Academic literature on the topic 'Moist static energy'

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Journal articles on the topic "Moist static energy"

1

Sobel, Adam, Shuguang Wang, and Daehyun Kim. "Moist Static Energy Budget of the MJO during DYNAMO." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 71, no. 11 (2014): 4276–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-14-0052.1.

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Abstract The authors analyze the column-integrated moist static energy budget over the region of the tropical Indian Ocean covered by the sounding array during the Cooperative Indian Ocean Experiment on Intraseasonal Variability in the Year 2011 (CINDY2011)/Dynamics of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (DYNAMO) field experiment in late 2011. The analysis is performed using data from the sounding array complemented by additional observational datasets for surface turbulent fluxes and atmospheric radiative heating. The entire analysis is repeated using the ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim). The roles of surface turbulent fluxes, radiative heating, and advection are quantified for the two MJO events that occurred in October and November using the sounding data; a third event in December is also studied in the ERA-Interim data. These results are consistent with the view that the MJO’s moist static energy anomalies grow and are sustained to a significant extent by the radiative feedbacks associated with MJO water vapor and cloud anomalies and that propagation of the MJO is associated with advection of moist static energy. Both horizontal and vertical advection appear to play significant roles in the events studied here. Horizontal advection strongly moistens the atmosphere during the buildup to the active phase of the October event when the low-level winds switch from westerly to easterly. Horizontal advection strongly dries the atmosphere in the wake of the active phases of the November and December events as the westerlies associated with off-equatorial cyclonic gyres bring subtropical dry air into the convective region from the west and north. Vertical advection provides relative moistening ahead of the active phase and drying behind it, associated with an increase of the normalized gross moist stability.
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2

Adames, Ángel F., Rosa M. Vargas Martes, Haochang Luo, and Richard B. Rood. "Moist Static Potential Vorticity Budget in Tropical Motion Systems." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 79, no. 3 (2022): 763–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-21-0161.1.

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Abstract Analyses of simple models of moist tropical motion systems reveal that the column-mean moist static potential vorticity (MSPV) can explain their propagation and growth. The MSPV is akin to the equivalent PV except it uses moist static energy (MSE) instead of the equivalent potential temperature. Examination of an MSPV budget that is scaled for moist off-equatorial synoptic-scale systems reveals that α, the ratio between the vertical gradients of latent and dry static energies, describes the relative contribution of dry and moist advective processes to the evolution of MSPV. Horizontal advection of the moist component of MSPV, a process akin to horizontal MSE advection, governs the evolution of synoptic-scale systems in regions of high humidity. On the other hand, horizontal advection of dry PV predominates in a dry atmosphere. Derivation of a “moist static” wave activity density budget reveals that α also describes the relative importance of moist and dry processes to wave activity amplification and decay. Linear regression analysis of the MSPV budget in eastern Pacific easterly waves shows that the MSPV anomalies originate over the eastern Caribbean and propagate westward due to dry PV advection. They are amplified by the fluxes of the moist component of MSPV over the Caribbean Sea and over the eastern Pacific from 105° to 130°W, underscoring the importance of moist processes in these waves. On the other hand, dry PV convergence amplifies the waves from 90° to 100°W, likely as a result of the barotropic energy conversions that occur in this region.
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3

Yu, Lijun, Shuhui Wu, and Zhanhong Ma. "Evaluation of Moist Static Energy in a Simulated Tropical Cyclone." Atmosphere 10, no. 6 (2019): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10060319.

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The characteristics of moist static energy (MSE) and its budget in a simulated tropical cyclone (TC) are examined in this study. Results demonstrate that MSE in a TC system is enhanced as the storm strengthens, primarily because of two mechanisms: upward transfer of surface heat fluxes and subsequent warming of the upper troposphere. An inspection of the interchangeable approximation between MSE and equivalent potential temperature (θe) suggests that although MSE is capable of capturing overall structures of θe, some important features will still be distorted, specifically the low-MSE pool outside the eyewall. In this low-MSE region, from the budget analysis, the discharge of MSE in the boundary layer may even surpass the recharge of MSE from the ocean. Unlike the volume-averaged MSE, the mass-weighted MSE in a fixed volume following the TC shows no apparent increase as the TC intensifies, because the atmosphere becomes continually thinner accompanying the warming of the storm. By calculating a mass-weighted volume MSE budget, the TC system is found to export MSE throughout its lifetime, since the radial outflow overwhelms the radial inflow. Moreover, the more intensified the TC is, the more export of MSE there tends to be. The input of MSE by surface heat fluxes is roughly balanced by the combined effects of radiation and lateral export, wherein a great majority of the imported MSE is reduced by radiation, while the export of MSE from the TC system to the environment accounts for only a small portion.
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4

Neelin, J. David, and Isaac M. Held. "Modeling Tropical Convergence Based on the Moist Static Energy Budget." Monthly Weather Review 115, no. 1 (1987): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<0003:mtcbot>2.0.co;2.

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5

Overland, James E., Philip Turet, and Abraham H. Oort. "Regional Variations of Moist Static Energy Flux into the Arctic." Journal of Climate 9, no. 1 (1996): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<0054:rvomse>2.0.co;2.

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6

Skific, Natasa, and Jennifer A. Francis. "Drivers of projected change in arctic moist static energy transport." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118, no. 7 (2013): 2748–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50292.

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7

Frierson, Dargan M. W., Isaac M. Held, and Pablo Zurita-Gotor. "A Gray-Radiation Aquaplanet Moist GCM. Part II: Energy Transports in Altered Climates." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, no. 5 (2007): 1680–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3913.1.

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Abstract A simplified moist general circulation model is used to study changes in the meridional transport of moist static energy by the atmosphere as the water vapor content is increased. The key assumptions of the model are gray radiation, with water vapor and other constituents having no effect on radiative transfer, and mixed layer aquaplanet boundary conditions, implying that the atmospheric meridional energy transport balances the net radiation at the top of the atmosphere. These simplifications allow the authors to isolate the effect of moisture on energy transports by baroclinic eddies in a relatively simple setting. The authors investigate the partition of moist static energy transport in the model into dry static energy and latent energy transports as water vapor concentrations are increased, by varying a constant in the Clausius–Clapeyron relation. The increase in the poleward moisture flux is rather precisely compensated by a reduction in the dry static energy flux. These results are interpreted with diffusive energy balance models (EBMs). The simplest of these is an analytic model that has the property of exact invariance of total energy flux as the moisture content is changed, but the assumptions underlying this model are not accurately satisfied by the GCM. A more complex EBM that includes expressions for the diffusivity, length scale, velocity scale, and latitude of maximum baroclinic eddy activity provides a better fit to the GCM’s behavior.
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8

Shaw, Tiffany A., Pragallva Barpanda, and Aaron Donohoe. "A Moist Static Energy Framework for Zonal-Mean Storm-Track Intensity." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, no. 6 (2018): 1979–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0183.1.

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Abstract A moist static energy (MSE) framework for zonal-mean storm-track intensity, defined as the extremum of zonal-mean transient eddy MSE flux, is derived and applied across a range of time scales. According to the framework, storm-track intensity can be decomposed into contributions from net energy input [sum of shortwave absorption and surface heat fluxes into the atmosphere minus outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and atmospheric storage] integrated poleward of the storm-track position and MSE flux by the mean meridional circulation or stationary eddies at the storm-track position. The framework predicts storm-track decay in spring and amplification in fall in response to seasonal insolation. When applied diagnostically the framework shows shortwave absorption and land turbulent surface heat fluxes account for the seasonal evolution of Northern Hemisphere (NH) intensity; however, they are partially compensated by OLR (Planck feedback) and stationary eddy MSE flux. The negligible amplitude of Southern Hemisphere (SH) seasonal intensity is consistent with the compensation of shortwave absorption by OLR and oceanic turbulent surface heat fluxes (ocean energy storage). On interannual time scales, El Niño minus La Niña conditions amplify the NH storm track, consistent with decreased subtropical stationary eddy MSE flux. Finally, on centennial time scales, the CO2 indirect effect (sea surface temperature warming) amplifies the NH summertime storm track whereas the direct effect (increased CO2 over land) weakens it, consistent with opposing turbulent surface heat flux responses over land and ocean.
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9

Yasunaga, Kazuaki, Satoru Yokoi, Kuniaki Inoue, and Brian E. Mapes. "Space–Time Spectral Analysis of the Moist Static Energy Budget Equation." Journal of Climate 32, no. 2 (2018): 501–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0334.1.

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Abstract The budget of column-integrated moist static energy (MSE) is examined in wavenumber–frequency transforms of longitude–time sections over the tropical belt. Cross-spectra with satellite-derived precipitation (TRMM-3B42) are used to emphasize precipitation-coherent signals in reanalysis [ERA-Interim (ERAI)] estimates of each term in the budget equation. Results reveal different budget balances in convectively coupled equatorial waves (CCEWs) as well as in the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and tropical depression (TD)-type disturbances. The real component (expressing amplification or damping of amplitude) for horizontal advection is modest for most wave types but substantially damps the MJO. Its imaginary component is hugely positive (it acts to advance phase) in TD-type disturbances and is positive for MJO and equatorial Rossby (ERn1) wave disturbances (almost negligible for the other CCEWs). The real component of vertical advection is negatively correlated (damping effect) with precipitation with a magnitude of approximately 10% of total latent heat release for all disturbances except for TD-type disturbance. This effect is overestimated by a factor of 2 or more if advection is computed using the time–zonal mean MSE, suggesting that nonlinear correlations between ascent and humidity would be positive (amplification effect). ERAI-estimated radiative heating has a positive real part, reinforcing precipitation-correlated MSE excursions. The magnitude is up to 14% of latent heating for the MJO and much less for other waves. ERAI-estimated surface flux has a small effect but acts to amplify MJO and ERn1 waves. The imaginary component of budget residuals is large and systematically positive, suggesting that the reanalysis model’s physical MSE sources would not act to propagate the precipitation-associated MSE anomalies properly.
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10

Hannah, Walter M., and Eric D. Maloney. "The moist static energy budget in NCAR CAM5 hindcasts during DYNAMO." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 6, no. 2 (2014): 420–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013ms000272.

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