Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modes de variabilité climatique'
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Boucharel, Julien. "Modes de variabilité climatique dans l'océan Pacifique tropical : quantification des non-linéarités et rôle sur les changements de régimes climatiques." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00720706.
Full textAwo, Founi Mesmin. "Modes interannnuels de la variabilité climatique de l'Atlantique tropical, dynamiques oscillatoires et signatures en salinité de surface de la mer." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30171/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we investigate several topics related to the interannual climatic modes in the tropical Atlantic. Statistical analyses allows us to extract the two main dominant modes of interannual variability: an equatorial mode and a meridional mode. The equatorial mode is responsible for Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies mainly found in the Gulf of Guinea and is linked to variations of the sea-level slope in the equatorial band. It is due to dynamic feedbacks between zonal wind, sea level and SST. The meridional mode is characterised by inter-hemispheric SST fluctuations and is controlled by dynamic and thermodynamic feedbacks between the wind, evaporation and SST. After quantifying the coupling between key variables involved in the meridional mode, we develop a conceptual model to explain the main mechanisms responsible for meridional mode oscillations. The model shows that the meridional mode results from the superposition of a self-sustaining mechanism based on positive and negative feedbacks generating regular oscillations of high frequency (2-3 years) and another low frequency oscillation mechanism (4-9 years) related to the influence of ENSO. As the evolution of these two modes is strongly linked to the meridional shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and associated rainfall maximum, we identify the signature of these modes on Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) using in situ observations and a regional numerical simulation. Oceanic and/or atmospheric processes responsible for the signature of each mode are also identified through a mixed-layer salt budget in the validated model. The salt balance reveals that the atmospheric forcing, related to the ITCZ migration, controls the equatorial region while the advection, due to the modulation of current dynamics, the vertical gradient and mixing at the base of the mixed layer, explains SSS variations in regions under the influence of plumes. Finally, we study the Equatorial Kelvin wave characteristics and influences on the density that are involved in the meridional and equatorial mode connection processes, using a very simplified model of gravity wave propagation along the equator. After a brief description of this model, which was initially constructed to study dynamics in the equatorial Pacific, we apply it to the specific case of the equatorial Atlantic by validating its analytical and numerical solutions under adiabatic conditions. [...]
Goursaud, Sentia. "Variabilité climatique récente de l'Antarctique : apports des enregistrements issus de carottes de névé." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU037/document.
Full textDocumenting recent Antarctic climate variability is needed in order to understand the mechanisms at play, associated with the role of Antarctic mass balance for global sea level rise. Proxy records from Antarctic shallow firn cores are precious data, which complement instrumental and remote sensing observations to continuously cover the whole continent. Within these ice cores, water stable isotopes are commonly used to quantify past changes in local temperature.This PhD thesis was initiated within the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche “Improving the Accurancy of SUrface Mass balance of Antarctica” (ASUMA) project, which aims to reconstruct and to identify the processes controlling the spatio-temporal variability of the surface mass balance (SMB) in Adélie Land. I used water stable isotopes records from recently drilled shallow firn cores, as well as atmospheric simulations performed with the high resolution atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5-wiso model, equipped with water stable isotopes, atmospheric reanalyses and back-trajectories, instrumental and remote sensing climate observations.In a first part, I assessed the skills of the ECHAM5-wiso with respect to Antarctic temperature, SMB, δ18O and deuterium excess (hereafter d-excess), as a prerequisite for the exploitation of the model to interpret isotope compositions. I developed Antarctic-wide diagnostics of the δ18O-temperature and d-excess- δ18O relationships, showing differences in the spatial, seasonal and interannual δ18O-temperature slopes. Within the international working group of PAGES (Past Global Changes) Antarctica 2k, I used the calibrations inferred from ECHAM5-wiso to reconstruct temperatures over 7 Antarctic regions from a synthesis of ice core δ18O records spanning the past 2,000 years.In a second part, new water stable isotope records from two firn core drilled in Adélie Land, the S1C1 and the TA192A, were investigated, covering the periods 1947-2007 and 1998-2014 respectively. The reconstructed SMB display a high spatial variability (74.1 ± 14.1 cm w.e. y-1 and 21.8 ± 6.9 cm w.e. y-1 for the TA192A and S1C1 respectively), consistent with Adélie Land stake data. Using an updated database of Antarctic water stable isotope datasets, I showed that the mean isotopic values (δ18O and d-excess) in Adélie Land are in line with the range of Antarctic coastal values. Statistical analyses show no relationship between our records and local surface air temperature, at the inter-annual scale, but significant relationships with atmospheric back-trajectories and isotopic simulations, suggesting that water stable isotopes in Adélie Land provide fingerprints of the variability of atmospheric dynamics and moisture transport, at the seasonal and inter-annual scales.The analyses performed during this PhD thesis have been limited by the few available Adélie Land water stable isotope records, and by the lack of understanding of deposition and post-deposition processes. Further work is thus needed to exploit the new firn cores drilled within the ASUMA project, and to monitor continuously Adélie Land water stable isotopes in precipitation, surface water vapour and surface snow, in combination with tools of atmospheric simulations such as back-trajectory simulations provided with moisture sources diagnostics, as well as water stable isotopes-enabled atmospheric general and regional circulation models
Sylla, Adama. "Variabilité inter-annuelle à décennale et réponse aux forçages anthropiques de l’upwelling sénégalo-mauritanien." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS675.
Full textThe oceanic region located off the Senegalese and Mauritanian coasts is one of the most productive one in the world ocean. This is due to the upwelling system, which occurs during the winter season in this region. This seasonality is very specific. In particular, it differs from the well-known upwelling systems located along the eastern coast of the tropical oceans but further poleward such as along Morocco and the Iberian peninsula, the Californian coast, the Peru-Chili and the Benguela. These upwelling systems are maximum in summer. Several studies have investigated their sensitivity to global warming. Early studies have suggested that their intensity may increase in the future, but recent observations do not clear give robust evidence of this behavior. The winter senegalo-mauritanian upwelling system has been largely excluded from these studies, in spite of its crucial role for the socio-economical development of the populations of the surrounding region, whose food and income strongly depend on the halieutic resources. In this context, this study proposes an evaluation of the representation of this system in the CMIP5 climate models, and its response to climate change. Our analysis is based on characteristics of the upwelling in terms of wind forcing and sea surface temperature signature. In spite of some diversity in the model’s ability to represent the senegalo-mauritanian upwelling system, the results suggest that its intensity may rather decrease in the future, primarily because of a reduction of the wind forcing. In a second hand we propose an analysis of the inter-annual to decadal variability of the intensity of the upwelling based on recent reanalyses. This study focuses on the link with the monsoon and with large scale climate modes such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Atlantic Multi- decadal Oscillation (AMO). The link with the decadal variations of the West African Monsoon (WAM) during the opposite season is relatively clear. It is associated with anomalous trajectories of the ITCZ. The indices characterizing the upwelling are not always correlated with each other, showing that they are not yet very robust. They nevertheless indicate a marked variability at the decadal timescale partly associated with the AMO
Moreau, Melanie. "Variabilité climatique centre/est Pacifique au cours du dernier millénaire reconstruite à partir d’analyses géochimiques sur des coraux massifs." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0213/document.
Full textThe Pacific Ocean is the place of interannual and multi-decadal climate variabilities, namely the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). There can have globals impacts via teleconnections. Major impacts on populations, economic and environmental activitieshave been attributed to ENSO. It is therefore essential to improve our understanding of the Pacificdynamic, particularly ENSO activity and its evolution under recent climate change.Geochemical measurements (Sr/Ca and 818O) performed on corals are relevant paleoclimatic records for studying the evolution of ENSO and are essential to put into perspective the current climatedynamic in comparison to past climate.After an evaluation of the robustness of the coral geochemical paleothermometer (Sr/Ca), we present the reconstruction of sea surface temperature (SST) from Eastern tropical Pacific coral (Clippertonatoll) and central tropical Pacific coral (Marquesas archipelago) covering several parts of the last millennium. Our results suggest that ENSO spatial pattern was relatively stable over the past two centuries, mainly indicating an eastern Pacific ENSO pattern (canonical) in comparison to the centralPacific ENSO (Modoki). Although still debated, this spatial pattern could have recently changed dueto global climate change (and this could continue in the future). At the decadal timescale, both studiedareas (central and eastern Pacific) are influenced by the PDO.The results of this Phd thesis also suggest that the present day ENSO activity (under the influence ofanthropogenic forcing) is not atypical throughout the last millennium. The intensity and frequency of ENSO were stronger in the early Little Ice Age (LIA, 16th century). These results are compared withan ensemble of climate simulations (PMIP3) and indicate that ENSO variability is correctly reproduced by numerical climate models but that these models fail to correctly reproduce the mean temperature state of the Pacific
Savean, Marie. "Modélisation hydrologique distribuée et perception de la variabilité hydro-climatique par la population du bassin versant de la Dudh Koshi (Népal)." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20222/document.
Full textThe Himalayan water resources, vital for 800 millions of people, come mainly from the monsoon and from the melting of the cryosphere. The impact of the climate change on these resources, especially significant in the area, is a major issue in the Himalayan range. In this context, the assessment of the rainfall, snowmelt and icemelt components of the water balance is crucial. Consequently, a distributed conceptual hydrological model (HDSM) was developed to estimate the contribution of each component to the Dudh Koshi River flows from 2001 to 2005. The Dudh Koshi River basin (3 700 km²), with the Mount Everest as highest peak, is located in Eastern Nepal. The snow cover areas, calibrated with satellite data, and as well as the runoff are correctly simulated by the model. Nevertheless, the ice degree-day factor is overestimated, leading to an icemelt contribution around 60% of annual discharge, against 5% in the literature. This overestimation offsets a significant underestimation of precipitation, especially solid precipitation. After a correction of the precipitation, the contributions of rainfall, snowmelt and icemelt represent respectively 63%, 9%, and 29% of the Dudh Koshi annual discharge from 2001 to 2005. To complete this modeling, perceptions of the population on the hydro-climatic variability, obtained by interviews in the villages, were compared to the quantitative data used and simulated by the model HDSM from 1977 to 2007. This comparison confirms the underestimation of precipitation, especially solid. These results also show a significant decrease of precipitation in December and a significant increase, not perceived by population, of the measured annual temperature on the last thirty years. Both approaches by modeling and interviews highlight large uncertainties on the hydro-climatic data of the Dudh Koshi River basin. These uncertainties limit the understanding of hydrological and cryospheric processes and the assessment of climate change impacts on the water resources of this basin. Although they are also uncertain, the perceptions bring crucial complementary information to improve this knowledge and the analysis of the quantitative data of this high mountain Himalayan area
Qasmi, Saïd. "Sensibilité du climat européen à la variabilité multidécennale de l'Atlantique Nord." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30367.
Full textThe anthropogenic warming trend observed during the 20th century in Europe is characterized by fluctuations, which are partly explained by internal climate variability. The physical mechanisms between the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV, whose internal component contributes to shape atmospheric variability), and the European climate are investigated in this thesis. A comprehensive study of climate models shows a great diversity in the simulation of the teleconnection between the AMV and European summer temperature. The underestimation of its intensity relative to the observations contributes to explain the uncertainties within the decadal climate predictions. Numerical experiments used to assess the mechanisms of influence of the AMV on the European climate indicate that the AMV is likely to significantly modulate temperature, precipitation and the occurrence of extreme events in winter and summer
Darmaraki, Sofia. "Canicules océaniques en Méditerranée : détection, variabilité passée et évolution future." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30072.
Full textThe Mediterranean Sea is considered a "Hot Spot" region for future climate change and depending on the greenhouse emission scenario, the annual mean basin sea surface temperature (SST) is expected to increase from +1.5 °°C to +3 °°C at the end of the 21st century relative to present-day. This significant SST rise is likely to intensify episodes of extreme warm ocean temperatures in the basin, named as Marine heatwaves (MHWs), that are known to exert substantial pressure on marine ecosystems and related fisheries around the world. In this context, the main aim of this PhD work is to study the past variability and future evolution of MHWs in the Mediterranean Sea. We propose a detection method for long lasting and large-scale summer MHWs, using a local, climatological 99th percentile threshold, based on present-climate daily SST. MHW probability of occurrence and characteristics in terms of spatial variability and temporal evolution are then investigated, using additional integrated indicators (e.g. duration, intensity, spatial extension, severity) to describe past and future events. Within the PhD and depending on the applications, the detection method is applied to various datasets : In-situ observation at buoys, high-resolution satellite product, various high- resolution and fully-coupled Regional Climate System Models including the recently developed CNRM-RCSM6 and the multi-model (5), multi-scenario (3) Med-CORDEX ensemble. The detection method is first tested on the 2003 MHW in order to assess its sensitivity to various tuning parameters. We conclude that its characterization is partly sensitive to the algorithm setting. Hindcast and historical mode simulations show that models are able to capture well observed MHW characteristics. We then assess past surface MHW variability (1982-2017) and their underlying driving mechanisms using the CNRM-RCSM6 model. We examine their characteristics from surface to 55m depth, where most thermal stress-related mass mortalities of Mediterranean ecosystems have been observed in the past. The analysis indicates an increase in duration and intensity of surface events with time, while MHWs of 2003, 2012 and 2015 are identified as the most severe events of the period. In particular, an anomalous increase in shortwave radiation and a lower-than-normal vertical diffusion and latent heat loss appeared to be responsible for the development of the MHW 2003, with wind playing a key role in the intensity of temperature anomalies at the sea surface. Differences on the dominant forcing, however, are sometimes evident in the different subbasin.We finally use the Med-CORDEX RCSM ensemble to assess the future MHW evolution in the basin over 1976-2100. Our results suggest longer and more severe events with higher global-warming rates. By 2100 and under RCP8.5, simulations project at least one long- lasting MHW every year, up to 3 months longer, about 4 times more intense and 42 times more severe than present-day events. Their occurrence is expected between June-October affecting at peak the entire basin. Their evolution is found to mainly occur due to an increase in the mean SST but an increase in daily SST variability plays also a noticeable role. Up to mid-21st century MHW characteristics rise independently of the choice of the emission scenario, whose influence becomes more evident by the end of the period
Lecerf, Rémi. "Suivi des changements d'occupation et d'utilisation des sols d'origine anthropique et climatique à l'échelle régionale par télédétection moyenne résolution (application à la Bretagne)." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00337099.
Full textFumière, Quentin. "Impact du changement climatique sur les précipitations extrêmes dans le sud-est de la France : apport des modèles résolvant la convection profonde." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30239.
Full textThe Mediterranean region and more particularly the South-East of France are affected by intense rainfall episodes during the autumn. Determining the future evolution of these events is a major scientific and societal challenge. The objective of this PhD thesis is to study at very high resolution and at climate scales the past representation and future evolution of these intense rainfall events. The approach here is based on the analysis of simulations of a family of explicit deep convection regional climate models (cprcms, 2-3 km) and on the exploitation of a new database of kilometric and hourly precipitation observations : comephore. The evaluation of the cprcms revealed a high added-value of explicit convection models compared with parameterized convection models (12.5 km) for the representation of daily and especially sub-daily extreme precipitation. The robustness of this added value has been showed to changes in cnrm-arome configurations (version, domain and model driving).The added value was also verified in 4 other rcm/cprcm pairs from the cordex fps-convection program. The study of precipitation changes based on 10-year simulations of the four cprcms did not provide a significant response of change in extreme precipitation. It is very natural climate variability is likely to dominate the future response of extreme precipitation over periods of 10 years, which implies that even at the end of the 21st century and in a scenario with high green house-gases emissions, it is likely that some decades will be wetter and others less so than decades of the current climate. It is therefore necessary to extend the simulations to increase the robustness of multi-model results. In addition, the 10-year change results with cnrm-arome are not representative of the changes over 30 years. The 30-year scenario simulation with cnrm-arome according to the rcp8.5 projection for the end of the century suggests an increase in extreme daily and especially hourly precipitation in the Cévennes and more particularly in Roussillon (+15% per degree of warming). In scenario mode, it was possible to show that cprcms can significantly change the rain response to climate change simulated by standard resolution rcms. This work is the first intensive scientific exploitation of the arome model in climate mode. The results obtained open up many possibilities for its future use to study climate at very high resolution and in particular extreme events
Bernardes, Parracho Ana Claudia. "Etude de la tendance et de la variabilité de la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique à l'aide de modèles de climat et d'observations du réseau GNSS mondial." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066524/document.
Full textWater vapour is a key component of the Earth’s climate system, and its distribution and variability are sources of uncertainty in climate models. The use of long-term integrated water vapour (IWV) observations and reanalyses can help in their assessment. This work pioneered the use of reprocessed GPS IWV data for 1995-2010, converted from estimates of Zenith Total Delay. The conversion was assessed, with the goal of producing a high quality long-term IWV data set. Due to uncertainties in the GPS observations and homogeneity concerns, a global comparison with ERA-Interim reanalysis data was made. Although a general good agreement in means, variability and trends was found, issues in both data sets were highlighted. In GPS, gaps and inhomogeneities in the time series were evidenced, as well as representativeness differences in coastal areas and regions of complex topography. In ERA-Interim, too strong trends in certain regions were found. ERA-Interim was also compared with other reanalyses (MERRA-2, ERA-20C, 20CR), and differences were found in the IWV trends over Africa, Australia, and Antarctica. Finally, GPS and ERA-Interim IWV were used to assess four configurations of the LMDZ atmospheric general circulation model with two different physics and with or without nudging towards ERA-Interim wind fields. Impact of the model physics on the IWV mean was found, with the new physics being moister at tropical latitudes. Overall, the model free runs in both physics have difficulty reproducing the trends and variability observed in ERA-Interim and GPS. This is improved with the nudging, which confirms the importance of large-scale dynamics on IWV trends and variability
Pacoureau, Nathan. "Influence de la variabilité climatique, de l’abondance de proies, de la densité-dépendance et de l'hétérogénéité individuelle chez des prédateurs supérieurs longévifs : de l’individu à la population." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS026/document.
Full textA fundamental endeavor in population ecology is to identify the drivers of population dynamics. The main objective of this thesis is to determine what are the demographic and population responses of superior marine predators to the fluctuations of their prey abundance, to climatic variations, to density-dependence while taking into account inter and intra individual heterogeneity (age, experience, sex, quality or strategy). To do this, we analysed long-term individual and population-based monitoring of long-lived seabirds and phylogenetically close apical predators in two contrasting biomes: the south polar skua Catharacta maccormicki at Pointe Géologie archipelago, Antarctica, and the brown skua Catharacta lonnbergi on the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Archipelago. We will use direct abundance of their respective prey: Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae and emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri in Antarctica, and the blue petrel Halobaena caerulea and the thin-billed prion Pachyptila belcheri prion in Kerguelen islands. These datasets provide a unique opportunity to simultaneously disentangle and quantify the different sources of variability driving variation in natural populations occupying one of the highest trophic levels of the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic food webs. We found variation in several vital traits of both populations influenced by individual performance and latent individual heterogeneity. We discuss the mechanisms by which climatic variability, prey abundance, and population density can differentially affect the different age classes of each age class, and the potential consequences of future environmental changes
Hublart, Paul. "Exploring the use of conceptual catchment models in assessing irrigation water availability for grape growing in the semi-arid Andes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS181.
Full textThis thesis investigates the use of lumped catchment models to assess water availability for irrigation in the upland areas of northern-central Chile (30°S). Here, most of the annual water supply falls as snow in the high Cordillera during a few winter storms. Seasonal snowpacks serve as natural reservoirs, accumulating water during the winter and sustaining streams and aquifers during the summer, when irrigation demand in the cultivated valleys is at its peak. At the inter-annual timescale, the influence of ENSO and PDO phenomena result in the occurrence of extremely wet and dry years. Also, irrigated areas and grape growing have achieved a dramatic increase since the early 1980s. To evaluate the usefulness of explicitly accounting for changes in irrigation water-use in lumped catchment models, an integrated modeling framework was developed and different ways of quantifying/reducing model uncertainty were explored. Natural streamflow was simulated using an empirical hydrological model and a snowmelt routine. In parallel, seasonal and inter-annual variations in irrigation requirements were estimated using several process-based phenological models and a simple soil-water balance approach. Overall, this resulted in a low-dimensional, holistic approach based on the same level of mathematical abstraction and process representation as in most commonly-used catchment models. To improve model reliability and usefulness under varying or changing climate conditions, particular attention was paid to the effects of extreme temperatures on crop phenology and the contribution of sublimation losses to water balance at high elevations. This conceptual framework was tested in a typical semi-arid Andean catchment (1512 km2, 820–5500 m a.s.l.) over a 20–year simulation period encompassing a wide range of climate and water-use conditions (changes in grape varieties, irrigated areas, irrigation techniques). Model evaluation was performed from a Bayesian perspective assuming auto-correlated, heteroscedastic and non-gaussian residuals. Different criteria and data sources were used to verify model assumptions in terms of efficiency, internal consistency, statistical reliability and sharpness of the predictive uncertainty bands. Alternatively, a multiple-hypothesis and multi-criteria modeling framework was also developed to quantify the importance of model non-uniqueness and structural inadequacy from a non-probabilistic perspective. On the whole, incorporating the effects of irrigation water-use led to new interactions between the hydrological parameters of the modeling framework and improved reliability of streamflow predictions during low-flow periods. Finally, a sensitivity analysis to changes in climate conditions was conducted to evaluate the potential impacts of increasing temperatures and atmospheric CO2 on the hydrological behavior of the catchment and the capacity to meet future water demands
Somot, Samuel. "Modélisation climatique du bassin méditerranéen : variabilité et scénarios de changement climatique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165252.
Full textgrâce au développement d'un modèle régional couplé (AORCM). Il reproduit correctement
ces processus et permet de quantifier et d'étudier leur variabilité climatique. Le couplage
régional a un impact significatif sur le nombre de cyclogénèses intenses en hiver et sur
les flux et précipitations associés. Il simule une variabilité interannuelle plus faible qu'en
mode forcé pour les flux et la convection et permet de comprendre les rétroactions
qui la pilotent. L'impact régional d'un scénario climatique est analysé avec les modèles
non-couplés : le nombre de cyclogénèses diminue, les pluies associées augmentent au
printemps et en automne et diminuent en été. En outre, la Méditerranée se réchauffe,
se sale et sa circulation thermohaline s'affaiblit fortement. Cette thèse conclut de plus à
la nécessité des AORCMs pour étudier l'impact du changement climatique en Méditerranée.
Trolliet, Mélodie. "Développement d’une méthodologie pour l’évaluation de l’incidence des variabilités interannuelles et de plus long-terme de la ressource solaire sur l’analyse de risque financier d’un projet de centrale solaire photovoltaïque." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM040.
Full textThis PhD thesis proposes to contribute to the characterization of long-term variations in irradiance, in a context of financial risk analysis of large solar photovoltaic power plants. The use of statistical indicators (e.g. P90) and the hypothesis of temporal stationarity of the irradiance has been questioned. This led to a fine characterization of the long-term variations of the irradiance thanks to a time-frequency decomposition tool developed during this thesis. We distinguished three classes of variability: intra-annual variability, annual to decadal variability, and multi-decadal variability. For the first class, the use of four years of historical data is sufficient to correctly take into account all the variations in irradiance. For the second class, the use of 30 years of historical data is recommended. For multi-decadal variability, the use of more than 30 years of data is encouraged. The three classes of variability have been analyzed for various types of databases: long-term measurements from the GEBA network, CLARA-A2 satellite data, MERRA-2 re-analysis data, and data from the IPSL-CM6A-LR climate model. A great diversity of variability structures according to the database considered was observed
Badameli, Kossi Simvèilé Mondomsiba. "La variabilité climatique et la production agricole au Togo." Bordeaux 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR30041.
Full textThe present climate in togo is one characterised by a drought crisis which dates back to the 70s. It started with by a first sharp phase of pluviometric deficits in 1972-73. Southern togo had its drought in 1977 and northern togo in 1983. This shows, therefore, that plains and atakora mountains have different and varying climatic oscillations. We see a change in the repartition of the seasonal rainfall since the beginning of the 60s. Rainfall for the second season is transferred to the first season. This change, as well as the introduction of new plants, present a serious problem of adaptation of peasant farming methods to new conditions and make the numerous agricultural development programmes fail. Generatly, production is relatively low and varies year after yaer. Such a situation is mainly due to the very uncertain precipitation. Sunshine and temperatives are quite high. These two parameters are not factors which limit production
Arzel, Olivier. "Mécanismes de variabilité climatique interdécennale dans des modèles idéalisés." Brest, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BRES2008.
Full textEspinoza, Villar Jhan Carlo. "Impact de la variabilité climatique sur l'hydrologie du bassin amazonien." Paris 6, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00379116.
Full textEspinoza, Jhan Carlo. "Impact de la variabilité climatique sur l'hydrologie du bassin amazonien." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00379116.
Full textL'explication de la variabilité hydrologique fait appel à des indices océano-atmosphériques mensuels et à des types de temps quotidiens. Ceux-ci sont définis pour l' Amérique du Sud tropicale au moyen des données de réanalyses ERA40 et d'une méthode neuronale. Les caractéristiques et la succession des types de temps sont liées principalement au passage de perturbations extratropicales qui modifient l'orientation des flux méridiens à l'est des Andes et font alterner convergence et divergence dans le sud-ouest et le nord-ouest du bassin.
La fréquence des types de temps permet de reconstituer en partie les pluies et d'expliquer aussi bien la variabilité hydrologique aux pas de temps inter et pluri annuels que l'occurrence de crues et d'étiages exceptionnels.
Ouzeau, Gaëlle. "Influence de la stratosphère sur la variabilité et la prévisibilité climatique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00983111.
Full textFroidurot, Stéphanie. "Approche multi-échelle pour l'évaluation de la pluie dans les modèles climatiques régionaux.Etude dans le sud-est de la France." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAU017/document.
Full textClimate projections for the end of the century indicate drier summers and more intense precipitation in the Mediterranean.In this respect, the characterization of rainfall in the region is necessary to understand its future changes.Regional climate models (RCM) are essential tools to understand the regional climate and to project its future evolution.This thesis aims at characterizing and evaluating rainfall simulated by RCM in Southeast France, typical of the mediterranean coastal regions.The description of observed rainfall at the same scales as RCM is a prerequisite.Observed and simulated rainfall is described in terms of values and spatial and temporal structure of occurrence and intensity.Weather types are used to explore the relation between rainfall features and the underlying physical processes.In the RCM, the annual total volume of water precipitated over the study region is closed to the observed values.However, this total volume is not distributed the same in space and time in the RCM simulations and in the observations.Among the multiple facets of the rainfall climatology, this study highlights the influence of the relief and of the solar cycle both in the triggering and in the intensity of rain.Rain appears to occur preferentially in the late afternoon, in connection with the daytime heating of the surface.However, the maximum of rain occurrence simulated by the RCM is earlier than in the observations, suggesting a too quick response of the convection scheme to the diurnal cycle of surface fluxes, in relation to the absence of transition between shallow and deep convection in most schemes.Besides, within the study region, the orographic forcing appears to be quite different for the two ranges of the domain and is much more pronounced over the Cévennes.The RCM reproduce the influence of the topography on rainfall features.Yet, the contrast between plains and mountains is more pronounced in the models than in the observations, especially when the large-scale forcing is weak and the convection is prevailing in the study area.The contrast accentuation between plain and relief in the models seems to be due to a too high sensitivity of the convection schemes to the air mass convergence and instability favored by the relief
Joly, Mathieu. "Le rôle des océans dans la variabilité climatique de la mousson africaine." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00397206.
Full textBréant, Camille. "Variabilité régionale de la densification de la neige polaire lors des grandes transitions climatiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV104/document.
Full textThe phasing between increases in temperature and greenhouse gas concentrations during large climatic variations in the past is classically estimated using analyses in polar ice cores, in the ice phase for the temperature and in the gas phase (trapped air bubbles) for the concentration of greenhouse gases. This phasing is still insufficiently constrained and solving this problem requires a better understanding of the mechanical process of snow to ice metamorphism near to the top of the ice sheet (i.e. the firn, about 100 m deep). In the absence of melting, the transformation of snow (a material with open porosity in contact with the atmosphere) into ice (a material containing isolated bubbles) occurs progressively as a response to temperature gradients near the surface, and the weight of overlying snow in deeper layers. Depending on temperature and precipitation conditions, this process occurs in a few decades to several millennia and a ~100 meters depth range. It controls the age difference between the ice and the entrapped gases. Predicting the gas trapping depth is a major issue in paleoclimatology, especially in order to understand the phasing between temperature changes and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.A thermo-mechanical model of snow densification has been developed at LGGE, it includes the main mechanical processes, the thermal properties of ice, and gas trapping criteria. The model performances can be tested and improved using experimental studies of modern firns (density, open/closed porosity ratio, etc). For firnification under ancient climates, measurements of isotopes of inert gases (d15N et d40Ar) in the air trapped in ice cores provide direct informations about past variations of firn structure (e.g. diffusive zone thickness). Large differences between firn densification model outputs and gas isotopic data are obtained in Antarctica, and imply a large uncertainty on past climatic reconstructions. Understanding this discrepancy is a major issue in paleoclimatology.As part of this thesis work, we took into account the effects of the temperature dependence of activation energies and impurities (dust) on the firn densification speed. It allowed to reconcile the model results with available data. The modified model results show an overall consistency with measured density profiles of present-day polar firns and isotopes of inert gases over deglaciations (also called terminations). We also analyze new high resolution measurements of d15N and d40Ar over Terminations 2 (129-138ka) and 3 (243-251ka) on the Dome C and Vostok ice cores. We have shown that the different evolutions of d15N between different sites and different deglaciations are largely explained by differences in accumulation rates that control the snow/ice transition depth. We also showed that the use of air isotopes was an important complement to the use of water isotopes to constrain local climatic dynamics in eastern Antarctica during deglaciations
Denis, Delphine. "Variabilité climatique holocène dans la zone marginale des glaces en Antarctique de l’Est." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13700/document.
Full textThe present Holocene interglacial period was affected by long-term and rapid millennial short-term climatic changes. Multi-proxy high-resolution studies are crucial to better understand the climatic system via all the sub-systems involved: crysophere, ocean, sea ice, atmosphere, and biosphere. A multi-scale and multi-proxy approach on two high resolution marine sediment cores off East Antarctica allowed us to provide accurate reconstructions of Milankovitch and sub-Milankovitch climatic variability of the sea ice zone. We characterized the response of climatic sub-systems to long- and short-term climatic changes and documented the spatial coherence of these changes over Antarctic thanks to coupled model-data comparison. This study highlights the forcing factors involved at Milankovitch timescales, the relationships linking the different climatic components and particularly the key role played by sea ice in the Earth climate. Forcing factors acting at the sub-Milankovitch timescales are less clear although sub-systems components display synchronous response
Lepetz, Virginie. "Réchauffement climatique, dessins dorsaux et variabilité environnementale chez le lézard vivipare, Lacerta vivipara." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066278.
Full textFleury, Sophie. "Laminations sédimentaires et variabilité climatique et océanographique haute-fréquence sur la marge péruvienne." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0068/document.
Full textThe Peruvian Upwelling System (PUS) and the corresponding Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) are part of the regions where the imprint of climatic variations due to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) at the interannual and multidecadal timescales is the strongest. However,only a few records of ENSO-like climatic variability reach such short timescales in thisgeographical area, despite prevailing conditions favorable to the preservation of laminatedsediments. We analyzed these sedimentary archives at the scale of the lamination, using sedimentology, micropaleontology and geochemistry. The aim was to trace variations in all parameters responding to climatic changes (rainfall, productivity, denitrification, sea surfacetemperatures). This approach has provided a full record of environmental conditions in thePeruvian OMZ at multiannual and multidecadal timescales for the first time on time intervals exceeding the last millennium. We thus evidenced a strong imprint of the Walker circulation on the PUS. This impact is paced by the extratropical northern hemisphere, especially by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) at the multidecadal timescale, by the thermohaline circulation at the centennial timescale and by the Siberian High at the millennial timescale
Peres, Guénola. "Identification et quantification in situ des interactions entre la diversité lombricienne et la macro-bioporosité dans le contexte polyculture breton. Influence sur le fonctionnement hydrique du sol." Rennes 1, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007432.
Full textMialon, Arnaud. "ETUDE DE LA VARIABILITÉ CLIMATIQUE DES HAUTES LATITUDES NORD, DÉRIVÉE D'OBSERVATIONS SATELLITES MICRO-ONDES." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011322.
Full textalternative intéressante, offrant une couverture spatiale quasi-globale. Ce projet s'inscrit dans le développement de méthodes pour extraire de
ces données des informations relatives à la surface des latitudes nord (>50°N). Pour cela, les données du capteur SSM/I (special sensor microwave imager), situées dans la gamme spectrale des micro-ondes, présentent certains avantages : indépendantes des radiations solaires ; faible influence atmosphérique. L''approche basée sur les températures de brillance à 19 et 37 GHz, aboutit à trois paramètres géophysiques de surface : une cartographie quotidienne de l'étendue du couvert nival de 1988 à 2002 ; une étendue de l'eau de surface (étendues d'eau libre, petits lacs, réservoirs, milieux humides associés à une végétation peu dense) ; une température caractérisant la surface et l'air proche du sol.
Pour pallier à la variation quotidienne de l'heure d'acquisition des données satellites, une méthode de normalisation des températures aboutit à une serie horaire. Ceci permet l' étude d'indicateurs climatiques, comme la somme des degrés jours positifs. Les tendances confirment les tendances climatiques observées : augmentation de la température (+0.8 +/- 0.4 °c pour l'ensemble du territoire canada/alaska entre 1992 et 2002)
et diminution de la superficie du couvert nival. Ces bases de données originales présentent également un intérêt pour la validation des
modèles de climat à l'échelle régionale.
Houndenou, Constant. "Variabilité climatique et maïsiculture en milieu tropical humide : l'exemple du Bénin, diagnostic et modélisation." Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOL033.
Full textLaurent, Carine. "Variabilité climatique basse-fréquence simulée en Atlantique Nord par un modèle couplé océan-atmosphère." Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066524.
Full textMialon, Arnaud. "Étude de la variabilité climatique des hautes latitudes nord, dérivée d'observations satellites micro-ondes." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2005. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2749.
Full textMichel, Clio. "Rôle du déferlement des ondes de Rossby dans la variabilité climatique aux latitudes tempérées." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012INPT0091/document.
Full textThis thesis aims at analyzing the dynamics of the interaction between baroclinic waves (stormtrack) and the atmospheric low-frequency variability at midlatitudes. Two different approaches have been followed to study the impact of baroclinic wave breakings on jet-streams, one using reanalysis data and the other numerical simulations of a climate model. The first part of the PhD dealt with the link between Rossby wave breakings and the four weather regimes over the North Atlantic in winter using ERA40 reanalysis. The calculation of wave breaking frequencies showed that wave breakings tend to reinforce weather regimes except the Scandinavian blocking which is destroyed by cyclonic wave breaking south of Greenland. Then, precursors of weather regime transitions have been identified. The first precursor is linked to the linear propagation of low-frequency anomalies (period greater than ten days). This is not a systematic precursor but it occurs during the zonal to blocking transition about one week before this latter and is related to a quasi-stationary wave train excited by convective anomalies in the North Atlantic subtropics. The systematic second precursor is related to non-linear transient eddy interactions and has been linked to Rossby wave breakings. The link between the surface cyclones, Rossby wave breakings and the formation and decay of the Scandinavian blocking has been more precisely studied through the preferential transitions from the zonal weather regime to the blocking and from the blocking to the Greenland anticyclone. During the formation and decay of the blocking, surface cyclones reach the same intensities but do not follow the same trajectories. During the blocking formation, surface cyclones follow straight trajectories toward the north of Scandinavia and are linked to an anticyclonic wave breaking. Whereas during the blocking decay, surface cyclones trajectories are curved over the North Atlantic toward Greenland and are linked to a cyclonic wave breaking favouring the Greenland anticyclone formation. Our study suggests that this difference of behavior comes from the shape of the low-frequency flow which is not the same during the formation and the decay of the blocking and which can favour a particular type of wave breaking rather than another. The second part dealt with the link between sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and the storm-track in the atmospheric general circulation model Arpège-Climat in aquaplanet mode to better understand teleconnections such as the Arctic Oscillation and/or the North Atlantic Oscillation from an idealized point of view. We performed a sensitivity analysis of the eddy-driven jet variability to various stationary SST profiles
Wei, Xi. "Une approche de modélisation pour diagnostiquer les impacts des changements globaux sur l'hydrologie, les sédiments en suspension et le carbone organique dans un bassin tropical asiatique : cas du fleuve Rouge (Chine et Vietnam)." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/4685/.
Full textThe Asian river basins are great contributors to sediments and organic carbon to the seas. However, these river basins are subject to the influence of climate variability and human activities, which alters the transport and fate of water and associated matter in rivers, and then modifies the coastal biochemical processes. The Red River is a representative Asian river basin and plays an important role in the economy and agriculture in China and Vietnam. However, lack of data sharing between countries and difficulty in in-situ observations and samplings, make the study through the whole basin difficult both spatially and temporally. In order to overcome these issues and better understand the water resources and matters transfer dynamics, interactive use of in-situ measurements, remote sensing observations and numerical modellings are necessary. This work proposed a modelling approach to simulate the transfer dynamics of water, suspended sediment (SS) and organic carbon at a daily scale in the Red River, and to understand and quantify their responses to the impacts of climate variability and dam constructions. The physical-based SWAT model, combining the remote sensing data, was used in this study to simulate the water regime and suspended sediment. Six dams (two were operated before the study period and the other four started operation since 2008) were implemented in this model. The model was calibrated based on observed discharge (Q) and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) data from 2000 to 2013 at five gauge stations (the outlets of the main tributaries and of the continent basin) at a daily time step. After Q and SSC calibrated under actual conditions, a scenario of natural conditions (without any dams inside the basin) was modelled to disentangle and quantify the impacts of climate variability and dams on Q and sediment fluxes (SF). Dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC, POC) were calibrated based on observed Q, SSC and in-situ organic carbon sampling data. According to these relationships, the organic carbon concentrations and fluxes under actual and natural conditions are calculated, in order to further quantify the impacts of climate variability and dams on DOC and POC transfer. This study highlighted the strong impacts of dams on sediment fluxes (-80%) and organic carbon (POC, -85%; DOC, -13%), and the impacts of climate variability on Q (-9%). Without dams, the Red River basin would have a high specific sediment yield (779 t km-2 yr-1) compared to other Asian river basins, though its sediment export was low compared to them. The high soil erosion due to precipitation, slope and agricultural practice in the middle part of the basin is the main factor contributing to the specific sediment yield. [...]
De, smedt Sylvie. "Le bilan hydrologique régional: étude de sa variabilité à l'aide de simulations numériques." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000687.
Full textCapron, Emilie. "L'air piégé dans les glaces polaires : contraintes chronologiques et caractérisation de la variabilité climatique rapide." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00579600.
Full textSun, Xun. "Analyse propabiliste régionale des précipitations : prise en compte de la variabilité et du changement climatique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00934476.
Full textRuprich-Robert, Yohan. "Variabilité climatique de l'Atlantique Nord aux échelles de temps décennale à multidécennale : mécanismes et prévisibilité." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3332/.
Full textAt decadal to multidecadal timescale, the North Atlantic Ocean is characterized by a large-scale modulation of its surface temperature and heat/salt content. The latter, known as Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation or Variability (AMV), is associated with anomalous climate conditions over the adjacent continents, especially over the Sahel, the north American continent and Europe. It is impossible from the sole observations to assess the origin of such a variability because of their short temporal coverage with respect to the involved timescale and because of their critical undersampling of the three dimensional states of the ocean. In this thesis, we have used the CNRM-CM5 climate model as a numerical lab to first investigate the internal mechanisms (as opposed to forced by external factors such as solar, greenhouse gazes etc. ) at the origin of the AMV and second to quantify the associated predictability. The analysis of a 1000-yr control simulation (external climate forcing maintained to a constant level) shows that the model AMV is mainly controlled by the multidecadal evolution of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and associated heat/salt transport. The AMOC low-frequency variability is forced by the excitation of wintertime atmospheric modes over the Atlantic, namely the East Atlantic Pattern and the North Atlantic Oscillation. Those kick a chain reaction of oceanic processes leading in fine about 30 years later to an AMOC/AMV event. Such a timescale is controlled by the ocean dynamics and thermodynamics intrinsic properties. More specifically, we insist on the critical role played by the density anomalies of the first 500-meter of the subpolar gyre in controlling a large part of the AMOC fluctuations. We then focus on the estimation of the predictability level of the AMV in CNRM-CM5. To do so, we adopt the so-called perfect model approach that consists in reforecasting the model itself via an ensemblist method. Based on the use of a series of metrics and simple statistical models, we show that the AMOC/AMV in CNRM-CM5 is predictable for leadtimes ranging from 15 to 30 years as a function of the oceanic initial conditions. Such a conditional predictability is linked to the evolution of the density anomalies of the subpolar gyre and more specifically its salinity component, in line with the above-documented proposed mechanism. The oceanic predictability is associated to some predictability over the continents in terms of surface temperature and atmospheric circulation
Caminade, Cyril. "Rôle de l'océan et influence des émissions d'origine anthropique sur la variabilité climatique en Afrique." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30239.
Full textSéférian, Roland. "Impact du changement climatique sur les flux de carbone océaniques : rôle de la variabilité décennale." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0057.
Full textSince the industrial revolution, oceans have absorbed roughly one quarter of the anthropogenic emissions of CO2, slowing down climate change. The evolution of the ocean carbon sink, paralleled to the anthropogenic CO2 emissions, is ruled by the CO2 as well as climate. Influence of atmospheric CO2 in the recent evolution of the ocean carbon sink is well understood whilst this is not the case for the climate’s one. Indeed, some authors claim that the recent variations of the ocean CO2 sink can be attributed to climate change, whereas some others suggest that these latter are controlled by a decadal variability, which is poorly understood. In this thesis, we address question relative to the role of the decadal variability of the ocean carbon fluxes through the mean of numerical modeling. On one hand, we have demonstrated that ocean carbon fluxes exhibit decadal fluctuations within the high latitudes oceans. These fluctuations displays modes of 10 to 50-year long which account for 20–40% of the year-to-year variability. Thanks to Detection & Attribution methods applied to RECCAP project’s reconstructions (1960–2005), we have then assessed whether the occurrence of fluctuations at decadal time scale could hamper the detection of the climate contribution to the recent evolution of ocean carbon fluxes. We have shown that the climate contribution is indeed not detected in the high latitude oceans due to the presence of decadal mode of variability. In the low latitude oceans instead, the weaker fluctuations of ocean carbon fluxes at decadal time scale favor the detection of climate influence in the recent variations of the CO2 fluxes
Muñoz-Cobo, Belart Joaquín. "Bilan de masse des glaciers islandais depuis 1945 : reconstruction et relation avec la variabilité climatique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30236.
Full textThe mass balance of a glacier is strongly connected to climate. At high latitudes, mass balance is typically controlled by snow accumulation during the winter and the glacier ablation during the summer. In Iceland, direct mass balance observations have been mostly focused on the three largest ice caps (~600 to ~8000 km2), measured in situ for the last 25 years. There are, however, glaciers and ice caps distributed over all quarters of the country that lack mass balance observations. Remote sensing data with the capability to retrieve the glacier surface geometry through Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are valuable tools to measure mass balance using the geodetic method. For a typical Icelandic glacier (with an area between 1 km2 and hundreds of km2), this can be optimally achieved from optical stereoscopic imagery, emplaced in airborne or spaceborne sensors, and from airborne lidar. This thesis focuses on remote sensing techniques to accurately measure geodetic mass balance from seasonal to decadal time spans and the relationship of mass balance to climate. As an example of seasonal mass balance, the winter mass balance of Drangajökull was measured from satellite sub-meter stereo images at the beginning, middle and end of the 2014-2015 winter using data from the Pléiades and WorldView-2 satellites. The results were complemented with in situ snow density measurements and validated with snow thickness measurements. The study concludes that images from the sensors mentioned above may often be used to monitor seasonal mass balance without tedious field logistics. A vast archive of aerial photographs exists for Iceland extending back to 1945. Since then, most glaciers were surveyed every 5 to 20 years. In addition, a wealth of modern satellite stereo images is available since the early 2000s as well as airborne lidar data in 2008-2013. This creates a unique dataset to construct a 70-year time series of geodetic mass balances.[...]
Nabat, Pierre. "Intéractions aérosols-rayonnement-nuages et variabilité climatique en méditerranée - Approche par la modelisation régionale couplée." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0071/document.
Full textThe Mediterranean basin is affected by numerous and various aerosols which have a high spatiotemporal variability. These aerosols directly interact with solar and thermal radiation, and indirectly with clouds and atmospheric dynamics. Therefore they can have an important impact on the regional climate. This work, located at the boundary between the ChArMEx and HyMeX programs, considers a coupled regional modeling approach in order to address the questions of the aerosol-radiation-cloud interactions with regards to the climate variability over the Mediterranean. In order to improve the characterization of Mediterranean aerosols, a new interannual monthly climatology of aerosol optical depth has been developed from a blended product based on both satellitederived and model-simulated datasets. This dataset, available for every regional climate model over the Mediterranean for the 1979-2012 period, has been built to obtain the best possible estimate of the atmospheric aerosol content for the five species at stake (sulfate, black carbon, organic matter, desert dust and sea salt particles). Simulation ensembles, which have been carried out over the 2003-2009 period with and without aerosols, show a major impact on the regional climate. This impact is characterized by a negative surface radiative forcing (due to the absorption and the scattering of the solar incident radiation) of -15 W.m−2 on annual average over the Mediterranean Sea, an induced surface cooling both over land and sea of about -0.5◦C on annual average, a decrease in precipitation as well as cloud cover changes. The seasonal cycle and the spatial patterns of the Mediterranean climate are significantly modified, as well as some specific situations such as the heat wave in July 2006 strengthened by the presence of desert dust particles. The essential role of the Mediterranean sea surface temperature is highlighted, and enables to understand the induced changes on air-sea fluxes (notably the decrease in the latent heat loss) and the consequences on regional climate. Oceanic convection is also strengthened by aerosols. In addition, the decrease in anthropogenic aerosols observed for more than thirty years is shown to significantly contribute to the observed Euro-Mediterranean climatic trends in terms of surface radiation (representing 81 ± 15 % of the brightening) and temperature (representing 23 ± 5 % of the warming). Besides, an interactive aerosol scheme has been developed in the atmospheric model ALADINClimate in order to better understand aerosol processes at the daily scale. This scheme shows its ability to represent correctly the aerosol patterns over the Mediterranean, especially with regards to dust outbreaks that were measured during the ChArMEx/TRAQA field campaign. An intercomparison exercise with several dust models confirms the performance of the new scheme. Moreover, the use of a prognostic aerosol scheme instead of a monthly climatology enables to better reproduce the daily variations of surface radiation and temperature and related extremes. This also leads to changes in the mean climate, insofar as aerosol variations and their effects depend on weather regimes and cloud cover. Finally this study concludes with the need for regional climate system models over the Mediterranean to take into account the radiative aerosol effects and their spatio-temporal variability, including at high frequency. The impacts of these radiative effects on numerous parameters (radiation, temperature, humidity, ocean-atmosphere fluxes, oceanic circulation, etc.) are indeed shown and understood at different space and time scales (daily variability, seasonal cycle, climate trends, spatial structures). This work has also shown the importance of the coupling between the atmosphere and the Mediterranean Sea for aerosol-climate studies in this region
Meyssignac, Benoit. "La Variabilité Régionale du Niveau de la Mer." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00779038.
Full textDavin, Edouard. "Etude de l'effet biophysique du changement d'occupation des sols sur le système climatique." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066138.
Full textGrelaud, Michaël. "Variabilité climatique multi-échelles depuis le pléistocène terminal jusqu'à l'actuel, sur la marge pacifique nord américaine." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30059.
Full textThe North American Pacific margin surface hydrography is characterized by the California Current System (CCS) whose intensity seasonally responds to the dynamic of northeastern Pacific atmospheric cells. On longer time scales, CCS's intensity depends on climatic oscillators: the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The fossil assemblages of coccolithophores in two oceanic sedimentary basins (Santa Barbara and Soledad) were used to reconstruct the dynamics of these climate oscillations over the last 28,000 years. The ENSO and PDO have persisted throughout this period and have strengthened over time, their cyclicity responding to the precession. The maxima of their intensity are observed during the middle Holocene and during the 20th century. The morphometry of coccoliths shows that calcification is mainly controlled by sea surface temperature
Barhoumi, Chéïma. "Histoire des feux, dynamique de la végétation et variabilité climatique de l’Holocène en République de Komi." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG055.
Full textOngoing climate change is causing and will continue to cause significant changes in the structure and biodiversity of forest ecosystems. Boreal forests, which are among the world's largest forest biomes (32% of the world's forest cover), are particularly affected by such changes. Fires are major perturbators and contribute to the dynamics of these forests. The recent increase in fire activity in these ecosystems raises ecological and socio-economic issues. The consequences of global warming are already being observed in these regions, particularly in Canada and Russia, where warmer winters and springs (2 to 3°C increase) have been recorded since the 1960s. In addition, ongoing climate change is reversing the net carbon storage of boreal forests, which now appears to be shifting from their carbon sink state to a carbon source state. In order to better understand the mechanisms underlying the functioning of this type of forest, and to anticipate future changes, the study of its past dynamics allows us to provide some answers. The aim of this phD is to study and understand the interactions between the dynamics of Holocene fire, vegetation and climate (last 11700 years) in the Republic of Komi, a region of Russia, where these questions have been very poorly documented. Vegetation dynamics during the Holocene were reconstructed from pollen grain analysis and the REVALS model. An open light forest (a particular type of boreal forest) developed in the early Holocene, from 10,000 to 6,000 cal. yr BP. Then, from 10000 to 3500 cal. yr BP, a dark taiga settled. Then from 3500 cal. yr BP, we observe the gradual return of the light taiga. Paleoclimatic reconstructions based on a dual approach, pollen and molecular biomarkers (brGDGts), have shown a climatic optimum between 7000 and 4000 cal. yr BP. The relationship between these results led us to conclude that for the first half of the Holocene, climate had a major influence on vegetation. Then from 3500 cal. yr BP, the change in fire frequency below a threshold value (FRI, Fire Return Interval < 200 years) had a greater impact on vegetation than the climate. Over the past 600 years, the intensification of human activities led to overexploitation of the forest and an increase in its fire activity. Another aspect of the phD was to study the fire dynamics of two other regions, in Karelia and in the southern region of Lake Baikal. Fire dynamics were more complex than in the Republic of Komi, as they did not follow the same trend of gradual decline in the FRI
Adallal, Rachid. "Variabilité environnementale des lacs du moyen Atlas marocain : fonctionnement hydrogéochimique, hydrologique et réponse au changement climatique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/190503_ADALLAL_832bmr769lk231jud210zypqc_TH.pdf.
Full textThe southern Mediterranean region, at the interface between arid and temperate climates, is highly vulnerable to climate change and water availability. The moroccan Middle-Atlas mountains contains several natural lakes regarded as sentinels of hydro-climatic changes, provided that their hydrological functioning is clearly understood. This thesis work was focused on the study of the hydrogeochemical and hydro-isotopic functioning of Azigza lake based on a monthly monitoring (October 2012–October 2016). The physicochemical and chemical parameters (major elements), allowed to propose the mechanisms associated with the mineralization of lake waters and the characterization of groundwater inflows from watershed into the lake. The waters of the Azigza lacustrine system fall under the calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate category. The lake is hot monomictic type. The waters show a seasonal response to climatic variations.The isotopic data allow to specify the origin of waters, the recharge altitude, the residence time of waters. The daily data of water level highlights the fast response of the lake to precipitation. During the whole observation period, the lake level decreased by about 4 meters. This approach was used to simulate the variations of the lake level over the observation period and to quantify the contributions of the groundwater flows. This approach was used to simulate the variations of the lake level over the observation period and to quantify the contributions of the groundwater flows. The hydrological model was then tested to reconstruct historical lake level variations. Finally, the possible use of the model to predict future lake level is discussed
Davtian, Nina. "Variabilité climatique et environnementale du dernier cycle glaciaire en Méditerranée occidentale : apports des nouveaux biomarqueurs organiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0025.
Full textThe aim of my PhD is to better understand the genesis of signals based on archaeal and bacterial membrane lipids, tetraethers, in coastal marine environments by studying two adjacent sedimentary archives taken from the Gulf of Lions and covering the last glacial cycle. These archives were taken from the relatively shallow upper continental slope, which receives substantial terrigenous inputs during glacial periods. The study site thus has accumulation rates of about one meter per thousand years during glacial periods, which allows me to study the abrupt variability of Quaternary climates in addition to their longer-term variability. First, I have considerably improved the analysis of tetraethers, by adopting a new method for isomer separation and by optimizing the analytical instrument and signal detection. Second, I have tested a novel oceanic paleothermometer based on hydroxylated tetraethers (RI-OH index) for the first time in the western Mediterranean Sea. Third, I have studied the origins of tetraethers and their responses to sea level variations. The novel oceanic paleothermometer gives particularly encouraging results despite terrigenous inputs. However, bacterial tetraethers have mixed origins and complex, non linear responses to sea level variations. Possible explanations include the complex sedimentary dynamics of the Gulf of Lions and biases in tetraether-based signals
Sanchi, Lise. "Variabilité climatique de la dernière période glaciaire en Europe : apports des tétraéthers méthylés et indicateurs associés." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4331.
Full textIn order to better understand the sensibility of the European continent to climate changes, the potential of branched tetraether lipids, as bases of temperature and soil pH proxies, has been studied in two sedimentary archives. These two marine sediment cores have been chosen for their location at the mouth of major rivers (Danube and paleo Channel river) on both sides of the ancient Fennoscandian ice sheet. Indeed, they enable to get records containing information integrated at large drainage basin scale, since the last glacial cycle. Thus, continuous temperature reconstructions of the last glacial period in Europe, based on branched tetraethers extracted from these cores, are presented. These records are carefully interpreted, notably because of the uncertainties on the tetraether producers and their likely production in the aquatic environment. The high temporal resolution of the reconstruction however enables insights into the last glacial abrupt climate variability, with temperature estimates of Heinrich events and Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, and especially, quantitative estimations in central eastern Europe. Moreover, the reconstruction of past soil pH in this part of the continent is investigated. Last, an automated purification method for archaeal and bacterial tetraethers in soils and sediments has been developed in order to contribute to enhancing the time resolution of paleosequences based on tetraether biomarkers
Lempereur, Morine. "Variabilité saisonnière et interannuelle de la croissance du chêne vert méditerranéen et vulnérabilité au changement climatique." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS075/document.
Full textTree secondary growth is responsible for woody biomass accumulation and is a major component of carbon storage in forest ecosystems. Environmental constraints on secondary growth in Mediterranean ecosystems must, however, be described in more to details to better understand how they will be modified by climate change. This dissertation aims at studying the functional responses of Mediterranean holm oak (Quercus ilex) to seasonal and inter-annual climate variations through the study of carbon allocation to secondary growth. Different experimental approaches, at spatial scales ranging from tree rings to the ecosystem and at temporal scales from the day to several decades, were used to identify the main environmental constraints (water availability, temperature warming, competition) to secondary growth and carbon isotopic composition of tree rings. The phenology of stem growth shows evidence for a direct environmental control on annual growth by winter temperature and summer drought that is more limiting than the carbon supply from photosynthesis. Climate change from 1968 to 2013 resulted in earlier water limitation on secondary growth, which was compensated by earlier growth onset, due to warmer winter temperature, and higher water use efficiency, due to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. Thinning reduced tree mortality and increased stem growth, so thinning management in old holm oak coppices could prepare the ecosystem to better withstand the increasing drought forecasted for the Mediterranean region
Kuentz, Anna. "Un siècle de variabilité hydro-climatique sur le bassin de la Durance : Recherches historiques et reconstitutions." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0047/document.
Full textUnderstanding and predicting hydrological variability is becoming a major issue to improve water resources management at the watershed scale, as climate variability and multipurpose use of water increase stress on the available resources. In France, the Durance watershed (South part of the Alps) is both characterised by numerous water-related activities such as hydropower, irrigation, water supply, tourism, and by a wide range of meteorological contexts ranging from mountainous to dry Mediterranean watersheds. As a consequence, this watershed appears as very sensitive to observed and projected climate variability, with an impact on water resources sufficient to question the current balance between users. In order to better forecast the Durance watershed hydrological variability, tracing back its past evolution is an essential step. Indeed, historical knowledge provides a better understanding of how the watershed works, and put into perspective hydro meteorological projections for the next century. The main goal of this Ph.D. thesis is then to improve our knowledge of the hydrological variability of the Durance watershed over the last century. Two main themes have been developed.The first step focused on historical research, bringing to light 11 centennial time-series of daily streamflow on the Durance watershed. Those data were quite well documented, allowing us to follow the evolution of the methods used to construct some of those time-series. Based on recent streamflow time-series, a simulation process allowed us to quantify the uncertainty associated to the methods used in the past, and to highlight the significant biases they carried on some periods of time. A correction process was then developed, leading to the partial revision of some of the time-series. A second step involved reconstructing hydrological time-series at different points of the watershed. An original method, called ANATEM, has been introduced and exhaustively applied to rebuild climatological time-series at the watershed scale. This method is based on the use of large scale climatological variables (atmospheric pressure fields) combined with regional scale observations (observed precipitation or air temperature). Those reconstructed climatological time-series were then prescribed in a rainfall-runoff model, allowing the computation of hydrological simulations on the 1884-2010 period. The comparison of the simulated data with our 11 centennial observed time series allowed us to validate our hydro-climatological reconstruction chain over more than a century. Finally, the observed and simulated time-series illustrate the climatological and hydrological variability of the Durance watershed. This variability is characterised by the succession of alternatively dry and humid periods lasting for ten to fifteen years, and by a slight trend to streamflow decrease. These long-term hydrological time-series will then put into perspective future investigations on water resources available over the next century