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Journal articles on the topic 'Modern and extended evolutionary synthesis'

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Published: 9 March 2023

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1

Olson, Mark E. "Plant Evolutionary Ecology in the Age of the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis." Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 3 (May 20, 2019): 493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz042.

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AbstractPlant ecology is increasingly turning to evolutionary questions, just as evolutionary biology pushes out of the strictures of the Modern Synthesis into what some regard as an “Extended Evolutionary Synthesis.” As plant ecology becomes increasingly evolutionary, it is essential to ask how aspects of the Extended Synthesis might impinge on plant ecological theory and practice. I examine the contribution of plant evolutionary ecology to niche construction theory, as well as the potential for developmental systems theory and genes-as-followers adaptive evolution, all important post-Modern Synthesis themes, in providing novel perspectives for plant evolutionary ecology. I also examine ways that overcoming dichotomies such as “genetic vs. plastic” and “constraint vs. adaptation” provide fertile opportunities for plant evolutionary ecologists. Along the same lines, outgrowing vague concepts such as “stress” and replacing them with more precise terminology in all cases provides vastly increased causal clarity. As a result, the synthetic path that plant ecologists are blazing, becoming more evolutionary every year, bodes extremely well for the field, with vast potential for expansion into important scientific territory.

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Prentiss, Anna Marie. "Theoretical plurality, the extended evolutionary synthesis, and archaeology." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 2 (January 5, 2021): e2006564118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006564118.

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The study of cultural evolution now includes multiple theoretical frameworks. Despite common influence from Darwinian evolutionary theory, there is considerable diversity. Thus, we recognize those most influenced by the tenets of the Modern Synthesis (evolutionary archaeology, cultural transmission theory, and human behavioral ecology) and those most aligned more closely with concepts emerging in the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (cultural macroevolution and evolutionary cognitive archaeology). There has been substantial debate between adherents of these schools of thought as to their appropriateness and priority for addressing the fundamentals of cultural evolution. I argue that theoretical diversity is necessary to address research questions arising from a complex archaeological record. Concepts associated with the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis may offer unique insights into the cultural evolutionary process.

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Szokolszky, Ágnes, and Zsolt Palatinus. "Changing views of evolution and their consequences for psychology. From the Modern Synthesis to the Extended Synthesis, and beyond." Transylvanian Journal of Psychology 20, no. 2 (December 20, 2019): 3–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/tjp.xx.2.1.

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Reductionist viewpoints have been increasingly replaced by complex systems viewpoints in biological theory and methodology since the turn of the millennium. This tendency has also been reflected in thinking about evolution. Just as the defining evolutionary synthesis of the 20th century - the Modern Synthesis - was born out of the integration of the most up-to-date knowledge of the times, so does a recently emerging new synthesis build on most recent genetic-epigenetic, genomic, eco-devo-evolutionary findings. The "Extended Synthesis" (Pigliucci & Müller, 2010) builds on current understanding of genes, heredity, and multiple evolutionary processes. In this framework, an extended interpretation is offered based on the integration of evolutionary and ecosystem-level processes into the explanation of evolution. In this paper, we aim to review the paths leading to the Extended Synthesis. We aim to present a historically embedded, concise overview of the major issues and developments related to the changing perspectives. The final point of the discussion eventually raises the question: How does psychology relate to the extended view of evolution?

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Müller, Gerd B. "Why an extended evolutionary synthesis is necessary." Interface Focus 7, no. 5 (August 18, 2017): 20170015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2017.0015.

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Since the last major theoretical integration in evolutionary biology—the modern synthesis (MS) of the 1940s—the biosciences have made significant advances. The rise of molecular biology and evolutionary developmental biology, the recognition of ecological development, niche construction and multiple inheritance systems, the ‘-omics’ revolution and the science of systems biology, among other developments, have provided a wealth of new knowledge about the factors responsible for evolutionary change. Some of these results are in agreement with the standard theory and others reveal different properties of the evolutionary process. A renewed and extended theoretical synthesis, advocated by several authors in this issue, aims to unite pertinent concepts that emerge from the novel fields with elements of the standard theory. The resulting theoretical framework differs from the latter in its core logic and predictive capacities. Whereas the MS theory and its various amendments concentrate on genetic and adaptive variation in populations, the extended framework emphasizes the role of constructive processes, ecological interactions and systems dynamics in the evolution of organismal complexity as well as its social and cultural conditions. Single-level and unilinear causation is replaced by multilevel and reciprocal causation. Among other consequences, the extended framework overcomes many of the limitations of traditional gene-centric explanation and entails a revised understanding of the role of natural selection in the evolutionary process. All these features stimulate research into new areas of evolutionary biology.

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Pigliucci, Massimo. "Biology's last paradigm shift. The transition from natural theology to Darwinism." PARADIGMI, no. 3 (December 2012): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/para2012-003004.

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Evolutionary theory went through several phases ever since the publication of the original Darwin-Wallace paper, including neo-Darwinism, the Modern Synthesis and, possibly, a currently ongoing Extended Synthesis. In this paper I tackle the question of whether evolutionary biology ever underwent anything like a Kuhn-style paradigm shift. I conclude that it did not, and is not likely to do so in the future, although a paradigmlike shift did occur early on, at the transition between natural theology and Darwinism. Parole chiave: Darwinismo, Paradigmi, Sintesi estesa, Sintesi moderna, Teologia naturale

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Antón, Susan C., and Christopher W. Kuzawa. "Early Homo , plasticity and the extended evolutionary synthesis." Interface Focus 7, no. 5 (August 18, 2017): 20170004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2017.0004.

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The Modern Synthesis led to fundamental advances in understandings of human evolution. For human palaeontology, a science that works from ancestral phenotypes (i.e. the fossil record), particularly important have been perspectives used to help understand the heritable aspects of phenotypes and how fossil individuals might then be aggregated into species, and relationships among these groups understood. This focus, coupled with the fragmentary nature of the fossil record, however, means that individual phenotypic variation is often treated as unimportant ‘noise’, rather than as a source of insight into population adaptation and evolutionary process. The emphasis of the extended evolutionary synthesis on plasticity as a source of phenotypic novelty, and the related question of the role of such variation in long-term evolutionary trends, focuses welcome attention on non-genetic means by which novel phenotypes are generated and in so doing provides alternative approaches to interpreting the fossil record. We review evidence from contemporary human populations regarding some of the aspects of adult phenotypes preserved in the fossil record that might be most responsive to non-genetic drivers, and we consider how these perspectives lead to alternate hypotheses for interpreting the fossil record of early genus Homo. We conclude by arguing that paying closer attention to the causes and consequences of intraspecific phenotypic variation in its own right, as opposed to as noise around a species mean, may inspire a new generation of hypotheses regarding species diversity in the Early Pleistocene and the foundations for dispersal and regional diversification in Homo erectus and its descendants .

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Laland, Kevin N., Tobias Uller, Marcus W. Feldman, Kim Sterelny, Gerd B. Müller, Armin Moczek, Eva Jablonka, and John Odling-Smee. "The extended evolutionary synthesis: its structure, assumptions and predictions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1813 (August 22, 2015): 20151019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1019.

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Scientific activities take place within the structured sets of ideas and assumptions that define a field and its practices. The conceptual framework of evolutionary biology emerged with the Modern Synthesis in the early twentieth century and has since expanded into a highly successful research program to explore the processes of diversification and adaptation. Nonetheless, the ability of that framework satisfactorily to accommodate the rapid advances in developmental biology, genomics and ecology has been questioned. We review some of these arguments, focusing on literatures (evo-devo, developmental plasticity, inclusive inheritance and niche construction) whose implications for evolution can be interpreted in two ways—one that preserves the internal structure of contemporary evolutionary theory and one that points towards an alternative conceptual framework. The latter, which we label the ‘extended evolutionary synthesis' (EES), retains the fundaments of evolutionary theory, but differs in its emphasis on the role of constructive processes in development and evolution, and reciprocal portrayals of causation. In the EES, developmental processes, operating through developmental bias, inclusive inheritance and niche construction, share responsibility for the direction and rate of evolution, the origin of character variation and organism–environment complementarity. We spell out the structure, core assumptions and novel predictions of the EES, and show how it can be deployed to stimulate and advance research in those fields that study or use evolutionary biology.

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Dickins, Thomas E., and Qazi Rahman. "The extended evolutionary synthesis and the role of soft inheritance in evolution." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1740 (May 16, 2012): 2913–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0273.

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In recent years, a number of researchers have advocated extending the modern synthesis in evolutionary biology. One of the core arguments made in favour of an extension comes from work on soft inheritance systems, including transgenerational epigenetic effects, cultural transmission and niche construction. In this study, we outline this claim and then take issue with it. We argue that the focus on soft inheritance has led to a conflation of proximate and ultimate causation, which has in turn obscured key questions about biological organization and calibration across the life span to maximize average lifetime inclusive fitness. We illustrate this by presenting hypotheses that we believe incorporate the core phenomena of soft inheritance and will aid in understanding them.

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Lamas, Susana Gisela. "El ideal de unificación en biología: el caso de la síntesis evolutiva extendida." Humanities Journal of Valparaiso, no. 14 (December 29, 2019): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.22370/rhv2019iss14pp275-286.

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In this article I will analyze whether the so-called Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES) represents a synthesis and an extension with respect to its predecessor, Modern Synthesis (MS). It will be argued that the MS proposes an externalist approach to evolution while the EES considers it necessary to overcome the internalism/externalism dichotomy by proposing more integrative approaches. It will be concluded that the EES cannot be considered an extension of MS and that the appeal to that extension is related to sociological aspects and the epistemic value of theoretical unification that was always present in biological evolutionary thinking.

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Lewens, Tim. "The Extended Evolutionary Synthesis: what is the debate about, and what might success for the extenders look like?" Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 127, no. 4 (May 21, 2019): 707–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz064.

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Abstract Debate over the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES) ranges over three quite different domains of enquiry. Protagonists are committed to substantive positions regarding (1) empirical questions concerning (for example) the properties and prevalence of systems of epigenetic inheritance; (2) historical characterizations of the modern synthesis; and (3) conceptual/philosophical matters concerning (among other things) the nature of evolutionary processes, and the relationship between selection and adaptation. With these different aspects of the debate in view, it is possible to demonstrate the range of cross-cutting positions on offer when well-informed evolutionists consider their stance on the EES. This overview of the multiple dimensions of debate also enables clarification of two philosophical elements of the EES debate, regarding the status of niche-construction and the role of selection in explaining adaptation. Finally, it points the way to a possible resolution of the EES debate, via a pragmatic approach to evolutionary enquiry.

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Schaetzle, Eric, and Yogi Hendlin. "Between Teleophilia and Teleophobia." Biosemiotics 14, no. 1 (April 2021): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12304-021-09421-3.

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AbstractDenis Noble convincingly describes the artifacts of theory building in the Modern Synthesis as having been surpassed by the available evidence, indicating more active and less gene-centric evolutionary processes than previously thought. We diagnosis the failure of theory holders to dutifully update their beliefs according to new findings as a microcosm of the prevailing larger social inability to deal with competing paradigms. For understanding life, Noble suggests that there is no privileged level of semiotic interpretation. Understanding multi-level semiosis along with organism and environment contrapunctally, according to Jakob von Uexküll’s theoretical biology, can contribute to the emerging extended evolutionary synthesis.

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Tanghe, Koen B., Lieven Pauwels, Alexis De Tiège, and Johan Braeckman. "Interpreting the History of Evolutionary Biology through a Kuhnian Prism: Sense or Nonsense?" Perspectives on Science 29, no. 1 (February 2021): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00359.

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Traditionally, Thomas S. Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) is largely identified with his analysis of the structure of scientific revolutions. Here, we contribute to a minority tradition in the Kuhn literature by interpreting the history of evolutionary biology through the prism of the entire historical developmental model of sciences that he elaborates in The Structure. This research not only reveals a certain match between this model and the history of evolutionary biology but, more importantly, also sheds new light on several episodes in that history, and particularly on the publication of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species (1859), the construction of the modern evolutionary synthesis, the chronic discontent with it, and the latest expression of that discontent, called the extended evolutionary synthesis. Lastly, we also explain why this kind of analysis hasn’t been done before.

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Piperno, Dolores R. "Assessing elements of an extended evolutionary synthesis for plant domestication and agricultural origin research." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 25 (June 2, 2017): 6429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703658114.

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The development of agricultural societies, one of the most transformative events in human and ecological history, was made possible by plant and animal domestication. Plant domestication began 12,000–10,000 y ago in a number of major world areas, including the New World tropics, Southwest Asia, and China, during a period of profound global environmental perturbations as the Pleistocene epoch ended and transitioned into the Holocene. Domestication is at its heart an evolutionary process, and for many prehistorians evolutionary theory has been foundational in investigating agricultural origins. Similarly, geneticists working largely with modern crops and their living wild progenitors have documented some of the mechanisms that underwrote phenotypic transformations from wild to domesticated species. Ever-improving analytic methods for retrieval of empirical data from archaeological sites, together with advances in genetic, genomic, epigenetic, and experimental research on living crop plants and wild progenitors, suggest that three fields of study currently little applied to plant domestication processes may be necessary to understand these transformations across a range of species important in early prehistoric agriculture. These fields are phenotypic (developmental) plasticity, niche construction theory, and epigenetics with transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. All are central in a controversy about whether an Extended Evolutionary Synthesis is needed to reconceptualize how evolutionary change occurs. An exploration of their present and potential utility in domestication study shows that all three fields have considerable promise in elucidating important issues in plant domestication and in agricultural origin and dispersal research and should be increasingly applied to these issues.

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Singh, B. N. "Perspectives on Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution." JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 66, no. 03 (2022): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37398/jsr.2022.660315.

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For the past more than a century, evolution has become a corner stone of biology. Different theories have been proposed to explain the mechanisms of evolution such as Lamarckism, Darwinism, germ plasm theory, isolation theory, mutation theory, modern synthetic theory and neutral theory. Among these theories, emphasis is mostly given on single factors. However, modern synthetic theory combines different factors into one theory, particularly natural selection and Mendelian genetics that is why the word synthetic theory is used. Presently, it is the most widely accepted theory to explain the mechanism of evolution although it owes more to Darwin than to any other evolutionary biologist and is essentially built around the concept of natural selection. However, it incorporates much that is post-Darwinian. This theory offers the most widely accepted explanation for the mechanism of evolution and is based on factors such as gene mutations, structural and numerical alterations in chromosomes, genetic recombination, natural selection, random genetic drift, migration, hybridization and reproductive isolation. Further, some recent work in the field of molecular biology have thrown light on the mechanisms of evolution. The new biology goes beyond the modern synthesis, it integrates together genomics, bioinformatics, evolutionary genetics and molecular biology to provide novel explanations, and in the light of these findings, the OMS should be modified or extended. Even there is a suggestion to propose a new theory of evolution as a coherent alternative to modern synthesis

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Piersma, Theunis. "Flyway evolution is too fast to be explained by the modern synthesis: proposals for an ‘extended’ evolutionary research agenda." Journal of Ornithology 152, S1 (June 11, 2011): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-011-0716-z.

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Garte, Sy. "Nowe idee w biologii ewolucyjnej: od NDMS do EES." Filozoficzne Aspekty Genezy 15 (May 25, 2021): 415–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53763/fag.2018.15.156.

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Nowoczesna synteza neodarwinowska (NDMS — neo-Darwinian modern synthesis) przez kilkadziesiąt lat stanowiła podstawę teorii ewolucji. Okazało się jednak, że NDMS ma swoje ograniczenia, a jej ustalenia są nieaktualne w odniesieniu do różnych obszarów badań biologicznych. Nowa, rozszerzona synteza ewolucyjna (EES — extended evolutionary synthesis), uwzględniająca bardziej złożone interakcje między genomami, komórkami a środowiskiem, umożliwia ponowną ocenę wielu założeń NDMS. Do standardowego paradygmatu zakładającego, że głównym mechanizmem zmienności biologicznej jest powolna kumulacja losowych mutacji punktowych, należy teraz dołączyć nowe dane oraz koncepcje symbiozy, duplikacji genu, horyzontalnego transferu genów, retrotranspozycji, epigenetycznych sieci kontrolnych, tworzenia nisz, mutacji warunkowanych środowiskowo i wielkoskalowej reinżynierii genomu w odpowiedzi na bodźce środowiskowe. Otwarcie myśli ewolucjonistycznej na szersze i bardziej ekscytujące spojrzenie na wielką teorię Darwina może nieść konsekwencje dla wiary chrześcijańskiej.

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Rahmanian Koshkaki, Saeed, Zahed Allahyari, Artem R. Oganov, Vladimir L. Solozhenko, Ilya B. Polovov, Alexander S. Belozerov, Andrey A. Katanin, et al. "Computational prediction of new magnetic materials." Journal of Chemical Physics 157, no. 12 (September 28, 2022): 124704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0113745.

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The discovery of new magnetic materials is a big challenge in the field of modern materials science. We report the development of a new extension of the evolutionary algorithm USPEX, enabling the search for half-metals (materials that are metallic only in one spin channel) and hard magnetic materials. First, we enabled the simultaneous optimization of stoichiometries, crystal structures, and magnetic structures of stable phases. Second, we developed a new fitness function for half-metallic materials that can be used for predicting half-metals through an evolutionary algorithm. We used this extended technique to predict new, potentially hard magnets and rediscover known half-metals. In total, we report five promising hard magnets with high energy product (| BH|MAX), anisotropy field ( H a), and magnetic hardness ( κ) and a few half-metal phases in the Cr–O system. A comparison of our predictions with experimental results, including the synthesis of a newly predicted antiferromagnetic material (WMnB2), shows the robustness of our technique.

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WILKINS, JOHN S. "Philosophically speaking, how many species concepts are there?" Zootaxa 2765, no. 1 (February 15, 2011): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2765.1.5.

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It’s an old question in biology: what is a species? Many different answers have been given over the years, and there are indefinitely many “definitions” in the literature. Adding to R. L. Mayden’s list of 22 definitions (Mayden, 1997) , I counted 26 in play since the Modern Synthesis (2009a), and a new one, which I call the “polyphasic” concept (basically a consilience of many lines of morphological, ecological, genetic, and physiological evidence), has been implicitly extended from bacterial and other microbial contexts to macrobial species, although the terminology has not yet been transplanted (Colwell, 1970; Vandamme et al., 1996). However, on another count there are seven “basic” species concepts: agamospecies (asexuals), biospecies (reproductively isolated sexual species), ecospecies (ecological niche occupiers), evolutionary species (evolving lineages), genetic species (common gene pool), morphospecies (species defined by their form, or phenotypes), and taxonomic species (whatever a taxonomist calls a species).

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Kozlov, Oleksiy, Yuriy Kondratenko, and Oleksandr Skakodub. "HYBRID MULTI-AGENT METHOD FOR OPTIMIZATION OF FUZZY COMPUTER SYSTEMS." Management of Development of Complex Systems, no. 49 (April 11, 2022): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2412-9933.2022.49.40-51.

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Recently, intelligent computer systems based on fuzzy logic and soft computing are used quite effectively to solve a wide range of complex applied problems in various fields of human activity. One of the promising areas of modern research in the field of artificial intelligence is the creation and testing of bioinspired multi-agent and evolutionary methods for the synthesis and optimization of fuzzy automatic control systems (ACS) and decision support systems (DSS). This paper is devoted to the development and research of a multi-agent method of parametric optimization of fuzzy systems (FS) based on hybrid improved grey wolf algorithms. The proposed method allows optimizing the parameters of fuzzy computer systems more efficiently, compared to the basic and improved grey wolf methods. This method uses group hunting and dimensional learning-based hunting strategies, as well as local search strategies based on algorithms of gradient descent and extended Kalman filter, which significantly reduces computational costs and increases the rate of convergence to optimal solutions when optimizing parameters of complex fuzzy systems. To study the effectiveness of the developed hybrid multi-agent method in this work, the synthesis and parametric optimization of the fuzzy flight control system for the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is carried out. In particular, the optimization of the vectors of normalizing coefficients, adjustable parameters of linguistic terms (LT), and weight coefficients of the rule's consequences of the rule base (RB) for the altitude controller of the fuzzy ACS for the UAV is performed. The obtained results of the comparative analysis confirm the significant advantages of the developed hybrid multi-agent method of parametric optimization, as well as the feasibility of its application for the synthesis of different types of ACSs and DSSs based on fuzzy logic.

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Lu, Qiaoying, and Pierrick Bourrat. "The Evolutionary Gene and the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 69, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 775–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjps/axw035.

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dos Reis, Claudio Ricardo Martins, and Leonardo Augusto Luvison Araújo. "Extended Evolutionary Synthesis: Neither Synthesis Nor Extension." Biological Theory 15, no. 2 (April 16, 2020): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13752-020-00347-6.

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Pigliucci, Massimo. "An Extended Synthesis for Evolutionary Biology." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1168, no. 1 (June 2009): 218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04578.x.

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Davison, Andrew, and Nathan Lyons. "Theology, Philosophy and the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis." Philosophy, Theology and the Sciences 7, no. 2 (2020): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/ptsc-2020-0014.

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Peterson, Anne Siebels. "Hylomorphism, Homology, and the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis." Philosophy, Theology and the Sciences 7, no. 2 (2020): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/ptsc-2020-0019.

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Buskell, Andrew. "Synthesising arguments and the extended evolutionary synthesis." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 80 (April 2020): 101244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.101244.

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Pigliucci, Massimo. "DO WE NEED AN EXTENDED EVOLUTIONARY SYNTHESIS?" Evolution 61, no. 12 (December 2007): 2743–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00246.x.

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Buskell, Andrew. "Reciprocal Causation and the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis." Biological Theory 14, no. 4 (September 5, 2019): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13752-019-00325-7.

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Zeder, Melinda A. "Domestication as a model system for the extended evolutionary synthesis." Interface Focus 7, no. 5 (August 18, 2017): 20160133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0133.

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One of the challenges in evaluating arguments for extending the conceptual framework of evolutionary biology involves the identification of a tractable model system that allows for an assessment of the core assumptions of the extended evolutionary synthesis (EES). The domestication of plants and animals by humans provides one such case study opportunity. Here, I consider domestication as a model system for exploring major tenets of the EES. First I discuss the novel insights that niche construction theory (NCT, one of the pillars of the EES) provides into the domestication processes, particularly as they relate to five key areas: coevolution, evolvability, ecological inheritance, cooperation and the pace of evolutionary change. This discussion is next used to frame testable predictions about initial domestication of plants and animals that contrast with those grounded in standard evolutionary theory, demonstrating how these predictions might be tested in multiple regions where initial domestication took place. I then turn to a broader consideration of how domestication provides a model case study consideration of the different ways in which the core assumptions of the EES strengthen and expand our understanding of evolution, including reciprocal causation, developmental processes as drivers of evolutionary change, inclusive inheritance, and the tempo and rate of evolutionary change.

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Zeder, Melinda A. "Why evolutionary biology needs anthropology: Evaluating core assumptions of the extended evolutionary synthesis." Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 27, no. 6 (November 2018): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.21747.

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Müller, Gerd B. "Correction to ‘Why an extended evolutionary synthesis is necessary’." Interface Focus 7, no. 6 (October 20, 2017): 20170065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2017.0065.

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Pigliucci, Massimo, and Leonard Finkelman. "The Extended (Evolutionary) Synthesis Debate: Where Science Meets Philosophy." BioScience 64, no. 6 (May 6, 2014): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biu062.

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Futuyma, Douglas J. "Evolutionary biology today and the call for an extended synthesis." Interface Focus 7, no. 5 (August 18, 2017): 20160145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0145.

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Evolutionary theory has been extended almost continually since the evolutionary synthesis (ES), but except for the much greater importance afforded genetic drift, the principal tenets of the ES have been strongly supported. Adaptations are attributable to the sorting of genetic variation by natural selection, which remains the only known cause of increase in fitness. Mutations are not adaptively directed, but as principal authors of the ES recognized, the material (structural) bases of biochemistry and development affect the variety of phenotypic variations that arise by mutation and recombination. Against this historical background, I analyse major propositions in the movement for an ‘extended evolutionary synthesis’. ‘Niche construction' is a new label for a wide variety of well-known phenomena, many of which have been extensively studied, but (as with every topic in evolutionary biology) some aspects may have been understudied. There is no reason to consider it a neglected ‘process’ of evolution. The proposition that phenotypic plasticity may engender new adaptive phenotypes that are later genetically assimilated or accommodated is theoretically plausible; it may be most likely when the new phenotype is not truly novel, but is instead a slight extension of a reaction norm already shaped by natural selection in similar environments. However, evolution in new environments often compensates for maladaptive plastic phenotypic responses. The union of population genetic theory with mechanistic understanding of developmental processes enables more complete understanding by joining ultimate and proximate causation; but the latter does not replace or invalidate the former. Newly discovered molecular phenomena have been easily accommodated in the past by elaborating orthodox evolutionary theory, and it appears that the same holds today for phenomena such as epigenetic inheritance. In several of these areas, empirical evidence is needed to evaluate enthusiastic speculation. Evolutionary theory will continue to be extended, but there is no sign that it requires emendation.

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Vermeij, Geerat J. "Unfinished Synthesis: Biological Hierarchies and Modern Evolutionary Thought.Niles Eldredge." Quarterly Review of Biology 62, no. 1 (March 1987): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/415312.

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Andrade, Eugenio. "Incorporating an Extended Evolutionary Synthesis into a Systems Biology Perspective." Science & Education 25, no. 5-6 (March 14, 2016): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11191-016-9819-5.

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Folguera, Guillermo, and Nicolás Lavagnino. "The Dual Role of Evo-Devo Mechanisms and the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis." Principia: an international journal of epistemology 22, no. 2 (January 25, 2019): 251–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2018v22n2p251.

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The distinction between mechanisms that generate biological variation and mechanisms that modify it has been important in contemporary Biology, especially since the establishment of the Evolutionary Synthesis (ES) in the first part of the twentieth century. In the ES, and in its subsequent legacy to evolutionary biology, the focus was directed at mechanisms that modify biological variation. In recent years, evo-devo (Evolutionary Developmental Biology) emerged as an area of knowledge that proposes to extend the ES in many forms. In this sense, given that evo-devo integrates different areas of Biology, different types of mechanisms can be found. In order to understand evo-devo mechanisms, as well as its relation with the ES, we analyzed the role that evo-devo mechanisms play with respect to biological variation. The main question in our analysis was: do evo-devo mechanisms have a function of generators and/or modifiers of biological variation? We focused on three evo-devo mechanisms: environmental induction, hypervariability/somatic selection and developmental bias. Our analysis showed a different characterization of the action of evo-devo mechanisms. This heterogeneity in the role of evo-devo mechanisms shows that, in general, the distinction is maintained but there is a mechanism that presents a dual role. Our analysis indicates that, at least with respect to mechanisms, evo-devo extends and departs from what was proposed in the evolutionary synthesis.

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Polowczyk, Jan. "A synthesis of evolutionary and behavioural economics." Economics and Business Review 7, no. 3 (2021): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2021.3.3.

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The article presents the current state of evolutionary economics against the backdrop of changes related to the potential use of the achievements of other social sciences, in particular psychology, as well as dynamically developing neuroscience. The article suggests a synthesis of evolutionary and behavioural economics concepts as a logical consequence of evolutionary cooperation processes in social sciences. Interdisciplinary initiatives create new perspectives on generation synergy effects for all participants. Contemporary evolutionary economists present the nature of ongoing innovation-driven economic change as a long evolutionary process. The main creator of the econosphere as a global system is a man–entrepreneur who is also the result of evolutionary processes. For this reason evolutionary economics should take into account the results of behavioural economics’ research based on modern psychology and neuroscience. The cornerstone of evolutionary and behavioural economics synthesis are the theories of Adam Smith which should be regarded as his holistic intellectual heritage.

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Massagué Respall, Victor, and Stefano Nolfi. "Development of Multiple Behaviors in Evolving Robots." Robotics 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/robotics10010001.

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We investigate whether standard evolutionary robotics methods can be extended to support the evolution of multiple behaviors by forcing the retention of variations that are adaptive with respect to all required behaviors. This is realized by selecting the individuals located in the first Pareto fronts of the multidimensional fitness space in the case of a standard evolutionary algorithms and by computing and using multiple gradients of the expected fitness in the case of a modern evolutionary strategies that move the population in the direction of the gradient of the fitness. The results collected on two extended versions of state-of-the-art benchmarking problems indicate that the latter method permits to evolve robots capable of producing the required multiple behaviors in the majority of the replications and produces significantly better results than all the other methods considered.

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Bird, Christopher E., Iria Fernandez-Silva, Derek J. Skillings, and Robert J. Toonen. "Sympatric Speciation in the Post “Modern Synthesis” Era of Evolutionary Biology." Evolutionary Biology 39, no. 2 (May 20, 2012): 158–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11692-012-9183-6.

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Švorcová, Jana, and Karel Kleisner. "Evolution by Meaning Attribution: Notes on Biosemiotic Interpretations of Extended Evolutionary Synthesis." Biosemiotics 11, no. 2 (May 24, 2018): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12304-018-9328-9.

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Stump, J. B., and Chad Meister. "Original Sin and the Fall: Five Views." Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 73, no. 2 (June 2021): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.56315/pscf6-21stump.

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ORIGINAL SIN AND THE FALL: Five Views by J. B. Stump and Chad Meister, eds. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2020. 200 pages. Paperback; $24.00. ISBN: 9780830852871. *The doctrine of original sin has been controversial since its earliest articulation by Augustine of Hippo in the fourth century, and it remains a provocative source of debate for Christian theologians in our time. Controversy surrounding the doctrine has only intensified as a scientific and evolutionary framework has come to characterize modern thinking. Original Sin and the Fall: Five Views provides a forum in which representatives from different Christian traditions are able not only to articulate their own perspectives on original sin and the Fall, but also to respond to the views presented by others in the volume. *Hans Madueme articulates one approach to the doctrine of original sin and the Fall from within the Reformed tradition, an "Augustinian-Reformed" perspective. While he states in the beginning of the essay that he developed his approach "with an eye to recent scientific challenges," he does not engage in a sustained way with information from scientific discourses (p.¬†12). Instead, he points out some of the shortcomings he perceives in theological accounts of original sin that attempt a synthesis with evolutionary accounts of the world, and he argues that theology should not be too quick to conform to deliverances from the sciences since "scientific consensus is a moving target" (p. 33). Madueme asserts the priority of biblical exegesis and theological evidence, which he views as affirming a historical, cosmic Fall, imputing moral corruption and guilt. Madueme is compelling in this essay in his identification of the many potential pitfalls inherent to the task of reconciling a theological approach to original sin with the current scientific consensus. However, the essay leaves one desiring more work from Madueme to reconcile his rejection of contemporary science with his belief in the unity of scientific and theological truths, since, as he affirms, all truth comes from God. *Continuing in the Reformed vein, Oliver Crisp presents a "moderate" approach to original sin and the Fall that he describes in terms of "dogmatic minimalism" (p. 37). This means that Crisp affirms "as 'thin' an account [of original sin] as is doctrinally possible" (p. 37) while still being consonant with his broader theological commitments. For Crisp, being afflicted by original sin means that every human (except for Christ) has a "morally vitiated condition," and yet does not bear the burden of inherited guilt. Crisp argues that the notion of inherited guilt is "monumentally unjust," and that humans should be held culpable only for actions that "they themselves perform or to which they are party" (p. 47). Crisp argues that one benefit of his approach is that one can hold it in tandem with a variety of different beliefs about human origins and the historicity of the Genesis account. The rejection of inherited guilt is perhaps the least persuasive aspect of Crisp's essay. Though he affirms that all of humanity is metaphysically united, he rejects the notion that this requires a belief in shared guilt. To defend this point, he uses the example of a child born into a family of slaves and argues that the child born into this plight "is not responsible for being born a slave" (p. 41). However, it is odd that Crisp used this example instead of the example of the child born into a family of enslavers. Does not the child born into an enslaving family, who benefits from the system of slavery, bear some culpability for it, even if only passively? *Joel Green's contribution draws from his expertise in biblical studies and is written from a Wesleyan perspective. He argues that Wesley viewed the doctrine of original sin as "essential to the theological grammar of Scripture and life" (p. 56). While Wesley emphasized the impairment of human nature, he did not embrace the notion of total depravity, arguing instead that God's work of healing has begun within the human race. Green shifts next to reflect on the significance of Adam and Eve's sin from the perspective of Second Temple Jewish texts. He argues that evidence of belief in original sin cannot be found in these texts, and suggests that this is significant in terms of understanding the mindset of New Testament writers who may have been influenced by them. Green then turns to the New Testament. He argues that in Romans 5, Paul is not interested in developing a doctrine of original sin. Instead, Paul seeks to establish the equal status of Jews and Gentiles before God (p. 70). Finally, Green assesses Genesis 1-3, arguing that these chapters also do not provide a foundation for the doctrine of original sin, although they do reveal a belief in the pervasiveness and heritability of sin, "not in the sense of passing sin down biologically but in the sense of pattern and influence" (p. 73). In his conclusion, Green argues that Wesley refused to choose between Scripture and the "book of nature," that is, the natural sciences. He uses this as inspiration to briefly suggest a way of maintaining belief in the Fall while also acknowledging the evolutionary history of Homo sapiens. Green's essay is helpful in that its reflection on original sin is explicitly in dialogue with insights from evolutionary biology, making this a needed contribution, given the popular perception that evolution has disproven the doctrine. *Andrew Louth provides a nuanced account of an Eastern Orthodox approach to thinking about inherited sin. He first clarifies that part of the dissonance between Western and Eastern thinking about inherited sin can be explained in terms of problems of translation. He notes, "The term original sin (peccatum originale) belongs to a particular Western context; nor is it easy to translate into Greek" (p. 79). A central insight of Louth's essay is his thesis that Western theology begins from the point of view of the Fall and becomes narrowly focused on the notion of redemption. In contrast, he argues, Eastern theology begins from creation and culminates in deification. Eastern Christians view sin through a cosmic lens, and fallen humanity not in terms of inherited guilt but in terms of suffering the effects of the inheritance of death. To illustrate his arguments about the differences between Western and Eastern approaches to sin, Louth juxtaposes the writings of Athanasius and Anselm. He then examines the works of Sergii Bulgakov and Dumitru StƒÉniloae and argues that they continue the trend of viewing sin in the context of creation and deification. The final section of Louth's essay addresses the sinlessness of Mary via Bulgakov's approach to the issue. This aspect of his essay is particularly welcome since only one other essay (Oliver Crisp's) in the volume mentions Mary in relation to the doctrine of original sin. While Louth's argument that the West focuses narrowly on the Fall-redemption arc could perhaps be challenged, his essay nevertheless illuminates important differences in emphasis between Eastern and Western Christian thinking about sin and makes a crucial contribution to the conversation. *Tatha Wiley, in the so-called reconceived view, draws from the theology of Bernard Lonergan, S.J., to develop an exorcising approach to the doctrine of original sin. Wiley takes seriously the ways in which the traditional articulation of the doctrine has lost credibility in the contemporary age. She suggests that this is a result of its dissonance with modern biblical scholarship and evolutionary biology, and its history of being used to deny the goodness of humanity and sexuality. Wiley emphasizes the time-bound nature of all human understanding, and the fact that theological doctrines will inevitably reflect the historical frameworks in which they are articulated. In the current age, Wiley argues, this requires us to take seriously the scientific context in which we live, as well as our "authentic values" (p.¬†106). In her recasting of the doctrine, Wiley suggests via Lonergan that the "root sin" of humanity is "sustained unauthenticity" (p. 124). Wiley's contribution is compelling in its boldness. Rather than suggesting a few minor tweaks to the doctrine, she presents a rigorous rethinking of it. Wiley's essay is also valuable in that it addresses the gendered effects of the doctrine's history, and is the only essay in the volume to do so. *Original Sin and the Fall: Five Views is a thought-provoking treatment of one of the most debated aspects of Christian theology. On the whole, the book will likely be useful for professional theologians, students of theology at the graduate and undergraduate levels, pastoral ministers, and interested lay people. The "Responses" portion of the book was especially engaging, as the authors were quite candid in terms of assessing the lines of divergence in the group. The book provides thoughtful approaches to a difficult theological puzzle in which clear positions are established, not only from diverse points of view without apology, but also with genuine efforts to understand and accurately represent the positions of the others. Given the brevity of the volume, there were inevitably many unanswered questions evoked. Those familiar with theological discussions surrounding original sin will likely wish for more-thorough engagement with the challenges raised by evolutionary biology, as well as more reflection on recent shifts in thinking about evolution expressed in the extended evolutionary synthesis. These developments are friendlier to theological intuitions about inherited sin. *Reviewed by Megan Loumagne Ulishney, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Theology and Religious Studies, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK NG7 2RD.

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Tønnessen, Morten. "Making the Umwelt Bubble of the Modern Synthesis Burst." Biosemiotics 14, no. 1 (April 2021): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12304-021-09430-2.

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AbstractNoble rightly emphasizes that some modern evolutionary biologists´ neglect of agency is consequential with regard to our understanding of the natural world and real-world ecological developments. I elaborate on biosemiotic ideas on semiotic agency and explain how organisms can change the environment by way of semiotic causation. I also comment on the human language’s role in human Umwelten, and how our linguistically mediated reality can be self-deceptive – as if we lived in a bubble of our own making. Finally, I indicate how we can make the Umwelt bubble of the Modern Synthesis burst.

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Fuentes, Agustin. "The Extended Evolutionary Synthesis, Ethnography, and the Human Niche: Toward an Integrated Anthropology." Current Anthropology 57, S13 (June 2016): S13—S26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/685684.

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43

Sarkar, Sahotra. "Haldane’s The causes of evolution and the Modern Synthesis in evolutionary biology." Journal of Genetics 96, no. 5 (November 2017): 753–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12041-017-0840-5.

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Levit, Georgy S., Uwe Hossfeld, and Lennart Olsson. "The Darwinian revolution in Germany: from evolutionary morphology to the modern synthesis." Endeavour 38, no. 3-4 (September 2014): 268–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2014.10.010.

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Mas-Hesse, J. Miguel, and Miguel Cerviño. "Evolutionary population synthesis: the effect of binary systems." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 193 (1999): 550–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900206268.

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We present in this contribution our set of multi-wavelength synthesis models including the evolution of single and binary stars. The main results we have obtained can be summarized as follows: (a) massive close-binary systems will start to experience mass transfer episodes after the first 4Myr of the starburst evolution; (b) as a result of these mass transfer processes, stars of relatively low initial mass can lose completely their envelope and become a Wolf-Rayet star. In this way, the formation of WR stars is extended over longer than 15 Myr, and does not stop at 6Myr as predicted by models including only single stars; (c) WR stars can thus be coeval with red supergiants, which peak at around 10 Myr for solar metallicities; (d) the accretion of mass will originate relatively massive stars at ages for which they should have already disappeared; these stars, together with the WR stars formed in rather evolved clusters, increase the production of ionizing photons, so that the Hβ equivalent width will not drop as rapidly as predicted by models considering only individual stars; and (e) the mass transfer to compact companions will produce an additional source of high-energy radiation in the form of high-mass X-ray binaries, not predicted either by standard synthesis models.

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Padian, Kevin. "Natural Selection and Evolutionary Change." Paleontological Society Special Publications 11 (2002): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200009941.

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In modern biology, natural selection is widely treated as the central mechanism of evolution. Darwin built his greatest book on it; largely ignored for the latter part of the 19th Century, its centrality was restored during the Modern Synthesis of the 1930s. Since then, its importance has sometimes been exaggerated into claims that selection drives adaptation toward optimality. Its effects have been studied in captive and wild populations of all sorts of organisms, and in past as well as present biotas. But it has also been downplayed as only one of many factors of evolutionary change, an editor with no creative force, incapable of guiding any real change in lineages. Natural selection is as intrinsic to ecological theory as to evolutionary theory, and links the two fields as few other concepts do. But like nearly all population processes, its effects on evolution in the long run remain an open question, difficult to test directly.

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Padian, Kevin. "Natural Selection and Evolutionary Change." Paleontological Society Special Publications 9 (1999): 293–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200014143.

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In modern biology, natural selection is widely treated as the central mechanism of evolution. Darwin built his greatest book on it; largely ignored for the latter part of the 19th Century, its centrality was restored during the Modern Synthesis of the 1930s. Since then, its importance has sometimes been exaggerated into claims that selection drives adaptation toward optimality. Its effects have been studied in captive and wild populations of all sorts of organisms, and in past as well as present biotas. But it has also been downplayed as only one of many factors of evolutionary change, an editor with no creative force, incapable of guiding any real change in lineages. Natural selection is as intrinsic to ecological theory as to evolutionary theory, and links the two fields as few other concepts do. But like nearly all population processes, its effects on evolution in the long run remain an open question, difficult to test directly.

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Kissel, Marc, and AgustÍn Fuentes. "The ripples of modernity: How we can extend paleoanthropology with the extended evolutionary synthesis." Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 30, no. 1 (January 2021): 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.21883.

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Fábregas-Tejeda, Alejandro, and Francisco Vergara-Silva. "The emerging structure of the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis: where does Evo-Devo fit in?" Theory in Biosciences 137, no. 2 (August 21, 2018): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12064-018-0269-2.

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Crkvenjakov, Radomir, and Henry H. Heng. "Further illusions: On key evolutionary mechanisms that could never fit with Modern Synthesis." Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 169-170 (March 2022): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.10.002.

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