Academic literature on the topic 'MODULARITY SCORE'
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Journal articles on the topic "MODULARITY SCORE"
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Miyauchi, Atsushi, and Yasushi Kawase. "Z-Score-Based Modularity for Community Detection in Networks." PLOS ONE 11, no. 1 (January 25, 2016): e0147805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147805.
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Sun, Huaqi, Hui Shu, Fei Kang, and Yan Guang. "ModDiff: Modularity Similarity-Based Malware Homologation Detection." Electronics 12, no. 10 (May 16, 2023): 2258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12102258.
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In recent years, the number and scale of malicious codes have grown exponentially, posing an increasing threat to cybersecurity. Hence, it is of great research value to quickly identify variants of malware and master their family information. Binary code similarity detection, as a key technique in reverse analysis, plays an indispensable role in malware analysis. However, most existing methods focus on similarity at the function or basic block level, ignoring the modular composition of malware. Implementing similarity detection among malware modules would greatly improve the efficiency and accuracy of homology detection. Inspired by the successful application of deep-learning techniques in program analysis, we propose a binary code module similarity detection method called ModDiff. It abstracts malware into attribute graphs, clusters functions using graph-embedded clustering algorithms to decompose malware into function-based modules, and calculates module similarity using graph-matching algorithms and natural language processing-based function similarity detection algorithms. The experimental results indicated that ModDiff improves the accuracy of module partitioning by 10.8% compared with previous work, and the highest F1 score of 89% is achieved in malware homologation detection. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of ModDiff in detecting and analyzing malware with important application value and development prospects.
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Sachdeva, Shubhangini, Sridhar Mangalesh, and Sharmila Dudani. "Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Breast Self-Examination Amongst Indian Women: A Pan-India Study." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Care 6, no. 2 (May 6, 2021): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31557/apjcc.2021.6.2.141-147.
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Objective: Breast Cancer is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity amongst Indian females. Breast self-examination (BSE) as an early detection modularity can have a profound effect on lowering mortality, if it is practiced regularly. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of Breast Self-examination amongst Indian women, aged 30 years and above. Methods: A validated questionnaire, consisting 35 questions measuring ‘Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice of Breast Self-Examination’ was widely circulated amongst 1000 females throughout India and responses were collected for a duration of 3 weeks, from 2nd, September 2020 to 23rd,September 2020. Results: Despite having knowledge about the technique of performing BSE, the respondents did not have a positive attitude towards it and were reluctant to practice BSE. A total of 54.4%, 15.1%, 21.3% and 9.2% of respondents were from the Northern, Southern, Western and Eastern regions of India, respectively. The overall median (IQR) KAP score was 70.0 (16.0) out of a maximum of 110. The knowledge, attitude and practice domain scores were 22.0 (5.0), 36.0 (7.0), and 13.0 (8.0) out of a maximum of 30, 52 and, 28, respectively. All three individual score domains were significantly correlated with each other and the total score.Conclusion: Despite having knowledge about the technique of performing BSE, the respondents did not have a positive attitude towards it and were reluctant to practice BSE.
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De Meo, Federico, Giorgio Cacciola, Vittorio Bellotti, Antongiolio Bruschetta, and Pietro Cavaliere. "Trabecular Titanium acetabular cups in hip revision surgery: mid-term clinical and radiological outcomes." HIP International 28, no. 2_suppl (November 2018): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120700018812992.
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Introduction: Severe acetabular bone loss during revision hip arthroplasty can be restored with different surgical techniques. Best results have been observed using porous tantalum cementless cups. Trabecular Titanium (TT) cups were designed to reproduce the structure, mechanical and biological characteristics of trabecular bone. Few clinical studies have been published with these cups. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcome of patients with large acetabular defects (Paprosky IIb or higher) revised using TT cups. Materials and methods: 64 consecutive patients who underwent revision for total hip arthroplasty (THA) between 2011 and 2015 at our institution were enrolled. All were classified as Paprosky IIb, IIc, IIIa and IIIb. Periprosthetic joint infections and fractures were not included in this study. Radiographic and clinical (Harris Hip Score (HHS)) outcomes were evaluated. Kaplan-Meyer survivorship curve was performed. Results: Complete data of 58 patients (mean follow-up 48.3 months) were analysed. 6 patients underwent a further revision (10.3%). Causes of re-revision were instability (5.2%), infection (3.4%) and aseptic loosening (1.7%). No radiolucent lines or signs of migration were observed. Survivorship was 94.8%. HHS Improved from a mean of 36.5–83.7. Discussion: TT cups demonstrated encouraging results at mid-term follow-up. Cup modularity represented a helpful tool to restore hip rotation centre and to reduce the risk of dislocation. The capacity of trabecular titanium to induce bone growth and the versatility of modularity, make the Delta TT System a very useful aid for surgeons who are more frequently faced with complex revision.
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Wang, Guohai, Yang Huang, Wei Yao, Qiuchan Huang, Yongping Huang, Lijuan Wei, and Qihai Zhou. "Structure and characteristics of the plant-frugivore bird network from the Guilin Botanical Garden." PeerJ 11 (March 16, 2023): e15028. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15028.
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The interaction between plants and frugivores is crucial to ecosystem function and community diversity. However, little is known about the interaction between plants and frugivorous bird species in urban green spaces. We observed interactions between plants and frugivorous birds in the Guilin Botanical Garden for one year and determined the structure and characteristics of the interaction network. We also analyzed the impact of species traits on their network roles. Interactions between 14 frugivorous birds and 13 fruit plant species were recorded in the study area. Autumn interactions comprised 38.79% of the overall network, and winter interactions comprised 33.15%. The modularity (Q, z-score) of the network was higher in autumn; the weighted nestedness (wNODF, z-score) and interaction evenness (E2, z-score) of the network were higher in winter; the connectance (C, z-score) and interaction diversity (z-score) of the network were higher in spring; and the specialization (H2′, z-score) of the network was higher in summer. The observed network showed lower C, lower interaction H2, lower E2 , lower wNODF, higher H2′ and higher Q when compared to the random networks. The bird species most important to network stability were Hemixos castanonotus, Parus venustulus, and Pycnonotus sinensis. The most important plant species were Alocasia macrorrhiza, Cinnamomum camphora, and Machilus nanmu. Of all the bird and plant traits included in this study, only plant color had a significant impact on species strength, with black fruit having a higher species strength. Our results suggest that interaction networks in urban green spaces can be temporally complex and variable and that a network approach can be an important monitoring tool for detecting the status of crucial ecosystem functions.
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Feklicheva, Inna, Ilya Zakharov, Nadezda Chipeeva, Ekaterina Maslennikova, Svetlana Korobova, Timofey Adamovich, Victoria Ismatullina, and Sergey Malykh. "Assessing the Relationship between Verbal and Nonverbal Cognitive Abilities Using Resting-State EEG Functional Connectivity." Brain Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010094.
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The present study investigates the relationship between individual differences in verbal and non-verbal cognitive abilities and resting-state EEG network characteristics. We used a network neuroscience approach to analyze both large-scale topological characteristics of the whole brain as well as local brain network characteristics. The characteristic path length, modularity, and cluster coefficient for different EEG frequency bands (alpha, high and low; beta1 and beta2, and theta) were calculated to estimate large-scale topological integration and segregation properties of the brain networks. Betweenness centrality, nodal clustering coefficient, and local connectivity strength were calculated as local network characteristics. We showed that global network integration measures in the alpha band were positively correlated with non-verbal intelligence, especially with the more difficult part of the test (Raven’s total scores and E series), and the ability to operate with verbal information (the “Conclusions” verbal subtest). At the same time, individual differences in non-verbal intelligence (Raven’s total score and C series), and vocabulary subtest of the verbal intelligence tests, were negatively correlated with the network segregation measures. Our results show that resting-state EEG functional connectivity can reveal the functional architecture associated with an individual difference in cognitive performance.
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Liu, Zhihua, Hongmei Wang, Guishen Wang, and Yu Zhou. "Link community detection based on ensemble learning." Modern Physics Letters B 34, no. 27 (June 2, 2020): 2050293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984920502930.
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Overlapping community detection is a hot topic in the research of data mining and graph theory. In this paper, we propose a link community detection method based on ensemble learning (LCDEL). First, we transform graph into line graph and construct node adjacency matrix of line graph. Second, we calculate node distance of line graph through a new distance metric and get node distance matrix of line graph. Third, we use PCA method to reduce dimensions of node distance matrix of line graph. Then, we cluster on the reduced node distance matrix by k-means clustering algorithm. Finally, we convert line graph back into original graph and get overlapping communities of original graph with ensemble learning. Experimental results on several real-world networks demonstrate effectiveness of LCDEL method in terms of Normalized Mutual Information (NMI), Extended Modularity (EQ) and F-score evaluation metrics.
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LU, ZAIXIN, WEILI WU, WEIDONG CHEN, JIAOFEI ZHONG, YUANJUN BI, and ZHENG GAO. "THE MAXIMUM COMMUNITY PARTITION PROBLEM IN NETWORKS." Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms and Applications 05, no. 04 (December 2013): 1350031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793830913500316.
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The community structure detection is an important problem in many areas such as biology network, computer network and social network. The objective of this problem is to analyze the relationships among data via the network topology. In the literature, many works have been done for partitioning a network into communities or clustering data into groups. In this paper, we define a series of conditions for communities and formulate the community detection problem into a combinatorial optimization problem which aims at partitioning a given network into disjoint communities such that all the communities satisfy the community conditions. We show that the maximization version of this problem is [Formula: see text]-hard for general networks under some natural conditions, and we develop a greedy heuristic algorithm for it. We also develop a refine algorithm to improve the modularity score of a community partition, subject to the community conditions.
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Wang, Lu, Yong Quan Liang, Qi Jia Tian, Jie Yang, Chao Song, and Zhuang Wu. "A Community Detection Method Based on Multi-Objective Optimization Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 571-572 (June 2014): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.571-572.177.
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Community detection in complex network has been an active research area in data mining and machine learning. This paper proposed a community detection method based on multi-objective evolutionary algorithm, named CDMOEA, which tries to find the Pareto front by maximize two objectives, community score and community fitness. Fast and Elitist Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm is used to attained a set of optimal solutions, and then use Modularity function to choose the best one from them. The locus based adjacency representation is used to realize genetic representation, which ensures the effective connections of the nodes in the network during the process of population Initialization and other genetic operator. Uniform crossover is introduced to ensure population’s diversity. We compared it with some popular community detection algorithms in computer generated network and real world networks. Experiment results show that it is more efficient in community detection.
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Zheng, Gang, Liping Zhang, Long Jiang Zhang, Qiang Li, Zhiying Pan, Xue Liang, Donghong Shi, and Guang Ming Lu. "Altered Modular Organization of Functional Connectivity Networks in Cirrhotic Patients without Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/727452.
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Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is associated with changes in functional connectivity. To investigate the patterns of modular changes of the functional connectivity in the progression of MHE, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was acquired in 24 MHE patients, 31 cirrhotic patients without minimal hepatic encephalopathy (non-HE), and 38 healthy controls. Newman’s metric, the modularityQvalue, was maximized and compared in three groups. Topological roles with the progression of MHE were illustrated by intra- and intermodular connectivity changes. Results showed that theQvalue of MHE patients was significantly lower than that of controlsP<0.01rather than that of non-HE patientsP>0.05, which was correlated with neuropsychological test scores rather than the ammonia level and Child-Pugh score. Less intrasubcortical connections and more isolated subcortical modules were found with the progression of MHE. The non-HE patients had the same numbers of connect nodes as controls and had more hubs compared with MHE patients and healthy controls. Our findings supported that both intra- and intermodular connectivity, especially those related to subcortical regions, were continuously impaired in cirrhotic patients. The adjustments of hubs and connector nodes in non-HE patients could be a compensation for the decreased modularity in their functional connectivity networks.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "MODULARITY SCORE"
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HANOT, RAHUL. "COMMUNITY DTECTION USING FIRE PROPAGATION AND BOUNDARY VERTICES ALGORITHMS." Thesis, DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, 2020. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18779.
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Community detection in complex networks deal with grouping related nodes together and
plays a vital role to understand the functioning of the system in real-life situations.
Community detection is classified as an NP-hard problem. Various algorithms are currently
available for it but the problem with these existing algorithms is either they have high in
time complexity or they have not able to partition the network perfectly. In this paper, we
propose a novel community detection algorithm that works in two phases. In the first phase,
we apply fire propagation technique in which choosing an arbitrary vertex as the core vertex
and connecting an adjacent vertex to it and shapes a community this is similar to how fire
spreads in real-life situations. In the second phase,we use the result of the first phase of an
overlapped community and detect all boundary vertices which are belongings to more than
one communities and assign them to the single community based on the weight that each
core vertex assign to that particular boundary vertex using Dijkstra distance and the count of
the adjacent vertex that belong that community. The proposed algorithm performs well as
compared to label propagation and walk-trap algorithm in terms of modularity score using
various synthetic and real-world datasets.
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Ozaygen, Altay. "Economies of scope, modularity and property rights in software technologies." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EVRY0029/document.
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Cette thèse étudie le rôle des différents régimes de propriété intellectuelle (DPI) et évalue ses conséquences sur l'industrie du logiciel. En outre, ce travail porte sur l'équilibre entre deux modèles de logiciels, celui des logiciels privés et celui des logiciels libres et open source, et cherche à évaluer leurs effets sur la performance des entreprises. Ainsi nous discutons dans un premier article les facteurs clés de la cinquième révolution technologique à travers le concept de paradigme technoéconomique (Freeman et Perez, 1988) et nous considérons l'open source comme le principal de ces facteurs. D'autre part, nous étudions les trois aspects des technologies logicielles. Les caractéristiques structurelles des logiciels, c'est-a-dire les économies de gamme (Panzar et Willig, 1981; Teece, 1980) et la modularité (Parnas, 1972; Langlois et Robertson, 1992) représentent les deux premiers. Le régime de propriété intellectuelle, qui est a l'origine des particularités institutionnelles du logiciel (Mazzeloni et Nelson, 1998b), représente le troisième aspect. Au sein de cette thèse nous utilisons différentes méthodologies et considérons plusieurs technologies logicielles pour répondre à nos questions de recherches. Les économies de gamme de logiciels sont étudiées à travers une simulation multi-agents. La recherche sur la modularité est effectuée par une analyse des brevets sur la technologie d'indexation de vidéo. La question des DPI est examinée dans deux chapitres différents. Dans un premier chapitre, une analyse de données de panel est faite pour démontrer l'effet du brevetage et de la contribution au projet du noyau Linux sur la performance des entreprises. Le second chapitre traite quant à lui d'un cas particulier où l'innovation ouverte est réalisée par un groupe de recherche en ingénierie du logiciel au sein d'Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs, Nozay, France. Ces exemples uniques ne peuvent conclure sur aucune tendance macro sur l'industrie du logiciel, mais cette thèse vise à alimenter les discussions sur les droits de propriété intellectuelle au sein de l'industrie du logicielThis thesis studies the role of the intellectual property right (IPR) regimes and its implications on the software industry. Moreover, it focuses on the balance of proprietary and free, libre and open source software (FLOSS) development models for innovative performance. In this thesis, first the concept of key factor of the fifth technological revolution, age of information and telecommunication is discussed within the techno-economic paradigm literature (Freeman and Perez, 1988). Then the three aspects of software technologies are investigated. The first two are the structural characteristics of software which are; economies of scope (Panzar and Willig, 1981; Teece, 1980) and modularity (Parnas, 1972; Langlois and Robertson, 1992). The last one is the IPR regimes which create the institutional peculiarities of software (Mazzeloni and Nelson, 1998b). Inthis thesis, different methodologies are used and several software technologies are considered to illustrate the research questions. Economies of scope of software is investigated by using an agent based simulation. The research on modularity is carried out by exploiting a patent analysis on the video indexing technology. The IPR issue is examined within two different chapters. In the first one, panel data analysis is used to understand the effect of patenting and contribution to the Linuxkernel project on the performance of _rms. The second one focuses on a case where open innovation is implemented by a software R&D group within Alcatel- Lucent Bell Labs, Nozay, France. These unique examples cannot give any macro trend on software industry but this thesis aims to contribute to the IPR discussions within the software industry
Book chapters on the topic "MODULARITY SCORE"
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Knutsen, Ashleen, Sang-Hyun Park, Edward Ebramzadeh, and Pat Campbell. "The Importance of Cleaning Modular Parts on Visual Scores of Taper Damage." In Modularity and Tapers in Total Joint Replacement Devices, 351–61. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp159120140120.
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Schuster, Philipp, Jonathan Immanuel Brachthäuser, and Klaus Ostermann. "Region-based Resource Management and Lexical Exception Handlers in Continuation-Passing Style." In Programming Languages and Systems, 492–519. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99336-8_18.
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AbstractRegions are a useful tool for the safe and automatic management of resources. Due to their scarcity, resources are often limited in their lifetime which is associated with a certain scope. When control flow leaves the scope, the resources are released. Exceptions can non-locally exit such scopes and it is important that resources are also released in this case.Continuation-passing style is a useful compiler intermediate language that makes control flow explicit. All calls are tail calls and the runtime stack is not used. It can also serve as an implementation technique for control effects like exceptions. In this case throwing an exception means jumping to a continuation which is not the current one.How is it possible to offer region-based resource management and exceptions in the same language and translate both to continuation-passing style? In this paper, we answer this question. We present a typed language with resources and exceptions, and its translation to continuation-passing style. The translation can be defined modularly for resources and exceptions – the correct interaction between the two automatically arises from simple composition. We prove that the translation preserves well-typedness and semantics.
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Perrone, Christian. "SDO-SuRS Deployable Assets Program." In Progress in Marine Science and Technology. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/pmst220077.
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ITA Navy has started a new program for the acquisition of a Naval Vessel called SDO-SuRS (Special and Diving Operation – Submarine Rescue Ship). In order to fulfill operational requirements, IT Navy has recently procured the so-called “SDO-SuRS Deployable Assets”. A temporary business grouping (RTI) between SAIPEM Spa (leader in robotics and offshore) and DRASS Srl (national excellence in the hyperbaric sector and rescue) is the enterprise selected for the scope. This grouping represents a national excellence and a technological reference point for IT Navy in the Submarine Escape and Rescue. The new SDO-SuRS Deployable assets will have specific peculiarities such as: modularity, deployability, interoperability and complementarity. Modular assets will be either installable on board the national mother ship SDO-SuRS or rapidly deployable in scalable configurations (from rapid intervention to deep rescue) on a vessel of opportunity, military or commercial, for far-from-home operations. In order to establish a framework on damaged submarines rescue’s topic between Countries within ISMERLO (International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office) and NATO organizations, Italy offers the opportunity of providing any type of technical-administrative support in design, procurement, Life Management System or training of SAIPEM – DRASS systems, useful to a potential cooperation in the Submarine Escape and Rescue. On the whole the above mentioned Submarine Rescue packages consist of a several assets as follow: ∙ Submarine Rescue Vehicle (SRV) tethered type composed by a Rescue Chamber and a WROV (Working Class Remote Operated Vehicle) which will be managed both aboard the SDO-SuRS ship (Mother Ship) and aboard the Vessel of Opportunity. The system has to be designed/realized to perform the search and rescue of DISSUB as well as the transfer of crew inside the Diving Decompression Chamber. ∙ Portable Launch and Recovery System (PLARS) to permit the Launch/Recovery of SRV/SRC and WROV; ∙ Diving Decompression Chambers (DDC) with TUP (Transit Under Pressure) to face a specific sanitary treatment which could involve the submarine’s crew; ∙ Ventilation System (VS) by means of which will be possible the change of dirty air inside of the distressed submarine as well as the air insufflation to main ballast tanks; ∙ Submarine Rescue Chamber (SRC); ∙ Working Class Remote Operated Vehicle (WROV) able to perform underwater work and completely redundant with the WROV associated to SRV.
Conference papers on the topic "MODULARITY SCORE"
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Mattson, Christopher A., and Spencer P. Magleby. "The Influence of Product Modularity During Concept Selection of Consumer Products." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/dtm-21712.
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Abstract The design of modular products, or modular-product design, is a powerful design strategy that can boost the competitive edge of a company that employs its benefits. We introduce in this paper an approach for managing the influence of product modularity during concept selection of consumer products. We propose a process that consists of four steps. The first step is to define the business strategy and associated objectives for the product, based on an expanded definition of modularity. The second step is to prioritize the objectives using an objective tree. The third step is to establish design metrics and the final step is to weigh each metric by the design objectives. The outcome of the process is an overall objective metric (composite score) that is used for concept selection and is a measure of the balance of design objectives affected by modularity. Finally, three product concepts of varying modularity are analyzed using various design objectives to show that the selection of the best (most suitable) concepts depend fully on the design objectives and that the most modular designs are not necessarily the best.
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Kamina, Tetsuo. "Temporal Layers: Reactive Activation Scope of First-Class Layer Instances." In COP '23: 15th ACM International Workshop on Context-Oriented Programming and Advanced Modularity. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3605154.3605852.
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Zhang, Y., J. K. Gershenson, and S. Allamneni. "Determining Relationships Between Modularity and Cost in Product Retirement." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/dtm-21686.
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Abstract Modular product design allows the designer to control the degree to which changes in requirements affect the product. By promoting interchangeability, modularity also gives designers more flexibility, with decreased cycle time, to meet changing requirements. Specific advantages associated with modular products include economies of scale, standardization of assemblies, minimization of assembly time, improved serviceability, and many more. Modular architecture is traditionally made up of functionally independent clusters of components. Past definitions of modularity have centered on a one-to-one correspondence between form and function. An expanded definition of product modularity has been used, which not only includes function, but also form and life-cycle process (manufacture, assembly, retirement, etc.) relationships. Modules contain a large number of components having very few similarities and dependencies on components not in the same module. This definition of product modularity differs from most, due to the inclusion of the similarity aspect. Modular products that are modular with respect to retirement are well designed for reuse, remanufacturing, recycling, and disposal. Apart from addressing the incorporation of product retirement into product modularity, a comparison of retirement costs and product modularity has been shown in this paper. Comparing costs with modularity is essential since cost is a major factor in the success of a product. Any design change made to improve retirement modularity will be practical only if the benefits accrued from an environment-friendly design are coupled with decreased costs due to the design change. One question that remains to be addressed is — do improvements in product modularity always decrease retirement costs? In this paper, an existing modular design method was focused on product retirement. Our initial study of the modularity-cost relationship is based upon the retirement of a consumer flashlight. We took a single flashlight and redesigned it, making it more modular, using a modular design method. The method has a set of guidelines helping in direct product development towards modular products. These are: 1. Eliminate the modules if they are not necessary. 2. Eliminate individual components of the modules. 3. Shift die components to other modules to increase the relative modularity of the product. 4. Redesign the attributes of the components to decrease or eliminate similarities or dependencies with outside components or increase similarities with components of the same module. After completing the modular design method, we measured the product modularity and retirement cost of the product at each intermediate stage of redesign. Costs associated with retirement including, recycling, reuse, remanufacturing, and disposal were measured at each stage using the cost equations listed below. The result of the research in this paper is studying the relationship between measured retirement modularity and product retirement costs. Statistical analysis of the flashlight data was carried out to look at the relationships between relative modularity, number of design changes made, and retirement cost. Our initial study of the relationship between product modularity and product retirement costs showed several trends. As was the hypothesis of this work, as product modularity and retirement modularity increase, product retirement costs tend to decrease. However, this trend is not as strong as previous literature has assumed. Our study of this hypothesis was complete but limited in scope. We have begun follow on research that expands this work to additional products and additional life-cycle stages.
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Bryant, Cari R., Karthik L. Sivaramakrishnan, Michael Van Wie, Robert B. Stone, and Daniel A. McAdams. "A Modular Design Approach to Support Sustainable Design." In ASME 2004 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2004-57775.
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This paper presents a redesign method supporting sustainable design of products. The method correlates product modularity with various life cycle directions at the conceptual stage of design. In the case of product redesign, the modular design approach allows designers to focus on increasing the sustainability of a product in terms of recyclability, disassembly and reduction of resource usage at the conceptual stage. By stepping back to the conceptual design phase and analyzing the product free from its current embodiment solutions, the scope of redesign and the potential product improvement increases. At this stage of design, the comprehension of the relationship between the various life cycle aspects of the product and the product design is essential. The elimination preference index (EPI) metric, calculated by pair-wise comparison of various factors governing the product design, quantifies the effect of redesign alternatives on product sustainability. The method is applied to the redesign of twelve small-scale consumer products, of which one example is presented here. In all cases, the redesigned products exhibited enhancement in modularity and part count reduction.
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Bijadi, Sachin, Erik de Bruijn, Erik Y. Tempelman, and Jos Oberdorf. "Application of Multi-Material 3D Printing for Improved Functionality and Modularity of Open Source Low-Cost Prosthetics: A Case Study." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3540.
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Low-cost 3D desktop printing, although still in its infancy, is rapidly maturing, with a wide range of applications. With its ease of production and affordability, it has led to development of a global maker culture, with the design and manufacture of artefacts by individuals as a collaborative & creative hobbyist practice. This has enabled mass customization of goods with the potential to disrupt conventional manufacturing, giving more people access to traditionally expensive products like prosthetics and medical devices [1], as is the case with e-NABLE, a global community providing open source prosthetics for people with upper limb deficiencies. However one of the major barriers to proliferation of 3D printing as a major manufacturing method is the limitation of compatible materials for use with the technology [2]. This places constraints on the design approach, as well as the complexity & functionality of artefacts that can be produced with 3D printing as compared to traditional manufacturing methods. As a result, devices like the e-NABLE Raptor Reloaded prosthetic hand, which is designed specifically to be produced via a single extruder FDM desktop 3D printer, have limited functionality as compared to conventional prosthetics, leading to low active use and prosthesis abandonment [3]. However, with the advent of multi-material desktop 3D printing, and increasing availability of a broader range of compatible materials (of varying characteristics) [2], there is scope for improving capabilities of low-cost prosthetics through the creation of more sophisticated multi-material functional integrated devices. This work documents the exploration of potential applications of multi-material 3D printing to improve production, capabilities and usability of low-cost open source prosthetics. Various material combinations were initially studied and functional enhancements for current 3D printed prosthetics were prototyped using key material combinations identified. Further, a user-centered design approach was utilized to develop a novel multi-material anthropomorphic prosthetic hand ‘ex_machina’ based on a modular platform architecture, to demonstrate the scope for reduced build complexity and improved dexterity & functional customization enabled by dual extrusion FDM desktop 3D printing. A full prototype was built & tested with a lead user, and results analyzed to determine scope for optimization.
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Gopalakrishnan, Venkat, and Sridhar Kota. "A Parallely Actuated Work Support Module for Reconfigurable Machining Systems." In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/mech-5959.
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Abstract In order to respond quickly to changes in market demands and the resulting product design changes, machine tool manufacturers must reduce the machine tool design lead time and machine set-up time. Reconfigurable Machine Tools (RMTs), assembled from machine modules such as spindles, slides and worktables are designed to be easily reconfigured to accommodate new machining requirements. The essential characteristics of RMTs are modularity, flexibility, convertibility and cost effectiveness. The goal of Reconfigurable Machining Systems (RMSs), composed of RMTs and other types of machines, is to provide exactly the capacity and functionality, exactly when needed. The scope of RMSs design includes mechanical hardware, control systems, process planning and tooling. One of the key challenges in the mechanical design of reconfigurable machine tools is to achieve the desired machining accuracy in all intended machine configurations. To meet this challenge we propose (a) to distribute the total number of degrees of freedom between the work-support and the tool and (b) employ parallely-actuated mechanisms for stiffness and ease of reconfigurability. In this paper we present a novel parallely-actuated work-support module as a part of an RMT. Following a brief summary of a few parallel mechanisms used in machine tool applications, this paper presents a three-degree-of-freedom work-support module designed to meet the machining requirements of specific features on a family of automotive cylinder heads. Inverse kinematics, dynamic and finite element analysis are performed to verify the performance criteria such as workspace envelope and rigidity. A prototype of the proposed module is also presented.
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Murchie, Stuart William, Baard Tinnen, Gerald Mclnally, and Arne Motland. "New Compact Series Tractor and Stroker / Tractor Technology Delivers Smart, High Performance Intervention Capabilities and Efficiencies to Restricted Rig Up Height Electric Line Operations." In SPE/ICoTA Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212931-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Wellsites, in particular those offshore, often have limited mast or A-frame height availability for the rig-up and deployment of tools into and out of the well. This can often lead to limited choices in, or compromises to the technologies being deployed, or the efficiency in which a service can be executed. The challenge is more acute when deploying electric line tools in highly deviated or horizontal wellbores, where a tractor is required as part of the toolstring configuration for conveyance purposes. Recent developments in electric line deployed tractor and powered mechanical intervention technologies have been significant, implementing a platform architecture to the design and construction of the tools and leveraging digitalization for enhanced in-well visibility, agility and dynamic control. This in turn has delivered improved component modularity and sharing, multifunctional integration, power management and ultimately the performance, efficiency and capability of the toolstring, be that of the tractor itself or when integrated with an additional powered mechanical tool such as a linear actuator or rotational device. A compact series of these tools has now brought these advancements to toolstrings specifically developed to address and optimize deployment on wellsites having limited or restricted rig-up height, offering string length reductions of 33% for the Tractor and 45% for the integrated Stroker/Tractor combination. The intervention operations presented in this paper were to be executed as rigless operations, with the required lubricators and pressure control equipment positioned on the BOP deck of the platform. This presented a rig-up height limitation as low as 12.33 meters on one wellsite. Furthermore, some of the wells were deviated, e.g. 81° on one, 70° on the other, necessitating a Tractor in the toolstrings – a definite requirement or as a contingency. The first operation was multi-run, to deploy a plug, a mechanical tubing cutter, and finally a ballistic tubing puncher. Here, a compact Tractor was incorporated and activated on all three runs, conveying the toolstrings to task depth. The second operation was to pull a deep-set plug. Here, a compact Stroker/Tractor was incorporated. While the plug depth was reached and the stroker engaged without having to activate the Tractor, the string did hang up when coming out of the hole with the plug, this attributed to swelling of the plug element. To recover, the tractor was activated and used to push the stroker and plug a short distance down the well, following which it was deactivated and the string with plug successfully pulled out of the hole. The third operation incorporated straddle deployment and assembly as part of a leak detection and rectification sequence. This required several runs, deploying/assembling, and retrieving the straddle. The fourth operation was a multi run perforation deployment in a deviated well, carried out in a confined space between the hatch deck and pipe/weather deck of the platform. The compact length of the tractor not only enabled the operation to be carried out, but its short length made for fewer runs to execute the full perforation interval required, delivering time saving and risk reduction to the operation. All operations were completed without compromise to the functionality of the tractor or stroker, nor to the passenger tools being deployed and hence the tasks being undertaken. In three of these operations, the scope could not have been completed without the availability and application of this compact conveyance intervention technology.