Academic literature on the topic 'Modulation de saveur'

Cette étude est basée sur notre expérience collective d'analyse d'un texte littéraire de l’anglais vers la langue française. L'ouvrage que nous avons analysé est écrit en anglais sous le titre Omokewu et traduit en français sous le titre Étudiant. L’analyse est centrée sur l'observation des sept techniques proposées par Vinay et Dalbernet 1958 en particulier la modulation qui s'avère être l'une des meilleures parmi les techniques de traduction d'une œuvre littéraire. Quelques traducteurs ne savent pas comment et quand utiliser ces techniques de la traduction. Afin d'endiguer ce problème des erreurs de traduction causées par ces traducteurs non professionnels. Certaines théories et principes de traduction ont été examinés. La théorie de J. C Catford (Linguistic theory of translation), Katharina Reiss and Hans Vermeer (skopos theory), de Lawrence Venuti (The translator’s invisibility: A history of translation), de Mona Baker parmi d’autres ont été étudiés. Après avoir examiné les principes et théories, La concept de la modulation dans l’œuvre « Omokewu » a été dûment analysée. En réalisant cette étude, nous avons découvert que la technique de modulation est la meilleure pour la traduction de poésies, de musiques et d'éloges funèbres.

Finance orthodoxy views finance capital as privately supplied, inherently scarce, and limited to assets accumulated by rentiers and held in financial institutions to be “intermediated” between virtuous savers and needful end users. But this “intermediated scarce private capital” orthodoxy is false and profoundly antagonistic to both democracy and productive investment. This article offers a more accurate portrayal that captures the critical role the public plays in generating and allocating its own full faith and credit in monetized form. The financial system then looks like a franchise arrangement in which the public is franchiser and the institutions dispensing its full faith and credit are its franchisees. A post-capital-scarcity account of publicly underwritten finance explicitly recognizes both the propriety and the necessity of the public’s taking an active role in modulating and allocating its credit aggregates across the economy it constitutes.

The many achievements of Beckett scholarship in recent years, exploring drafts and notebooks, tracking sources, investigating the biography and mining the letters, run the risk of losing sight of the reason why he merits this degree of attention: the singularity, inventiveness and power of his work, on the page, stage and screen. Starting from Derrida's brief comments on Beckett, in which the philosopher expresses a fascination for what is left over when we have digested (or failed to digest) the content of the writing, this essay takes The Unnamable as an example of a work whose strangeness has often been reduced by accounts of its thematic substance or its various contexts. Addressing primarily the English text but dipping into the French where appropriate, it focuses on the way the work happens: the sequencing of elements, the build-up and relaxation of tension, the enigmas and their resolutions, the withholding and unfolding of information. What, it asks, does this work offer for our enjoyment? What makes it, sporadically, so funny? A short passage from The Unnamable is discussed, with attention to its rhythms, its deployment of expectations aroused and satisfied, postponed, or disappointed, its sometimes recondite diction, and its modulation of tone and register. To read The Unnamable with full appreciation, it is argued, is to participate in the voice's dilemmas, to follow its tortuous reasonings, to take part in its ironic musings, to share its anger and frustration, to laugh at its absurdities, to savour its sheer energy and persistence. All this arises from the event of reading, the experience of the text as it unfolds its words and sentences. Taking advantage of language's capacity to unmake what it has made, Beckett invites the reader to participate in its paradoxes as oscillations and self-cancellations that occur in the reading experience to produce an engaging and entertaining work of literature rather than the mental exercise or verbal puzzle that it can sometimes seem in the hands of its critics.

ABSTRACTIncreasing drought events coupled with dwindling water reserves threaten global food production and security. This issue is exacerbated by the use of crops that overconsume water, undermining yield. We show here that microorganisms naturally associated with plant roots can undermine efficient water use, whereas modified bacteria can enhance it. We demonstrate that microbe‐encoded genes shape drought tolerance, likely by modulating plant hormonal balance. Specifically, we built a minimal holobiont out of Arabidopsis thaliana and either the bacterium Pseudomonas putida UW4 or its isogenic AcdS− mutant, lacking the enzyme ACC deaminase. This enzyme breaks down the precursor of ethylene, a key regulator in plant response to drought. This single mutation profoundly affected plant physiology and shifted the plant from a ‘water‐spender’ (with more growth under well‐watered conditions) to a ‘water‐spender’ phenotype. Under drought, plants associated with wild‐type bacteria consumed soil water faster, leading to a shorter period of growth followed by death. In contrast, plants associated with the AcdS− mutant managed to maintain growth by reducing water consumption via stomatal closure, thus conserving soil water. This allowed plants to survive severe water deficiency. We conclude that plant‐associated bacteria can modulate plant water use strategies, opening possibilities to engineer water‐savvy crop‐production systems.

AbstractNowadays, the demand for high-performance wireless sensor networks (WSN) is increasing, and its power requirement has threatened the survival of WSN. The routing methods cannot optimize power consumption. To improve the power consumption, VLSI based power optimization technology is proposed in this article. Different elements in WSN, such as sensor nodes, modulation schemes, and package data transmission, influence energy usage. Following a WSN power study, it was discovered that lowering the energy usage of sensor networks is critical in WSN. In this manuscript, a power optimization model for wireless sensor networks (POM-WSN) is proposed. The proposed system shows how to build and execute a power-saving strategy for WSNs using a customized collaborative unit with parallel processing capabilities on FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and a smart power component. The customizable cooperation unit focuses on applying specialized hardware to customize Operating System speed and transfer it to a soft intel core. This device decreases the OS (Operating System) central processing unit (CPU) overhead associated with installing processor-based IoT (Internet of Things) devices. The smart power unit controls the soft CPU’s clock and physical peripherals, putting them in the right state depending on the hardware requirements of the program (tasks) being executed. Furthermore, by taking the command signal from a collaborative custom unit, it is necessary to adjust the amplitude and current. The efficiency and energy usage of the FPGA-based energy saver approach for sensor nodes are compared to the energy usage of processor-based WSN nodes implementations. Using FPGA programmable architecture, the research seeks to build effective power-saving approaches for WSNs.

The article will explore the augmentation of cognition with the affordances of mobile micro-blogging apps, specifically the most developed of these: Twitter. It will ask whether this is enabling new kinds of on-the-fly collective cognition, and in particular what will be referred to as ‘collective volition.’ It will approach this with an address to Bernard Stiegler’s concept of grammatisation, which he defines as as, “the history of the exteriorization of memory in all its forms: nervous and cerebral memory, corporeal and muscular memory, biogenetic memory” (New Critique 33). This will be explored in particular with reference to the human relation with the time of protention, that is an orientation to the future in the lived moment. The argument is that there is a new relation to technology, as a result of the increased velocity, multiplicity and ubiquity of micro-communications. As such this essay will serve as a speculative hypothesis, laying the groundwork for further research. The Context of Social Media The proliferation of social media, and especially its rapid shift onto diverse platforms, in particular to ‘apps’—that is dedicated software platforms available through multiple devices such as tablet computers and smart phones—has meant a pervasive and intensive form of communication has developed. The fact that these media are also generally highly mobile, always connected and operate though very sophisticated interfaces designed for maximum ease of use mean that, at least for a significant number of users, social media has become a constant accompaniment to everyday life—a permanently unfolding self-narrative. It is against this background that multiple and often highly contradictory claims are being made about the effect of such media on cognition and group dynamics. We have seen claims for the birth of the smart mob (Rheingold) that opens up the realm of decisive action to multiple individuals and group dynamics, something akin to that which operates during moments of shared attention. For example, in the London riots of 2011 the use of Blackberry messenger was apportioned a major role in the way mobs moved around the city, where they gathered and who turned up. Likewise in the Arab Spring there was significant speculation about the role of Twitter as a medium for mass organisation and collective action. Why such possibilities are mooted is clear in the basic affordances of the particular social media in question, and the devices through which these software platforms operate. In the case of Twitter it is clear that simplicity of its interface as well as its brevity and speed are the most important affordances. The ease of the interface, the specificity of the action—of tweeting or scrolling though a feed—is easy. The limitation of messages at 140 characters ensures that nothing takes more than a small bite of attention and that it is possible, and routine, to process many messages and to communicate with multiple interlocutors, if not simultaneously then in far faster succession that is possible in previous applications or technologies. This produces a form of distributed attention, casting a wide zone of social awareness, in which the brains of Twitter users process, and are able to respond to, the perspectives of others almost instantly. Of course the speed of the feed that, beyond a relatively small number of followed accounts, means it becomes impossible to see anything but fragments. This fragmentary character is also intensified by the inevitable limitation of the number of accounts being followed by any one user. In fact we can add a third factor of intensification to this when we consider the migration of social media into mobile smart phone apps using simple icons and even simpler interfaces, configured for ease of use on the move. Such design produces an even greater distribution of attention and temporal fragmentation, interspersed as they are with multiple everyday activities. Mnemotechnology: Spatial and Temporal Flux Attending to a Twitter feed thus places the user into an immediate relationship to the aggregate of the just passed and the passing through, a proximate moment of shared expression, but also one that is placed in a cultural short term memory. As such Twitter is thus a mnemotechnology par-excellence, in that it augments human memory, but in a very particular way. Its short termness distributes memory across and between users as much, if not more, than it does extend memory through time. While most recent media forms also enfold their own recording and temporal extension—print media, archived in libraries; film and television in video archives; sound and music in libraries—tweeting is closer to the form of face to face speech, in that while it is to an extent grammatised into the Twitter feed its temporal extension is far more ambiguous. With Twitter, while there is some cerebral/linguistic memory extension—over say a few minutes in a particular feed, or a number of days if a tweet is given a hash tag—beyond this short-term extension any further access becomes a question of paying for access (after a few days hash tags cease to be searchable, with large archives of tweets being available only at a monetary cost). The luxury of long-term memory is available only to those that can afford it. Grammatisation in Stiegler’s account tends to the solidifying extension of expression into material forms of greater duration, forming what he calls the pharmakon, that is an external object, which is both poison and cure. Stiegler employs Donald Winnicott’s concept of the transitional object as the first of such objects in the path to adulthood, that is the thing—be it blanket, teddy or so forth—that allows the transition from total dependency on a parent to separation and autonomy. In that sense the object is what allows for the transition to adulthood, but within which lies the danger of excessive attachment, dependency and is "destructive of autonomy and trust" (Stiegler, On Pharmacology 3). Writing, or hypomnesis, that is artificial memory, is also such a pharmakon, in as much as it operates as a salve; it allows cultural memory to be extended and shared, but also according to Plato it decays autonomy of thought, but in fact—taking his lead from Derrida—Stiegler tells us that “while Plato opposes autonomy and heteronomy, they in fact constantly compose” (2). The digital pharmakon, according to Stiegler, is the extension of this logic to the entire field of the human body, including in cognitive capitalism wherein "those economic actors who are without knowledge because they are without memory" (35). This is the essence of contemporary proletarianisation, extended into the realm of consumption, in which savour vivre, knowing how to live, is forgotten. In many ways we can see Twitter as a clear example of such a proletarianisation process, as hypomnesis, with its derivation of hypnosis; an empty circulation. This echoes Jodi Dean’s description of the flow of communicative capitalism as simply drive (Dean) in which messages circulate without ever getting where they are meant to go. Yet against this perhaps there is a gain, even in Stiegler’s own thought, as to the therapeutic or individuating elements of this process and within the extension of Tweets from an immediately bounded, but extensible and arbitrary distributed network, provides a still novel form of mediation that connects brains together; but going beyond the standard hyper-dyadic spread that is characteristic of viruses or memes. This spread happens in such a way that the expressed thoughts of others can circulate and mutate—loop—around in observable forms, for example in the form of replies, designation of favourite, as RTs (retweets) and in modified forms as MTs (modified tweets), followed by further iterations, and so on. So it is that the Twitter feeds of clusters of individuals inevitably start to show regularity in who tweets, and given the tendency of accounts to focus on certain issues, and for those with an interest in those issues to likewise follow each other, then we have groups of accounts/individuals intersecting with each other, re-tweeting and commenting on each other–forming clusters of shared opinion. The issue at stake here goes beyond the question of the evolution of such clusters at that level of linguistic exchange as, what might be otherwise called movements, or counter-publics, or issue networks—but that speed produces a more elemental effect on coordination. It is the speed of Twitter that creates an imperative to respond quickly and to assimilate vast amounts of information, to sort the agreeable from the disagreeable, divide that which should be ignored from that which should be responded to, and indeed that which calls to be acted upon. Alongside Twitter’s limited memory, its pharmacological ‘beneficial’ element entails the possibility that responses go beyond a purely linguistic or discursive interlocution towards a protection of ‘brain-share’. That is, to put it bluntly, the moment of knowing what others will think before they think it, what they will say before they say it and what they will do before they do it. This opens a capacity for action underpinned by confidence in a solidarity to come. We have seen this in numerous examples, in the actions of UK Uncut and other such groups and movements around the world, most significantly as the multi-media augmented movements that clustered in Tahrir Square, Zuccotti Park and beyond. Protention, Premediation, and Augmented Volition The concept of the somatic marker plays an important role in enabling this speed up. Antonio Damasio argues that somatic markers are emotional memories that are layered into our brains as desires and preferences, in response to external stimuli they become embedded in our unconscious brain and are triggered by particular situations or events. They produce a capacity to make decisions, to act in ways that our deliberate decision making is not aware of; given the pace of response that is needed for many decisions this is a basic necessity. The example of tennis players is often used in this context, wherein the time needed to process and react consciously to a serve is in excess of the processing time the conscious brain requires; that is there is at least a 0.5 second gap between the brain receiving a stimulus and the conscious mind registering and reacting to it. What this means is that elements of the brain are acting in advance of conscious volition—we preempt our volitions with the already inscribed emotional, or affective layer, protending beyond the immanent into the virtual. However, protention is still, according to Stiegler, a fundamental element of consciousness—it pushes forward into the brain’s awareness of continuity, contributing to its affective reactions, rooted in projection and risk. This aspect of protention therefore is a contributing element of volition as it rises into consciousness. Volition is the active conscious aspect of willing, and as such requires an act of protention to underpin it. Thus the element of protention, as Stiegler describes it, is inscribed in the flow of the Twitter feed, but also and more importantly, is written into the cognitive process that proceeds and frames it. But beyond this even is the affective and emotional element. This allows us to think then of the Twitter-brain assemblage to be something more than just a mechanism, a tool or simply a medium in the linear sense of the term, but something closer to a device—or a dispositif as defined by Michel Foucault (194) and developed by Giorgio Agamben. A dispositif gathers together, orders and processes, but also augments. Maurizio Lazzarato uses the term, explaining that: The machines for crystallizing or modulating time are dispositifs capable of intervening in the event, in the cooperation between brains, through the modulation of the forces engaged therein, thereby becoming preconditions for every process of constitution of whatever subjectivity. Consequently the process comes to resemble a harmonization of waves, a polyphony. (186) This is an excellent framework to consolidate the place of Twitter as just such a dispositif. In the first instance the place of Twitter in “crystallizing or modulating” time is reflected in its grammatisation of the immediate into a circuit that reframes the present moment in a series of ripples and echoes, and which resonates in the protentions of the followers and followed. This organising of thoughts and affections in a temporal multiplicity crosscuts events, to the extent that the event is conceived as something new that enters the world. So it is that the permanent process of sharing, narrating and modulating, changes the shape of events from pinpointed moments of impact into flat plains, or membranes, that intersect with the mental events. The brain-share, or what can be called a ‘brane’ of brains, unfolds both spatially and temporally, but within the limits already defined. This ‘brane’ of brains can be understood in Lazzarato’s terms precisely as a “harmonization of waves, a polyphony.” The dispositif produces this, in the first instance, modulated consciousness—this is not to say this is an exclusive form of consciousness—part of a distributed condition that provides for a cooperation between brains, the multifarious looping mentioned above, that in its protentions forms a harmony, which is a volition. It is therefore clear that this technological change needs to be understood together with notions such as ‘noopolitics’ and ‘neuropolitics’. Maurizio Lazzarato captures very well the notion of a noopolitics when he tells us that “We could say that noopolitics commands and reorganizes the other power relations because it operates at the most deterritorialized level (the virtuality of the action between brains)” (187). However, the danger here is well-defined in the writings of Stiegler, when he explains that: When technologically exteriorized, memory can become the object of sociopolitical and biopolitical controls through the economic investments of social organizations, which thereby rearrange psychic organizations through the intermediary of mnenotechnical organs, among which must be counted machine-tools. (New Critique 33) Here again, we find a proletarianisation, in which gestures, knowledge, how to, become—in the medium and long term—separated from the bodies and brains of workers and turned into mechanisms that make them forget. There is therefore a real possibility that the short term resonance and collective volition becomes a distorted and heightened state, with a rather unpalatable after-effect, in which the memories remain only as commodified digital data. The question is whether Twitter remembers it for us, thinks it for us and as such also, in its dislocations and short termism, obliterates it? A scenario wherein general intellect is reduced to a state of always already forgetting. The proletarian, we read in Gilbert Simondon, is a disindividuated worker, a labourer whose knowledge has passed into the machine in such a way that it is no longer the worker who is individuated through bearing tools and putting them into practice. Rather, the labourer serves the machine-tool, and it is the latter that has become the technical individual. (Stiegler, New Critique 37) Again, this pharmacological character is apparent—Stiegler says ‘the Internet is a pharmakon’ blurring both ‘distributed’ and ‘deep’ attention (Crogan 166). It is a marketing tool par-excellence, and here its capacity to generate protention operates to create not only a collective ‘volition’ but a more coercive collective disposition or tendency, that is the unconscious wiling or affective reflex. This is something more akin to what Richard Grusin refers to as premediation. In premediation the future has already happened, not in the sense that it has already actually happened but such is the preclusion of paths of possibility that cannot be conceived otherwise. Proletarianisation operates in this way through the app, writing in this mode is not as thoughtful exchange between skilled interlocutors, but as habitual respondents to a standard set of pre-digested codes (in the sense of both programming and natural language) ready to hand to be slotted into place. Here the role of the somatic marker is predicated on the layering of ideology, in its full sense, into the brain’s micro-level trained reflexes. In that regard there is a proletarianisation of the prosumer, the idealised figure of the Web 2.0 discourse. However, it needs to be reiterated that this is not the final say on the matter, that where there is volition, and in particular collective volition, there is also the possibility of a reactivated general will: a longer term common consciousness in the sense of class consciousness. Therefore the general claim being made here is that by taking hold of this device consciousness, and transforming it into an active collective volition we stand the best chance of finding “a political will capable of moving away from the economico-political complex of consumption so as to enter into the complex of a new type of investment, or in other words in an investment in common desire” (Stiegler, New Critique 6). In its most simplistic form this requires a new political economy of commoning, wherein micro-blogging services contribute to a broader augmented volition that is not captured within communicative capitalism, coded to turn volition into capital, but rather towards a device consciousness as common desire. Needless to say it is only possible here to propose such an aim as a possible path, but one that is surely worthy of further investigation. References Agamben, Giorgio. What Is an Apparatus? Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2009. Crogan, Patrick. “Knowledge, Care, and Transindividuation: An Interview with Bernard Stiegler.” Cultural Politics 6.2 (2010): 157-170. Damasio, Antonio. Self Comes to Mind. London: Heinemann, 2010. Dean, Jodi. Blog Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010. Foucault, Michel. “The Confession of the Flesh.” Power/Knowledge Selected Interviews and Other Writings. Ed. Colin Gordon. New York: Pantheon. 1980. Grusin, Richard. Pre-mediation. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2011. Lazzarato, Maurizio. “Life and the Living in the Societies of Control.” Deleuze and the Social. Eds. Martin Fuglsang and Meier Sorensen Bent. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006. Rheingold, Howard. Smart Mobs. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books, 2002. Stiegler, Bernard. For a New Critique of Political Economy. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010. ———. What Makes Life Worth Living: On Pharmacology. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013.

Les glycosidases, en particulier les β-glucosidases, catalysent l'hydrolyse des liaisons glycosidiques, libérant des molécules de sucre et des aglycones. Dans la cavité buccale humaine, il a été précédemment proposé que les β-glucosidases du microbiote buccal libèrent des composés aromatiques.Cette thèse vise à identifier les glycosidases bactériennes buccales impliquées dans la libération d'arômes. Sept glycosidases du microbiote buccale ont été identifiées, exprimées et purifiées, incluant celles de Veillonella sp. (VsBGlu1 et VsBGal1), Prevotella sp. (PsBG1), Streptococcus pneumoniae (SpBG1), Actinomyces naeslundii (AnBG1), Streptococcus salivarius (SsBG1), et Granulicatella adiacens (GaBG1). L'analyse cinétique a montré que PsBG1 possède une grande efficacité catalytique envers les β-glucopyranosides et peut hydrolyser divers glucosides aromatiques et aliphatiques, libérant des composés volatils tels que le salicylaldéhyde, l'octanol et l'hexanol. L'analyse de la structure cristallographique de PsBG1 par diffraction des rayons X a révélé une structure caractéristique de la famille 1 des hydrolases glycosidiques. Grâce à la co-cristallisation avec une molécule de glycérol, un ensemble d'acides aminés a été proposé pour leurs rôles dans la reconnaissance du substrat et la catalyse. Dans une matrice alimentaire complexe, PsBG1 a efficacement hydrolysé des substrats glycosidiques en métabolites volatils. Les β-glucosidases de Actinomyces naeslundii et Granulicatella adiacens ont également montré une activité envers des substrats glycosidiques aromatiques présents dans les produits alimentaires.Cette étude fournit une caractérisation détaillée des β-glucosidases du microbiote buccal humaine, démontrant leur rôle dans l'hydrolyse des précurseurs d'arômes et leur rôle potentiel dans la perception des saveurs
Glycosidases, particularly β-glucosidases, catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds, releasing sugar molecules and aglycones. In the human oral cavity, β-glucosidases from the oral microbiota have previously been proposed to release aromatic compounds.This thesis aims to identify bacterial oral glycosidases involved in aroma release. Seven glycosidases from the oral microbiota were identified, expressed, and purified, including those from Veillonella sp. (VsBGlu1 and VsBGal1), Prevotella sp. (PsBG1), Streptococcus pneumoniae (SpBG1), Actinomyces naeslundii (AnBG1), Streptococcus salivarius (SsBG1), and Granulicatella adiacens (GaBG1). Kinetic analysis showed that PsBG1 has high catalytic efficiency towards β-glucopyranosides and can hydrolyze various aromatic and aliphatic glucosides, releasing volatile compounds such as salicylaldehyde, octanol, and hexanol. X-ray crystallography analysis of PsBG1 revealed its characteristic glycoside hydrolase family 1 structure. Through co-crystallization with a glycerol molecule, a set of amino acids was proposed for their roles in substrate recognition and catalysis. In a complex food matrix, PsBG1 effectively hydrolyzed glycosidic substrates into volatile metabolites. The β-glucosidases from Actinomyces naeslundii and Granulicatella adiacens also showed activity towards aromatic glycoside substrates found in food products.This study provides a detailed characterization of human oral microbiota β-glucosidases, demonstrating their role in the hydrolysis of aroma precursors and their potential role in flavor perception

Curcuminoids inactivate Nuclear Factor-Kappa B (NF-κB), a key pro-inflammatory transcription factor which is involved in inflammation and immune response in diseases like cancer. NF-κB activation is necessary to determine tumor microenvironment which controls migration and metastatis of cancer cells through chemokines and their receptors and involvement of some cell adhesion molecules. Therefore inhibition of NF-κB by curcuminoids could be a new approach in treatment of cancer by immune modulation. Curcuminoids are not bioavailable and therefore there were problems in efficacy. Now by using bioavailable curcuminoid formulations the problem has been resolved to a great extent. Out of 49 placebo controlled double blind clinical trials using curcuminoids, 17 have been found to be successful. Therefore curcuminoids could be developed as an adjunct therapy for diseases like cancer to save human life.

Abstract “The beast” still held an influential position in recordings; it was even the signature of a new genre, “krautrock.” But all signs pointed to its displacement by a portable instrument. Bob saw this at the MENC Convention, where a new competitor’s synth, the VCS3 (produced by Peter Zinovieff) was shown. Zinovieff, along with Suzanne Ciani and Joel Chadabe, pioneered automated electronic music. Bob got the message. He and the staff scrambled to ready the Minimoog C for an unveiling at the Fall AES meeting. But there was a swarm of competitors at AES, too: EML, the VCS3, and another newcomer, Alan R. Pearlman’s ARP. To save the company, Moog engineers disobeyed Bob’s orders and put the Minimoog into production. The “Minimoog D” was essentially the same as the Mini C, but with modulation wheels, a design that would set the standard for most portable electronic keyboards in the future.

Le présent article est un compte rendu de recherche menée afin de vérifier l’usage des ressources communicationnelles endogènes en synergie avec les terminologies innovatrices exogènes dans une approche innovante de transfert des techniques culturales du café Arabusta sur un projet expérimental en milieu rural toura. Il s’articule sur la problématique de l’usage de la langue dans le développement. Il met particulièrement l’accent sur la capacité de la langue locale à mieux transmettre le savoir innovant et à susciter dans le même temps la participation active de la population au projet qui lui est destiné. Il illustre dans cette optique la question de l’usage de la langue locale et celui de langue officielle, qui est la langue de l’expert, dans un même contexte de développement et de recherche en développement. Ce faisant, il vise à montrer à la fois la signification de la langue comme un important outil de transfert des pratiques agricoles et un instrument pratique de mise en application des savoirs à travers l’exemple du champ expérimental de l’Arabusta. Il montre comment parvenir par la langue locale à assurer la durabilité des pratiques culturales innovantes et à les transmettre aux générations futures. Il se veut enfin servir d’exemple d’introduction de la culture de la recherche en milieu rural. Pour y parvenir, il adopte une démarche d’instrumentalisation la langue locale toura par le rituel du Kono par lequel il intègre l’approche participative dans le moule de la recherche action. Il incorpore aussi, à ce rituel, la durabilité de l’action et de ses effets par le biais de la durabilité communicationnelle. Au bout de cette démarche il ressort que le rituel du Kono permet de construire un canal de transmission efficace des pratiques culturales de l’Arabusta en faisant usage du toura et du français dans une approche de communication commune. Les étapes franchies par le message agricole de l’Arabusta, appelées interfaces linguistiques, favorisent la reconstruction des savoirs à mettre en pratique sur le terrain. Le Kono oral et le Kono écrit, résultats d’instrumentalisation de la langue toura sont dans le même temps des outils de communication et d’application des techniques de culture de l’Arabusta et d’en assurer la durabilité. Enfin notre article présente l’adaptation des techniques culturales innovantes aux ressources communicationnelles locales à travers des interfaces linguistiques construites à cette fin et servant de cellules de modulation, de transmission et du retour en termes de feedback de l’information des techniques culturales de l’Arabusta.

For photonic neural networks, we propose a novel microring bank with carrier-effect and thermal dual-tunability, which can 1) combine modulating and weighting for saved space, 2) improve tuning efficiency, and 3) inherit WDM-enabled scalability.

Abstract This paper presents the design and experimental results of control of an SMA actuator using PWPF modulation to reduce the energy consumption by the SMA actuator. An SMA wire test stand is used in this research. Based on results of open-loop testing of the SMA wire actuator and parameter analysis of the PWPF modulator, a PWPF modulator is designed to modulate a Proportional plus Derivative (PD) controller. Experiments demonstrate that control of the SMA actuator using PWPF modulation effectively save actuation energy whiling maintaining same control accuracy as compared to continuous PD control.

Possibility of holographic correction of the aberration caused by the acoustooptic modulation was demonstated using photorefractive crystals as holographic recording media. Correction was realised using simple two-wave mixing scheme which allow to wash out aberrations but save useful information which may be carried by acoustical wave.

Abstract Air conditioning systems consume a significant amount of energy used in buildings while the refrigerants used in air conditioners leads to ozone layer depletion, causing global warming. Recently, to mitigate this issue, passive radiative cooling has attracted great interest. By reflecting the solar irradiance and selectively emitting mid-infrared thermal radiation, net cooling can be realized by passive radiative cooling without any power input. However, practically, a cooling effect is not desired all year round. To solve this problem, in this study, we propose a thermal-controllable passive radiative cooling coating (TPRCC) consisting of a hierarchically porous structured polymer embedded with thermochromic core-shell microparticles, which can automatically regulate the solar reflectivity by the ambient temperature. This study aims to develop a simple method to fabricate the proposed TPRCC with several common colors (i.e. grey, green, yellow, and red) as well as to investigate its cooling power modulation ability numerically. Based on the results of the study, among those colors, the green-TPRCC achieves the best radiative cooling and cooling power modulation ability, which shows the adjustable solar reflectivity between 68.64% to 92.60% under medium concentrations of thermochromic dyes with estimated 265 W/m2 cooling power modulation ability. Overall, the proposed TPRCC shows tremendous potential to be applied on exterior walls of smart-green buildings, and thus save a large amount of energy consumed by air conditioning systems thanks to its functionality and adjustable appearance.

An optical implementation of a spatial light modulator based Hopfield type optical associative memory [1] is introduced. An inner-product scheme [2-5] is utilized in the optical system architecture such that the synapses matrix is realized by storing the memory images in two separated spatial light modulators placed in tandem. This scheme is able to save the memory storage space by up to one order of magnitude and is thus very suitable for optical implementation using spatial light modulators.

Vibration attenuation techniques in cutting tools can save old machines and enhance design flexibility in new manufacturing systems. The finite element method is employed to investigate structural stiffness, damping, and switching methodology under the use of smart material in tool error attenuation. This work discusses the limitations of using lumped mass modeling in toolpost dynamic control. Transient solution for tool tip displacement is obtained when pulse width modulation (PWM) is used for smart material activation during the compensation of the radial disturbing cutting forces. Accordingly a Fuzzy algorithm is developed to control actuator voltage level toward improved dynamic performance. The required minimum number of PWM cycles in each disturbing force period is investigated to diminish tool error. Time delay of applied voltage during error attenuation is also evaluated. Toolpost static force-displacement diagram as required to predict voltage intensities for error reduction is tested under different dynamic operating conditions.

A new control algorithm for the proposed system is also presented in order to control the power delivery between the solar PV, battery and grid which simultaneously provides maximum power point tracking (MPPT) operation for the solar PV . Using this systems save solar energy, reduce pollution ,less total harmonic distortion (THD) ,as well as and lower maintenance .Cost also efficient .We used solar energy plays an important role in electricity generation in our project .Solar photovoltaic (PV) system and battery storage, which is implemented using a three level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter. An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC); the resulting AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits. Renewable energy (solar energy) plays an important role in electricity generation. Proposed work . The solar inverter consist of solar panel , controller , inverter & batteries , all of which can function independently without utility . The solar system are now being used widely in different fields, like street lighting , traffic , telecommunications base ,large scale billboards & home power. In this paper, a novel configuration of a three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter that can integrate solar photovoltaic (PV) with battery storage in a grid-connected system is proposed. The strength of the proposed topology lies in a novel, extended unbalance three-level vector modulation technique that can generate the correct ac voltage under unbalanced dc voltage conditions.

Abstract Multi-lateral wells are widely utilized by exhibiting enhanced productivity and reduced drilling costs in comparison to traditional vertical well technology, due to the shared upper casing section and production process equipment. Nevertheless, a systematical evaluation of the key technologies of the multi-lateral wells is currently absent, resulting in frequent inefficiencies occurring during the drilling and completion process and having a negative influence on drilling efficiency. Based on the statistical data sourced from the S region, this paper undertaken a comprehensive assessment of the inefficiencies from three perspectives of geological factor, design factor and drilling optimization. The key technologies for enhancing the efficiency of drilling and completion are identified. Results indicate that inefficient events related to geological factors are primarily formation losses, while design-related inefficiencies include intricate trajectory for which control is difficult, as well as a long horizontal section with difficulties in cut carrying and a propensity for the formation of rock beds. From a viewpoint of drilling optimization, inefficiencies involve stuck pipes during drilling, particularly in water-sensitive formations, causing issues such as hole shrinkage, key seat sticking, and long operation time. In addition, an ease of swabbing during retrieve whipstock in 7" liner results in a heightened risk of well control, and shear pin may snap if the driller slacks off extra weight during run in hole (RIH), leading to the Whipstock to plummet into the hole. In order to address the three types of factors, the strategy of abandoning total loss hole and using high-performance drilling fluids is adopted to save costs and time. Collision avoidance is considered to prevent unintended intersection or interference and distance among window to window is optimized around 200 ft. In addition, the multi-window one-time scraping method is used to enhance operational efficiency by minimizing the number of trips. During the drilling process in the 6-1/8″ wellbore, employing the fast drilling method reduces the time required by half compared to traditional controlled-speed drilling. This research provides both practical and theoretical guidance for contributing to multi-lateral well construction efficiency, modulating non productive time (NPT) and ensuring safety during operation.