Academic literature on the topic 'Modulation des primes d'assurance'

L'assurance des maladies chroniques dont le cancer gagne du terrain au Kenya peu à peu. Ce pendant le traitement de ces maladies, pouvant entrainer des changements d'organes humains, tend à coûter plus cher, et en conséquence, à augmenter les primes d'assurance notablement. La modélisation de ces primes ne peut plus se faire avec des distributions ordinaires. Les méthodes utilisant des distributons zero-tronquées sont utilisées en particulier. Dans ce papier, elles sont utilisées en rapport avec des distributions Pareto, Weibul etc. Nous procédons à une comparaison de ces distributions et en proposons deux qui sont les meilleures

The processing nature of N400, an event-related brain potential (ERP) component associated with semantic processing, was investigated in a paradigm combining a semantic priming lexical decision task and color-cued selective attention. Semantic priming effects on ERPs and reaction time (RT) were examined when targets and preceding semantically related primes were either both attended or both unattended, and when only either the prime or target was the focus of attention. Priming effects were determined by comparing semantically primed target ERPs (and RTs when appropriate) to their prime (in those conditions where the prime and target had the same attentional status) and/or to an unprimed control target matched to the attentional status of the primed target. Control stimuli were examined for ERP effects of color-cued selective attention unconfounded by priming factors. Experiment 1 required overt responses to words and nonwords in a binary choice task, while Experiment 2 required response only to nonwords. RTs in Experiment 1 indicated facilitatory priming effects to all semantically primed attended targets. In Experiments 1 and 2 ERPs to primes and controls were consistently more negative than the primed target trace in the N400 latency range in conditions with attended primes, suggesting priming effects on N400 are contingent on attentional processing of the prime. Removal of the attention manipulation (Experiment 3) resulted in an N400 component with a well-defined peak not evident in the first two experiments, indicating modulation of N400 by overlapping effects of attention.

Previous research suggests that selective spatial attention is a determining factor for unconscious processing under continuous flash suppression (CFS), and specifically, that inattention toward stimulus location facilitates its unconscious processing by reducing the depth of CFS (Eo et al., 2016). The aim of our study was to further examine this modulation-by-attention model of CFS using a number priming paradigm. Participants (N = 26) performed a number comparison task on a visible target number (“compare target to five”). Prime-target pairs were either congruent (both smaller or larger than five) or incongruent. Spatial attention toward the primes was varied by manipulating the uncertainty of the primes’ location. Based on the modulation-by-attention model, we hypothesized the following: In trials with uncertain prime location, RTs for congruent prime-target pairs should be faster than for incongruent ones. In trials with certain prime location, RTs for congruent versus incongruent prime-target pairs should not differ. We analyzed our data with sequential Bayes factors (BFs). Our data showed no effect of location uncertainty on unconscious priming under CFS (BF0+ = 5.16). However, even visible primes only weakly influenced RTs. Possible reasons for the absence of robust number priming effects in our study are discussed. Based on exploratory analyses, we conclude that the numerical order of prime and target resulted in a response conflict and interfered with the predicted priming effect.

Recall and language comprehension while processing sequences of words involves multiple semantic priming between several related and/or unrelated words. Accounting for multiple and interacting priming effects in terms of underlying neuronal structure and dynamics is a challenge for current models of semantic priming. Further elaboration of current models requires a quantifiable and reliable account of the simplest case of multiple priming resulting from two primes on a target. The meta-analytic approach offers a better understanding of the experimental data from studies on multiple priming regarding the additivity pattern of priming. The meta-analysis points to the effects of prime–target stimuli onset asynchronies on the pattern of underadditivity, overadditivity, or strict additivity of converging activation from multiple primes. The modeling approach is then constrained by results of the meta-analysis. We propose a model of a cortical network embedding spike frequency adaptation, which allows frequency and time-dependent modulation of neural activity. Model results give a comprehensive understanding of the meta-analysis results in terms of dynamics of neuron populations. They also give predictions regarding how stimuli intensities, association strength, and spike frequency adaptation influence multiple priming effects.

There is considerable evidence that visually presented manipulable objects evoke motor information, supporting the existence of affordance effects during object perception. However, most arguments come from stimulus–response compatibility paradigms, raising the issue of the automaticity of affordance effects. Action priming paradigms overcome this issue but show less reliable results, possibly because affordance effects are moderated by additional factors. The present study aimed to assess whether affordance effects highlighted in action priming paradigms could be affected by object category (manufactured or natural). A total of 24 young adults performed a semantic categorisation task on natural and manufactured target objects presented after neutral (non-grasping hand postures) or action (congruent power or precision grips) primes. Results revealed a modulation of action priming effects as a function of object category. Object semantic categorisation was faster after action than neutral primes, but only for manufactured objects. Results suggest that natural and manufactured objects evoke distinct types of affordances and that action priming paradigms favour the evocation of functional affordances during object semantic categorisation. This finding fuels the debate on the nature of the motor information evoked by visual objects.

Studies in both human and nonhuman primates indicate that motor and premotor cortical regions participate in auditory and visual perception of actions. Previous studies, using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), showed that perceiving visual and auditory speech increased the excitability of the orofacial motor system during speech perception. Such studies, however, cannot tell us which brain regions mediate this effect. In this study, we used the technique of combining positron emission tomography with TMS to identify the brain regions that modulate the excitability of the motor system during speech perception. Our results show that during auditory speech perception, there is increased excitability of motor system underlying speech production and that this increase is significantly correlated with activity in the posterior part of the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area). We propose that this area “primes” the motor system in response to heard speech even when no speech output is required and, as such, operates at the interface of perception and action.

Le développement des objets connectés en santé/bien-être présente un potentiel de bouleversement de l’assurance santé privée, à l’instar d’autres secteurs de l’économie impactés par la numérisation. En effet, les objets connectés offrent techniquement diverses opportunités aux assureurs en santé : individualiser les risques, les segmenter plus finement, profiler pour passer à une logique prédictive, voire moduler les primes en fonction des décaissements anticipés par des informations reflétant le comportement, voire la santé de leurs utilisateurs. Ce potentiel technique ne peut toutefois pas être exploité pour changer le « logiciel » de l’activité d’assurance, en raison de la réglementation française, d’où un quasi-blocage du déploiement des objets connectés dans l’activité d’assurance santé privée sur un marché trop contraint pour intéresser les GAFA.Dès lors, les assurances privées en santé ont cherché à en valoriser l’utilisation dans leur relation avec l’assuré. Aux États-Unis, s’inscrivant dans le mouvement de santéisation, la responsabilisation des assurés a pu conduire à des prescriptions comportementales contrôlées par des objets connectés de santé/bien-être à la fiabilité et sécurité encore imparfaites. En France, cette logique de quantified self, pouvant aller jusqu’à l’observance de prescriptions comme condition de prise en charge, critiquable au regard des déterminants de santé et des inégalités sociales en santé, n’est que très peu explorée par les assureurs en raison d’un environnement juridique différent de celui des États-Unis dont l’un des objectifs est de protéger les personnes contre toute forme de discrimination à raison de leur état de santé
The development of connected objects in the health/wellness sector has the potential to revolutionize private health insurance, just like other sectors of the economy that have been impacted by digitalization. Indeed, connected objects technically offer various opportunities to health insurers: individualizing risks, segmenting them more acutely, profiling, resulting in a predictive logic, and even modulating premiums based on anticipated disbursements relying on information reflecting the behavior or even the health of their users. However, this technical potential cannot be exploited to change the "software" of the insurance business, due to French regulations. Thus, the deployment of connected objects in the private health insurance business is impeded in a market that is too constrained to appeal Gafa.Therefore, private health insurers have sought to enhance the use of connected objects in their relationship with policyholders. In the United States, as part of the so-called “healthism” movement, the accountability of policyholders has led to behavioral prescriptions controlled by connected health/wellness objects whose reliability and security are still imperfect. In France, this logic of quantified self, which can lead to compliance with prescriptions as a condition of coverage, is open to criticism with regard to health determinants and social inequalities in health. It is only very rarely explored by insurers because of a different legal environment from that of the United States, where one of the objectives is to protect individuals against any form of discrimination on the basis of their health status

Les stratégies de volatilité ont connu un rapide essor suite à la crise financière de 2008. Or, les récentes performances catastrophiques de ces instruments indiciels ont remis en question leurs contributions en couverture de portefeuille. Mes travaux de thèse visent à repenser, réinventer la philosophie des stratégies de volatilité. Au travers d'une analyse empirique préliminaire reposant sur la théorie de l'utilité espérée, le chapitre 1 dresse le diagnostic des stratégies traditionnelles de volatilité basées sur la couverture de long-terme par la réplication passive de la volatilité implicite. Il montre que, bien que ce type de couverture bat la couverture traditionnelle, elle s'avère inappropriée pour des investisseurs peu averses au risque.Le chapitre 2 ouvre la voie à une nouvelle génération de stratégies de volatilité, actives, optionnelles et basées sur l'investissement factoriel. En effet, notre décomposition analytique et empirique du smile de volatilité implicite en primes de risque implicites, distinctes et investissables permet de monétiser de manière active le portage de risques d'ordres supérieurs. Ces primes de risques mesurent l'écart de valorisation entre les distributions neutres au risque et les distributions physiques.Enfin, le chapitre 3 compare notre approche investissement factoriel avec les stratégies de volatilité employées par les hedge funds. Notre essai montre que nos stratégies de primes de risque d'assurance sont des déterminants importants dans la performance des hedge funds, tant en analyse temporelle que cross-sectionnelle. Ainsi, nous mettons en évidence dans quelle mesure l'alpha provient en réalité de la vente de stratégies d'assurance contre le risque extrême
Volatility strategies have flourished since the Great Financial Crisis in 2008. Nevertheless, the recent catastrophic performance of such exchange-traded products has put into question their contributions for portfolio hedging and diversification. My thesis work aims to rethink and reinvent the philosophy of volatility strategies.From a preliminary empirical study based on the expected utility theory, Chapter 1 makes a diagnostic of traditional volatility strategies, based on buy-and-hold investments and passive replication of implied volatility. It exhibits that, although such portfolio hedging significantly outperforms traditional hedging, it appears strongly inappropriate for risk-loving investors.Chapter 2 paves the way for a new generation of volatility strategies, active, option-based and factor-based investing. Indeed, our both analytical and empirical decomposition of implied volatility smiles into a combination of implied risk premia, distinct and tradeable, enables to harvest actively the compensation for bearing higher-order risks. These insurance risk premia measure the pricing discrepanciesbetween the risk-neutral and the physical probability distributions.Finally, Chapter 3 compares our factor-based investing approach to the strategies usually employed in the hedge fund universe. Our essay clearly evidences that our tail risk premia strategies are incremental determinants in the hedge fund performance, in both the time-series and the cross-section of returns. Hence, we exhibit to what extent hedge fund alpha actually arises from selling crash insurance strategies against tail risks