Academic literature on the topic 'Modern Indus valley'
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Journal articles on the topic "Modern Indus valley"
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Pathak, Ajai K., Anurag Kadian, Alena Kushniarevich, Francesco Montinaro, Mayukh Mondal, Linda Ongaro, Manvendra Singh, et al. "The Genetic Ancestry of Modern Indus Valley Populations from Northwest India." American Journal of Human Genetics 103, no. 6 (December 2018): 918–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.022.
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Belokrenitsky, V. Y. "Indus River Valley in Modern Times — From Sparsely Inhabited to Overpopulated." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 2 (12) (2020): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-2-37-50.
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R, Kaladevi, Revathi A, and Manju A. "Analyzing the Evolution of Modern Tamil Script for Natural Language Processing." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 5219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.5219ecst.
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History is essential for understanding the society's former state. It is beneficial to understand people's historical status, culture, and how we view the present. The society benefits from the society's diversified culture and unparalleled civilization. The limited sources available to learn about our history are books, epigraphs, and inscriptions. Only around half of all Indian inscriptions are in Tamil, and only half of those are published. The name India is derived from the Indus River, and the Indus Valley Civilization is the most active and progressive civilization in the ancient world. Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism are four well-known religions that emerged from this culture. Epigraphs are the most reliable source of information about ancient India's life, culture, religion, and politics. This study examines the evolution of India's many scripts and languages. Discovering the incremental changes in scripts and languages that demonstrate the linguistic relationship between distinct populations is critical. Natural language processing benefits from knowledge of numerous scripts, languages, and techniques for letter recognition.
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Jonell, Tara N., Lewis A. Owen, Andrew Carter, Jean-Luc Schwenniger, and Peter D. Clift. "Quantifying episodic erosion and transient storage on the western margin of the Tibetan Plateau, upper Indus River." Quaternary Research 89, no. 1 (November 16, 2017): 281–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2017.92.
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AbstractTransient storage and erosion of valley fills, or sediment buffering, is a fundamental but poorly quantified process that may significantly bias fluvial sediment budgets and marine archives used for paleoclimatic and tectonic reconstructions. Prolific sediment buffering is now recognized to occur within the mountainous upper Indus River headwaters and is quantified here for the first time using optically stimulated luminescence dating, petrography, detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology, and morphometric analysis to define the timing, provenance, and volumes of prominent valley fills. This study finds that climatically modulated sediment buffering occurs over 103–104yr time scales and results in biases in sediment compositions and volumes. Increased sediment storage coincides with strong phases of summer monsoon and winter westerlies precipitation over the late Pleistocene (32–25 ka) and mid-Holocene (~8–6 ka), followed by incision and erosion with monsoon weakening. Glacial erosion and periglacial frost-cracking drive sediment production, and monsoonal precipitation mediates sediment evacuation, in contrast to the arid Transhimalaya and monsoonal frontal Himalaya. Plateau interior basins, although volumetrically large, lack transport capacity and are consequently isolated from the modern Indus River drainage. Marginal plateau catchments that both efficiently produce and evacuate sediment may regulate the overall compositions and volumes of exported sediment from the Himalayan rain shadow.
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Narasimhan, Vagheesh M., Nick Patterson, Priya Moorjani, Nadin Rohland, Rebecca Bernardos, Swapan Mallick, Iosif Lazaridis, et al. "The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia." Science 365, no. 6457 (September 5, 2019): eaat7487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat7487.
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By sequencing 523 ancient humans, we show that the primary source of ancestry in modern South Asians is a prehistoric genetic gradient between people related to early hunter-gatherers of Iran and Southeast Asia. After the Indus Valley Civilization’s decline, its people mixed with individuals in the southeast to form one of the two main ancestral populations of South Asia, whose direct descendants live in southern India. Simultaneously, they mixed with descendants of Steppe pastoralists who, starting around 4000 years ago, spread via Central Asia to form the other main ancestral population. The Steppe ancestry in South Asia has the same profile as that in Bronze Age Eastern Europe, tracking a movement of people that affected both regions and that likely spread the distinctive features shared between Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages.
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Bhattacharya, Sayan. "Forest and Biodiversity Conservation in Ancient Indian Culture: A Review Based on Old Texts and Archaeological Evidences." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 30 (June 2014): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.30.35.
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In the early periods of human history, environment strongly determined the lives and activities of the people. They were very much close to forest and natural resources as we find in historical documents. Ancient Indian texts like Arthasastra, Sathapatha Bhramanas, Vedas, Manusmrti, Brhat-Samhita, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Rajtarangini reflected the concepts of forest ecology and conservation in a sustainable manner. In the Indus valley civilization, several characteristics of the city planning and social structure showed environmental awareness. The presence of leaves, wild animals like peacocks and one-horned deer, tigers, elephants, bulls in the seals and the mud pots can indicate the pattern of biodiversity in those areas. Reduction of forests in that area was due to use of huge amount of timber-wood for burning bricks. So rainfall reduced and soil erosion caused deposition of silt in the Indus River which had choked off Mohenjodaro from the sea, causing a rise in the water table that must have been a prime factor in the destruction of Mohenjodaro. The sacred groves (Tapovana) of India were rich in biodiversity and ecological wealth, which was also mentioned in many ancient Indian documents like Abhigyan Shakuntalam written by Kalidasa. They are small packets of forests dedicated to local deities. In the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna compares the world to a single banyan tree with unlimited branches in which all the species of animals, humans and demigods wander, which reflects the concept of community ecology. The trees like Banyan and Peepal were often referred in historical background (widely protected in Asia and Africa) are keystone resources. In modern age, there are many policies developing in many countries for forest and biodiversity conservation, but they are all directly or indirectly influenced by the traditional knowledge developed in the ancient India.
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Bhattacharya, Dr Sumanta. "An Analysis on Water Management System in India and Its Repercussions on the Availability." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1041–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38970.
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Abstract: India is the largest growing population where water is emerging as a problem , there is water crisis in the country , with lack of professional people to management water resource, treat waste water and water conservation which has prevailed in India since Indus valley civilization has lost its importance over the years .90% of the water is sued for agriculture , people are facing shortage of drinking water , 70% of the polluted water which is been drunk by millions of people are resulting in the death of lacs of people . Today individual states have taken up the initiative to preserve water through adopting traditional method or the use of green technology .Modern cities are facing scarcity of water , they are dependent on water tanks , the groundwater is over in many cities . On the other hand India is the largest exporter of water in particular to China , India needs to increase its export taxes to increase the revenue , it should adopt new technologies and save water , build more plants and forest across the country to recharge groundwater and make India a water secured country. Keywords: Population, India , water conservation , water management , traditional methods , green technology , taxes , revenue
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Tagar, Hamzo Khan, and Josué Gutiérrez Barroso. "Sustainable Agriculture Growth Strategy to Ensure Food Security in Pakistan in Post-Pandemic Era." Archives of Business Research 10, no. 11 (November 25, 2022): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.1011.13406.
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The study attempts to develop some coherent policy recommendations for growth sustainability to overcome the challenge of food insecurity for rapidly increasing populations with its changing consumption patterns and to address the 04th agricultural revolution of digital farming in a post-pandemic era in the greater public interest. The findings of part one of the study have been incorporated to assist in re-map the present strategic plan to promote the sustainable agriculture sector growth in the greater public interest to provide inputs i. e good quality seed, fertilizers, quality pesticides, modern tools and equipment, and easy credit services and feasible training to the farmers to re-build the cultivated areas for food security of rapidly increasing population and exports. The feasible policy recommendations are also helpful to make awareness at all regarding the significance of agriculture growth to cope-up the challenges and uncertainties and to make strategic collation between Private landowners and government agriculture sector concerns to reconcile the agriculture sector of the Indus valley for the benefit of the farmers to enhance their disposable income, food security for future generations and global welfare of the human in way of more food products at the lowest cost that will strengthen food supply chains.
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Derluguian, Georgi. "The Bronze Age as the First World-System: Theses for aResearch Agenda." Analytical Bulletin 15 (December 27, 2022): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.56673/18294502-22.15-22.
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Bronze Age is traditionally viewed as historical period in the third and second millennia BCE. My key contention is that it is more meaningfully considered in geographic terms, as interconnected space of trade and cultural exchanges encompassing Afro-Eurasia but not Tropical Africa, let alone Australia and the Americas. The Bronze-age world-system extended from Scandinavia and British Isles to Egypt and Mesopotamia, from the Indus valley civilization and ancient Arabia to the Urals and western Siberia, possibly, also China and South-East Asia. Geologically, copper and tin as two metal components of bronze are randomly distributed on the planet which necessitated long-distance trade. In turn, the world trade in metals created whole cascades of logistical needs and opportunities. The consequences included the emergence of social complexity: chiefly powers, diplomacy, merchants, specialist coppersmiths and weapons-makers, professional warriors. New means of transportation emerged such as sailed ship and domesticated pack animals (donkey, camel, horse). The exchange in secondary products (wine, cloth, elaborate pottery) led to a revolution in conspicuous consumption. These theses are intended to generate a discussion about the earliest world-system, its morphology and flows. This may also extend to the comparative analysis of later world-systems known to us Antiquity, the Medieval ‘Silk Roads’, and modern capitalism.
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Ballal, A. "A study of marketing strategies used by Indian artisans during the Covid-19 crisis." CARDIOMETRY, no. 23 (August 20, 2022): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2022.23.635640.
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70% of the population lives in villages in India. Time and again, we have underestimated this part of our population while thinking about our country’s economic growth. However, the true spirit and skills of Indian crafts live in rural areas that are self-sufficient and self-reliant. Indian crafts have evolved from the Vedic Era to Indus Valley civilization to Mauryan Era to the Mughal Era, and currently the Modern Indian Era. However, with industrialization and the informal nature of the sector, Indian crafts had started losing relevance. Though 90% population is uneducated, Indian crafts are highly skill-based. Today with the advent of technology, awareness among the new generation of artisans, emerging sectors of the economy, Indian crafts are being revived with the help of craft activists and platforms created for uplifting the community. Slowly as this sector started reviving itself and generated awareness and business, a novel coronavirus pandemic has affected their livelihood. Most artisans have an informal setup. The uncertainty of the situation, ruptured supply chain, canceled orders, and customers’ non-engagement in buying the products; have blurred their future. With no raw materials, no business, no demand, and a huge inventory of canceled orders, various platforms are being created to market their products and generate funds. A study of the marketing strategy is important to know the way forward.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Modern Indus valley"
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Manuel, Mark James. "Hidden agendas : testing models of the social and political organisation of the Indus Valley tradition." Thesis, Durham University, 2008. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1899/.
Full textBooks on the topic "Modern Indus valley"
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Khilnani, N. M. Panorama of modern Indus Valley. New Delhi: Westvill Pub. House, 1994.
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Gilmartin, David. Blood and water: The Indus River Basin in modern history. 2015.
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Dyson, Tim. The First Modern People. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829058.003.0001.
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Homo sapiens arrived in India sometime between 60,000 and 80,000 years ago. This chapter reviews what is known about the demographic characteristics of the early hunter-gatherer people and of how they gradually spread around. It seems that hunter-gatherers experienced only moderate levels of fertility and mortality. However, by 7,500 years ago the practice of agriculture had begun to appear in parts of Baluchistan, and eventually farming villages spread into the Indus valley. The advent of agriculture seems to have seen some growth in the size of the population. By 4,000 years ago the Indian subcontinent may have contained 4–6 million people, most of them associated with the Indus valley civilization in the north-west.
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Virdee, Pippa. Pakistan: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198847076.001.0001.
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Pakistan: A Very Short Introduction describes Pakistan as one of the two-nation-states of the Indian subcontinent that emerged in 1947. It looks at the ancient past to understand the complex tapestry of linguistic, ethnic, political, and cultural identities and tensions of the region today. The region of the Indus valley has a 4,000-year-old history and is considered the site of one of the earliest riverine civilizations in the world. The modern nation of Pakistan was created as a postcolonial homeland for the Muslims of British India. This VSI also considers the challenges of the 21st century and the future of Pakistan.
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Dyson, Tim. Prehistory and Early History. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829058.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses the population of the Indus valley civilization and the possible reasons for its decline. It considers the ingress of Indo-Aryan influences into the north of the Indian subcontinent, and the opening-up of the Ganges river basin. Population expansion in the basin was accompanied by the spread of agriculture, the emergence of city-state ‘kingdoms’ and, eventually, establishment of the Mauryan ‘Empire’ centred on Pataliputra (now modern-day Patna). The chapter examines what linguistic and genetic evidence can tell us about India’s people in early historical times. It discusses the tendency of influences to enter through the north-west, and the development of the system of coastal settlements. The chapter concludes by considering the general course of the population in the period to c.200 BCE—by which time a majority of the subcontinent’s perhaps 15–30 million people lived in the Ganges basin.
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Dyson, Tim. A Population History of India. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829058.001.0001.
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This book provides an account of the size and characteristics of India’s population stretching from the arrival of modern human beings until the present day. The periods considered include those of: the millennia that were occupied by hunting and gathering; the Indus valley civilization; the opening-up of the Ganges basin; and the eras of the Delhi Sultanate, Mughal Empire, and British colonial rule. The book also devotes substantial consideration to the unprecedented changes that have occurred in India since 1947. With reference to these and other periods, key topics addressed include: the scale of the population; the levels of mortality and fertility that prevailed; regional demographic variation; the size of the main cities; the level of urbanization; patterns of migration; and the many famines, epidemics, invasions and other events which affected the population. The book is a work of synthesis—albeit one with few certainties. It draws on research of many different kinds—e.g. archaeological, climatic, cultural, economic, epidemiological, historical, linguistic, political, and demographic. The book considers the past trajectory of India’s population compared to the trends which seem to have been shared by China and Europe. In addition, it highlights some misconceptions about the history of India’s population.
Book chapters on the topic "Modern Indus valley"
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Biagi, Paolo, and Elisabetta Starnini. "Neanderthals and Modern Humans in the Indus Valley? The Middle and Late (Upper) Palaeolithic Settlement of Sindh, a Forgotten Region of the Indian Subcontinent." In The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Archeology of the Levant and Beyond, 175–97. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6826-3_12.
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Bowering, Gerhard. "Introduction." In Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164823.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter begins with a historical perspective of the Islamic world. Islam has grown consistently throughout history, expanding into new neighboring territories without ever retreating (except on the margins, as in Sicily and Spain, where it was expelled by force). It began in the seventh century as a small community in Mecca and Medina in the Arabian Peninsula, led by its messenger the Prophet Muhammad (d. 632), who was eventually to unite all the Arab tribes under the banner of Islam. Within the first two centuries of its existence, Islam came into global prominence through its conquests of the Middle East, North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, the Iranian lands, Central Asia, and the Indus valley. In 2014, the year 1435 of the Muslim calendar, the Islamic world was estimated to account for a population of approximately a billion and a half, representing about one-fifth of humanity. The remainder of the chapter discusses the evolution of Islamic political thought; foundations of Islamic political thought; and Islamic political thought in the early Middle Ages (750–1055), high Middle Ages (1055–1258), late Middle Ages (1258–1500), early modern period (1500–1800), and later modern period (from 1800 to the present).
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Moll, Don, and Edward O. Moll. "River Turtle Exploitation: Past and Present." In The Ecology, Exploitation and Conservation of River Turtles. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195102291.003.0008.
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Turtles and their eggs have long served as an important source of food for humans—almost certainly since very early in the evolution of the hominid lineage, and surely for at least the last 20,000 years (Nicholls, 1977). Evidence in the form of shells and skeletal material (some showing burn marks as evidence of cooking) in the middens of Paleolithic aboriginal cultures, and from eyewitness accounts of explorer-naturalists in more recent times is available from numerous locations around the world (e.g., Bates, 1863; St. Cricq, 1874; Goode, 1967; Rhodin, 1992, 1995; Pritchard, 1994; Lee, 1996; Stiner et al., 1999). Skeletal evidence of river turtles, in particular from such locations as Mohenjodaro and Harappa in the Indus Valley (e.g., Indian narrow-headed softshells and river terrapins), Mayapan, and many other Mesoamerican Mayan sites (e.g., Central American river turtles), and Naga ed-Der of Upper Ancient Egypt (e.g., Nile softshell) suggest that river turtles have helped to support the rise of the world's great civilizations as well (de Treville, 1975; Nath, 1959 in Groombridge & Wright, 1982; Das, 1991; Lee, 1996). Their role continues and, in fact, has expanded as human populations have burgeoned and spread throughout the modern world. River turtles have always been too convenient and succulent a source of protein to ignore. Often large, fecund, and easily collected with simple techniques and equipment, especially in communal nesters which may concentrate at nesting sites in helpless thousands (at least formerly), river turtles are ideal prey. Much of the harvesting has been, and continues to be, conducted in relative obscurity in many parts of the world. Occasionally, however, the sheer magnitude of the resource and its slaughter has attracted the attention of literate observers, such as the early explorer-naturalists of the New and Old World tropics. Their accounts have given us some idea of the former truly spectacular abundance of some riverine species, and the equally spectacular levels of consistent exploitation which have brought them to their modern, much-diminished condition. Summaries of the exploitation of the two best documented examples of destruction of formerly abundant riverine species, the Asian river terrapin, and the giant South American river turtle, are provided under their appropriate geographic sections below.
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Barker, Graeme. "Approaches to the Origins of Agriculture." In The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199281091.003.0006.
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Humans have occupied our planet for several million years, but for almost all of that period they have lived as foragers, by various combinations of gathering, collecting, scavenging, fishing, and hunting. The first clear evidence for activities that can be recognized as farming is commonly identified by scholars as at about 12,000 years ago, at about the same time as global temperatures began to rise at the end of the Pleistocene (the ‘Ice Ages’) and the transition to the modern climatic era, the Holocene. Subsequently, a variety of agricultural systems based on cultivated plants and, in many areas, domesticated animals, has replaced hunting and gathering in almost every corner of the globe. Today, a relatively restricted range of crops and livestock, first domesticated several thousand years ago in different parts of the world, feeds almost all of the world’s population. A dozen crops make up over 80 per cent of the world’s annual tonnage of all crops: banana, barley, maize, manioc, potato, rice, sorghum, soybean, sugar beet, sugar cane, sweet potato, and wheat (Diamond, 1997: 132). Only five large (that is, over 100 pounds) domestic animals are globally important: cow, sheep, goat, pig, and horse. The development of agriculture brought profound changes in the relationship between people and the natural world. Archaeologists have usually theorized that, with the invention of farming, people were able to settle down and increase the amount and reliability of their food supply, thus allowing the same land to support more people than by hunting and gathering, allowing our species tomultiply throughout the world. The ability to produce food and other products from domesticated plants and animals surplus to immediate subsistence requirements also opened up new pathways to economic and social complexity: farming could mean new resources for barter, payment of tax or tribute, for sale in a market; it could mean food for non-food producers such as specialist craft-workers, priests, warriors, lords, and kings. Thus farming was the precondition for the development of the first great urban civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Indus valley, China, the Americas, and Africa, and has been for all later states up to the present day.
Conference papers on the topic "Modern Indus valley"
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Wong, Kaufui V., and Sarmad Chaudhry. "Climate Change Aggravates the Energy-Water-Food Nexus." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36502.
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There are regions in the world experiencing the energy-food-water nexus problems. These regions tend to have high population density, economy that depends on agriculture and climates with lower annual rainfall that may have been adversely affected by climate change. A case in point is the river basin of the Indus. The Indus River is a large and important river running through four countries in East Asia and South Asia: China, India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. The region is highly dependent on water for both food and energy. The interlinkage of these three components is the cause for the energy-water-food nexus. The difficulty in effectively managing the use of these resources is their very interdependence. For instance, water availability and policies may influence food production, which is governed by agricultural policies, which will further affect energy production from both water and biofuel sources, which will in turn require the usage of water. The situation is further complicated when climate change is taken into account. On the surface, an increase in temperatures would be devastating during the dry season for a region that uses up to 70% of the total land for agriculture. There are predictions that crop production in the region would decrease; the Threedegreeswarmer organization estimated that crop production in the region could decrease by up to 30% come 2050. Unfortunately, the suspected effects of climate change are more than just changes in temperature, precipitation, monsoon patterns, and drought frequencies. A huge concern is the accelerating melting of glaciers in the Himalayas. Some models predict that a global increase in temperature of just 1°C can decrease glacial volume by 50%. The loss of meltwaters from the Himalayan glaciers during the dry season will be crippling for the Indus River and Valley. In a region where up to 90% of accessible water is used for agriculture, there will be an increased strain on food supply. This will further deteriorate the current situation in the region, where almost half of the world’s hungry and undernourished people reside. While the use of hydropower to generate electricity is already many times lower than the potential use, future scarcity of water will limit the potential ability of hydropower to supply energy to people who already experience less than 50% access to electricity. In the current work, suggestions have been put forward to save the increased glacier melt for current and future use where necessary, improve electricity generation efficiency, use sea water for Rankine power cycle cooling and combined cycle cooling, and increase use desalination for drinking water. Energy conservation practices should also be practiced. All of these suggestions must be considered to address the rising issues in the energy-water-food nexus.