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Journal articles on the topic 'Modern Synthesi'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Dawud, Hanin Majdi Waleed Mustafa Kassem, Evelise Amgarten Quitzau, Viviane Teixeira Silveira, and Marcelo Moraes e Silva. "ENTRE A MANUTENÇÃO E A RESISTÊNCIA: PROCESSOS DE SIGNIFICAÇÃO DO ESPORTE NO ORIENTE MÉDIO." (SYN)THESIS 14, no. 1 (November 25, 2021): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/synthesis.2021.63717.

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O presente ensaio busca analisar a inserção do esporte moderno no contexto do Oriente Médio entre os seus processos de colonização e busca por independência. O artigo aborda questões a respeito da partilha do Império Otomano entre potências europeias no século XX, estabelecendo um paralelo com o surgimento da Primavera Árabe no século XXI. Encontrou-se um palco de negociações entre governo e população diante da construção e gestão de identidades nacionais. Neste cenário, o ensaio conclui que a implantação do esporte moderno apareceu como um elemento importante em meio a uma trajetória de disputas.

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2

Deiró Nosella, Berilo Luigi, Larissa De Oliveira Neves, and Elen de Medeiros. "Perspectivas sobre o drama moderno no Brasil: revisitando a história." ouvirOUver 13, no. 1 (May 25, 2017): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/ouv20-v13n1a2017-7.

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Resultado da Mesa Redonda “Perspectivas sobre o drama moderno no Brasil”, realizada no IX Congresso da ABRACE em 2016, o presente artigo apresenta uma síntese das ideias em torno do drama moderno no Brasil que embasam os projetos docentes de pesquisadores de três instituições diversas (UNICAMP, UFMG e UFSJ), aglutinados em torno do Grupo Estudos em Dramaturgia Letra e Ato. Tal artigo apresenta, portanto, três visadas sobre o drama moderno no Brasil que, sem precisarem constituir uma unidade, dialogam profundamente no contexto das pesquisas com o intuito de revisão teórica e historiográfica sobre o tema. Neste sentido, compartilhando de conceitos, teóricos, metodologias e objetos, as pesquisas, as individualidades investigativas vêm constituindo, num histórico, resultados coletivos de pesquisa sobre o tema que, conjuntamente, os pesquisadores vêm procurando organizar e divulgar em diferentes frentes e meios. ABSTRACT This paper has its origin in the round table “Perspectives about the modern Brazilian drama”, that took place in the IX ABRACE Congress in 2016. It presents a synthesis of some ideas about the modern drama in Brazil that lay their foundation in the research project of professors of three universities (UNICAMP, UFMG e UFSJ), connected by the research group: Group of Studies in Playwriting Letter and Act. This paper presents, therefore, three viewpoints about modern drama in Brazil that, without the purpose of forming a unique view, start a dialogue with the canonic history of Brazilian theater, in order to propose a theoretical review. In this sense, sharing concepts, theories, methodologies and objects, the individual researches have been composing collective results about the same thematic, that the three author are organizing in order to publish. KEYWORDS Teatro brasileiro moderno; dramaturgia moderna; cena moderna.

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Huang, Jianhui, Caifeng Li, Liu Liu, and Xuegang Fu. "Norbornene in Organic Synthesis." Synthesis 50, no. 15 (June 25, 2018): 2799–823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610143.

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The norbornene skeleton possesses an alkene functionality with a fixed conformation, and represents unique reactivity. The use of norbornene and analogues as substrates is overviewed; reactivities are discussed as well as the role of norbornenes as ligands assisting modern organic transformations.1 Introduction2 Synthesis of Substituted Norbornenes2.1 Preparation of Functionalized Norbornenes by Deprotonation and Substitution Reactions2.2 Preparation of Functionalized Norbornenes under Palladium-Catalyzed Reaction Conditions2.3 Alkylation of Norbornene2.4 Multistep Synthesis3 Synthesis of Substituted Norbornanes3.1 Three-Membered-Ring Formation3.2 Formation of Four-Membered Rings3.3 Five- and Six-Membered Ring Formation3.4 Syntheses of Difunctionalized Norbornanes4 Synthesis of Cyclopentanes4.1 Oxidation Reactions4.2 Ring-Opening Cross Metathesis (ROCM)4.3 Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)4.4 Palladium-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Norbornene5 Norbornene-Mediated Reactions5.1 Palladium Insertion into Carbon–Halide Bonds5.2 Palladium Insertion into N–H and C–H Bonds5.3 Norbornene as Ligand in Mediated Reactions6 Conclusion

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Beemelmanns, Christine, Dávid Roman, and Maria Sauer. "Applications of the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons Olefination in Modern Natural Product Synthesis." Synthesis 53, no. 16 (April 28, 2021): 2713–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1493-6331.

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AbstractThe Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons (HWE) reaction is one of the most reliable olefination reaction and can be broadly applied in organic chemistry and natural product synthesis with excellent selectivity. Within the last few years HWE reaction conditions have been optimized and new reagents developed to overcome challenges in the total syntheses of natural products. This review highlights the application of HWE olefinations in total syntheses of structurally different natural products covering 2015 to 2020. Applied HWE reagents and reactions conditions are highlighted to support future synthetic approaches and serve as guideline to find the best HWE conditions for the most complicated natural products.1 Introduction and Historical Background2 Applications of HWE2.1 Cyclization by HWE Reactions2.2.1 Formation of Medium- to Larger-Sized Rings2.2.2 Formation of Small- to Medium-Sized Rings2.3 Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Groups2.4 Synthesis of Substituted C=C Bonds2.5 Late-Stage Modifications by HWE Reactions2.6 HWE Reactions on Solid Supports2.7 Synthesis of Poly-Conjugated C=C Bonds2.8 HWE-Mediated Coupling of Larger Building Blocks2.9 Miscellaneous3 Summary and Outlook

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5

Ramirez, Humberto, and Thien Sang Lim. "Performance of SMEs: Literature synthesis of contingency models." Problems and Perspectives in Management 19, no. 3 (September 13, 2021): 276–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(3).2021.23.

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The fundamental issue of performance of SMEs has been intensively analyzed by academia mainly through performance models. Performance models are largely focused on predicting failure and have intrinsic limitations. The present literature synthesis proposes an alternative perspective from seemingly unconnected empirical studies, which share the performance of SMEs as a common criterion: contingency models. Such perspective emphasizes the positive facet of SMEs results and complements the current academic standard of prediction models. This study performed integration and conceptual classification of 99 articles cataloged as contingency models and published by reputed journals from 1999 to 2019. The evidence from the integrated empirical literature revealed an ample and diverse set of supported variables that explain a positive economic outcome in small ventures. The analysis and classification of the articles derived 7 sections, 24 categories and 131 supported variables, which are intended to help improve the scholarly and professional analysis of SME performance due to the inherent viability of the integrated articles, proving a benign economic output. This view contradicts the current paradigm of performance models, which is insufficient to predict or explain how to improve SMEs results. The integrated elements developed by this study can work as a framework for the academic research of SMEs performance, and practical guidance for SMEs’ managers. This synthesis sets an agenda for further academic research in the field of SME performance, specifically in the areas of methodology, operationalization of performance, and empirical research.

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6

Burla, Maria Cristina, Benedetta Carrozzini, Giovanni Luca Cascarano, Carmelo Giacovazzo, and Giampiero Polidori. "About difference electron densities and their properties." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 73, no. 6 (September 13, 2017): 460–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273317011585.

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Difference electron densities do not play a central role in modern phase refinement approaches, essentially because of the explosive success of the EDM (electron-density modification) techniques, mainly based on observed electron-density syntheses. Difference densities however have been recently rediscovered in connection with theVLD(Vive la Difference) approach, because they are a strong support for strengthening EDM approaches and forab initiocrystal structure solution. In this paper the properties of the most documented difference electron densities, here denoted asF−Fp,mF−FpandmF−DFpsyntheses, are studied. In addition, a fourth new difference synthesis, here denoted as {\overline F_q} synthesis, is proposed. It comes from the study of the same joint probability distribution function from which theVLDapproach arose. The properties of the {\overline F_q} syntheses are studied and compared with those of the other three syntheses. The results suggest that the {\overline F_q} difference may be a useful tool for making modern phase refinement procedures more efficient.

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Motta, Marly. "A “GUERRA” DE 22: E ASSIM SE PASSARAM CEM ANOS (1922-2022)." (SYN)THESIS 14, no. 3 (March 9, 2022): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/synthesis.2021.65829.

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O centenário da independência em 1922 foi comemorado em meio a uma conjuntura marcada por “guerras” nos mais variados setores da sociedade brasileira. A proposta deste texto é analisar essas disputas que tiveram como pano de fundo a busca por uma nova nação sintonizada com as transformações do século XX. O que eu chamo de guerra cultural entre Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo teve como objetivo a conquista do papel de “farol” a guiar o que deveria ser este Brasil moderno. Essa disputa entre as duas maiores cidades do país rebateu no âmbito econômico, e colocou em xeque a tradicional supremacia industrial do então Distrito Federal (Rio de Janeiro) diante do crescimento acelerado da industrialização de São Paulo, considerada a “locomotiva do progresso”. No cenário político, as eleições presidenciais de março de 1922 fugiram ao padrão tradicional de “rivalidade limitada”, e incorporaram, ao jogo eleitoral, novos atores – as “massas urbanas” das grandes cidades e os militares, os ditos “tenentes” – que passaram a ameaçar esse padrão instalado desde Campos Sales. O centenário da independência acabou sendo celebrado em um cenário repressivo, onde as liberdades públicas, inclusive a liberdade da imprensa, foram restringidas por meio do estado de sítio imposto pelo então presidente Epitácio Pessoa.

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8

Chernobrivtsev, O. P., S. V. Zyablitsev, T. I. Panova, and Yu O. Panchenko. "ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN TYPE 2 DIABETES. Review." Medical Science of Ukraine (MSU) 15, no. 1-2 (December 6, 2019): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32345/2664-4738.1-2.2019.12.

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Relevance. The problem of systematization and refinement of modern concepts of the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction (EDF) and its role in the development of microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is relevant due to the lack of pathogenetic treatment nowadays, which would include endothelial dysfunction. Objective: to conduct an analytical review of the results of scientific research on the mechanisms of EDF in T2DM, with the aim of proposing an integrated modern concept of the pathogenesis of EDF. Materials and methods. Review of scientific publications in the international electronic scientific databases of PubMed, Embase and Scopus for keywords for the entire available period (1982-2019). Results. The article provides modern data on the modern concept of the pathogenesis of EDF and its role in the development of microvascular complications in T2DM. The pathogenesis of EDF in type 2 diabetes mellitus is based on the following key mechanisms: impaired synthesis of the endothelial fraction of nitric oxide (NO) due to inhibition of the activity of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS); decreased bioavailability of NO because of oxidative stress; activation of the formation of Endothelin-1 (ET1) and expression of endothelin receptors with a predominance of vasoconstriction; inflammation, which is supported by the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and causes the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), which stimulates the synthesis of a significant amount of NO, which enters into free radical reactions with the formation of cytotoxic products. Conclusions. The pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction is impaired nitric oxide synthesis. Endothelial dysfunction, as an integral mechanism, underlies in the core mechanisms the development of vascular complications in type 2 diabetes.

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9

Weinert, Friedel. "The Modern Synthesis." Forum Philosophicum 14, no. 2 (2009): 193–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/forphil20091422.

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10

Luttikhuizen, P. C., and J. Drent. "Post-modern synthesis?" Heredity 92, no. 6 (May 26, 2004): 596–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800471.

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11

BUTLIN, R. "Post-modern synthesis." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21, no. 10 (October 2006): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.05.015.

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12

Burla, Maria Cristina, Benedetta Carrozzini, Giovanni Luca Cascarano, Carmelo Giacovazzo, and Giampiero Polidori. "Properties of Fourier Syntheses and New Syntheses." Crystals 10, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060538.

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In this study, the properties of observed, difference, and hybrid syntheses (hybrid indicates a combination of observed and difference syntheses) are investigated from two points of view. The first has a statistical nature and aims to estimate the amplitudes of peaks corresponding to the model atoms, belonging or not belonging to the target structure; the amplitudes of peaks related to the target atoms, missed or shared with the model; and finally, the quality of the background. The latter point deals with the practical features of Fourier syntheses, the special role of weighted syntheses, and their usefulness in practical applications. It is shown how the properties of the various syntheses may vary according to the available structural model and, in particular, how weighted hybrid syntheses may act like an observed and difference or a full hybrid synthesis. The theoretical results obtained in this paper suggest new Fourier syntheses using novel Fourier coefficients: their main features are first discussed from a mathematical point of view. Extended experimental applications show that they meet the basic mission of the Fourier syntheses, enhancing peaks corresponding to the missed target atoms, depleting peaks corresponding to the model atoms not belonging to the target, and significantly reducing the background. A comparison with the results obtained via the most popular modern Fourier syntheses is made, suggesting a role for the new syntheses in modern procedures for phase extension and refinement. The most promising new Fourier synthesis has been implemented in the current version of SIR2014.

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13

Dzhamieiev, V. Y. "Modern concepts of auxin’s action. 1. History of discovery, metabolism, transport." Vìsnik Harkìvsʹkogo nacìonalʹnogo agrarnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ Bìologiâ 2020, no. 3 (October 30, 2020): 98–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.35550/vbio2020.03.098.

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Auxin (indolyl-3-acetic acid, IAA) is one of the key classical phytohormones with a very wide range of physiological effects. The first part of the scientific lecture describes the main stages of discovery of the hormone. The main pathways of auxin synthesis in plant tissues, which is carried out in two different ways: tryptophan-dependent and tryptophan-independent, are considered in detail. At the same time, multiple pathways of the auxin formation from tryptophan have been found in plant tissues. Among them, the mechanisms that occur with the formation of such intermediate metabolites as indole-3-acetaldoxime, indole-3-pyruvate and indole-3-acetamide are considered. The indole-3-pyruvate pathway is currently considered the main mechanism of hormone synthesis. Experimental evidence has also been obtained for the functioning of the tryptophan-independent pathway of auxin synthesis, the key enzyme of which is cytoplasmic indole synthase. It is assumed that the precursor of auxin in the tryptophan-independent pathway may be some intermediate metabolite between anthranilic acid and tryptophan. The article also describes the routes of auxin inactivation through the formation of conjugated forms and oxidation. A brief characterization of IAA dioxygenases, belonging to the 2-oxoglutarate-Fe (II)-oxygenases family, which are currently considered the main catalytic systems for auxin oxidation, is presented. The mechanisms and significance of polar and lateral transport of auxin are discussed. The characteristics of transmembrane auxin transporters belonging to the families PIN/PIL, ABCB/PGP and AUX/LAX are given.

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14

Rýček, Lukáš. "Total Synthesis of Natural Products: Case Studies in the Evaluation of New Synthetic Methods, Structural Elucidation and Drug Discovery." Chemické listy 116, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): 204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54779/chl20220204.

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This review summarizes our work in the field of synthesis of natural products and their derivatives. Application of modern synthetic method is discussed in the context of the syntheses of both enantiomers of hydromorphone, (–)-tetrodotoxin (a marine toxin), and selaginpulvilins C and D (natural fluorene derivatives). Further, synthesis of notoincisol A, selagibenzophenones A and B is described to clarify the structural aspects of the compounds. Last but not least, synthesis and pharmaceutical profilation of derivatives of magnolol and honokiol is discussed as well. Fulltext of this article is available on the website of this Journal.

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15

Eggert, Alina, Christoph Etling, Dennis Lübken, Marius Saxarra, and Markus Kalesse. "Contiguous Quaternary Carbons: A Selection of Total Syntheses." Molecules 25, no. 17 (August 24, 2020): 3841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173841.

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Contiguous quaternary carbons in terpene natural products remain a major challenge in total synthesis. Synthetic strategies to overcome this challenge will be a pivotal prerequisite to the medicinal application of natural products and their analogs or derivatives. In this review, we cover syntheses of natural products that exhibit a dense assembly of quaternary carbons and whose syntheses were uncompleted until recently. While discussing their syntheses, we not only cover the most recent total syntheses but also provide an update on the status quo of modern syntheses of complex natural products. Herein, we review (±)-canataxpropellane, (+)-waihoensene, (–)-illisimonin A and (±)-11-O-debenzoyltashironin as prominent examples of natural products bearing contiguous quaternary carbons.

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Pigliucci, Massimo. "Biology's last paradigm shift. The transition from natural theology to Darwinism." PARADIGMI, no. 3 (December 2012): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/para2012-003004.

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Evolutionary theory went through several phases ever since the publication of the original Darwin-Wallace paper, including neo-Darwinism, the Modern Synthesis and, possibly, a currently ongoing Extended Synthesis. In this paper I tackle the question of whether evolutionary biology ever underwent anything like a Kuhn-style paradigm shift. I conclude that it did not, and is not likely to do so in the future, although a paradigmlike shift did occur early on, at the transition between natural theology and Darwinism. Parole chiave: Darwinismo, Paradigmi, Sintesi estesa, Sintesi moderna, Teologia naturale

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17

Smith, William. "Geography: a modern synthesis." Progress in Human Geography 28, no. 5 (October 2004): 671–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309132504ph509xx.

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18

Changuk Lee, Charles. "Tourism: A Modern Synthesis." Annals of Tourism Research 29, no. 4 (October 2002): 1196–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(02)00041-5.

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19

Wallace, Rodrick. "Expanding the modern synthesis." Comptes Rendus Biologies 333, no. 10 (October 2010): 701–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2010.08.003.

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20

Timothy, Dallen J. "Tourism: A Modern Synthesis." Tourism Management 32, no. 1 (February 2011): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.01.006.

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21

Papageorgiou, Georgios. "Tourism: A Modern Synthesis." Tourism and Hospitality Research 8, no. 1 (January 2008): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.thr.2007.15.

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22

Dalton, Thomas C. "Beyond the Modern Synthesis." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 43, no. 2 (February 1998): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/001513.

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23

Chwieduk, Edward. "Stratigraphy: A Modern Synthesis." Geologos 22, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/logos-2016-0016.

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Swarbrooke, John S. "Tourism: A Modern Synthesis." Annals of Tourism Research 34, no. 3 (July 2007): 812–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.11.005.

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Nasir, Shah Bakhtiar, Noorsaadah Abd Rahman, and Chin Fei Chee. "Enantioselective Syntheses of Flavonoid Diels-Alder Natural Products: A Review." Current Organic Synthesis 15, no. 2 (April 24, 2018): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179414666170821120234.

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Background: The Diels-Alder reaction has been widely utilised in the syntheses of biologically important natural products over the years and continues to greatly impact modern synthetic methodology. Recent discovery of chiral organocatalysts, auxiliaries and ligands in organic synthesis has paved the way for their application in Diels-Alder chemistry with the goal to improve efficiency as well as stereochemistry. Objective: The review focuses on asymmetric syntheses of flavonoid Diels-Alder natural products that utilize chiral ligand-Lewis acid complexes through various illustrative examples. Conclusion: It is clear from the review that a significant amount of research has been done investigating various types of catalysts and chiral ligand-Lewis acid complexes for the enantioselective synthesis of flavonoid Diels-Alder natural products. The results have demonstrated improved yield and enantioselectivity. Much emphasis has been placed on the synthesis but important mechanistic work aimed at understanding the enantioselectivity has also been discussed.

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Mairhofer, Elisabeth, Elisabeth Fuchs, and Ronald Micura. "Facile synthesis of a 3-deazaadenosine phosphoramidite for RNA solid-phase synthesis." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 12 (November 28, 2016): 2556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.12.250.

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Access to 3-deazaadenosine (c3A) building blocks for RNA solid-phase synthesis represents a severe bottleneck in modern RNA research, in particular for atomic mutagenesis experiments to explore mechanistic aspects of ribozyme catalysis. Here, we report the 5-step synthesis of a c3A phosphoramidite from cost-affordable starting materials. The key reaction is a silyl-Hilbert–Johnson nucleosidation using unprotected 6-amino-3-deazapurine and benzoyl-protected 1-O-acetylribose. The novel path is superior to previously described syntheses in terms of efficacy and ease of laboratory handling.

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Gubergrits, N. B., N. V. Byelyayeva, T. L. Mozhyna, G. M. Lukashevich, and P. G. Fomenko. "Possibilities of modern drug correction of metabolic syndrome: the role of bile acids." Herald of Pancreatic Club 47, no. 2 (April 29, 2020): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.33149/vkp.2020.02.12.

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After the discovery of the method of synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and the publication of evidence confirming its ability to reduce the lithogenic properties of bile, active clinical use of UDCA began around the world. This drug, in addition to the proven choleretic, cytoprotective, litholytic, anti-apoptotic effects, has a signaling activity that allows UDCA to influence metabolic syndrome components such as hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia. Under the influence of UDCA, FXR is activated in the liver, which leads to an increase in the activity of glycogen synthase and decrease in the level of glycaemia. Another mechanism by which UDCA affects glycaemia is mediated by the activation of the TGR5 membrane receptor under the influence of this bile acid, as well as the release of insulin from pancreatic β-cells and decrease in postprandial glycaemia. When taking UDCA, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin in the blood plasma decreases the effects of insulin resistance decrease. UDCA has a beneficial effect on the vascular wall, reducing the severity of atherosclerotic lesions and normalizing the average thickness of the intima-media complex. UDCA improves lipid metabolism by regulating the activity of the AKT/ mTOR-signaling pathway, reduces the synthesis of cholesterol, and decreases the fractional rate of cholesterol synthesis and the fractional rate of triglyceride synthesis. It is proved that UDCA administration is accompanied by a drop in the level of total cholesterol and cholesterol of low-density lipoproteins. Normalization of the metabolism of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and the insulin-signaling pathway under the influence of bile acids is the basis for the use of UDCA for the correction of metabolic syndrome, as well as its hepatological manifestations - NAFLD.

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Matyakupov, Sa'dulla Gaipovich. "Forms Of Dialogue And Artistic Expression In Modern Uzbek Poetry." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 04 (April 17, 2021): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue04-06.

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The article examines the factors of creating a dialogue in poetry and its formation, the synthesis of lyrical and dramatic images, forms of artistic expression, creative artistic skills. On the basis of the poems analyzed as the object of research, the peculiarities of the theory of literature and the issues of the poet's creative individuality are widely analyzed. It is also scientifically and theoretically proven that each poetic work created is in a sense a product of dialogical thinking and its main factors.

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Noble, Denis. "The Illusions of the Modern Synthesis." Biosemiotics 14, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12304-021-09405-3.

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AbstractThe Modern Synthesis has dominated biology for 80 years. It was formulated in 1942, a decade before the major achievements of molecular biology, including the Double Helix and the Central Dogma. When first formulated in the 1950s these discoveries and concepts seemed initially to completely justify the central genetic assumptions of the Modern Synthesis. The Double Helix provided the basis for highly accurate DNA replication, while the Central Dogma was viewed as supporting the Weismann Barrier, so excluding the inheritance of acquired characteristics. This article examines the language of the Modern Synthesis and reveals that it is based on four important misinterpretations of what molecular biology had shown, so forming the basis of the four Illusions: 1. Natural Selection; 2. The Weismann Barrier; 3. The Rejection of Darwin’s Gemmules; 4. The Central Dogma. A multi-level organisation view of biology avoids these illusions through the principle of biological relativity. Molecular biology does not therefore confirm the assumptions of the Modern Synthesis.

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Gvelesiani, Ana, and Ketevan Khuskivadze. "Modern Approaches to Spanish Language Teaching, Blended Learning." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTILINGUAL EDUCATION VII, no. 1 (June 24, 2019): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22333/ijme.2019.13007.

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Every language is a living organismand cannot be taught through the application of only theoretical or practical tools. Therefore, the integration of modern approaches in foreign language instruction takes on a particular importance. Along with the development of online technologies, modern foreign language classes are gradually undergoing changes and modifications. Introduction of online learning is one of such significant changes. There are various forms of online learning, including blended (online) learning, which represents a synthesis of classroom and online education. The present work sets forth the priorities of blended learning, which distinguish the blended approach from other methods of foreign language instruction. The work also includes the results of the student survey conducted to find out whether the Spanish language students actively use online means, in addition to classroom learning and how they view the idea of putting the blended learning model in place.

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Thayer, Willy, Elizabeth Collingwood-Selby, and Ramsey McGlazer. "The Non-modern Crisis of the Modern University." Critical Times 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/26410478-7615011.

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Abstract This article offers a synthesis of the book La crisis no moderna de la universidad moderna and reconsiders many of its main claims, without, however, rehearsing the conceptual history that the book develops. These claims bear on several non-modern crises, crises affecting (1) the modern conflict between knowledge and thought; (2) the modern dispute between the superior, technical faculties and the inferior, critical faculty; (3) the university understood as the original source of ends-driven research, on the one hand, and open-ended, unconditional research, on the other; (4) the modern categories used to understand the university; (5) the university community defined as an organic unity of knowledges; and (6) the autonomy, the untimeliness, the philosophy of history, the enthusiastic mission, and the epic narrative of the modern university. In the Chilean context, these crises coincided with the military dictatorship (1973–90), which carried out a juridical and constitutional transition that was also a transformation of the university. No longer defined as a state-administered institution guided by the developmentalist goal of ensuring the nation's progress, the university became a corporate institution that instead seeks to protect the revenues of multinational corporations. Indeed, the university belongs to these corporations. Effected by the dictatorship, this transition was legally reinforced, naturalized, and supported by post-dictatorship forms of democratic governmentality.

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Zolotarenko, Ol D., N. Y. Akhanova, An D. Zolotarenko, D. V. Shchur, M. T. Gabdullin, M. Ualkhanova, N. A. Gavrylyuk, et al. "Modern methods of obtaining iron endofullerenes." SURFACE 14(29) (December 30, 2022): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2022.14.193.

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The review examines experimental and theoretical works devoted to the description of modern methods for the preparation of iron endometal-fullerenes(EMF), as well as works that dispute such results due to the extremely low efficiency of the used methods. The paper also considers the advantages and disadvantages of synthesis, as well as the areas of possible application of synthesis products. It is shown that EMF is obtained mainly by two methods - arc discharge (plasma) and synthesis using ablation and implantation methods. Despite a very small number of works on iron-endometal-fullerenes, the group of authors managed to achieve some progress in their analysis. Thus, the fact of obtaining Fe-endometal-fullerenes with their isolation from a mixture of synthesis products was proved. In addition, the influence of the magnetic state of metal atoms on the stability of endohedral fullerenes was predicted, a relationship between the EMF output and the plasma temperature, as well as the chemical nature of the precursor of iron atoms, was established. In particular, it was established that with an increase in the atomic mass of the elements, the EMF output decreases exponentially. It was concluded that the magnetic properties of EMF make them perspective materials in the field of clinical diagnostics (for example, as contrast agents in MRI) and medicine (for magnetically controlled delivery of drugs directly to a diseased organ).

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Willand-Charnley, Rachel, and Timothy J. Paris. "Modern Synthesis and Chemistry of Stabilized Ketene N,O-Acetals." Synthesis 54, no. 06 (December 6, 2021): 1537–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1713-8481.

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AbstractKetene N,O-acetals are robust and versatile synthons. Herein, we outline the synthesis of stable ketene N,O-acetals in the twenty-first century. In addition, we review recent developments in the chemistry of ketene N,O-acetals, as it applies to the vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction, electrolysis, and pericyclic transformations. While dated reports rely on in situ use, modern methods of ketene N,O-acetal synthesis are heavily oriented towards producing products with high ‘bench’ stability; moreover, in the present century, chemists typically enhance the stability of ketene N,O-acetals by positioning an electron-withdrawing group at the β-terminus or at the N-position. As propitious substrates in the vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction, ketene N,O-acetals readily provide polyketide adducts with high regioselectivity. When exposed to electrolysis conditions, the title functional group forms a reactive radical cation and cleanly couples with a variety of activated olefins. Given their electron-rich nature, ketene N,O-acetals act as facile substrates in several rearrangement reactions; further, ketene N,O-acetals reserve the ability to act as either dienophiles or dienes in Diels–Alder reactions. Lastly, ketene N,O-acetals are seemingly more stable than their O,O-counterparts and more reactive than analogous N,N- or S,S-acetals; these factors, in combination, make ketene N,O-acetals advantageous substitutes for other ketene acetal homologues.1 Introduction2 Select Methods of Stabilization-Oriented Ketene N,O-Acetal Synthesis3 Ketene N,O-Acetals in the Vinylogous Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction4 Ketene N,O-Acetals in Anodic Coupling and Electrochemical Oxidation Reactions5 Rearrangement and Diels–Alder Reactions of Ketene N,O-Acetals6 Conclusions, Perspectives, and Directions

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Favi, Gianfranco. "Modern Strategies for Heterocycle Synthesis." Molecules 25, no. 11 (May 27, 2020): 2476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112476.

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Heterocycles constitute the largest and most diverse family of organic compounds that have received extensive interest owing to their popularity in many natural products, pharmaceuticals, and materials [...]

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Manton, Sidnie M. "Arthropod phylogeny-a modern synthesis*." Journal of Zoology 171, no. 1 (May 6, 2010): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1973.tb07519.x.

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Sampson, J. "Human Genetics: A Modern Synthesis." Journal of Medical Genetics 28, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmg.28.6.432-a.

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Pennisi, E. "EVOLUTION: Modernizing the Modern Synthesis." Science 321, no. 5886 (July 11, 2008): 196–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.321.5886.196.

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O'Shaughnessy, Douglas. "Modern methods of speech synthesis." IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine 7, no. 3 (2007): 6–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcas.2007.904177.

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Kauffman, George B., and Steven H. Chooljian. "Wohler's Urea Synthesis: Modern Version." Journal of Chemical Education 74, no. 12 (December 1997): 1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed074p1493.

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Yoshida, Jun-ichi, Kazuhide Kataoka, Roberto Horcajada, and Aiichiro Nagaki. "Modern Strategies in Electroorganic Synthesis." Chemical Reviews 108, no. 7 (July 2008): 2265–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr0680843.

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Boons, Geert-Jan. "Modern methods in carbohydrate synthesis." Carbohydrate Research 305, no. 1 (December 1997): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6215(97)10015-5.

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Hirao, Toshikazu. "Vanadium in Modern Organic Synthesis." Chemical Reviews 97, no. 8 (December 1997): 2707–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr960014g.

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Pichette Drapeau, Martin, and Anis Tlili. "Modern synthesis of carbamoyl fluorides." Tetrahedron Letters 61, no. 47 (November 2020): 152539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152539.

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Zawodny, Wojciech, and Sarah Louise Montgomery. "Evolving New Chemistry: Biocatalysis for the Synthesis of Amine-Containing Pharmaceuticals." Catalysts 12, no. 6 (May 30, 2022): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12060595.

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Biocatalysis has become an attractive tool in modern synthetic chemistry both in academic and industrial settings, offering access to enantiopure molecules. In industry, biocatalysis found use in small molecule pharmaceutical development. For several amine-containing drugs, biotransformations were applied in the process routes, improving the original syntheses employing classical chemical methods. This review illustrates how and why biocatalysis has been applied to create safer, more efficient and less costly processes for the manufacture of chiral amine-containing pharmaceuticals and alkaloids. Several enzyme classes have been applied to syntheses of natural products, pharmaceutical products and their intermediates, including transaminases, imine reductases, monoamine oxidases and Pictet-Spenglerases. The routes with and without application of biocatalysis are compared, and the potential of these enzyme classes in redesigned synthetic routes to natural products, alkaloids and high-value chemicals is evaluated, using syntheses of sitagliptin, suvorexant, PF-04449913, MK-7246, vernakalant, GSK-2879552, boceprevir and (−)-strictosidine as examples. Application of biocatalysis in the synthesis of amine-containing pharmaceuticals constitutes a greener alternative to transition metal-catalysed routes, facilitates installation of chiral amine functionalities at a late stage of the synthesis and provides exquisite stereocontrol. Opportunities and challenges of biocatalysis for the synthesis of chiral amines are reviewed with respect to use in drug discovery and development.

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Thapa, JB. "MicroRNA in modern genetics." Journal of Pathology of Nepal 2, no. 4 (September 25, 2012): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v2i4.6886.

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In recent years microRNAs have emerged as important players in modern genetics. This review attempts to introduce the biogenesis of microRNA and its important physiological role in protein synthesis. The association of microRNA with different cancers is discussed. Lastly the frontier field of therapy based on microRNAs to treat different diseases is introduced.Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2012) Vol. 2, 313-316DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v2i4.6886

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Gilpin, Michael. "A More Modern Modern Synthesis Ecological Genetics Leslie A. Real." BioScience 45, no. 6 (June 1995): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1312725.

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Rusevych, Tetiana, and Hanna Zavadska. "MEDIA ART IN MODERN SYNTHESIS OF ARTS IN ARCHITECTURE." Architectural Bulletin of KNUCA, no. 22-23 (December 12, 2021): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2519-8661.2021.22-23.26-32.

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The article substantiates the problem of synthesis of media art in the modern synthesis of arts in architecture, provides a definition of the term " Media Art" as a higher form of artistic development. Attention is paid to the analysis of recent research and publications devoted to the study of the artistic component of interactive design in the synthesis of the arts of architectural space, the influence of media technologies on the formation of the architectural image of art centers, describing trends in media technology in architecture. The purpose of the article is to consider the forms of media art, their role in the synthesis of arts in architecture. The article emphasizes the objects created and embodied in Ukraine, describes the synthesis of arts from the angle of influence of media art on human perception and outlines the prospects for development. The history of the synthesis of arts in architecture from ancient times, the development of the synthesis of arts in the Art Nouveau style, the preconditions for the emergence of media art are briefly described. The synthesis of media art and architecture, interaction with other arts, namely painting, sculpture, music and others is considered on the example of the multimedia center Atelier des Lumières – "Workshop of the World" in Paris, which specializes in digital art exhibitions; Ukraine WOW exhibition in Kyiv, which is equipped with various forms of media art; media facades in Kyiv; media cube on the facade of Chicago Central House, which is the first media sculpture in Europe. The definition of "media facades" is also given and the influence of media technologies on the emotional and psychological state of a person is considered. Examples of interaction of various forms of media art with architecture are given. The conclusions determine the role of media art in architecture, the impact of media technology on human psychology, outline the prospects for the development of media art in the modern synthesis of arts in architecture.

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Teodor, Corina. "Cărţile Istoricului Keith Hitchins: Ultima Sinteză De Istoria României." Acta Marisiensis. Seria Historia 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amsh-2021-0003.

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Abstract The name of American historian Keith Hitchins has been established over the past three decades among the Romanian and foreign readers who are passionate about Romanian history, primarily because of his syntheses of modern history, which have demonstrated a great deal of objectivity and professionalism. The lines below focused on its last synthesis, the brief history of Romania, in which the author outlined the most important moments in our history, from Antiquity to the post-communist period.

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De la Vega de León, Macarena. "Delayed objectives: Rewriting modern architecture since 1900 = Objetivos postergados: reescribir la arquitectura moderna desde 1900." Cuaderno de Notas, no. 23 (October 30, 2022): 106–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20868/cn.2022.4987.

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ResumenEl proceso de concepción, escritura y revisión de La arquitectura moderna desde 1900 podría ser objecto de un estudio interesante según William J.R. Curtis. Después de la publicación de la primera edición (1982), apareció una segunda (1987) con un prefacio y capítulo al final sobre la arquitectura reciente. En la tercera edición (1996), el contenido sufrió una revisión y expansión; una integración de nuevas investigaciones en su discurso narrativo sin precedentes en la historiografía de la arquitectura moderna. Aunque la arquitectura moderna de países fuera de Europa y los Estados Unidos ya aparecía en la primera edición, no es hasta la tercera que Curtis cumple con su objetivo de mostrar el significado de la arquitectura moderna en partes remotas del mundo. Este artículo presenta la historia de la escritura del libro y propone analizar los cambios introducidos como objetivos que Curtis cumplió con un retraso de quince años. AbstractThe process of the conception, writing and revising of Modern Architecture Since 1900 would make an interesting study, according to William J.R. Curtis. After the first edition published in 1982, a second edition appeared in 1987 with a preface and an addendum on recent architecture. In the third edition (1996), the content was massively revised and expanded; an unusual integration of new findings into the overall synthesis. Although modern architecture in countries outside of central Europe and the United States already appeared in the first edition of the book, it is not until the third that Curtis fulfilled the objective to show what modern architecture may mean in remote parts of a rapidly changing world. This essay presents the story of the writing of the book and reflects on the changes introduced in the third edition understanding them as objectives that Curtis achieved with a delay of fifteen years.

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Hu, Pan, and Jishan Wu. "Modern zethrene chemistry." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 95, no. 3 (March 2017): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2016-0568.

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This paper gives a brief summary of zethrene chemistry after the pioneering works by Clar, Mitchell, Sondheimer, and Staab et al. In the past a few years, various synthetic methods and stabilizing strategies have been developed, which have made the synthesis of stable, vertically and laterally extended zethrenes practically achievable. One of the most important discoveries for this type of molecule is their open-shell diradical character, which is the origin of their unique optical, electronic, and magnetic properties. The fundamental structure–diradical character–physical property relationships were investigated, and these studies form the basis for the tailored design of more general open-shell singlet diradicaloids with controllable diradical character and physical properties.

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