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Gale, Michael. "Learning the lute in early modern England, c.1550 - c.1640." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366434/.
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This study explores the popularity of lute instruction in late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century England and the ways in which this accomplishment was used in constructions of social status. The opening chapter outlines the functions of the lute in early modern English culture and surveys previous research on the instrument and its repertory. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the hierarchical structure of Elizabethan society, highlighting shifting conceptions of “gentle” status during the sixteenth century. The complex position of music within early modern discourses on elite identity is discussed, alongside the potential of lute-playing skills to contribute towards social advancement. Four case studies follow, each exploring the uses of lute-playing amongst practitioners located on the hazily defined boundaries between “gentle” and lower-class status. Chapter 3 uses the autobiography of Thomas Whythorne as a focal point in order to examine the ambiguous role of musicians in household service. By teaching coveted “courtly” skills to their social superiors, these music tutors were in an advantageous position to secure further rewards and enhance their status. Chapter 4 reassesses the Mynshall lutebook, highlighting the roles of music-making and literary production amongst a circle of mercantile-class men in provincial England. It reveals how lute-playing and poetic exchange facilitated social interaction and consolidated kinship bonds within this group as they sought to forge a collective identity grounded in the cultural practices of more elite circles. The role of recreational music-making amongst university men is examined in Chapter 5 through a reappraisal of the Dallis lutebook, showing how playing and collecting lute music could form a strand in the fashioning of a distinctively learned “scholarly” identity. My final case study assesses the printed tutor books marketed from the 1560s onwards, paying close attention to the material forms of extant copies (as evidence of their usage) and their paratextual materials. A close reading of Thomas Robinson’s Schoole of Musicke (1603) reveals how this publication was designed to appeal simultaneously to two very different markets: aspirant middle-class autodidacts, and wealthier “gentleman” readers who could provide further patronage and career advancement to the author.
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Sumner, Natasha D. E. "The Fenian Narrative Corpus, c.600–c.2000: A Reassessment." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467373.
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This dissertation traces the historical development of the Fenian narrative tradition—i.e. the vast body of story and song, some of it well over a millennium old, about the Gaelic hero, Fionn Mac Cumhaill and his roving warrior band. The first chapter traces the history of the tradition from the early medieval period up to Macpherson’s monumental publications. The nature of the literary manifestations of Fenian topics and such evidence as there is for an oral tradition prior to modern attestations are discussed. In a demonstration of the cultural relevance of the tradition, the ways in which socially and politically relevant meanings may have been woven into the extant texts are also explored. The focus then shifts in the second chapter to a consideration of the approaches taken to Fenian literature and lore in the Macphersonic period. Macpherson’s cultural milieu, motivations, and creative process are investigated, and his adaptations are situated in their national and international contexts. Their influence and sociopolitical import within a trans-Gaelic sphere in the century after their publication are then addressed. The third and final chapter examines the Fenian tradition in the post-Macphersonic period, with a particular focus on the sociopolitical significance of modern approaches to the Fenian tradition. This is the period of folklore collection, and of primary importance are the motivations and activities of folklore collectors in the Gaelic regions. Also explored are modern publications, adaptations, and overt politicizations of Fenian material, particularly in Ireland. The image of the Fenian tradition that emerges from this tripartite consideration is one of a dynamic and multifaceted body of story and song that has remained relevant over the centuries due to constant adaptation.Celtic Languages and Literatures
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Durbin, Charles A. "Fundamentals of Modern Nonprofit 501 (c)(3) Organizations." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1271864791.
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Roynard, Michaël. "Generic programming in modern C++ for Image Processing." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03922670.
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C++ est un langage de programmation multi-paradigme qui permet au développeur initié de mettre au point des algorithmes de traitement d'images. La force de langage se base sur plusieurs aspects. C++ est haut-niveau, cela signifie qu'il est possible de développer des abstractions puissantes mélangeant plusieurs styles de programmation pour faciliter le développement. En même temps, C++ reste bas-niveau et peut pleinement tirer partie du matériel pour fournir un maximum de performances. Il est aussi portable et très compatible ce qui lui permet de se brancher à d'autres langages de haut niveau pour le prototypage rapide tel que Python ou Matlab. Un des aspects les plus fondamentaux où le C++ brille, c'est la programmation générique. La programmation générique rend possible le développement et la réutilisation de briques logiciel comme des objets (images) de différentes natures (types) sans avoir de perte au niveau performance. Néanmoins, il n'est pas trivial de concilier les aspects de généricité, de performance et de simplicité d'utilisation. Le C++ moderne (post-2011) amène de nouvelles fonctionnalités qui le rendent plus simple et plus puissant. Dans cette thèse, nous explorons en premier un aspect particulier du C++20 : les concepts, dans le but de construire une taxonomie des types relatifs au traitement d'images. Deuxièmement, nous explorons une autre fonctionnalité ajoutée au C++20 : les ranges (et les vues). Nous appliquons ce design aux algorithmes de traitement d'images et aux types d'image, dans le but résoudre les problèmes liés, notamment, à la difficulté qu'il existe pour customiser les algorithmes de traitement d'image. Enfin, nous explorons les possibilités concernant la façon dont il est possible de construire un pont entre du code C++ générique statique (compile-time) et du code Python dynamique (runtime). Nous fournissons une solution hybride et nous mesurons ses performances. Nous discutons aussi les pistes qui peuvent être explorées dans le futur, notamment celles qui concernent les technologies JIT. Étant donné ces trois axes,nous voulons résoudre le problème concernant la conciliation des aspects de généricité, de performance et de simplicité d'utilisationC++ is a multi-paradigm language that enables the initiated programmer to set up efficient image processing algorithms. This language strength comes from several aspects. C++ is high-level, which enables developing powerful abstractions and mixing different programming styles to ease the development. At the same time, C++ is low-level and can fully take advantage of the hardware to deliver the best performance. It is also very portable and highly compatible which allows algorithms to be called from high-level, fast-prototyping languages such as Python or Matlab. One of the most fundamental aspects where C++ really shines is generic programming. Generic programming makes it possible to develop and reuse bricks of software on objects (images) of different natures (types) without performance loss. Nevertheless,conciliating the aspects of genericity, efficiency, and simplicity is not trivial. Modern C++ (post-2011) has brought new features that made the language simpler and more powerful. In this thesis, we first explore one particular C++20aspect: the concepts, in order to build a concrete taxonomy of image related types and algorithms. Second, we explore another addition to C++20, ranges (and views), and we apply this design to image processing algorithms and image types in order to solve issues such as how hard it is to customize/tweak image processing algorithms. Finally, we explore possibilities regarding how we can offer a bridge between static (compile-time) generic C++ code and dynamic (runtime) Python code. We offer our own hybrid solution and benchmark its performance as well as discuss what can be done in the future with JIT technologies. Considering those three axes, we will address the issue regarding the way to conciliate generic programming, efficiency and ease of use
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Walkden, Michael Lee. "Digestion and emotion in early modern medicine and culture, c.1580-c.1740." Thesis, University of York, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21031/.
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This thesis presents an overview study of the relationship between digestion and emotion in seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century English medicine and culture between the approximate dates of 1580 and 1740. By placing a wide range of medical and non-medical writings side by side, this study aims to reconstruct a former way of being in the world which might be termed ‘embowelled emotion,’ in which affective states were perceived and at times explicitly described as having their origins in the digestive tract. It argues that the belly and bowels should be accorded a central role in accounts of early modern emotion, challenging recent trends in Renaissance studies which have sought instead to emphasise the ‘immaterial’ dimensions of affective experience. As such, it presents a contribution to a large and ever-growing body of work on embodiment in early modern England, furthering current interdisciplinary debates over the relationship between body and emotion in early modern culture.
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Mann, Alastair. "The book trade and public policy in early modern Scotland c.1500-c.1720." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2200.
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Few historians would question the importance of national literature to the understanding of national history. Less frequently, especially in Scottish history, is equal attention given to the print medium. Publishing and the book trade represent a complex cocktail of conscience and commerce, of ideology and industry, and one of the tensions within the study of publishing, especially in the turmoil of the early modern period, is the assessment of motive underpinning the act of publication. Two objectives are sought in this research of the book trade of Scotland c1500 to c1720. The degree, scale, structure and financial basis of the book trade are considered. In particular, data obtained from a large number of existing and new references to individual booksellers and printers has been accumulated in order to establish the extent, development, and general pattern of commerce. Secondly, the interaction of public policy and the book trade is explored with separate chapters on the policy of the burghs, the church and the government. As part of government control close scrutiny is given to the law of publishing with chapters devoted to copyright and censorship, two themes for which adequate Scottish study is long overdue. In addition, a bridging chapter is included dealing with trade links between Scotland and the Low Countries, and this reflects vividly the conflicting demands of permission and prohibition for book merchants and book regulators. The research comes to two apparently contrasting conclusions. The book trade of early modern Scotland was in many respects similar to those of other European nations at this time, especially England and the Low Countries. The desire for profit and intellectual improvement, but also adequate controls, were common to all literate societies. Equally, although the beaches of Scottish print culture were battered by the influences of Dutch and English commercial, legal and administrative conventions, Scotland developed its own unique relationship to the printed word - a Scottish tradition.
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Anderson, Caroline Corisande. "The material culture of domestic religion in early modern Florence, c.1480 - c.1650." Thesis, University of York, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14205/.
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Gulliver, Katrina. "Creating the modern woman in Asia, c.1920-1940." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252087.
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Bell, Karl Graham. "The magical imagination and modern urbanisation, c. 1780-1850." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435978.
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Hauswedell, Hannes Peer [Verfasser]. "SeqAn3 – Sequence Analysis and Modern C++ / Hannes Peer Hauswedell." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1236572920/34.
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Crogg, Tyler. ""Common Plowmen's Children": The Frontiers of Ulster Catholicism, c.1680-c.1830." OpenSIUC, 2009. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/115.
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The dissertation argues that Ulster Catholic laity inhabited a social and cultural "frontier" through the early modern period. This mentality shaped how Ulster Catholics perceived and conceived their place and community in the rapidly changing religious, socio-economic and political situation in early modern Ulster (c.1680-1830). Though sectarian attitudes and violence are viewed as inherent in Ulster and Irish history generally, this dissertation explores the social and cultural connections between Ulster Catholics and Anglo-Scot Protestant settlers, and the social and cultural world of Ulster Catholics and Catholic converts. By examining several locales and specific Catholic families in the province, a nuanced portrait of interdenominational relationships and Catholic culture and society is forwarded. Additionally, the concerns of daily life and social connections are explored to register the amount of adaptation or resistance to the changing socio-economic and political conditions in Ulster. Moreover, the attempted Tridentine reforms of Ulster Catholic practice by the Catholic upper clergy during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was another "frontier" that was alternately adapted and resisted by the Ulster Catholic laity. Analysis of Catholic diocesan letters, Gaelic poetry and songs, family and estate papers, official state papers, and other contemporary works demonstrates the complexities of local interdenominational relationships and the diverse constructions of a "Catholic community" early modern Ulster.
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Simpson, Margo Lee. "The anti-modern imagination: C. S. Lewis and "The Cosmic Trilogy"." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/8592.
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This thesis examines how in his essays and fiction C. S. Lewis voiced opposition to a tendency to idolatry of science and scientific method in the modern world. Accused of being against science and scientists, Lewis was actually opposed to misguided thinking in any realm, most especially "thought about nothing," as he muses in "Meditation in a Toolshed". This thesis attempts a reading of the three science fiction texts of The Cosmic Trilogy, focusing on Lewis's arguments against a variety of fashionable "isms", including scientism, developed discursively in his popular and academic essays. Choosing to write in the science fiction genre, enriching the genre with the addition of a spiritual quest, Lewis highlights weaknesses in earlier examples of the genre, and points to the danger to human dignity that arises from unbalanced thinking that reduces human beings to mechanistic ghosts in machines.
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Roddan, Hector. "Defining differences : the religious dimension of early modern English travel narratives, c.1550 - c.1800." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/88387/.
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Newton, Hannah Claire. "The sick child in early modern England, c. 1580-1720." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508370.
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The thesis explores medical perceptions and treatments of children, and argues that a concept of 'children's physic' existed amongst doctors, medical authors, and the literate laity. 'Children's physic' denotes the idea that children were physiologically distinct beings, whose medicines needed to be adapted to suit their unique temperaments. The thesis also examines the family's experience of the child's illness, demonstrating that parents devoted considerable time and energy to the care of their sick offspring. The illness or death of a child was one of the saddest occasions in parents' lives, eliciting feelings of profound grief, fear, and guilt. It is shown that gender did not have much impact on the nature of parents' experiences: both mothers and fathers were involved in the practical tasks of tending their ill offspring, and both parties recorded emotions of extreme anguish at this time. Finally, the thesis attempts to reconstruct the experiences of the ailing children themselves, exploring what it was like being ill, in pain, and near death. It asserts that children's experiences were characterised by striking ambivalence: on the one hand, children were often tormented by feelings of guilt, the fear of hell, and physical pain, but on the other hand, illness could be emotionally and spiritually uplifting.
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Saunders, Austen Grant. "Marked books in early modern English society (c.1550-1700)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648630.
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Busfield, Lucy. "Protestant epistolary counselling in Early Modern England, c.1559-1660." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e3986912-1c91-4d8b-a93c-2f02b55b96b7.
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My thesis argues for the significance of individual spiritual counselling within post-Reformation English Protestantism. In particular, it demonstrates the prevalence of pastoral letter-writing and explores the purpose and dynamics of these networks. This research represents the first large-scale, comparative examination of a frequently neglected topic. It draws on many little-known letter collections and a number of unexplored manuscripts, alongside some more familiar epistolary sources. Chapter one situates my research in relation to existing literature on individual spiritual counselling and confession. As a counterpoint to the scholarly claim that contemporary accounts of the post-Reformation ministry emphasise the centrality of preaching at the expense of almost all other pastoral functions, I demonstrate the importance which many divines attributed to directing individual consciences, as well as highlighting contemporary thought on the role of the laity as providers of religious counselling. Chapter two uses Nehemiah Wallington's manuscript volume of exemplary spiritual correspondence to demonstrate the importance of epistolary counselling in the ministries of several early modern clergymen. The second section of the chapter argues that Wallington's own engagement with epistolary counselling ultimately served to uphold ministerial authority. Chapter three investigates the spiritual letter-writing relationships of early seventeenth-century Protestant ministers and their gentry patrons and demonstrates the significant potential which existed for clergymen to exercise religious agency and influence with pious elites. Chapter four explores the authoritative and spiritually intimate correspondences in which Richard Baxter engaged with laypeople from across the social spectrum during the 1650s. Current knowledge of his counselling of the Derbyshire gentlewoman, Katherine Gell, is extended through an original reflection on the significance of networks of pastoral direction in early modern English Protestantism. Chapter five explores the nature of religious advice-giving amongst the laity and uncovers its pious motivations. This characteristically 'godly' activity is both compared and contrasted with contemporary clerical counselling.
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Pullin, Naomi Rebecca. "Female friends and the transatlantic Quaker community : 'the whole family and household of faith', c.1650 – c.1750." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/66726/.
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This thesis explores the lives and social interactions of Quaker women in the British Isles and American colonies between c.1650 and c.1750. The radical behaviour of women in the early years of Quakerism has been heavily researched. Historians, however, fail to give sufficient credit to those women who did not travel and preach as a way of life, but who used Quaker values and beliefs to organise their daily lives and give meaning to their experiences. This thesis offers a more accurate and comprehensive picture of early Quakerism, by examining how both ministering and non-itinerant women’s identities were redefined as a result of their Quaker membership. The chapters are structured around the relationships that women developed both within and without the Quaker community with the lens of focus shifting outwards from the family, to the local meeting system, then to the connections and friendships that Quaker women formed with other members of the Society, and finally, to their relationship with the non-Quaker world. In arguing that Quaker women’s domestic identities helped shape both their ministerial careers and the wider outlook of the movement, it counters the view that the originality of Quakerism stemmed from women’s ability to transcend their gender. Domesticity has greater historical dimensions than previously imagined, and the thesis shows how the private domain of the household could become entwined in the public concerns of the movement. The period under discussion was one of enormous change in terms of how Friends were viewed and understood in wider society. It was also dramatically altered by the establishment of Quaker communities within the American colonies, especially in Pennsylvania. Utilising a broad source base within a transatlantic context, which includes correspondence, official epistles, Meeting minutes, and spiritual autobiographies, the thesis maps how women contributed to a ‘cultural exchange’ through their work within both the ‘whole family and Household of faith’ and early modern society more generally.
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Laos, Pontus, and Alexander Libot. "Comparing Conventional- and Modern Programming Languages for Developing a File System." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-43451.
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Most of the software stack is built upon C today. C is a very flexible language, but the flexibility also brings some safety risks, particularly when handling memory through pointers. Rust is a new programming language which can guarantee memory safety without performance-heavy runtime services such as garbage collection. In this article, two partial file systems are implemented based on the design of EXT2. One system is implemented in C — Nafs — and one system is implemented in Rust — Rufs. A number of benchmarks are also developed, with the purpose of testing the most common features of a file system. After running the benchmarks, the results showed that Nafs provided better performance for all but one feature. There could be many reasons for this, and some hypotheses are discussed. Aspects like different compiler optimizations, the use of pointer dereferencing vs. data structure representation, using dynamic memory, and using system calls are considered. Some optimizations to Rufs are also implemented, and their impact analyzed. Earlier research has shown that Rust can guarantee memory safety while still providing good performance. It has also shown that Rust can be used to implement system programs, such as operating system kernels. Over the course of this article, it is shown that safe Rust can be used to implement a file system — thereby guaranteeing a memory safe program. It is also shown that a file system implemented in safe Rust provides worse performance than a similar system written in C. Future work will have to tell whether a file system can be as performant in Rust as in C, by using different implementation methods or unsafe Rust for some of the most performance critical parts of the system.
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Sakai, Aya. "Open spaces and the modern metropolis : evolution and preservation in London and Tokyo (c.1830-c.1930)." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416782.
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Wright, Martin. "Wales and socialism : political culture and national identity c. 1880-1914." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2011. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/26969/.
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Thesis examines the spread of socialist ideas and the growth of the socialist movement in Wales in the period 1880-1914. It pays particular attention to the way in which socialists related to Welsh national identity, and analyses the processes through which the universalist ideals of socialism were related to the particular and local conditions of Wales. It examines the interplay between Wales and the wider world that occurred through the medium of the socialist movement, and balances this against the internal dynamic and organic growth of socialism within Wales itself. Having surveyed and commented upon existing British and Welsh labour historiography, the thesis opens with a discussion of the first „modern‟ socialists to undertake propaganda in Wales in the 1880s. It then examines the way in which socialist societies began to put down roots in the 1890s, through case studies of the Fabian Society in Cardiff and the Social Democratic Federation in south Wales. The central part of the thesis is concerned with the rise of the most important of the socialist organisations, the Independent Labour Party. Attention is given to the way in which the ILP used the south Wales coal strike of 1898 to gain its ascendancy in Welsh socialist politics, and the nature of the political culture that was created by the party in south Wales. The remainder of the thesis discusses the nature of socialist growth beyond south Wales, and pays particular attention to indigenous Welsh forms of socialism. The thesis concludes with an examination of the rapid growth of the socialist movement in Wales after 1906, and the consequent debate that occurred about the relationship of socialism, Welsh nationalism and the Welsh language.
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Thackeray, David Alan. "Popular politics and the making of modern Conservatism, c.1906-1924." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608531.
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Parsons, Sarah. "Religion and the sea in early modern England, c. 1580-1640." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.535903.
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Merritt, Julia Frances. "Religion, government and society in early modern Westminster, c. 1525-1625." Thesis, Boston Spa, U.K. : British Library Document Supply Centre, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.301399.
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Field, Anna Louise. "'Intimate crime' in Early Modern England and Wales, c.1660-1760." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2018. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/110597/.
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Intimacy was essential to criminal activity in the early modern period. The uses and abuses of intimacy – in physical, local, and emotional terms – are located firmly within the criminal record. Historians of crime, gender, social relations, emotion, sexuality, and the body have illustrated the wider social and cultural contexts in which intimacy would have been understood and transacted, yet their questions have not explicitly addressed intimacy as a practice. The present thesis brings intimacy to the fore and develops a suitable analytical framework for discussing its contemporary significance. I consider the textual content of both original and familiar source material, namely depositional evidence from the Welsh Great Sessions, informations sworn before the warden of the London Mint, along with printed trial summaries, crime pamphlets, and broadside ballads. Such a diverse source base stands the thesis in stark contrast to other histories of emotion that have considered ‘emotional communities’. Instead, I explore the vibrant ‘social worlds’ of contemporaries who desired to seek the truth, gain closure, or even distance themselves from the shocking and tragic events that often accompanied serious criminal offences. The ambitious geographical and chronological breadth of the present study expands on recent historiography of crime in early modern Wales. Not only do I herein provide cultural analyses of male-male homicide and coinage offences – topics not before considered in a similar depth by scholars of early modern and eighteenth-century Wales – I have also consulted cases from all three Welsh circuits over the period of an entire century. Throughout, I re-imagine the boundaries of family, friendship, and community in the light of their flexibility as contemporary categories, from metropolitan London to rural Merionethshire.
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Rouintree, Kevin Paul. "Virtues, pluralism, and human nature : prospects for an integration of virtue ethics and modern moral theory /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Stoneman, Robert James. "The reformed British militia, c.1852-1908." Thesis, University of Kent, 2014. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/48735/.
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This thesis aims to provide a comprehensive investigation of the reformed British militia between its reconstitution in 1852 and its abolition (and replacement by the Special Reserve) in 1908, addressing one of the major remaining gaps in our understanding of the auxiliary forces of this period. The post-1852 militia has generally been overshadowed by its eighteenth and early nineteenth century predecessor, and of the few major works that do examine the force after its reform, most do so as part of broader studies examining it from the point of view of the regular army, or as an epilogue to a much broader study of the militia of the earlier period, or the wider amateur military tradition as a whole. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to provide the first dedicated study of the reformed British militia in recent years. It will move beyond the limited ‘top-down’ approach characteristic of many works examining the wider Victorian army and instead tap into a more recent methodological trend which utilises a range of national and local archival material to examine the nuances of what remained a locally organised force. It will examine not just the role of the militia and the way in which it was organised, but also study the nature and composition of its officer corps, its rank and file, and will investigate areas which have been hitherto largely ignored such as the way discipline was maintained in what remained an amateur force. It will conclude with an examination of the militia’s unprecedented service during the South African War before going onto examine the process by which the militia was ultimately abolished and replaced by the Special Reserve (and ask whether or not this represented a moment of continuity, or an outright break with the past.) This study rejects the idea that during this period the militia largely became ‘an anachronistic auxiliary’ to the regular army. There can be no doubt that it became increasingly centralised under the control of the War Office and that it also provided a vital role as a source of both officers and men for the regular army. Yet by looking at a mix of both national and local archival material, a more nuanced picture emerges. Several units managed to retain a degree of organisational independence and a social distinctiveness from the wider army. Furthermore, many of the reforms which altered the organisation of the force had important benefits. Compared to the 1850s and 1860s, during which the newly reconstituted force was forced to yield to the exigencies of the regular army, the militia of the 1870s, 1880s and 1890s was arguably better trained, better equipped and quantitatively stronger than during the preceding decades.
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Tolley, Rebecca. "Review of The Modern Language Association Language Map." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2005. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5628.
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Harris, Jonathan Charles. "The reception of English government propaganda, c.1530-1603." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3cbe5dd4-6606-41da-b75a-870231f898ec.
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Despite a wealth of scholarship on the Tudors’ printed and visual propaganda, little has been written on how the population received this material. Doubts over how far either media penetrated a largely illiterate society with questionable access to the visual arts have likely been partly responsible, but as studies increasingly disprove these assumptions the need to address this gap becomes more pressing. After establishing that the governments from Henry VIII to Elizabeth were interested, to varying extents, in propagating particular messages to their subjects, this thesis employs a diverse range of sources to analyse popular responses to official pamphlets, portraits and other visual iconography. Primarily using inventories, the ownership of these different types is examined, in particular exploring the mixed motives that underlay the display of monarchical portraits and royal devices. Broadly positive reactions to propaganda are then discussed, similarly uncovering the different, potentially subversive reasons that drove people to accept government materials. The evidence of marginalia in surviving copies of polemical works is then used to show both the different approaches taken to reading official books, and how people engaged with several specific pamphlets, illuminating the success of particular arguments and propagandistic techniques. Finally, negative reactions to government images and books are investigated, highlighting not only opposition but, conversely, more evidence of propaganda’s positive impact. Analysing reception in these ways not only permits judgements about the extent and nature of propaganda’s success; it also provides valuable insights into important historiographical debates, like the progress of the English Reformation and the potential emergence of a public sphere, besides more generally revealing widely-held attitudes that underpinned sixteenth-century society and conditioned the relationship between rulers and ruled.
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O'Keefe, Dennis. "Church cricket and community in Halifax and the Calder Valley 1860-c.1920." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2013. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/18053/.
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This thesis examines the emergence of church cricket clubs in Halifax and the Calder Valley between 1860 and 1920. It encompasses the years of mature factory-based industrial society following Chartism as well as the upheavals of the Great War and its immediate aftermath. Though a period of relative tranquillity, from 1873 the staple textile trades began to stagnate, bringing economic uncertainty only partially offset by industrial diversification and a brief post-war revival. From the mid-1880s this brought ndustrial unrest and the emergence of labour politics. Churches, having experienced growth, were also betraying signs of decline towards the end of the century. Their role in welfare and education was being eroded and denominational influence on party political allegiance was being replaced by that of social class. And yet, religious organisations became the area’s biggest single source of popular organised cricket during its crucial formative decades. This study evaluates why, from such an unpromising situation around 1850, religious bodies became involved in cricket and what were the nature, extent and relevance of this. It addresses several key questions. What was the contribution of clergymen? Who were involved in the clubs and what did this mean for them? What was the significance of grounds and their development? How did the clubs finance themselves? What did their rules reveal? What part did they play in their local communities? Within these themes will be evaluated crucial factors such as social class, gender, religious denomination, identity, topography and demography as will important concepts such as cultural diffusion, muscular Christianity, social control and secularisation. This thesis shows that church sponsorship provided the platform for mainly working-class agency in developing cricket clubs. This agency manifested itself in a mutualism and self-reliance similar to that of the highly popular and consciously independent organisations such as Friendly Societies and Co-operatives, which operated in the same arduous economic context. Nonetheless, at a time when workers were becoming increasingly assertive in the world of industry and politics, church cricket exhibited class co-operation and harmony. Moreover, greater genuine popular adherence to ecclesiastical organisations was found to exist than has often been allowed. Those cricket clubs that became established initially reinforced their churches’ identity, helping them to retain a profile in their localities, and so retard the advance of secularism. However, as those clubs’ cricketing potential grew, they became ever more a part of their wider communities. This situation was aided by their crucial fundraising entertainments, which often secured a place in their districts’ social calendar. Increasingly the clubs became an alternative attraction to the church in their communities and ultimately a small agent of secularism. It is, in summary, contended that church cricket in Halifax and the Calder Valley was more the product of industrial society, and the adaptation of ordinary men and women and their culture to that society, than it was of muscular Christianity or clerical influence.
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Phillips, Harriet. "Uses of the popular past in early modern England, 1510-c.1611." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648360.
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Flather, Amanda J. "The gendering of space in early modern Essex c. 1580 to 1720." Thesis, University of Essex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394292.
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Warde, Paul Simon. "The ecology of wood use in early modern Wr̈ttemberg, c.1450-1650." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621601.
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Hacke, Daniela. "Marital litigation and gender relations in early modern Venice, c. 1570-1700." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273011.
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Sunderason, S. "The nation and the everyday : the aesthetics and politics of modern art in India Bengal, c.1920-c.1960." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1355959/.
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This thesis studies the practices and the polemics that structured the mid-twentieth century ‘field’ of modern art in India, as it registered shifts away from mythological classicism to new artistic imperatives of the everyday, the popular and the progressive. Concentrating on Bengal, this study follows the new agenda and anxieties around ‘formal’ autonomy and ‘social’ resonance of art that developed during the transitional decades of high nationalism, decolonisation and postcolonial nation-building in South Asia between the 1920s and the late-1950s. I argue that artists and art discourse in Bengal during this historical conjuncture invoked tropes of contextuality, habitation and socio-political experience in art-production, reinforcing the sensibility of realism within artistic modernism, of the everyday within modernist abstraction, and the locational within the national. Two themes map this mid-century ‘social turn’ in visual art: the first concentrates on institutional sites like the Government School of Art in Calcutta and the Kala Bhavan at Santiniketan, to follow the shifting registers of the ‘national-modern’ aesthetic, both in the elimination and re-figuration of orientalist classicism by new values of composition and contemporaneity, as well as in the pro-Gandhian rhetoric of the ‘local’ and the ‘popular’ that dominated cultural discourse during the interwar period. The second theme studies the left-wing intervention in formulating a socially-committed, politically conscious notion of ‘progressive’ art since the late-1930s. Resonating with anti-fascist cultural activism of the Popular Front period, and increasingly dominated by the Communist left, the progressive rhetoric became the site for ideological conflict between realism and modernism in the 1940s, with contesting values of socialist idealism and formalist progress of art. I close with the recurrence of the social as metaphor in postcolonial art production in Calcutta in the 1950s-60s, as the city negotiated both marginal location within the nation’s modernity and a persisting memory of post-partition trauma.
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Surendran, Gitanjali. ""The Indian Discovery of Buddhism": Buddhist Revival in India, c. 1890-1956." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11168.
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This dissertation examines attempts at the revival of Buddhism in India from the late nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century. Typically, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar's conversion to Buddhism in 1956 is seen as the start of the neo-Buddhist movement in India. I see this important post-colonial moment as an endpoint in a larger trajectory of efforts at reviving Buddhism in India. The term "revival" itself arose as a result of a particular understanding of Indian history as having had a Buddhist phase in the distant past. Buddhism is also seen in the historiography as a British colonial discovery (or "recovery") for their Indian subjects viz. a range of archaeological and philological endeavors starting in the early decades of the nineteenth century. I argue that there was a quite prolific Indian discourse on Buddhism starting from the late nineteenth century that segued into secret histories of cosmopolitanism, modernity, nationalism and caste radicalism in India. In this context I examine a constellation of figures including the Sri Lankan Buddhist ideologue and activist Anagarika Dharmapala, Buddhist studies scholars like Beni Madhab Barua, the Hindi writer, socialist, and sometime Buddhist monk Rahula Sankrityayana, the first Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru and Ambedkar himself among others, to explicate how Buddhism was constructed and deployed in the service of these ideologies and pervaded both liberal and radical Indian thought formations. In the process, Buddhism came to be characterized as both a universal and national religion, as the first modern faith system long before the actual advent of the modern age, as a system of ethics that espoused liberal values, an ethos of gender and caste equality, and independent and rational thinking, as a veritable civil religion for a new nation, and as a liberation theology for Dalits in India and indeed for the entire nation. My dissertation is about the people, networks, ideas and things that made this possible.History
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Turnbull, Emma C. "Anti-Popery in early modern England : religion, war and print, c. 1617-1635." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b8dfa993-21af-4370-8008-e84edb17d272.
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This thesis is about anti-popery in early modern England, how its meanings and political uses in printed literature changed in response to the dramatic developments of the Thirty Years' War. I contend that the languages of anti-popery, though structured by binary oppositions, were being used to express complex, multifaceted views about Catholic states in the 1620s and 1630s. The new perspective that this research offers is two-fold. Firstly, it asserts that anti-popery was an active and flexible tool of English Protestant debate about foreign affairs. 'Popish' tyranny, variously embodied in the Counter-Reformation papacy or Habsburg imperialism, was a malleable concept that adapted its meanings and associations with the political circumstances. Our early modern subjects were capable of separating anti-Catholic beliefs about idolatrous worship from political questions of how to identify, and combat, the threat of papal tyranny. Thus, this thesis argues that a greater range of irenic attitudes towards relations with Catholic powers were circulating than previously thought. Secondly, this thesis argues that several different anti-papal languages were operating alongside, and in competition with, one another in early Stuart political culture. As a fluid set of tropes, associations and prejudices, anti-popery had different meanings for different authors and incorporated a range of political and religious agendas. Anti-popery, therefore, was not simply a tool of Puritan opposition to the non-interventionist policy of the Stuarts, but, I argue, was also compatible with a more moderate or conciliatory attitude to Catholic states, including Habsburg Spain. The printed debates of the 1620s and 1630s expose the tensions that existed between competing ideas about the nature of the external popish threat. By 1635 and the reversal of Protestant fortunes on the Continent, these competing anti-papal ideas were exposing the tensions within England about the nature of its Protestantism, and thus helped precipitate the Civil Wars.
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Patterson, Jonathan Hugh Collingwood. "Representations of avarice in early modern France (c.1540-1615) : continuity and change." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610850.
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Nicholls, Angela. "Early modern English almshouses in the mixed economy of welfare c. 1550-1725." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/62710/.
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Almshouses providing accommodation for poor people are a common feature of the towns and villages of England, but in the historical literature are rarely considered to have made a genuine contribution to the poor and needy. This study examines the extent and nature of almshouse provision in early modern England, and places this within the context of overall approaches to the poor in the period. The archival research focuses on the contrasting counties of Durham, Warwickshire and Kent between about 1550 and 1725. Information on all the almshouse foundations in those areas is collated and summarised in an appendix, enabling both quantitative and qualitative evaluations to be made. A detailed analysis of the policy background to housing the poor provides the context for the study, and reveals that almshouses were initially seen as part of a national as well as local solution to the problem of poverty. Many of the diverse people involved in founding and running almshouses responded to this agenda, motivated by political responsibility and particular group identities, rather than just the desire for personal memorialisation. A case study of a single almshouse exemplifies the way this parish used the almshouse alongside other resources to meet the needs of the poor. Overall, there was a surprising variation in the socio-economic status of almshouse occupants and their experience of almshouse life. In many almshouses, occupants’ standard of living was similar to that of other poor people, including parish paupers. The guaranteed nature of the benefits and security of the accommodation were, however, distinct advantages, and most almspeople were able to enjoy considerable independence and autonomy, with women possibly benefiting most. Over the period, however, statutory poor relief and the introduction of workhouses enabled almshouses to develop as more exclusive institutions, which were less embedded in local welfare systems.
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Jenner, Mark Stephen Rowe. "Early Modern English conceptions of 'cleanliness' and 'dirt' as reflected in the environmental regulation of London c.1530-c.1700." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395196.
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Crown, Jessica. "Renaissance humanism in England, c.1490-c.1530." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283230.
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This dissertation explores humanism, the rediscovery of the culture of ancient Greece and Rome, in late fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century England. It does so with reference to texts, institutional settings, and networks both within and beyond England, and examines the activities of several seemingly minor figures who have been absent from recent scholarship on the topic: John Holt, William Lily, Richard Croke, Leonard Cox, and Thomas Lupset. These figures made distinctive and original contributions to the genres in which they operated, whether the grammatical manual, educational treatise, dialogue, or philosophical meditation. They are also noteworthy for their considerable influence, whether in England or further abroad. With regard to Croke and Cox, the integration of previously unknown sources from France and Germany and overlooked ones from eastern Europe reveals that England could be an exporter and not merely an importer of humanism. Taken together, these individuals demonstrate that English humanism was more sophisticated and complex than its frequent characterisation as 'Erasmian' would suggest. In addition, this dissertation analyses the influence of humanism on two school foundations: St Paul's School and Ipswich College. It re-evaluates the portrayal of John Colet as an anti-intellectual, and understands St Paul's as a deeply personal endeavour, reflecting his desire to do better for the next generation. It establishes the depth and significance of humanism in Cardinal Wolsey's foundation of Ipswich College, hitherto accorded less importance by historians than his Oxford college. The examination of the little-known materials he published on the eve of his fall in 1529, together with reports from staff on its progress, show that he regarded it as central to his ambitious vision for England and to the creation of his own reputation as a civic humanist. This research therefore revises our understanding of a neglected period, and engages with the vexed questions at the heart of the study of humanism: how contemporaries dealt with the tension between their faith and their enthusiasm for pagan culture, and regarded the rival attractions of scholarly leisure and active public service.
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Parfitt, Richard. "Musical culture and the spirit of Irish nationalism, c. 1848-1972." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:623d0a08-f28d-415e-83e2-62738e216a74.
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This thesis surveys musical culture's relationship with Irish nationalism after the Irish confederacy's rebellion in 1848 until the beginning of the Northern Irish Troubles in 1972. It is the first such study to engage with a wide range of source material, including not only songs but also sources generated by political actors and organisations. It thus asks how far music and dance contributed to political movements and identities. It demonstrates that music provided propaganda, while performances created spectacles that attracted attention and asserted the strength, territorial claims, and military credentials of particular movements. Nationalists and unionists appropriated music and musical rituals from history, Britain, and one another. Appropriated British army rituals represented paramilitaries as legitimate national armies. Recycling songs made compositions easier to learn and suggested that new organisations acted as part of a continuous, historical movement. Appropriating songs and rituals from opponents asserted superiority over those opponents. Songs marked national allegiance and were therefore fought over extensively. For theorists and revivalists, defining Irish music and dance constructed notions of Irish nationhood. However, this thesis is as much about qualifying the claims often made for musical culture. One result of the failure to engage comprehensively with extra-musical source material is that studies often crudely credit music with having inspired unity among Irishmen and resistance against the colonial ruler. Music's relationship with resistance was more nuanced, and could cultivate disunity as much as the opposite. This study also problematises distinctions between British, unionist, and nationalist culture. These were not discrete categories, but overlapping soundscapes that interacted with and penetrated one another. Nor is 'traditional' music neatly distinguished from 'modern', 'commercial' music. As this study explains, traditional music's advocates demonstrated a consistent willingness to adapt and engage with modern methods. Overall, this thesis provides unprecedented insight into music's impact on nationalist politics.
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Maguire, Frances. "Bonds of print and chains of paper : rethinking print culture and social formation in early modern England, c.1550-c.1700." Thesis, University of York, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18920/.
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This thesis examines the employment of print by institutions in early modern England c.1550-c1700, to challenge existing understandings of print culture. Where previous studies of print focus predominantly on the published, public and popular, my research demonstrates that institutions commissioned and distributed print for a variety of communicative and administrative purposes. By engaging critically with the adoption of print, I interrogate the role of documentary culture in the workings of governance. I argue that print increasingly navigated and negotiated a wide set of exchanges and was a critical component in the development and performance of social relations. Examining institutional records and personal papers, this thesis identifies a previously overlooked corpus of print that was implicit to administration and record keeping. My research supplements existing print catalogues to remap the printed landscape of the period. Each section explores a particular institutional setting, looking in turn at the printed output of the Church, the state and London livery companies to reveal the function of print in administrative practice. To do this, it follows the course of printed sheets from printing house to archive. As a result, it charts a very different circulation and consumption of print. This thesis aims to transform ideas of what men and women read, as much as what institutions printed. Scholars have largely ignored this print and the wider ramifications it has for understanding the paperchains that connected institutions and individuals. By taking a material approach to print, this thesis extends the parameters to discuss and study paperwork more broadly. My research contests the association usually drawn between the adoption of print and the emergence of standardisation and bureaucratic efficiency. I argue this has significant implications for conceptions of state formation, social relations and knowledge production in the early modern period.
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Griffiths, Paul. "Some aspects of social history of youth in early modern England, with particular reference to the period c.1560-c.1640." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273130.
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Skuse, Alanna Dawn. "'My breast is unquiet' : constructions of cancer in Early Modern England, c.1580-1720." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14987.
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This thesis examines the construction of cancerous disease in medical and literary texts from 1580 to 1720. I contend that previous readings, which have viewed ‘cancer’ and ‘canker’ as words designating a wide variety of ulcerative diseases, are incomplete. Though terminology for the disease is sometimes challenging, I argue that early modern people clearly understood cancer as a pathologically unique disease, which was both fascinating and fearsome. Cancer was believed to be caused by surfeit of the melancholy and choleric humours. In part because of this aetiology, it was strongly associated with women. At the same time, however, medical and literary writers spoke of cancer in zoomorphic terms, and constructed the disease as deliberately cruel and intractable. Viewed alongside cancer’s famously morbid effects upon the body, this duality made cancer a powerful (and as yet unstudied) analogy for traitorous and malignant influences in the social and politic body. In turn, rhetorical uses of ‘cancer’ influenced how the disease was presented in medical and scientific writing. Cancer’s seeming hostility to the body also encouraged medical practitioners to develop, and patients to demand, treatments for the malady which trod a thin line between healing and hurting. Physicians, apothecaries and irregular practitioners administered increasingly potent pharmaceuticals, which moved away from traditional methods of redressing an individual’s unbalanced humours, and instead emphasised the importance of ‘defeating’ this enemy, even at great physical and emotional cost to the patient. Even more hazardously, surgeons carried out invasive and dangerous cancer operations, which could save lives, but which equally provoked angry debate over moral responsibility in the crowded medical marketplace.
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Schmuck, Stephan. "Politics of anxiety : the imago turci in early modern English prose, c.1550-1620." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/5d84ec3a-947a-4585-848e-5dfb6045de8e.
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In sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century England, portrayals of the Turk reflected aspects of Christian thinking. More specifically, these views varied according to ideological outlook, place and time. To complicate matters further, while there are a variety of images of the Turk responding to a range of Christian concerns, the nexus of images of the Turk - the imago Turci – is essentially contradictory. English portrayals and responses to the Turks are not uniform, but vary, while the Turk operates at once both from within and at a distance from English culture in the sixteenth and early seventeenth century. In other words, the Turk is both real and imagined. This project is a response to these issues. It examines the ways in which Turks - both real and imagined - not only figure in early modem English prose texts as a site of their cultural production, perpetuation, and negotiation, but also the ways in which these images relate to and participate in current political and cultural debates that also informed these prose texts. As a consequence of the diversity of the imago Turci in a wide range of available, printed prose works, I adopt five categorical distinctions representing five groups of overlapping genres, or modes for my analysis: history, religion, travel, mercantile writings and romance. Reading the material in their historical contexts, one of the arguments to arise from this is that the use of the Turk in these English texts reflects the wider cultural and political developments in Western Christendom and England, and between Christendom and the Ottoman Empire. The central argument of this project is that the imago Turci in early modem English prose emerges as a complex discursive site in which a variety of competing interests are negotiated.
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Giles, Katherine. "Guildhalls and social identity in late medieval and early modern York, c.1350-1630." Thesis, University of York, 1999. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10864/.
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McMurtry, Charlotte. "Witchcraft and Discourses of Identity and Alterity in Early Modern England, c. 1680-1760." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40915.
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Witchcraft beliefs were a vital element of the social, religious, and political landscapes of England in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. English society, buffeted by ongoing processes of social, economic, and religious change, was increasingly polarized along material, ideological, and intellectual lines, exacerbated by rising poverty and inequality, political factionalism, religious dissension, and the emergence of Enlightenment philosophical reasoning. The embeddedness of witchcraft and demonism in early modern English cosmologies and quotidian social relations meant that religious and existential anxieties, interpersonal disputes, and threats to local order, settled by customary self-regulatory methods at the local level or prosecuted in court, were often encompassed within the familiar language and popular discourses of witchcraft, social order, and difference. Using trial pamphlets, newspapers, periodicals, and intellectual texts, this thesis examines the imbrications of these discourses and their collectively- determined meanings within the increasingly rationalized legal contexts and widening world of Augustan England, demonstrating the often deeply encoded ways in which early modern English men and women made sense of their own experiences and constituted and re-constituted their identities and affinities.
Disorderly by nature, an inversion of natural, religious, and social norms, witchcraft in the Christian intellectual tradition simultaneously threatened and preserved order. Just as light could not exist without dark, or good without evil, there could be no fixed state of order: its existence was determined, in part, by its antithesis. Such diacritical oppositions extended beyond the metaphysical and are legible in contemporary notions of social difference, including attitudes about the common and poorer sorts of people, patriarchal gender and sexual roles, and nascent racial ideologies. These attitudes, roles, and ideologies drew sharp distinctions between normative and transgressive appearances, behaviours, and beliefs. This thesis argues that they provided a blueprint for the discursive construction of identity categories, defined in part by alterity, and that intelligible in witchcraft discourses are these fears of and reactions to disruptive and disorderly difference, otherness, and deviance—reactions which could themselves become deeply disruptive. In exploring the intersections of poverty, gender, sexuality, and race within collective understandings of witchcraft in Augustan England, this thesis aims to contribute to our understandings of the complex and dynamic ways in which English men and women perceived themselves, their communities, and the world around them.
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Benoit, Marisa Noelle. "Attitudes towards infertility in early modern England and colonial New England, c. 1620-1720." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2adc1e0d-55c2-4e99-b3b3-5efbca5be8dd.
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This thesis examines attitudes toward infertility in early modern England and colonial New England from c.1620 to 1720 through infertility’s representation in contemporary medical, religious, and literary sources. This study uses an expanded definition of infertility, namely a 'spectrum of infertility', to capture the tensions that arose during periods of infertility and experiences of reproductive failure such as miscarriages, stillbirths, monstrous births, and false conceptions. A spectrum, more than a modern definition, more accurately represents the range of bodily conditions experienced by early modern women and men that indicated reproductive disorder in the body; by extension, the language of infertility expressed fears about disorder in times of social, religious, and political crisis in early modern society. The two societies' relationship was often described through reproductive language and the language of infertility appears in both societies when order - within the body, within marriages, or within and between communities - was threatened. This thesis contributes to a growing body of scholarship on infertility in early modern society by analysing its presence in communications within and between early modern England and colonial New England. It argues that understanding the English origins of the colonists' attitudes toward infertility is fundamental both to understanding the close connection between the two societies and to providing context for the colonists' perceptions about their encounters with new lands, bodies, environments, and reasons for emigration. As a result, this thesis seeks to break new ground in providing an overview of social, medical, and cultural reactions in both England and New England, demonstrating that similar language and tropes were used in both regions to communicate concerns about infertility. Exploring the interplay between the many sources addressing this health issue more accurately represents the complexity of early modern attitudes toward infertility, and the intimacy of the relationship between the fledgling New England colonies and their metaphorical Mother England.
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Webb, Simon Charles. "Recapturing early modern English urban defences : York and Kingston-upon-Hull, c.1550-1700." Thesis, University of York, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9617/.
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This thesis is an interdisciplinary study of York and Kingston-upon-Hull’s early modern defensive walls from c.1550-1700. It seeks to consider the scope and historical value of studying structures that have either been restored or completely demolished over time. Through the use of extensive archival material and archaeological, historical, architectural and historical archaeological methodology, the thesis hypothesises that a corporation’s urban defences were utilised in the administration of a town or city, the projection of civic authority, formed part of a recognisable and burgeoning civic bureaucracy and were tied up with notions of civic identity. In considering the utilisation of these structures removed from their ostensibly medieval military exigency it is possible to comprehend an urban phenomenon that was ubiquitous throughout England and Europe during the early modern period. To date their study has often been limited to the discussion within the medieval period when they were first constructed. When discussed during the early modern period they are predominantly examined within a European and military context. This considers English urban defences as stylistically and military retrograde examples of early modern structures whose use was only rediscovered during the English Civil War of the 1640’s. The thesis seeks to definitively prove that these structures were neither retrograde nor limited to historical and military flashpoints. They are an overlooked historical resource that is able to provide a conduit to better comprehend the physical and theoretical perimeters of urban centres that were harnessed in the negotiation of the periods urban, civic, social, political and moral contexts both nationally and locally.
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Klager, Andrew P. "'Truth is immortal' : Balthasar Hubmaier (c.1480-1528) and the church fathers." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2485/.
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Hubmaier's appeal to the fathers was inspired by humanist principles, especially ad fontes, restitutionism, and rejection of scholastic syllogism and glosses in favour of full, humanist editions of the fathers based on an improved focus on grammar and philology. However, Hubmaier confessionalized Humanism by commandeering its disciplines, principles, and accomplishments to advance a reforming program that centred around credobaptism and freedom of the will. This confessionalization of Humanism is reflected also in the way Hubmaier exploited a perceived Nicodemism in the disparity between Erasmus' private and public statements on baptism and appropriated his endorsement of the docete–baptizantes–docentes baptismal sequence in Mt. 28:19 and defence of free will. Further, Hubmaier's Catholic, nominalist, and humanist academic background ensured that study of the fathers was an intuitive activity as his Anabaptist convictions developed. His nominalist education under the mentorship of Johann Eck also seems to have factored into his moderate Augustinianism and use of the African bishop in defence of free will against the hyper-Augustinianism of Luther. Hubmaier used carefully selected, amenable patristic theologians and historical witnesses to verify that credobaptism was preserved by the fathers in continuity with the practice of the apostolic era, while infant baptism was introduced only later and gradually accepted in the second to fifth centuries until definitively ratified by Augustine and universally embraced by the Catholic, papal "particular church." This increasing confusion during the patristic era was thought by Hubmaier to reflect the hesitant acceptance of paedobaptism in his own day especially by Zwingli and Erasmus, which inspired his desire for a new ecumenical council to decide the correct form of baptism on the basis of Scripture and supporting patristic exegesis. Ultimately, Hubmaier not only cognitively accepted the teachings of the fathers on baptism and free will, but embraced them as co-affiliates with himself in the one, holy, apostolic ecclesia universalis in protest against the errant papal ecclesia particularis as per the composition of his ecclesiology.