Journal articles: 'Modulateur bimodal'

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Stronks, H. C., J. J. Briaire, and J. H. M. Frijns. "The Temporal Fine Structure of Background Noise Determines the Benefit of Bimodal Hearing for Recognizing Speech." Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology 21, no. 6 (October 26, 2020): 527–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10162-020-00772-1.

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Abstract Cochlear implant (CI) users have more difficulty understanding speech in temporally modulated noise than in steady-state (SS) noise. This is thought to be caused by the limited low-frequency information that CIs provide, as well as by the envelope coding in CIs that discards the temporal fine structure (TFS). Contralateral amplification with a hearing aid, referred to as bimodal hearing, can potentially provide CI users with TFS cues to complement the envelope cues provided by the CI signal. In this study, we investigated whether the use of a CI alone provides access to only envelope cues and whether acoustic amplification can provide additional access to TFS cues. To this end, we evaluated speech recognition in bimodal listeners, using SS noise and two amplitude-modulated noise types, namely babble noise and amplitude-modulated steady-state (AMSS) noise. We hypothesized that speech recognition in noise depends on the envelope of the noise, but not on its TFS when listening with a CI. Secondly, we hypothesized that the amount of benefit gained by the addition of a contralateral hearing aid depends on both the envelope and TFS of the noise. The two amplitude-modulated noise types decreased speech recognition more effectively than SS noise. Against expectations, however, we found that babble noise decreased speech recognition more effectively than AMSS noise in the CI-only condition. Therefore, we rejected our hypothesis that TFS is not available to CI users. In line with expectations, we found that the bimodal benefit was highest in babble noise. However, there was no significant difference between the bimodal benefit obtained in SS and AMSS noise. Our results suggest that a CI alone can provide TFS cues and that bimodal benefits in noise depend on TFS, but not on the envelope of the noise.

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Tamai, Keiko, Hidekazu Iioka, and Stephanie Doerner. "A bimodal modulator in canonical Wnt signal transduction." Developmental Biology 319, no. 2 (July 2008): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.05.210.

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Schulze, Anja, Beatrice Oehler, Nicole Urban, Michael Schaefer, and Kerstin Hill. "Apomorphine Is a Bimodal Modulator of TRPA1 Channels." Molecular Pharmacology 83, no. 2 (December 6, 2012): 542–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.112.081976.

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Dietz, Christian, Marcus Schulze, Agnieszka Voss, Christian Riesch, and Robert W. Stark. "Bimodal frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy with small cantilevers." Nanoscale 7, no. 5 (2015): 1849–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4nr05907g.

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Ernst, Matthias, Helen Geen, and Beat H. Meier. "Amplitude-modulated decoupling in rotating solids: A bimodal Floquet approach." Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 29, no. 1-3 (February 2006): 2–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssnmr.2005.08.004.

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Iioka, Hidekazu, Stephanie K. Doerner, and Keiko Tamai. "Kaiso is a bimodal modulator for Wnt/β-catenin signaling." FEBS Letters 583, no. 4 (January 21, 2009): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2009.01.012.

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Kawai, Masanobu, and Clifford J. Rosen. "Minireview: A Skeleton in Serotonin’s Closet?" Endocrine Reviews 31, no. 4 (August 1, 2010): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/edrv.31.4.9989.

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Abstract The serotonin molecule plays a multifunctional role in mammalian homeostasis serving as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, a gut-derived mediator of peristalsis, and a circulating hormone that regulates appetite, cardiovascular function, and hemostasis. Recent evidence from the clinic and the bench highlight an unexpected target for serotonin action, the skeleton. Clinically, two classes of drugs, the second generation antipsychotic drugs (SGAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which modulate central and peripheral serotonin signaling, have been shown to alter bone remodeling although the mechanism is not clear. In contrast, genetically engineered mouse models have demonstrated a bimodal control system whereby gut-derived serotonin under the control of the Wnt/Lrp/β-catenin system acts systemically to suppress bone formation, whereas CNS serotonin activated by leptin modulates sympathetic outflow to the skeleton. In this brief review, we will summarize recent findings linking serotonin to the skeleton and discuss future directions for this new but challenging aspect of this multidimensional molecule.

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Kawai, Masanobu, and Clifford J. Rosen. "Minireview: A Skeleton in Serotonin’s Closet?" Endocrinology 151, no. 9 (July 21, 2010): 4103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-0499.

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The serotonin molecule plays a multifunctional role in mammalian homeostasis serving as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, a gut-derived mediator of peristalsis, and a circulating hormone that regulates appetite, cardiovascular function, and hemostasis. Recent evidence from the clinic and the bench highlight an unexpected target for serotonin action, the skeleton. Clinically, two classes of drugs, the second generation antipsychotic drugs (SGAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which modulate central and peripheral serotonin signaling, have been shown to alter bone remodeling although the mechanism is not clear. In contrast, genetically engineered mouse models have demonstrated a bimodal control system whereby gut-derived serotonin under the control of the Wnt/Lrp/β-catenin system acts systemically to suppress bone formation, whereas CNS serotonin activated by leptin modulates sympathetic outflow to the skeleton. In this brief review, we will summarize recent findings linking serotonin to the skeleton and discuss future directions for this new but challenging aspect of this multidimensional molecule.

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Pyschny, Verena, Markus Landwehr, Moritz Hahn, Ruth Lang-Roth, Martin Walger, and Hartmut Meister. "Head Shadow, Squelch, and Summation Effects With an Energetic or Informational Masker in Bilateral and Bimodal CI Users." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57, no. 5 (October 2014): 1942–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2014_jslhr-h-13-0144.

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Purpose The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of noise (energetic) and speech (energetic plus informational) maskers on the head shadow (HS), squelch (SQ), and binaural summation (SU) effect in bilateral and bimodal cochlear implant (CI) users. Method Speech recognition was measured in the presence of either a competing talker or modulated speech-shaped noise in 10 bimodal and 10 bilateral adult CI users. HS, SQ, and SU effects were calculated. The interfering signals were manipulated with respect to F0 to consider the influence of different speaker voices. Results The effects HS, SQ, and SU differed depending on the type of masker. A detailed analysis of errors was used to dissociate energetic and informational masking effects. The analysis showed a release from energetic than from informational masking. Conclusion Noise interferers are not sufficient to reflect difficulties experienced with speech understanding in noise for bilateral and bimodal CI users.

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Allman, Brian L., and M. Alex Meredith. "Multisensory Processing in “Unimodal” Neurons: Cross-Modal Subthreshold Auditory Effects in Cat Extrastriate Visual Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 1 (July 2007): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00173.2007.

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Historically, the study of multisensory processing has examined the function of the definitive neuron type, the bimodal neuron. These neurons are excited by inputs from more than one sensory modality, and when multisensory stimuli are present, they can integrate their responses in a predictable manner. However, recent studies have revealed that multisensory processing in the cortex is not restricted to bimodal neurons. The present investigation sought to examine the potential for multisensory processing in nonbimodal (unimodal) neurons in the retinotopically organized posterolateral lateral suprasylvian (PLLS) area of the cat. Standard extracellular recordings were used to measure responses of all neurons encountered to both separate- and combined-modality stimulation. Whereas bimodal neurons behaved as predicted, the surprising result was that 16% of unimodal visual neurons encountered were significantly facilitated by auditory stimuli. Because these unimodal visual neurons did not respond to an auditory stimulus presented alone but had their visual responses modulated by concurrent auditory stimulation, they represent a new form of multisensory neuron: the subthreshold multisensory neuron. These data also demonstrate that bimodal neurons can no longer be regarded as the exclusive basis for multisensory processing.

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Zhang, Jiaqi, Yuji Kosugi, Akira Otomo, Yoshiaki Nakano, and Takuo Tanemura. "Active metasurface modulator with electro-optic polymer using bimodal plasmonic resonance." Optics Express 25, no. 24 (November 17, 2017): 30304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.25.030304.

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Yoo, Young Dong, Su Ran Mun, Chang Hoon Ji, Ki Woon Sung, Keum Young Kang, Ah Jung Heo, Su Hyun Lee, et al. "N-terminal arginylation generates a bimodal degron that modulates autophagic proteolysis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 12 (March 5, 2018): E2716—E2724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719110115.

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The conjugation of amino acids to the protein N termini is universally observed in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, yet its functions remain poorly understood. In eukaryotes, the amino acid l-arginine (l-Arg) is conjugated to N-terminal Asp (Nt-Asp), Glu, Gln, Asn, and Cys, directly or associated with posttranslational modifications. Following Nt-arginylation, the Nt-Arg is recognized by UBR boxes of N-recognins such as UBR1, UBR2, UBR4/p600, and UBR5/EDD, leading to substrate ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation via the N-end rule pathway. It has been a mystery, however, why studies for the past five decades identified only a handful of Nt-arginylated substrates in mammals, although five of 20 principal amino acids are eligible for arginylation. Here, we show that the Nt-Arg functions as a bimodal degron that directs substrates to either the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome system (UPS) or macroautophagy depending on physiological states. In normal conditions, the arginylated forms of proteolytic cleavage products, D101-CDC6 and D1156-BRCA1, are targeted to UBR box-containing N-recognins and degraded by the proteasome. However, when proteostasis by the UPS is perturbed, their Nt-Arg redirects these otherwise cellular wastes to macroautophagy through its binding to the ZZ domain of the autophagic adaptor p62/STQSM/Sequestosome-1. Upon binding to the Nt-Arg, p62 acts as an autophagic N-recognin that undergoes self-polymerization, facilitating cargo collection and lysosomal degradation of p62–cargo complexes. A chemical mimic of Nt-Arg redirects Ub-conjugated substrates from the UPS to macroautophagy and promotes their lysosomal degradation. Our results suggest that the Nt-Arg proteome of arginylated proteins contributes to reprogramming global proteolytic flux under stresses.

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Schendel, Krista, and Lynn C. Robertson. "Reaching Out to See: Arm Position Can Attenuate Human Visual Loss." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 6 (July 2004): 935–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929041502698.

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Electrophysiological recordings in monkeys have now revealed several brain regions that contain bimodal visuotactile neurons capable of responding to either tactile or visual stimuli placed on or near the hands, arms, and face. These cells have now been found in frontal, parietal, and subcortical areas of the monkey brain, suggesting a cortical network of neurons that preferentially represent near peripersonal space. The degree to which the visual responses of such cells rely on input from the primary visual cortex and the extent to which they may contribute to visual perception is not completely understood. Nonetheless, recent neuropsychological studies suggest that a similar representation of near space may be bimodally coded in humans as well. Given the accumulating evidence for specialized processing of visual stimuli placed near the hands and arms, we hypothesized that arm position may be capable of modulating human visual ability. Here we report the case of WM, who lost his ability to see in his left visual hemifield after sustaining damage to his right primary visual cortex. Interestingly, the placement of WM's left arm into his “blind” field resulted in significantly better detection of left visual field stimuli compared to when his hand was placed in his lap at midline. Moreover, we found this attenuation to be confined to stimuli presented within reaching distance (unless a tool that extended WM's reach was held while he performed the test). These findings are highly consistent with the characteristics of the bimodal visuo-tactile neurons that have been described in monkeys. Thus, it seems that arm position can modulate human visual ability, even after damage to the primary visual cortex. This study provides an exciting bridge between monkey neurophysiology and human visual capacity while also offering a novel approach for improving visual defects acquired via cortical injury.

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Castelnuovo, Manuele, Samir Rahman, Elisa Guffanti, Valentina Infantino, Françoise Stutz, and Daniel Zenklusen. "Bimodal expression of PHO84 is modulated by early termination of antisense transcription." Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 20, no. 7 (June 16, 2013): 851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.2598.

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Taffou, Marine, Rachid Guerchouche, George Drettakis, and Isabelle Viaud-Delmon. "Auditory–Visual Aversive Stimuli Modulate the Conscious Experience of Fear." Multisensory Research 26, no. 4 (2013): 347–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002424.

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In a natural environment, affective information is perceived via multiple senses, mostly audition and vision. However, the impact of multisensory information on affect remains relatively undiscovered. In this study, we investigated whether the auditory–visual presentation of aversive stimuli influences the experience of fear. We used the advantages of virtual reality to manipulate multisensory presentation and to display potentially fearful dog stimuli embedded in a natural context. We manipulated the affective reactions evoked by the dog stimuli by recruiting two groups of participants: dog-fearful and non-fearful participants. The sensitivity to dog fear was assessed psychometrically by a questionnaire and also at behavioral and subjective levels using a Behavioral Avoidance Test (BAT). Participants navigated in virtual environments, in which they encountered virtual dog stimuli presented through the auditory channel, the visual channel or both. They were asked to report their fear using Subjective Units of Distress. We compared the fear for unimodal (visual or auditory) and bimodal (auditory–visual) dog stimuli. Dog-fearful participants as well as non-fearful participants reported more fear in response to bimodal audiovisual compared to unimodal presentation of dog stimuli. These results suggest that fear is more intense when the affective information is processed via multiple sensory pathways, which might be due to a cross-modal potentiation. Our findings have implications for the field of virtual reality-based therapy of phobias. Therapies could be refined and improved by implicating and manipulating the multisensory presentation of the feared situations.

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Sun, Yao, Zhigang Hu, Dan Zhao, and Kaiyang Zeng. "Mechanical Properties of Microcrystalline Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) Measured by Bimodal Amplitude Modulated-Frequency Modulated Atomic Force Microscopy." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 37 (September 8, 2017): 32202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b06809.

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van Leeuwen, Anieke, Sarah A. Budischak, Andrea L. Graham, and Clayton E. Cressler. "Parasite resource manipulation drives bimodal variation in infection duration." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1902 (May 8, 2019): 20190456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0456.

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Over a billion people on earth are infected with helminth parasites and show remarkable variation in parasite burden and chronicity. These parasite distributions are captured well by classic statistics, such as the negative binomial distribution. But the within-host processes underlying this variation are not well understood. In this study, we explain variation in macroparasite infection outcomes on the basis of resource flows within hosts. Resource flows realize the interactions between parasites and host immunity and metabolism. When host metabolism is modulated by parasites, we find a positive feedback of parasites on their own resources. While this positive feedback results in parasites improving their resource availability at high burdens, giving rise to chronic infections, it also results in a threshold biomass required for parasites to establish in the host, giving rise to acute infections when biomass fails to clear the threshold. Our finding of chronic and acute outcomes in bistability contrasts with classic theory, yet is congruent with the variation in helminth burdens observed in human and wildlife populations.

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Akbaba, Sati, Dina Ahmed, Andreas Mock, Thomas Held, Suzan Bahadir, Kristin Lang, Mustafa Syed, et al. "Treatment Outcome of 227 Patients with Sinonasal Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (ACC) after Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy and Active Raster-Scanning Carbon Ion Boost: A 10-Year Single-Center Experience." Cancers 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11111705.

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We aimed to evaluate the treatment outcome of primary and postoperative bimodal radiotherapy (RT) including intensity modulated photon radiotherapy (IMRT) and carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) for sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) patients. Medical records of 227 consecutive patients who received either a primary (n = 90, 40%) or postoperative (n = 137, 60%; R2, n = 86, 63%) IMRT with doses between 48 and 56 Gy in 1.8 or 2 Gy fractions and active raster-scanning carbon ion boost with 18 to 24 Gy (RBE, relative biological effectiveness) in 3 Gy (RBE) fractions between 2009 and 2019 up to a median total dose of 80 Gy (EQD2, equivalent dose in 2 Gy single dose fractions, range 71–80 Gy) were reviewed. Results: Median follow-up was 50 months. In univariate and multivariate analysis, no significant difference in local control (LC) could be shown between the two treatment groups (p = 0.33). Corresponding 3-year LC rates were 79% for primary bimodal RT and 82% for postoperative bimodal RT, respectively. T4 stage (p = 0.002) and solid histology (p = 0.005) were identified as independent prognostic factors for decreased LC. Significant worse long-term treatment tolerance was observed for postoperatively irradiated patients with 17% vs. 6% late grade 3 toxicity (p < 0.001). Primary radiotherapy including IMRT and carbon ion boost for dose-escalation results in adequate LC with less long-term grade 3 toxicity compared to postoperative bimodal radiotherapy in sinonasal ACC patients. The high rate of macroscopic tumor disease in the postoperative group makes the interpretation of the beneficial results in LC for primary RT difficult.

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Zhu, Chunjuan, Guosheng Han, and Feng Jiao. "Dynamical Regulation of mRNA Distribution by Cross-Talking Signaling Pathways." Complexity 2020 (June 17, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6402703.

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Gene transcription is a random process in single cells manifested by the observed distribution of mRNA copy numbers in homogeneous cell populations. A central question is to understand how mRNA distribution is modulated under environmental changes. In this work, we initiate a theoretical study on mRNA distribution dynamics for the stochastic transcription model that involves cross-talking signaling pathways to direct gene activation in response to external signals. We first express the distribution in mathematical dynamical formulas under both moderate and high transcriptional upregulations. In each scenario, our further numerical examples display an observed dynamical transition type among three distribution modes for stress genes in yeast. In particular, the intermediate bimodal stage sustains within a certain length of early time and lasts much longer than that generated by the single pathway. This shows the general and robust bimodal transcription regulated by the cross-talk of signaling pathways.

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Ong, Jia Hoong, Denis Burnham, Paola Escudero, and Catherine J. Stevens. "Effect of Linguistic and Musical Experience on Distributional Learning of Nonnative Lexical Tones." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 60, no. 10 (October 17, 2017): 2769–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-16-0080.

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Purpose Evidence suggests that extensive experience with lexical tones or musical training provides an advantage in perceiving nonnative lexical tones. This investigation concerns whether such an advantage is evident in learning nonnative lexical tones based on the distributional structure of the input. Method Using an established protocol, distributional learning of lexical tones was investigated with tone language (Mandarin) listeners with no musical training (Experiment 1) and nontone language (Australian English) listeners with musical training (Experiment 2). Within each experiment, participants were trained on a bimodal (2-peak) or a unimodal (single peak) distribution along a continuum spanning a Thai lexical tone minimal pair. Discrimination performance on the target minimal pair was assessed before and after training. Results Mandarin nonmusicians exhibited clear distributional learning (listeners in the bimodal, but not those in the unimodal condition, improved significantly as a function of training), whereas Australian English musicians did not (listeners in both the bimodal and unimodal conditions improved as a function of training). Conclusions Our findings suggest that veridical perception of lexical tones is not sufficient for distributional learning of nonnative lexical tones to occur. Rather, distributional learning appears to be modulated by domain-specific pitch experience and is constrained possibly by top-down interference.

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Gama, Leonardo R., Guilherme Giovanini, Gábor Balázsi, and Alexandre F. Ramos. "Binary Expression Enhances Reliability of Messaging in Gene Networks." Entropy 22, no. 4 (April 22, 2020): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22040479.

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The promoter state of a gene and its expression levels are modulated by the amounts of transcription factors interacting with its regulatory regions. Hence, one may interpret a gene network as a communicating system in which the state of the promoter of a gene (the source) is communicated by the amounts of transcription factors that it expresses (the message) to modulate the state of the promoter and expression levels of another gene (the receptor). The reliability of the gene network dynamics can be quantified by Shannon’s entropy of the message and the mutual information between the message and the promoter state. Here we consider a stochastic model for a binary gene and use its exact steady state solutions to calculate the entropy and mutual information. We show that a slow switching promoter with long and equally standing ON and OFF states maximizes the mutual information and reduces entropy. That is a binary gene expression regime generating a high variance message governed by a bimodal probability distribution with peaks of the same height. Our results indicate that Shannon’s theory can be a powerful framework for understanding how bursty gene expression conciliates with the striking spatio-temporal precision exhibited in pattern formation of developing organisms.

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Li, Zhi, Weidong Yu, Tim Li, V. S. N. Murty, and Fredolin Tangang. "Bimodal Character of Cyclone Climatology in the Bay of Bengal Modulated by Monsoon Seasonal Cycle*." Journal of Climate 26, no. 3 (February 1, 2013): 1033–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00627.1.

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Abstract The annual cycle of tropical cyclone (TC) frequency over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) exhibits a notable bimodal character, different from a single peak in other basins. The causes of this peculiar feature were investigated through the diagnosis of a genesis potential index (GPI) with the use of the NCEP Reanalysis I dataset during the period 1981–2009. A methodology was developed to quantitatively assess the relative contributions of four environmental parameters. Different from a conventional view that the seasonal change of vertical shear causes the bimodal feature, it was found that the strengthened vertical shear alone from boreal spring to summer cannot overcome the relative humidity effect. It is the combined effect of vertical shear, vorticity, and SST that leads to the GPI minimum in boreal summer. It is noted that TC frequency in October–November is higher than that in April–May, which is primarily attributed to the difference of mean relative humidity between the two periods. In contrast, more supercyclones (category 4 or above) occur in April–May than in October–November. It is argued that greater ocean heat content, the first branch of northward-propagating intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) associated with the monsoon onset over the BoB, and stronger ISO intensity in April–May are favorable environmental conditions for cyclone intensification.

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Chen, Xi, Jia Chen, Siting Gan, Huaji Guan, Yuan Zhou, Qi Ouyang, and Jue Shi. "DNA damage strength modulates a bimodal switch of p53 dynamics for cell-fate control." BMC Biology 11, no. 1 (2013): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-11-73.

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Garg, Rajat, Manoj Kumar Pandey, and Ramesh Ramachandran. "Bimodal Floquet theory of phase-modulated heteronuclear decoupling experiments in solid-state NMR spectroscopy." Journal of Chemical Physics 155, no. 10 (September 14, 2021): 104102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0061883.

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Zhusubaliyev, Z. T., D. S. Kuzmina, and O. O. Yanochkina. "Bifurcation Analysis of Piecewise Smooth Bimodal Maps Using Normal Form." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 24, no. 3 (December 6, 2020): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2020-24-3-137-151.

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Purpose of reseach. Studyof bifurcations in piecewise-smooth bimodal maps using a piecewise-linear continuous map as a normal form. Methods. We propose a technique for determining the parameters of a normal form based on the linearization of a piecewise-smooth map in a neighborhood of a critical fixed point. Results. The stability region of a fixed point is constructed numerically and analytically on the parameter plane. It is shown that this region is limited by two bifurcation curves: the lines of the classical period-doubling bifurcation and the “border collision” bifurcation. It is proposed a method for determining the parameters of a normal form as a function of the parameters of a piecewise smooth map. The analysis of "border-collision" bifurcations using piecewise-linear normal form is carried out. Conclusion. A bifurcation analysis of a piecewise-smooth irreversible bimodal map of the class Z1–Z3–Z1 modeling the dynamics of a pulse–modulated control system is carried out. It is proposed a technique for calculating the parameters of a piecewise linear continuous map used as a normal form. The main bifurcation transitions are calculated when leaving the stability region, both using the initial map and a piecewise linear normal form. The topological equivalence of these maps is numerically proved, indicating the reliability of the results of calculating the parameters of the normal form.

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Eslami, Babak, Daniel Ebeling, and Santiago D. Solares. "Trade-offs in sensitivity and sampling depth in bimodal atomic force microscopy and comparison to the trimodal case." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 5 (July 24, 2014): 1144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.125.

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This paper presents experiments on Nafion® proton exchange membranes and numerical simulations illustrating the trade-offs between the optimization of compositional contrast and the modulation of tip indentation depth in bimodal atomic force microscopy (AFM). We focus on the original bimodal AFM method, which uses amplitude modulation to acquire the topography through the first cantilever eigenmode, and drives a higher eigenmode in open-loop to perform compositional mapping. This method is attractive due to its relative simplicity, robustness and commercial availability. We show that this technique offers the capability to modulate tip indentation depth, in addition to providing sample topography and material property contrast, although there are important competing effects between the optimization of sensitivity and the control of indentation depth, both of which strongly influence the contrast quality. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the two eigenmodes can be highly coupled in practice, especially when highly repulsive imaging conditions are used. Finally, we also offer a comparison with a previously reported trimodal AFM method, where the above competing effects are minimized.

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Zou, Lijuan, Jubin Abutalebi, Benjamin Zinszer, Xin Yan, Hua Shu, Danling Peng, and Guosheng Ding. "Second language experience modulates functional brain network for the native language production in bimodal bilinguals." NeuroImage 62, no. 3 (September 2012): 1367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.062.

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Francart, Tom, Anneke Lenssen, and Jan Wouters. "Sensitivity of Bimodal Listeners to Interaural Time Differences with Modulated Single- and Multiple-Channel Stimuli." Audiology and Neurotology 16, no. 2 (2011): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000313329.

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Sun, Yao, Lien Hong Vu, Nicholas Chew, Zudin Puthucheary, Matthew E. Cove, and Kaiyang Zeng. "A Study of Perturbations in Structure and Elastic Modulus of Bone Microconstituents Using Bimodal Amplitude Modulated-Frequency Modulated Atomic Force Microscopy." ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering 5, no. 2 (December 14, 2018): 478–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01087.

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Blanco-Elorrieta, Esti, Karen Emmorey, and Liina Pylkkänen. "Language switching decomposed through MEG and evidence from bimodal bilinguals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 39 (September 11, 2018): 9708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809779115.

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A defining feature of human cognition is the ability to quickly and accurately alternate between complex behaviors. One striking example of such an ability is bilinguals’ capacity to rapidly switch between languages. This switching process minimally comprises disengagement from the previous language and engagement in a new language. Previous studies have associated language switching with increased prefrontal activity. However, it is unknown how the subcomputations of language switching individually contribute to these activities, because few natural situations enable full separation of disengagement and engagement processes during switching. We recorded magnetoencephalography (MEG) from American Sign Language–English bilinguals who often sign and speak simultaneously, which allows to dissociate engagement and disengagement. MEG data showed that turning a language “off” (switching from simultaneous to single language production) led to increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), while turning a language “on” (switching from one language to two simultaneously) did not. The distinct representational nature of these on and off processes was also supported by multivariate decoding analyses. Additionally, Granger causality analyses revealed that (i) compared with “turning on” a language, “turning off” required stronger connectivity between left and right dlPFC, and (ii) dlPFC activity predicted ACC activity, consistent with models in which the dlPFC is a top–down modulator of the ACC. These results suggest that the burden of language switching lies in disengagement from the previous language as opposed to engaging a new language and that, in the absence of motor constraints, producing two languages simultaneously is not necessarily more cognitively costly than producing one.

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Liu, Chao, Ai Bing Chen, Yong Qi Hu, and Yi Feng Yu. "Synthesis and Characterization of N-Doped Meso/Macroporous Carbon." Applied Mechanics and Materials 395-396 (September 2013): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.395-396.166.

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N-doped meso/macroporous carbon materials were synthesized by using melamine-formaldehyde resin as carbon precursor and silica spheres as a removable template. Scanning electron microscopy images reveal that the macropores of carbon materials can be modulated by changing the diameter of template. While the BET results verify that the template had no obvious effect to the mesopores of the materials. The as-synthesized carbon materials with a bimodal pores structure display a high surface nitrogen content of 30wt%. XPS analysis reveals that N atoms are mostly bound to the graphitic network in two forms, i.e. pyridinic and pyrrolic nitrogen.

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Ibbotson, M. R., N. S. C. Price, and N. A. Crowder. "On the Division of Cortical Cells Into Simple and Complex Types: A Comparative Viewpoint." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 6 (June 2005): 3699–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01159.2004.

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Hubel and Weisel introduced the concept of cells in cat primary visual cortex being partitioned into two categories: simple and complex. Subsequent authors have developed a quantitative measure to distinguish the two cell types based on the ratio between modulated responses at the stimulus frequency ( F1) and unmodulated ( F0) components of the spiking responses to drifting sinusoidal gratings. It has been shown that cells in anesthetized cat and monkey cortex have bimodal distributions of F1/ F0ratios. A clear local minimum or dip exists in the distribution at a ratio close to unity. Here we present a comparison of the distributions of the F1/ F0ratios between cells in the primary visual cortex of the eutherian cat and marsupial Tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii. This is the first quantitative description of any marsupial cortex using the F1/ F0ratio and follows earlier papers showing that cells in wallaby cortex are tightly oriented and spatial frequency tuned. The results reveal a bimodal distribution in the wallaby F1/ F0ratios that is very similar to that found in the rat, cat, and monkey. Discussion focuses on the mechanisms that could lead to such similar cell distributions in animals with diverse behaviors and phylogenies.

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Strogatz, S. H., R. E. Kronauer, and C. A. Czeisler. "Circadian pacemaker interferes with sleep onset at specific times each day: role in insomnia." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 253, no. 1 (July 1, 1987): R172—R178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.253.1.r172.

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The human circadian pacemaker modulates our desire and ability to fall asleep at different times of day. To study this circadian component of sleep tendency, we have analyzed the sleep-wake patterns recorded from 15 free-running subjects in whom the sleep-wake cycle spontaneously desynchronized from the circadian rhythm of body temperature. The analysis indicates that the distribution of sleep onsets during free run is bimodal, with one peak at the temperature trough and, contrary to previous reports, a second peak 9-10 h later. Furthermore, there are two consistent zones in the circadian temperature cycle during which normal subjects rarely fall asleep. We hypothesize that this bimodal rhythm of sleep tendency, revealed under free-running conditions, maintains the same fixed phase relation to the circadian temperature cycle during 24-h entrainment. This would imply that normally entrained individuals should experience a peak of sleep tendency in the midafternoon and a zone of minimal sleep tendency approximately 1-3 h before habitual bedtime. Our temporal isolation data thereby account quantitatively for the timing of the afternoon siesta and suggest that malfunctions of the phasing of the circadian pacemaker may underlie the insomnia associated with sleep-scheduling disorders.

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Son, Minjun, Sang-Joon Ahn, Qiang Guo, Robert A. Burne, and Stephen J. Hagen. "Microfluidic study of competence regulation inStreptococcus mutans: environmental inputs modulate bimodal and unimodal expression ofcomX." Molecular Microbiology 86, no. 2 (August 16, 2012): 258–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08187.x.

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SONG, YUNING, and CURTIS L. BAKER. "Neural mechanisms mediating responses to abutting gratings: Luminance edgesvs.illusory contours." Visual Neuroscience 23, no. 2 (March 2006): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523806232036.

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The discontinuities of phase-shifted abutting line gratings give rise to perception of an “illusory contour” (IC) along the line terminations. Neuronal responses to such ICs have been interpreted as evidence for a specialized visual mechanism, since such responses cannot be predicted from conventional linear receptive fields. However, when the spatial scale of the component gratings (carriers) is large compared to the neuron's luminance passband, these IC responses might be evoked simply by the luminance edges at the line terminations. Thus by presenting abutting gratings at a series of carrier spatial scales to cat A18 neurons, we were able to distinguish genuine nonlinear responses from those due to luminance edges. Around half of the neurons (both simple and complex types) showed a bimodal response pattern to abutting gratings: one peak at a low carrier spatial frequency range that overlapped with the luminance passband, and a second distinct peak at much higher frequencies beyond the neuron's grating resolution. For those bimodally responding neurons, the low-frequency responses were sensitive to carrier phase, but the high-frequency responses were phase-invariant. Thus the responses at low carrier spatial frequencies could be understoodviaa linear model, while the higher frequency responses represented genuine nonlinear IC processing. IC responsive neurons also demonstrated somewhat lower spatial preference to the periodic contours (envelopes) compared to gratings, but the optimal orientation and motion direction for both were quite similar. The nonlinear responses to ICs could be explained by the same energy mechanism underlying responses to second-order stimuli such as contrast-modulated gratings. Similar neuronal preferences for ICs and for gratings may contribute to the form-cue invariant perception of moving contours.

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Guo, Zhi-Ling, Liang-Wu Fu, Hou-Fen Su, Stephanie C. Tjen-A-Looi, and John C. Longhurst. "Role of TRPV1 in acupuncture modulation of reflex excitatory cardiovascular responses." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 314, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): R655—R666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00405.2017.

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We have shown that acupuncture, including manual and electroacupuncture (MA and EA), at the P5–6 acupoints stimulates afferent fibers in the median nerve (MN) to modulate sympathoexcitatory cardiovascular reflexes through central regulation of autonomic function. However, the mechanisms underlying acupuncture activation of these sensory afferent nerves and their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are unclear. Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) is present in sensory nerve fibers distributed in the general region of acupoints like ST36 and BL 40 located in the hindlimb. However, the contribution of TRPV1 to activation of sensory nerves by acupuncture, leading to modulation of pressor responses, has not been studied. We hypothesized that TRPV1 participates in acupuncture’s activation of sensory afferents and their associated cell bodies in the DRG to modulate pressor reflexes. Local injection of iodoresiniferatoxin (Iodo-RTX; a selective TRPV1 antagonist), but not 5% DMSO (vehicle), into the P6 acupoint on the forelimb reversed the MA’s inhibition of pressor reflexes induced by gastric distension (GD). Conversely, inhibition of GD-induced sympathoexcitatory responses by EA at P5–6 was unchanged after administration of Iodo-RTX into P5–6. Single-unit activity of Group III or IV bimodal afferents sensitive to both mechanical and capsaicin stimuli responded to MA stimulation at P6. MA-evoked activity was attenuated significantly ( P < 0.05) by local administration of Iodo-RTX ( n = 12) but not by 5% DMSO ( n = 12) into the region of the P6 acupoint in rats. Administration of Iodo-RTX into P5–6 did not reduce bimodal afferent activity evoked by EA stimulation ( n = 8). Finally, MA at P6 and EA at P5–6 induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK; an intracellular signaling messenger involved in cellular excitation) in DRG neurons located at C7–8 spinal levels receiving MN inputs. After TRPV1 was knocked down in the DRG at these spinal levels with intrathecal injection of TRPV1-siRNA, expression of phosphorylated ERK in the DRG neuron was reduced in MA-treated, but not EA-treated animals. These data suggest that TRPV1 in Group III and IV bimodal sensory afferent nerves contributes to acupuncture inhibition of reflex increases in blood pressure and specifically plays an important role during MA but not EA.

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Li, Qi, Hongtao Yu, Yan Wu, and Ning Gao. "The spatial reliability of task-irrelevant sounds modulates bimodal audiovisual integration: An event-related potential study." Neuroscience Letters 629 (August 2016): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.003.

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Föcker, Julia, and Brigitte Röder. "Event-Related Potentials Reveal Evidence for Late Integration of Emotional Prosody and Facial Expression in Dynamic Stimuli: An ERP Study." Multisensory Research 32, no. 6 (2019): 473–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-20191332.

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Abstract The aim of the present study was to test whether multisensory interactions of emotional signals are modulated by intermodal attention and emotional valence. Faces, voices and bimodal emotionally congruent or incongruent face–voice pairs were randomly presented. The EEG was recorded while participants were instructed to detect sad emotional expressions in either faces or voices while ignoring all stimuli with another emotional expression and sad stimuli of the task irrelevant modality. Participants processed congruent sad face–voice pairs more efficiently than sad stimuli paired with an incongruent emotion and performance was higher in congruent bimodal compared to unimodal trials, irrespective of which modality was task-relevant. Event-related potentials (ERPs) to congruent emotional face–voice pairs started to differ from ERPs to incongruent emotional face–voice pairs at 180 ms after stimulus onset: Irrespectively of which modality was task-relevant, ERPs revealed a more pronounced positivity (180 ms post-stimulus) to emotionally congruent trials compared to emotionally incongruent trials if the angry emotion was presented in the attended modality. A larger negativity to incongruent compared to congruent trials was observed in the time range of 400–550 ms (N400) for all emotions (happy, neutral, angry), irrespectively of whether faces or voices were task relevant. These results suggest an automatic interaction of emotion related information.

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Anderson, Emma C., and Andrew M. L. Lever. "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Polyprotein Modulates Its Own Translation." Journal of Virology 80, no. 21 (November 1, 2006): 10478–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02596-05.

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ABSTRACT The full-length viral RNA of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) functions both as the mRNA for the viral structural proteins Gag and Gag/Pol and as the genomic RNA packaged within viral particles. The packaging signal which Gag recognizes to initiate genome encapsidation is in the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of the HIV-1 RNA, which is also the location of translation initiation complex formation. Hence, it is likely that there is competition between the translation and packaging processes. We studied the ability of Gag to regulate translation of its own mRNA. Gag had a bimodal effect on translation from the HIV-1 5′ UTR, stimulating translation at low concentrations and inhibiting translation at high concentrations in vitro and in vivo. The inhibition was dependent upon the ability of Gag to bind the packaging signal through its nucleocapsid domain. The stimulatory activity was shown to depend on the matrix domain of Gag. These results suggest that Gag controls the equilibrium between translation and packaging, ensuring production of enough molecules of Gag to make viral particles before encapsidating its genome.

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Bruns, Patrick, and Brigitte Röder. "Tactile Capture of Auditory Localization Is Modulated by Hand Posture." Experimental Psychology 57, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000032.

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It is well known that spatial discrepancies between synchronized auditory and visual events can lead to mislocalizations of the auditory stimulus toward the visual stimulus, the so-called ventriloquism effect. Recently, a similar effect of touch on audition has been reported. This study investigated whether this audio-tactile ventriloquism effect depends on hand posture. Participants reported the perceived location of brief auditory stimuli that were presented from left, right, and center locations, either alone or with concurrent tactile stimuli to the fingertips situated at the left and right sides of the speaker array. Compared to unimodal presentations, auditory localization was biased toward the side of the concurrent tactile stimulus in the bimodal trials. This effect was reduced but still significant when participants adopted a crossed-hands posture. In this condition a partial (incomplete) localization bias was observed only for large audio-tactile spatial discrepancies. However, localization was still shifted toward the external location of the tactile stimulus, and not toward the side of the anatomical hand that was stimulated. These results substantiate recent evidence for the existence of an audio-tactile ventriloquism effect and extend these findings by demonstrating that this illusion operates predominantly in an external coordinate system.

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Yu*, Hongtao, Aijun Wang*, Qingqing Li, Yulong Liu, Jiajia Yang, Satoshi Takahashi, Yoshimichi Ejima, Ming Zhang, and Jinglong Wu. "Semantically Congruent Bimodal Presentation with Divided-Modality Attention Accelerates Unisensory Working Memory Retrieval." Perception 50, no. 11 (November 2021): 917–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03010066211052943.

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Although previous studies have shown that semantic multisensory integration can be differentially modulated by attention focus, it remains unclear whether attentionally mediated multisensory perceptual facilitation could impact further cognitive performance. Using a delayed matching-to-sample paradigm, the present study investigated the effect of semantically congruent bimodal presentation on subsequent unisensory working memory (WM) performance by manipulating attention focus. The results showed that unisensory WM retrieval was faster in the semantically congruent condition than in the incongruent multisensory encoding condition. However, such a result was only found in the divided-modality attention condition. This result indicates that a robust multisensory representation was constructed during semantically congruent multisensory encoding with divided-modality attention; this representation then accelerated unisensory WM performance, especially auditory WM retrieval. Additionally, an overall faster unisensory WM retrieval was observed under the modality-specific selective attention condition compared with the divided-modality condition, indicating that the division of attention to address two modalities demanded more central executive resources to encode and integrate crossmodal information and to maintain a constructed multisensory representation, leaving few resources for WM retrieval. Additionally, the present finding may support the amodal view that WM has an amodal central storage component that is used to maintain modal-based attention-optimized multisensory representations.

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Garcia-Forner, Núria, Joana Vieira, Cristina Nabais, Ana Carvalho, Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, and Filipe Campelo. "Climatic and physiological regulation of the bimodal xylem formation pattern in Pinus pinaster saplings." Tree Physiology 39, no. 12 (October 14, 2019): 2008–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz099.

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Abstract Seasonality in tree cambial activity and xylem formation encompass large variation in environmental conditions. Abiotic stressors such as warming or drought also modulate plant behavior at species and individual level. Despite xylem formation susceptibility to carbon (C) and water availability, it is still unknown which are the key physiological variables that regulate xylogenesis, and to what extent plant performance contributes to further explain the number of cells in the different phases of xylem development. Xylogenesis and physiological behavior was monitored in saplings of Pinus pinaster Aiton, a bimodal growth pattern species, distributed in different irrigation regimes. Xylogenesis and plant physiological behavior were compared between treatments and the relationship between climate, physiology and the number of cells in the cambium, enlargement and cell-wall thickening phases was evaluated. Xylogenesis regulation shifted from physiological to climatic control as cell differentiation advanced to mature tracheids. The number of cells in the cambium increased with assimilation rates and decreased with the water potential gradient through the plant. Enlargement was the most susceptible phase to plant relative water content, whereas no physiological variable contributed to explain the number of cells in the wall thickening phase, which declined as temperatures increased. All treatments showed a bimodal growth pattern with a second growth period starting when primary growth was completed and after plants had experienced the highest summer hydraulic losses. Our study demonstrates the importance of including physiological responses and not only climate to fully understand xylogenesis, with special attention to the enlargement phase. This is critical when studying species with a bimodal growth pattern because the second growth peak responds to internal shifts of C allocation and may strongly depend on plant hydraulic responses and not on a fine tuning of cambial activity with soil water availability.

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Vinogradov, Elena, P. K. Madhu, and Shimon Vega. "A bimodal Floquet analysis of phase modulated Lee–Goldburg high resolution proton magic angle spinning NMR experiments." Chemical Physics Letters 329, no. 3-4 (October 2000): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(00)01006-x.

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Sieben, Kay, and Ileana Hanganu-Opatz. "Crossmodal stimulation influences communication in visual-somatosensory cortical networks of the Brown Norway rat." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x647117.

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Processing of most action goals and complete perception of the environment, like spatial localization of events, require integration of information from different sensory systems. The classical idea of a hierarchical sensory organization is challenged by recent evidence from both human and primate work showing that multisensory processing is already taking place in primary sensory cortices. However, the mechanisms underlying this multisensory processing and the role of primary sensory cortices in crossmodal communication and oscillatory coupling remain largely unknown. Congruent and incongruent uni- and bimodal visual (light spot) and tactile (whisker deflection) stimulation was performed simultaneously with extracellular multielectrode recordings in the primary visual (V1) and somatosensory (S1, barrel field) neocortices of adolescent Brown Norway rats in vivo. Tactile stimulation led after 10–30 ms to a phase-locked, large amplitude response in the contralateral S1 that is accompanied by prominent, layer-specific sinks and sources. Additionally, non-phase-locked oscillations were induced in different frequency ranges. Visual stimulation alone did not change the amplitude of oscillations compared to baseline activity in the contralateral S1, but reset the phase of ongoing oscillatory activity. Because of the visual impact in the S1, bimodal congruent stimulation led to an increase of the evoked response and changed the timing of amplitude enhancement of oscillations. These data indicate that networks in the barrel cortex are modulated by crossmodal visual input.

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Taylor, J. Eric T., Davood G. Gozli, David Chan, Greg Huffman, and Jay Pratt. "A touchy subject: advancing the modulated visual pathways account of altered vision near the hand." Translational Neuroscience 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2015-0001.

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AbstractA growing body of evidence demonstrates that human vision operates differently in the space near and on the hands; for example, early findings in this literature reported that rapid onsets are detected faster near the hands, and that objects are searched more thoroughly. These and many other effects were attributed to enhanced attention via the recruitment of bimodal visual-tactile neurons representing the hand and near-hand space. However, recent research supports an alternative account: stimuli near the hands are preferentially processed by the action-oriented magnocellular visual pathway at the expense of processing in the parvocellular pathway. This Modulated Visual Pathways (MVP) account of altered vision near the hands describes a hand position-dependent trade-off between the two main retinal-cortical visual pathways between the eye and brain. The MVP account explains past findings and makes new predictions regarding near-hand vision supported by new research.

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Lighton, J. R. B., L. J. Fielden, and Y. Rechav. "DISCONTINUOUS VENTILATION IN A NON-INSECT, THE TICK AMBLYOMMA MARMOREUM (ACARI, IXODIDAE): CHARACTERIZATION AND METABOLIC MODULATION." Journal of Experimental Biology 180, no. 1 (July 1, 1993): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.180.1.229.

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We examined and quantified the discontinuous ventilation cycle (DVC) characteristics of unfed nymphs and adults, as well as engorged nymphal and engorged diapausing and non-diapausing female adult life-stages, of the African tortoise tick Amblyomma marmoreum (Koch). All engorged stages ventilated continuously, with little evidence of active spiracular control. Unfed nymphs and adults ventilated discontinuously; at low activity and standard metabolic rate (SMR) levels, mean DVC duration was approximately 0.4 h in nymphs (mean mass 0.7 mg) and 2.8 h in female adults (mean mass 70 mg). SMR, measured as rate of CO2 production (V(dot)CO2; 0.064 mul mg-1 h-1 and 0.019 mul mg-1 h-1, respectively), was almost tenfold lower than that estimated for spiders of equivalent mass. In adults, the DVC was modulated to accommodate changing V(dot)CO2 chiefly by changes in DVC frequency. Modulation of other DVC characteristics was bimodal; at low V(dot)CO2 (below the ‘SMR threshold’), burst volumes were large and not correlated with V(dot)CO2, but the rate of CO2 emission during the burst was modulated by V(dot)CO2. Above the SMR threshold, burst volumes were small and tightly correlated with V(dot)CO2. No fluttering-spiracle phase could be detected, but CO2 bursts were triggered at low volumes above the SMR threshold, suggesting that hypoxia in addition to hypercapnia may initiate the termination of DVCs in the burst phase, rather than initiating the flutter phase as in insects. To explain this bimodal modulation of the DVC by V(dot)CO2 (and hence V(dot)O2) above and below the SMR threshold, we hypothesize that, below the SMR threshold, unfed ixodid ticks - with their very low SMR and large surface area/volume ratio - may obtain significant amounts of O2 by transcuticular or other putative non-spiracular avenues of O2 uptake (larval ticks obtain all their O2 in this way).

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Boison, Daniel, Wen-Long Lu, Qin-Mei Xu, Huang Yang, Tao Huang, Qiu-Yun Chen, Jing Gao, and Yao Zhao. "A mitochondria targeting Mn nanoassembly of BODIPY for LDH-A, mitochondria modulated therapy and bimodal imaging of cancer." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 147 (November 2016): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.08.024.

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Britto, Luiz R. G., Odival C. Gasparotto, and Dânia E. Hamassaki. "Visual telencephalon modulates directional selectivity of accessory optic neurons in pigeons." Visual Neuroscience 4, no. 1 (January 1990): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800002728.

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AbstractThe directional selectivity of units within the nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR) of the accessory optic system (AOS) was studied before and after lesions of the visual telencephalon (visual Wulst) in urethane-anesthetized pigeons. In intact pigeons, most nBOR units preferred upward motion with a temporal component or downward motion with a nasal component. The ipsilateral and bilateral telencephalic lesions generated a dramatic reduction in the number of cells with optimal responses to upward motion. The overall distribution of preferred directions was still bimodal following ipsilateral or bilateral Wulst lesions, with most units showing best responses to a straight temporal or to downward-nasal directions. The contralateral Wulst lesions produced, instead, a marked reduction in downward preferences. The nBOR units which were studied in these cases showed mainly upward-temporal and upward-nasal responses. These data suggest an involvement of the visual Wulst in the determination of the dictional selectivity of nBOR neurons in the pigeon. Specifically, the responses of nBOR units to upward motion appeared to depend on the integrity of the telencephalic descending systems which impinge, in both direct and indirect ways, upon that AOS nucleus. Taken together with data for the mammalian AOS, the present results indicate that nonretinal afferents to AOS nuclei have an important role in the functional organization of that subcortical visual pathway.

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Graziano, Michael S. A., Xin Tian Hu, and Charles G. Gross. "Visuospatial Properties of Ventral Premotor Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 77, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 2268–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.5.2268.

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Graziano, Michael S. A., Xin Tian Hu, and Charles G. Gross. Visuospatial properties of ventral premotor cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2268–2292, 1997. In macaque ventral premotor cortex, we recorded the activity of neurons that responded to both visual and tactile stimuli. For these bimodal cells, the visual receptive field extended from the tactile receptive field into the adjacent space. Their tactile receptive fields were organized topographically, with the arms represented medially, the face represented in the middle, and the inside of the mouth represented laterally. For many neurons, both the visual and tactile responses were directionally selective, although many neurons also responded to stationary stimuli. In the awake monkeys, for 70% of bimodal neurons with a tactile response on the arm, the visual receptive field moved when the arm was moved. In contrast, for 0% the visual receptive field moved when the eye or head moved. Thus the visual receptive fields of most “arm + visual” cells were anchored to the arm, not to the eye or head. In the anesthetized monkey, the effect of arm position was similar. For 95% of bimodal neurons with a tactile response on the face, the visual receptive field moved as the head was rotated. In contrast, for 15% the visual receptive field moved with the eye and for 0% it moved with the arm. Thus the visual receptive fields of most “face + visual” cells were anchored to the head, not to the eye or arm. To construct a visual receptive field anchored to the arm, it is necessary to integrate the position of the arm, head, and eye. For arm + visual cells, the spontaneous activity, the magnitude of the visual response, and sometimes both were modulated by the position of the arm (37%), the head (75%), and the eye (58%). In contrast, to construct a visual receptive field that is anchored to the head, it is necessary to use the position of the eye, but not of the head or the arm. For face + visual cells, the spontaneous activity and/or response magnitude was modulated by the position of the eyes (88%), but not of the head or the arm (0%). Visual receptive fields anchored to the arm can encode stimulus location in “arm-centered” coordinates, and would be useful for guiding arm movements. Visual receptive fields anchored to the head can likewise encode stimuli in “head-centered” coordinates, useful for guiding head movements. Sixty-three percent of face + visual neurons responded during voluntary movements of the head. We suggest that “body-part-centered” coordinates provide a general solution to a problem of sensory-motor integration: sensory stimuli are located in a coordinate system anchored to a particular body part.

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Nazaré, Cristina Jordão, and Armando Mónica Oliveira. "Effects of Audiovisual Presentations on Visual Localization Errors: One or Several Multisensory Mechanisms?" Multisensory Research 34, no. 6 (April 20, 2021): 587–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-bja10048.

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Abstract The present study examines the extent to which temporal and spatial properties of sound modulate visual motion processing in spatial localization tasks. Participants were asked to locate the place at which a moving visual target unexpectedly vanished. Across different tasks, accompanying sounds were factorially varied within subjects as to their onset and offset times and/or positions relative to visual motion. Sound onset had no effect on the localization error. Sound offset was shown to modulate the perceived visual offset location, both for temporal and spatial disparities. This modulation did not conform to attraction toward the timing or location of the sounds but, demonstrably in the case of temporal disparities, to bimodal enhancement instead. Favorable indications to a contextual effect of audiovisual presentations on interspersed visual-only trials were also found. The short sound-leading offset asynchrony had equivalent benefits to audiovisual offset synchrony, suggestive of the involvement of early-level mechanisms, constrained by a temporal window, at these conditions. Yet, we tentatively hypothesize that the whole of the results and how they compare with previous studies requires the contribution of additional mechanisms, including learning-detection of auditory-visual associations and cross-sensory spread of endogenous attention.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Modulateur bimodal'

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