focus on the roles of the different institutions, the European Council, the European Commission, the European Parliament, and the Court of Justice of the EU. Additionally, the publication includes articles on the member states as well as external relations and foreign policies of the EU. As a result, the Oxford Encyclopedia of European Union Politics is a vital resource for students, scholars, and policymakers.
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Mazer, Sharon. Professional Wrestling. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496826862.001.0001.
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Professional wrestling is one of the most popular performance practices in the United States and around the world, drawing millions of spectators to live events and televised broadcasts. The displays of violence, simulated and actual, may be the obvious appeal, but that is just the beginning. Fans debate performance choices with as much energy as they argue about their favorite wrestlers. The ongoing scenarios and presentations of manly and not so-manly characters—from the flamboyantly feminine to the hypermasculine—simultaneously celebrate and critique, parody and affirm, the American dream and the masculine ideal. Sharon Mazer looks at the world of professional wrestling from a fan’s-eye-view high in the stands and from ringside in the wrestlers’ gym. She investigates how performances are constructed and sold to spectators, both on a local level and in the “big leagues” of the WWF/E. She shares a close-up view of a group of wrestlers as they work out, get their faces pushed to the mat as part of their initiation into the fraternity of the ring, and dream of stardom. In later chapters, Mazer explores professional wrestling’s carnivalesque presentation of masculinities ranging from the cute to the brute, as well as the way in which the performances of women wrestlers often enter into the realm of pornographic. Finally, she explores the question of the “real” and the “fake” as the fans themselves confront it. First published in 1998, this new edition of Professional Wrestling: Sport and Spectacle both preserves the original’s snapshot of the wrestling scene of the 1980s and 1990s and features an up-to-date perspective on the current state of play.
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Vogel, David. California Greenin'. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691196176.001.0001.
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Over the course of its 150-year history, California has successfully protected its scenic wilderness areas, restricted coastal oil drilling, regulated automobile emissions, preserved coastal access, improved energy efficiency, and, most recently, addressed global climate change. How has this state, more than any other, enacted so many innovative and stringent environmental regulations over such a long period of time? This book shows why the Golden State has been at the forefront in setting new environmental standards, often leading the rest of the nation. From the establishment of Yosemite, America's first protected wilderness, and the prohibition of dumping gold-mining debris in the nineteenth century to sweeping climate-change legislation in the twenty-first, the book traces California's remarkable environmental policy trajectory. It explains that this pathbreaking role developed because California had more to lose from environmental deterioration and more to gain from preserving its stunning natural geography. As a result, citizens and civic groups effectively mobilized to protect and restore their state's natural beauty and, importantly, were often backed both by business interests and by strong regulatory authorities. Business support for environmental regulation in California reveals that strict standards are not only compatible with economic growth but can also contribute to it. The book also examines areas where California has fallen short, particularly in water management and the state's dependence on automobile transportation.
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Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. Denouement: World Politics, Systemic Leadership, and Climate Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0013.
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In this final chapter, we conclude by recapitulating our argument and evidence. One goal of this work has been to improve our understanding of the patterns underlying the evolution of world politics over the past one thousand years. How did we get to where we are now? Where and when did the “modern” world begin? How did we shift from a primarily agrarian economy to a primarily industrial one? How did these changes shape world politics? A related goal was to examine more closely the factors that led to the most serious attempts by states to break free of agrarian constraints. We developed an interactive model of the factors that we thought were most likely to be significant. Finally, a third goal was to examine the linkages between the systemic leadership that emerged from these historical processes and the global warming crisis of the twenty-first century. Climate change means that the traditional energy platforms for system leadership—coal, petroleum, and natural gas—have become counterproductive. The ultimate irony is that we thought that the harnessing of carbon fuels made us invulnerable to climate fluctuations, while the exact opposite turns out to be true. The more carbon fuels are consumed, the greater the damage done to the atmosphere. In many respects, the competition for systemic leadership generated this problem. Yet it is unclear whether systemic leadership will be up to the task of resolving it.
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Zangwill, Andrew. A Mind Over Matter. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198869108.001.0001.
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Philip W. Anderson (1923–2020) is widely regarded as one of the most accomplished and influential physicists of the second half of the twentieth century. Educated at Harvard, he served during World War II as a radar engineer, and began a thirty-five year career at Bell Laboratories in 1949. He was soon recognized as one of the pre-eminent theoretical physicists in the world, specializing in understanding the collective behavior of the vast number of atoms and electrons in a sample of solid matter. He won a one-third share of the 1977 Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of a phenomenon common to all waves in disordered matter called Anderson localization and the development of the Anderson impurity model to study magnetism. At Cambridge and Princeton Universities, Anderson led the way in transforming solid-state physics into the deep, subtle, and coherent discipline known today as condensed matter physics. He developed the concepts of broken symmetry and emergence and championed the concept of complexity as an organizing principle to attack difficult problems inside and outside physics. In 1971, Anderson was the first scientist to challenge the claim of high-energy particle physicists that their work was the most deserving of federal funding. Later, he testified before Congress opposing the Superconducting Super Collider particle accelerator. Anderson was a dominant figure in his field for almost fifty years. At an age when most scientists think about retirement, he made a brilliant contribution to many-electron theory and applied it to a novel class of high-temperature superconductors.
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Silberstein, Michael, W. M. Stuckey, and Timothy McDevitt. Beyond the Dynamical Universe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807087.001.0001.
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Theoretical physics and foundations of physics have not made much progress in the last few decades. There is no consensus among researchers on how to approach unifying general relativity and quantum field theory (quantum gravity), explaining so-called dark energy and dark matter (cosmology), or the interpretation and implications of quantum mechanics and relativity. In addition, both fields are deeply puzzled about various facets of time including, above all, time as experienced. This book argues that this impasse is the result of the “dynamical universe paradigm,” the idea that reality fundamentally comprises physical entities that evolve in time from some initial state according to dynamical laws. Thus, in the dynamical universe, the initial conditions plus the dynamical laws explain everything else going exclusively forward in time. In cosmology, for example, the initial conditions reside in the Big Bang and the dynamical law is supplied by general relativity. Accordingly, the present state of the universe is explained exclusively by its past. A completely new paradigm (called Relational Blockworld) is offered here whereby the past, present, and future co-determine each other via “adynamical global constraints,” such as the least action principle. Accordingly, the future is just as important for explaining the present as the past is. Most of the book is devoted to showing how Relational Blockworld resolves many of the current conundrums of both theoretical physics and foundations of physics, including the mystery of time as experienced and how that experience relates to the block universe.
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Suprun, Sergey P., Anatoly P. Suprun, and Victor F. Petrenko. Schrödinger's Cat Smile. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97898150496641220201.
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The book presents a multidisciplinary analysis of the context of quantum physics experiments and the function of the human mind that makes it possible to demonstrate that an object-based model of reality formed at the level of the unconscious is the basis of our worldview. The consciousness experiences a time flow because of the specific features of perception in the form of a model with a sequential fixation of events. Together with the need to relate objects in terms of the model, this generates a space-time representation of the world around us. Acceptance of a mental character of our construct of reality allows for resolution of the problems in quantum physics and its paradoxes, thereby opening the way to an insight into reality. The presented material is organized in a specific order to facilitate the reader`s understanding. First, the fact that if there are no objects in the area of quantum mechanics, then they belong to the corresponding model rather than the reality is proved by case studies of the most discussed and relevant paradoxes of quantum physics. The authors consider a topological variant in constructing an object-based space that describes the physical properties of an object that are the most verified in science and describable with mathematical relations. The functionality of the proposed construct is tested by deriving the laws of conservation of energy and momentum in a relativistic form. The book is oriented towards experts in physics and psychology, advanced students, and readers interested in state-of-the-art science and the philosophy connected to it.
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Snodgrass, Jennifer. Teaching Music Theory. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879945.001.0001.
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Many innovative approaches to teaching are being used around the country, and there is an exciting energy about the scholarship of teaching and learning. But what is happening in the most effective music theory and aural skills classrooms? Based on 3 years of field study spanning 17 states, coupled with reflections from the author’s own teaching strategies, Teaching Music Theory: New Voices and Approaches highlights teaching approaches with substantial real-life examples from instructors across the country. The main premise of the text focuses on the question of “why.” Why do we assess in a particular way? Why are our curricula designed in a certain manner? Why should students master aural skills for their career as a performer, music educator, or music therapist? It is through the experiences shared in the text that many of these questions of “why” are answered. Along with answering some of the important questions of “why,” the book emphasizes topics such as classroom environment, undergraduate research and mentoring, assessment, and approaches to curriculum development. Teaching Music Theory: New Voices and Approaches is written in a conversational tone to provide a starting point of dialogue for students, new faculty members, and seasoned educators on any level. The pedagogical trends presented in this book provide a greater appreciation of outstanding teaching and thus an understanding of successful approaches in the classroom.
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Pomfret, Richard. The Central Asian Economies in the Twenty-First Century. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691182216.001.0001.
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This book analyzes the Central Asian economies of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, from their buffeting by the commodity boom of the early 2000s to its collapse in 2014. The book examines the countries' relations with external powers and the possibilities for development offered by infrastructure projects as well as rail links between China and Europe. The transition of these nations from centrally planned to market-based economic systems was essentially complete by the early 2000s, when the region experienced a massive increase in world prices for energy and mineral exports. This raised incomes in the main oil and gas exporters, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan; brought more benefits to the most populous country, Uzbekistan; and left the poorest countries, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, dependent on remittances from migrant workers in oil-rich Russia and Kazakhstan. The book considers the enhanced role of the Central Asian nations in the global economy and their varied ties to China, the European Union, Russia, and the United States. With improved infrastructure and connectivity between China and Europe (reflected in regular rail freight services since 2011 and China's announcement of its Belt and Road Initiative in 2013), relaxation of UN sanctions against Iran in 2016, and the change in Uzbekistan's presidency in late 2016, a window of opportunity appears to have opened for Central Asian countries to achieve more sustainable economic futures.
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Springer, Paul J., ed. Encyclopedia of Cyber Warfare. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400636462.
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This definitive reference resource on cyber warfare covers all aspects of this headline topic, providing historical context of cyber warfare and an examination its rapid development into a potent technological weapon of the 21st century. Today, cyber warfare affects everyone–from governments that need to protect sensitive political and military information, to businesses small and large that stand to collectively lose trillions of dollars each year to cyber crime, to individuals whose privacy, assets, and identities are subject to intrusion and theft. The problem is monumental and growing exponentially. Encyclopedia of Cyber Warfare provides a complete overview of cyber warfare, which has been used with increasing frequency in recent years by such countries as China, Iran, Israel, North Korea, Russia, and the United States. Readers will gain an understanding of the origins and development of cyber warfare and of how it has become a major strategic element in warfare for countries throughout the world. The encyclopedia's entries cover all of the most significant cyber attacks to date, including the Stuxnet worm that successfully disabled centrifuges in Iran's Natanz uranium enrichment facility; the attack on Israel's internet infrastructure during its January 2009 military offensive in the Gaza Strip; the worldwide ""Red October"" cyber attack that stole information from embassies, research firms, military installations, and nuclear and other energy infrastructures; and cyber attacks on private corporations like Sony.
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Wilshire, Howard G., Richard W. Hazlett, and Jane E. Nielson. The American West at Risk. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195142051.001.0001.
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The American West at Risk summarizes the dominant human-generated environmental challenges in the 11 contiguous arid western United States - America's legendary, even mythical, frontier. When discovered by European explorers and later settlers, the west boasted rich soils, bountiful fisheries, immense, dense forests, sparkling streams, untapped ore deposits, and oil bonanzas. It now faces depletion of many of these resources, and potentially serious threats to its few "renewable" resources. The importance of this story is that preserving lands has a central role for protecting air and water quality, and water supplies--and all support a healthy living environment. The idea that all life on earth is connected in a great chain of being, and that all life is connected to the physical earth in many obvious and subtle ways, is not some new-age fad, it is scientifically demonstrable. An understanding of earth processes, and the significance of their biological connections, is critical in shaping societal values so that national land use policies will conserve the earth and avoid the worst impacts of natural processes. These connections inevitably lead science into the murkier realms of political controversy and bureaucratic stasis. Most of the chapters in The American West at Risk focus on a human land use or activity that depletes resources and degrades environmental integrity of this resource-rich, but tender and slow-to-heal, western U.S. The activities include forest clearing for many purposes; farming and grazing; mining for aggregate, metals, and other materials; energy extraction and use; military training and weapons manufacturing and testing; road and utility transmission corridors; recreation; urbanization; and disposing of the wastes generated by everything that we do. We focus on how our land-degrading activities are connected to natural earth processes, which act to accelerate and spread the damages we inflict on the land. Visit www.theamericanwestatrisk.com to learn more about the book and its authors.
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Smiley, Will. Prisoners of War. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785415.003.0006.
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This chapter turns from captivity after wars, to captivity during wars. It argues that in the 1768 and 1787 Wars, the Ottoman state created a “prisoner of war” system by taking captured enemy combatants—soldiers and sailors—into its own custody, rather than allowing soldiers to sell them. They were no longer valued primarily for labor, ransom, or sale. Indeed, at times the Porte even saw them as a burden. The Ottoman state may have undertaken this initiative in order to make the Law of Release easier to implement: if it held those captives about whom Russian diplomats were the most concerned—captured combatants—in its own hands, diplomatic tensions might be lowered. This chapter traces, in turn, the creation of the prisoner-of-war system, its basic structure, its limitation to the Ottoman state’s corridors of power, and European observers’ recognition of it.
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Hanson, Robin. The Age of Em. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754626.001.0001.
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Robots may one day rule the world, but what is a robot-ruled Earth like? Many think the first truly smart robots will be brain emulations or ems. Scan a human brain, then run a model with the same connections on a fast computer, and you have a robot brain, but recognizably human. Train an em to do some job and copy it a million times: an army of workers is at your disposal. When they can be made cheaply, within perhaps a century, ems will displace humans in most jobs. In this new economic era, the world economy may double in size every few weeks. Some say we can't know the future, especially following such a disruptive new technology, but Professor Robin Hanson sets out to prove them wrong. Applying decades of expertise in physics, computer science, and economics, he uses standard theories to paint a detailed picture of a world dominated by ems. While human lives don't change greatly in the em era, em lives are as different from ours as our lives are from those of our farmer and forager ancestors. Ems make us question common assumptions of moral progress, because they reject many of the values we hold dear. Read about em mind speeds, body sizes, job training and career paths, energy use and cooling infrastructure, virtual reality, aging and retirement, death and immortality, security, wealth inequality, religion, teleportation, identity, cities, politics, law, war, status, friendship and love. This book shows you just how strange your descendants may be, though ems are no stranger than we would appear to our ancestors. To most ems, it seems good to be an em.
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Albert, Craig Douglas. Gender Issues in Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Migration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.189.
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Until recently, the role of women in nationalism and governance has received little scholarly attention, perhaps because men have historically exercised near exclusive control over nations and states. This is ironic because it is women who create the nation/state. The intersection between gender and nationalism can be broken down into three categories. The first category is women as biological reproducers of the nation. The second category includes women participating centrally in the ideological reproduction of the collectivity and as signifiers of ethnic/national differences. The third category involves the idea of gendered militaries and gendered wars. Women also affect the structure and power relations in the international arena as victims of various international crimes that have traditionally gone unnoticed because of the bias towards male dominance. One example is mass rape. National identity created through the construction of woman as nation allows women to be a target of war. The idea that women are symbols of national territory and identity makes targeting them a main tactic used by enemy groups. In the area of human rights, most conceptions stem from Western visions, which do not always mesh with local, tribal, or non-Western citizens. For women's rights truly to exist, human rights focus must change because it has been constructed with a male bias and understanding.
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Bolt, Paul J., and Sharyl N. Cross. China, Russia, and Twenty-First Century Global Geopolitics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719519.001.0001.
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This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the Chinese–Russian bilateral relationship, grounded in a historical perspective, and discusses the implications of the partnership between these two major powers for world order and global geopolitics. The volume compares the national worldviews, priorities, and strategic visions for the Chinese and Russian leadership, examining several aspects of the relationship in detail. The energy trade is the most important component of economic ties, although both sides desire to broaden trade and investments. In the military realm, Russia sells advanced arms to China, and the two countries engage in regular joint exercises. Diplomatically, these two Eurasian powers take similar approaches to conflicts in Ukraine and Syria, and also cooperate on non-traditional security issues, including preventing colored revolutions, cyber management, and terrorism. These issue areas illustrate four themes. Russia and China have common interests that cement their partnership, including security, protecting authoritarian institutions, and reshaping aspects of the global order. They are key players challenging the United States and the Western liberal order, influencing not only regional issues, but also international norms and institutions. Nevertheless, Western nations remain important for China and Russia. Both seek better relations with the West, but on the basis of “mutual respect” and “equality.” Lastly, Russia and China have frictions in their relationship, and not all of their interests overlap. While the relationship has grown, particularly since 2014, China and Russia are partners but not allies.
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Ahlgren, Angela K. Drumming Asian America. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199374014.001.0001.
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With its dynamic choreographies and booming drumbeats, taiko has gained worldwide popularity since its emergence in 1950s Japan. Harnessed by Japanese Americans in the late 1960s, taiko’s sonic largesse and buoyant energy challenged stereotypical images of Asians in America as either model minorities or sinister foreigners. While the majority of North American taiko players are Asian American, more than four hundred groups now exist across the United States and Canada, and these groups are comprised of people from a variety of racial and ethnic identities. Using ethnographic and historical approaches combined with performance description and analysis, this book explores the connections between taiko and Asian American cultural politics at the intersections of race, gender, and sexuality. Based on original and archival interviews, as well as the author’s extensive experience as a taiko player, this book highlights not only the West Coast but also the Midwest as a site for Asian American cultural production and makes embodied experience central to inquiries about identity. The book builds on insights from the fields of dance studies, ethnomusicology, performance studies, and Asian American studies to argue that taiko players from a variety of identity positions “perform Asian America” on stage, as well as in rehearsals, festivals, and schools and through interactions with audiences. While many taiko drummers play simply for the love of the form’s dynamism and physicality, this book demonstrates that politics is built into even the most mundane aspects of rehearsing and performing.