Journal articles on the topic 'Models and representations of scientific theories'
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1
Winsberg, Eric. "Sanctioning Models: The Epistemology of Simulation." Science in Context 12, no. 2 (1999): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700003422.
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The ArgumentIn its reconstruction of scientific practice, philosophy of science has traditionally placed scientific theories in a central role, and has reduced the problem of mediating between theories and the world to formal considerations. Many applications of scientific theories, however, involve complex mathematical models whose constitutive equations are analytically unsolvable. The study of these applications often consists in developing representations of the underlying physics on a computer, and using the techniques of computer simulation in order to learn about the behavior of these systems. In many instances, these computer simulations are not simple number-crunching techniques. They involve a complex chain of inferences that serve to transform theoretical structures into specific concrete knowledge of physical systems. In this paper I argue that this process of transformation has its own epistemology. I also argue that this kind of epistemology is unfamiliar to most philosophy of science, which has traditionally concerned itself with the justification of theories, not with their application. Finally, I urge that the nature of this epistemology suggests that the end results of some simulations do not bear a simple, straightforward relation to the theories from which they stem.
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Bandyopadhyay, Grunska, Dcruz, and Greenwood. "Are Scientific Models of Life Testable? A Lesson from Simpson’s Paradox." Sci 1, no. 2 (September 16, 2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci1020054.
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We address the need for a model by considering two competing theories regarding the origin of life: (i) the Metabolism First theory and (ii) the RNA World theory. We discuss two inter-related points. (I) Models are valuable tools in understanding both the processes and intricacies of the origin of life issues. (II) Insights from models also help us to evaluate the core objection to origin of life theories called “the inefficiency objection” commonly raised by proponents of both the Metabolism First theory and the RNA World theory against each other. We use Simpson’s paradox as a tool for challenging this objection. We will use models in various senses ranging from taking them as representations of reality to treating them as theories/accounts that provide heuristics for probing reality. In this paper, we will frequently use models and theories interchangeably. Additionally, we investigate Conway’s Game of Life and contrast it with our Simpson’s Paradox (SP)-based approach to emergence of life issues. Finally, we discuss some of the consequences of our view. A scientific model is testable in three senses: (i) a logical sense, (ii) a nomological sense, and (iii) a current technological sense. The SP-based model is testable in the logical sense. It is also testable nomologically. However, it is not currently feasible to test it.
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Bandyopadhyay, Prasanta S., Nolan Grunska, Don Dcruz, and Mark C. Greenwood. "Are Scientific Models of Life Testable? A Lesson from Simpson’s Paradox." Sci 2, no. 3 (September 18, 2020): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci2030073.
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We address the need for a model by considering two competing theories regarding the origin of life: (i) the Metabolism First theory and (ii) the RNA World theory. We discuss two inter-related points. (I) Models are valuable tools in understanding both the processes and intricacies of the origin of life issues. (II) Insights from models also help us to evaluate the core objection to origin of life theories called “the inefficiency objection” commonly raised by proponents of both the Metabolism First theory and the RNA World theory against each other. We use Simpson’s paradox as a tool for challenging this objection. We will use models in various senses ranging from taking them as representations of reality to treating them as theories/accounts that provide heuristics for probing reality. In this paper, we will frequently use models and theories interchangeably. Additionally, we investigate Conway’s Game of Life and contrast it with our Simpson’s Paradox (SP)-based approach to emergence of life issues. Finally, we discuss some of the consequences of our view. A scientific model is testable in three senses: (i) a logical sense, (ii) a nomological sense, and (iii) a current technological sense. The SP-based model is testable in the logical sense. It is also testable nomologically. However, it is not currently feasible to test it.
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Bandyopadhyay, Prasanta S., Nolan Grunska, Don Dcruz, and Mark C. Greenwood. "Are Scientific Models of Life Testable? A Lesson from Simpson’s Paradox." Sci 3, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci3010002.
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We address the need for a model by considering two competing theories regarding the origin of life: (i) the Metabolism First theory, and (ii) the RNA World theory. We discuss two interrelated points, namely: (i) Models are valuable tools for understanding both the processes and intricacies of origin-of-life issues, and (ii) Insights from models also help us to evaluate the core objection to origin-of-life theories, called “the inefficiency objection”, which is commonly raised by proponents of both the Metabolism First theory and the RNA World theory against each other. We use Simpson’s Paradox (SP) as a tool for challenging this objection. We will use models in various senses, ranging from taking them as representations of reality to treating them as theories/accounts that provide heuristics for probing reality. In this paper, we will frequently use models and theories interchangeably. Additionally, we investigate Conway’s Game of Life and contrast it with our SP-based approach to emergence-of-life issues. Finally, we discuss some of the consequences of our view. A scientific model is testable in three senses: (i) a logical sense, (ii) a nomological sense, and (iii) a current technological sense. The SP-based model is testable in the first two senses but it is not feasible to test it using current technology.
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Pedditzi, Maria L., and Marcello Nonnis. "Pre-service Teachers' Representations About Children's Learning: A Pilot Study." Open Psychology Journal 13, no. 1 (November 13, 2020): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874350102013010315.
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Background:Research on teachers' representations of children's learning is currently ongoing. Social representations are common-sense theories built and shared in everyday interactions. Their analysis can detect the possible differences between teachers’ naïve beliefs and scientific learning theories. Objective: The objective of this pilot study is to analyse the beliefs about children’s learning of a group of teachers. The beliefs will be related to the most acknowledged learning theories. Methods: A mixed methods research was employed to analyse 100 pre-service teachers’ representations of the origins of learning and the psychological processes involved. Results: It emerged from the results that the teachers interviewed consider children’s learning mainly as culturally acquired, which reveals the prevailing constructivist conception of learning. Many pre-service primary school teachers, however, tend to see learning as mere ‘transfer of information’; many pre-service kindergarten teachers perceive learning as ‘behaviour modification’. The most considered psychological aspects are ‘knowledge’ and ‘acquisition’, while emotions are barely considered. Conclusion: Linking implicit theories and disciplinary theories could support pre-service teachers in integrating the theory and the practice of learning so as to understand the way their models influence their educational choices.
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Miłkowski, Marcin. "Cognitive Artifacts and Their Virtues in Scientific Practice." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2022-0012.
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Abstract One of the critical issues in the philosophy of science is to understand scientific knowledge. This paper proposes a novel approach to the study of reflection on science, called “cognitive metascience”. In particular, it offers a new understanding of scientific knowledge as constituted by various kinds of scientific representations, framed as cognitive artifacts. It introduces a novel functional taxonomy of cognitive artifacts prevalent in scientific practice, covering a huge diversity of their formats, vehicles, and functions. As a consequence, toolboxes, conceptual frameworks, theories, models, and individual hypotheses can be understood as artifacts supporting our cognitive performance. It is also shown that by empirically studying how artifacts function, we may discover hitherto undiscussed virtues and vices of these scientific representations. This paper relies on the use of language technology to analyze scientific discourse empirically, which allows us to uncover the metascientific views of researchers. This, in turn, can become part of normative considerations concerning virtues and vices of cognitive artifacts.
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Shevchenko, A. A. "Abstractions and Idealizations in Normative Models." Siberian Journal of Philosophy 16, no. 3 (2018): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2541-7517-2018-16-3-38-48.
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The article explores the use of philosophical techniques of abstraction and idealization in the creation of normative theoretical models. It shows the difficulties related to distinguishing abstractions from idealizations in scientific research, as well as their common functional features, the main of which is the representation of the object under study in a form that would meet the goals and objectives of the researcher. The paper also demonstrates the ongoing popularity of ideal normative theories in the social field and explicates the problems that provoke criticism of ideal theories from various theoretical positions. It is concluded that it is necessary to strengthen such normative models by distinguishing between heuristically «good» and «bad» idealizations within the framework of the general ideal theory, and also providing methods of transition from an ideal theoretical model to the one that could be applied in practice.
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Kuzmin, Sergey Sergeevich. "Systematization of the theories of corporate growth on the basis of the methodology of paradigms." Финансы и управление, no. 1 (January 2021): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7802.2021.1.35489.
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Multiple theories and models that examine different aspects of corporate growth can be systematized on the basis of the methodology of paradigms. For this purpose, the author determines the three dominant paradigms of growth (causal, paradigm of the results of growth, and process paradigm); each of them forms the methodological principles of growth research and original representation on the process of corporate growth. The methodology of causal paradigm is based on orientation towards determining causal relations (laws) responsible for the growth. Paradigm of the results synthesizes the theories and models of growth that study the life cycle of the companies and changes taking place on different stages. The concepts of process paradigm of growth view the company as a complex, self-organizing system, and follow the organizational changes that emerge as a result of growth. The present time marks the establishment of integration paradigm, which describes growth as a process of integrating companies into supra-organizational structures. This article attempts to systematize the theoretical approaches towards understanding the mechanisms and distinctive features of corporate growth based on the general scientific methodology of paradigms. The author believes that the fundamental difference between the proposed typology consists in the focus on “natural” systematization, which is based not on the highlighted characteristics, analogies, isomorphic manifestations of growth essential for classification, but on homologies, i.e. characteristics based on the theoretical and methodological grounds shared by one or another group of theories, which set the general vector of research and representations on the peculiarities of the object of study — corporate growth. Such general principles of research comprise the core of a particular paradigm that encompasses a group of concepts of corporate growth.
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Brewer, William F. "Perceptual symbols: The power and limitations of a theory of dynamic imagery and structured frames." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 4 (August 1999): 611–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99242148.
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The perceptual symbol approach to knowledge representation combines structured frames and dynamic imagery. The perceptual symbol approach provides a good account of the representation of scientific models, of some types of naive theories held by children and adults, and of certain reconstructive memory phenomena. The ontological status of perceptual symbols is unclear and this form of representation does not succeed in accounting for all forms of human knowledge.
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Curir, Anna. "Cosmology between two wars. Einstein's revolution and alternative models of the Universe." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, S260 (January 2009): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921311002274.
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AbstractThe personality of Edward Milne is examined, deepening the historical period in which his Cosmological theory was produced. Is suggested that Milne's kinematical Cosmology can be regarded as a kind of ‘resistance’ to the scientific revolution deriving from the new Einstein's theory of gravitation. Is investigated the deep philosophical meaning of the metrics on curved manifolds as far as the representation of the universe is concerned, and the importance of the cosmological theories in the epistemology and in the evolution of science is stressed.
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Plotnitsky, Arkady. "On “Decisions and Revisions Which a Minute Will Reverse”: Consciousness, The Unconscious and Mathematical Modeling of Thinking." Entropy 23, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23081026.
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This article considers a partly philosophical question: What are the ontological and epistemological reasons for using quantum-like models or theories (models and theories based on the mathematical formalism of quantum theory) vs. classical-like ones (based on the mathematics of classical physics), in considering human thinking and decision making? This question is only partly philosophical because it also concerns the scientific understanding of the phenomena considered by the theories that use mathematical models of either type, just as in physics itself, where this question also arises as a physical question. This is because this question is in effect: What are the physical reasons for using, even if not requiring, these types of theories in considering quantum phenomena, which these theories predict fully in accord with the experiment? This is clearly also a physical, rather than only philosophical, question and so is, accordingly, the question of whether one needs classical-like or quantum-like theories or both (just as in physics we use both classical and quantum theories) in considering human thinking in psychology and related fields, such as decision science. It comes as no surprise that many of these reasons are parallel to those that are responsible for the use of QM and QFT in the case of quantum phenomena. Still, the corresponding situations should be understood and justified in terms of the phenomena considered, phenomena defined by human thinking, because there are important differences between these phenomena and quantum phenomena, which this article aims to address. In order to do so, this article will first consider quantum phenomena and quantum theory, before turning to human thinking and decision making, in addressing which it will also discuss two recent quantum-like approaches to human thinking, that by M. G. D’Ariano and F. Faggin and that by A. Khrennikov. Both approaches are ontological in the sense of offering representations, different in character in each approach, of human thinking by the formalism of quantum theory. Whether such a representation, as opposed to only predicting the outcomes of relevant experiments, is possible either in quantum theory or in quantum-like theories of human thinking is one of the questions addressed in this article. The philosophical position adopted in it is that it may not be possible to make this assumption, which, however, is not the same as saying that it is impossible. I designate this view as the reality-without-realism, RWR, view and in considering strictly mental processes as the ideality-without-idealism, IWI, view, in the second case in part following, but also moving beyond, I. Kant’s philosophy.
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Grabarczyk, Paweł. "What does the silent planet tell us? The analysis of selected philosophical themes found in Stanisław Lem’s Solaris." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica 59, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1505-9057.59.04.
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The paper analyses selected philosophical aspects of Stanisław Lem’s Solaris. I argue that there is an interesting similarity between the history of “Solarist studies” –the fictional scientific discipline depicted by Lem and cognitive science. I show that both disciplines go through similar stages as they try to describe their main subject (the planet Solaris and human consciousness respectively). In the further part of the paper, I focus on two problems identified in cognitive science that can be directly related to the themes found in Solaris: the problem of the detection of intelligence and the problem of the notion of mental representations. I finish the paper by looking at the mysterious guests that stalk the main protagonists and show that they can be understood as heuristic models that are taken into account in the theories of mind uploading.
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Worren, Nicolay Am, Karl Moore, and Richard Elliott. "When theories become tools: Toward a framework for pragmatic validity." Human Relations 55, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 1227–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/a028082.
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In this article we discuss the characteristics of knowledge that lead to practical utility. We first review previous efforts at identifying the characteristics of useful knowledge. These contributions are grouped into three perspectives according to which representational mode they imply: propositional, narrative, or visual. We develop a framework for pragmatic validity that encompasses knowledge represented in all three modes. However, we also note an over-reliance on the propositional mode in academia, which contrasts with a preference for narrative and visual knowledge among practitioners. Explicit and propositional knowledge are key criteria for achieving scientific validity, but more ambiguous knowledge serves important functions in organizational life and may thus possess pragmatic validity. We highlight the role of conceptual models expressed in a visual format, a representational mode that has received little attention in the literature. We end with suggestions for further research that may extend the notion of pragmatic validity and lead to a more refined framework for the development of useful knowledge.
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ZVYAGIN, L. S. "DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEM MODELING AND METHODS OF FORMALIZED REPRESENTATION OF SYSTEMS." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1, no. 9 (2020): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.pr2020.09.01.005.
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Modern science constantly improves approaches and methods of formalization of certain regularities using the latest achievements in mathematics, computer science and other exact Sciences. The methodological basis for research and modeling of systems is often considered to be the theory and practice of mathematical modeling. In the classical system approach, as a rule, system modeling is based on the use of similarity theories and scientific experiment, as well as mathematical statistics, algorithm theory, and a number of other fundamental classical theories. However, focusing only on mathematical modeling ignores the system nature of objects and their models, and also complicates the formalization of the problem, its translation from the verbal form of description to the formal one. The need to understand the relationships between the elements of the system, its structure and functions, combined with the description of system patterns, led to the development of system modeling, which aims not only to gain knowledge about the system, but also to optimize it.
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Helmreich, Stefan. "Gravity’s Reverb: Listening to Space-Time, or Articulating the Sounds of Gravitational-Wave Detection." Cultural Anthropology 31, no. 4 (October 24, 2016): 464–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14506/ca31.4.02.
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In February 2016, U.S.-based astronomers announced that they had detected gravitational waves, vibrations in the substance of space-time. When they made the detection public, they translated the signal into sound, a “chirp,” a sound wave swooping up in frequency, indexing, scientists said, the collision of two black holes 1.3 billion years ago. Drawing on interviews with gravitational-wave scientists at MIT and interpreting popular representations of this cosmic audio, I ask after these scientists’ acoustemology—that is, what the anthropologist of sound Steven Feld would call their “sonic way of knowing and being.” Some scientists suggest that interpreting gravitational-wave sounds requires them to develop a “vocabulary,” a trained judgment about how to listen to the impress of interstellar vibration on the medium of the detector. Gravitational-wave detection sounds, I argue, are thus articulations of theories with models and of models with instrumental captures of the cosmically nonhuman. Such articulations, based on mathematical and technological formalisms—Einstein’s equations, interferometric observatories, and sound files—operate alongside less fully disciplined collections of acoustic, auditory, and even musical metaphors, which I call informalisms. Those informalisms then bounce back on the original articulations, leading to rhetorical reverb, in which articulations—amplified through analogies, similes, and metaphors—become difficult to fully isolate from the rhetorical reflections they generate. Filtering analysis through a number of accompanying sound files, this article contributes to the anthropology of listening, positing that scientific audition often operates by listening through technologies that have been tuned to render theories and their accompanying formalisms both materially explicit and interpretively resonant.
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Zherebylo, Iryna V., and Halyna V. Voznyak. "Public finance in postulates of economic schools: genesis of theories." Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no. 6(152) (2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2021-6-2.
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The article aims to study the genesis of public finance theories in the context of social development due to the need to determine the role of the state in providing social services and the efficiency and quality of public goods. The need for research is generated by two aspects: the dependence of the state and vector of public finance development on the historical and political conditions of state development; the need to develop tools, institutions, and procedures in the context of expanding state participation in the provision of social services to the population. Theoretical aspects of determining public and private goods and their place in the theory of public finance are substantiated. The public and private goods are compared and their essential characteristics are revealed. The key features of public goods (non-competitiveness, non-exclusion, indivisibility) are highlighted. The article addresses the peculiarities of scientific approaches to the issue of financing the manufacture and providing public goods to representatives of various scientific schools and trends (classical political economy, fiscal exchange models, theory of economic sociodynamics, libertarian theory, institutional economic theory, new classical macroeconomics, etc). The experience of developed countries in the historical context clearly indicates that despite the diversity and differences of national economic models focusing on different schools of economic theory, there is a constant gradual strengthening of the role of the state in social development. Emphasis is placed on changing the role of the state in modern conditions of forming new priorities and implementing the Sustainable Development Goals that ensure the development of human capital and provide the population with quality public goods. The article substantiates that in modern conditions, the issues of social services efficiency as a guarantee of human capital development, their maximum proximity to consumers, the role of the state and public administration system in the social sphere, and balancing the public finance system in ensuring social and economic progress are increasingly relevant.
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Voronov, Y. P. "The Second Split in Economic Science (About 2018 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences)." World of new economy 13, no. 1 (December 6, 2019): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2019-13-1-77-84.
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In this article, I described the results of investigations achieved by two American economists William Nordhaus and Paul Romer. They have been awarded the 2018 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences mainly for the introduction of feedbacks in economic and mathematical modelling. Nordhaus “for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis” where quantitative model describes the global interplay between the economy and the climate and integrates theories and empirical results from physics, chemistry and economics. Romer “for integrating technological innovations into the long-run macroeconomic analysis” where he shows how knowledge can function as a driver of long-term economic growth. I considered three blocks in the models of W. Nordhaus and P. Romer and the functions of each of them. Also, I discussed the assumptions that underlie their models. The author notes that climate change models are also being built in Russia, but there are no economic blocks in them, models of long-term economic growth with endogenous scientific and technological progress are formed in Russia also, but representatives of natural Sciences do not participate in them. Experience of the laureates shows that providing models of long-run economic development of the country and the world are necessary. The article also highlights P. Romer work on international Charter cities, the sources of world scientific and technological progress.
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Zhang, Yonglin, Daoyuan Yang, Rui Wu, Xiaowen Yang, Yue Li, and Honglei Xu. "A review of research on vehicle exhaust dispersion model based on CFD simulation technology." E3S Web of Conferences 360 (2022): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236001028.
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CFD, comprising multiple types of softwares, involves complex technological theories and is used to solve profound issues with a huge amount of calculation. Given the complexity and profundity, this study selects Fluent, OpenFOAM and Star-CCM+ as representatives to review the application of the CFD simulation technology in the vehicle exhaust dispersion models. Fluent, a commercial CFD software, started relatively early and has so far been the most widely used in the field of motor vehicle exhaust dispersion research; OpenFOAM, is open source and has a large number of models and algorithms. Apart from supporting pure model research, OpenFOAM has broad application prospects in coupling with the mesoscale model WRF to improve the accuracy of pollutant dispersion simulation; Star-CCM+, less applied in the research field of vehicle exhaust dispersion, focuses more on vehicle air conditioning system, vehicle radiator, refueling, vehicle aerodynamic noise source simulation and other related fields. The research provides theoretical basis and scientific reference for the application of CFD in the field of urban block-scale air quality research. In the future, with the rapid development of computer technology and the introduction of new theories and intelligent algorithms, CFD technology is very likely to achieve new breakthroughs and continue to enjoy even wider application in the research of motor vehicle exhaust dispersion.
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Morabito, Carmela. "Plastic Maps: The New Brain Cartographies of the 21th-Century Neurosciences." Nuncius 32, no. 2 (2017): 472–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-03202008.
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Ever since the phrenological heads of the early 19th century, maps have translated into images our ideas, theories and models of the brain, making this organ at one and the same time scientific object and representation. Brain maps have always served as gateways for navigating and visualizing neuroscientific knowledge, and over time many different maps have been produced – firstly as tools to “read” and analyse the cerebral territory, then as instruments to produce new models of the brain. Over the last 150 years brain cartography has evolved from a way of identifying brain regions and localizing them for clinical use to an anatomical framework onto which information about local properties and functions can be integrated to provide a view of the brain’s structural and functional architecture. In this paper a historical and epistemological consideration of the topic is offered as a contribution to the understanding of contemporary brain mapping, based on the assumption that the brain continuously rewires itself in relation to individual experience.
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Chao, Hsiang-Ke. "Representation and Idealization: Diagrammatic Models in the Early Studies of the Spatial Structure of Periodic Markets in Rural China." East Asian Science, Technology and Society 14, no. 2 (April 27, 2020): 253–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/18752160-8538388.
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Abstract This article explores how diagrams are performed in actual scientific practice by examining two studies of the structure of periodic markets in rural China before and during the World War II. These are Ching-Kun Yang’s pioneering study of systematic field observations of Chinese periodic markets in the 1930s, and the US anthropologist William G. Skinner’s model, which accounts for the social and economic structure of rural China. In both cases, the empirical studies involved in uncovering the Chinese market structure are closely connected to Western theories of geographical research: Yang’s research is influenced by the Chicago School of Sociology, led by Robert E. Park and Ernest Burgess; Skinner’s theoretical research applies the central place theory of Walter Christaller and August Lösch of the German Location School. The author argues that the social scientists’ practices demonstrate how diagrams have a specific epistemic virtue for guiding the idealization and representation, both as a process and end product, in formulating explanations for the distribution of locations. Moreover, whereas the diagrams are represented as pure geometrical shapes, they not only are the outcome of idealization but also play an important role in guiding the process of evidentiation.
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Ashurova, D. "The Main Problems of Cognitive Linguistics." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 10 (October 15, 2022): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/83/39.
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The article highlights the main problems of cognitive linguistics, its goals, object and subject of research, theoretical and methodological principles, based on the analysis of scientific works of famous scientists who have made a significant contribution to the development of cognitive science. The theoretical and methodological basis of cognitive linguistics is based on such influential theories as frame semantics, conceptual semantics, prototype theory, the theory of relevance, the theory of cognitive models and cognitive metaphor, the theory of mental spaces. The main principles of cognitive linguistics are anthropocentrism, interdisciplinarity and recognition of the cognitive and communicative functions of the language as the main ones. The main problems of cognitive linguistics are the problems of knowledge structures’ representation, the verbalization of concepts and their typology, the cognitive-discursive approach to the analysis of language units and text, the method of cognitive modeling, etc.
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Kepecs, Adam, and Zachary F. Mainen. "A computational framework for the study of confidence in humans and animals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1594 (May 19, 2012): 1322–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0037.
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Confidence judgements, self-assessments about the quality of a subject's knowledge, are considered a central example of metacognition. Prima facie, introspection and self-report appear the only way to access the subjective sense of confidence or uncertainty. Contrary to this notion, overt behavioural measures can be used to study confidence judgements by animals trained in decision-making tasks with perceptual or mnemonic uncertainty. Here, we suggest that a computational approach can clarify the issues involved in interpreting these tasks and provide a much needed springboard for advancing the scientific understanding of confidence. We first review relevant theories of probabilistic inference and decision-making. We then critically discuss behavioural tasks employed to measure confidence in animals and show how quantitative models can help to constrain the computational strategies underlying confidence-reporting behaviours. In our view, post-decision wagering tasks with continuous measures of confidence appear to offer the best available metrics of confidence. Since behavioural reports alone provide a limited window into mechanism, we argue that progress calls for measuring the neural representations and identifying the computations underlying confidence reports. We present a case study using such a computational approach to study the neural correlates of decision confidence in rats. This work shows that confidence assessments may be considered higher order, but can be generated using elementary neural computations that are available to a wide range of species. Finally, we discuss the relationship of confidence judgements to the wider behavioural uses of confidence and uncertainty.
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Bilbokaitė, Renata. "COMPUTER BASED VISUALIZATION TEACHING CHEMISTRY: ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF VISUALIZATION TOOLS AND OBJECTS." GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION 5, no. 2 (August 20, 2008): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu-nse/08.5.07a.
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Background There are lot of books that teachers use in teaching process, but books are still unable to represent difficult view and to enclose 3D features of object. To reduce this lack of information proceeding there can be used computer visualisation in the classrooms. Computer technologies can be essential tools for scientific teachers because of the extensive possibilities to show 3D representations. The teachers do not feel competent in knowledge of modern technology that is why they rarely use them in teaching process-es. Clear computer based visualization helps students to understand difficult concepts and this leads to comprehension in science education. The more concepts and laws of nature they will now the more quali-tative scientific education will be. The article is grounded on visual thinking and genetic structural model of intellect theories. According to these theories all things, if it is possible, should be visualised, because later it helps to create right mental models and perfect comprehension of objects. This research pretends to enclose computer based visualization tools and the mostly visualised objects in chemistry for the reason teachers could use them in chemistry lessons. The subject of research – the practice of possibilities of computer based visualization tools and objects in chemistry Aim – to enclose practice of possibilities of computer based visualization tools and objects in chemistry The research tasks: • To categorize tools of computer based visualization; • To analyze the practice of possibilities of categorized computer based visualization tools teach-ing chemistry; • To analyze - which objects are the mostly visualized teaching chemistry Methods. Scientific literature analysis, systemic structural analysis, reflection Results and conclusion: • All computer based visualization tools are important because of clear visualization and possibil-ity to see very small objects. • Computer programs are designed for concrete theme; it may be proportion to plans of chem-istry education. They are interactive; there are possibilities to subscribe them by internet. It must be installed to the personal computer. Internet programs are significant because of possibility to use them free having internet and installing needful software. Mostly all programs are verbal-ized in English language; this circumstances the good chemistry teachers’ knowledge of Eng-lish language. Pupils can use them independently for self – education, to deepen general knowledge of chemistry. • Molecules and their structures are the most visualized objects in chemistry education; it means that molecules are one of the most difficultly perceivable concepts. It is recommended to use visualization tools teaching about molecules. Key words: computer based visualization, visualization tools, visualization objects, teaching chemistry
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Agatonović, Miloš. "Computer Simulations as Fiction in Science." Balkan Journal of Philosophy 14, no. 1 (2022): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/bjp20221412.
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The present paper intends to show that computer simulations used in science are akin to fiction. Starting from the problem of defining computer simulation, the paper discusses the uses and disadvantages of simulations in science. Computer simulations have a representational function, but they do not resemble the phenomena that they purport to represent. Computer simulations do not preserve the content of the models, input data, and theories from which they proceed, since the content is modified by computational processes. Because of the complexities of these processes, we cannot control or test the methods used to process the content of computer simulations. Still, simulations may help to explain the behaviour of a possible aspect of the phenomenon under examination. Although their role in doing so may be limited, by conforming to and immersing us in the worldview of science, simulations, thus reinforce the intuitions of the existing body of scientific knowledge, and similarly to the “believable fiction” described by John Woods, provide genuine understanding.
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Aparicio, Miriam. "Professional Mobility and “Objective” and “Subjective” Satisfaction. a Non- Linear Analysis from the Theory of the Three-Dimensional Spiral of Sense in Population of Doctors." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v2i4.p52-61.
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This work goes along the lines of the author’s research (1995-2016) on professional careers and models bearing causes and effects regarding sustained interaction (core, psychosocial, institutional and structural factors). The aim of this paper was analyze, through the doctors’ social representations, the levels of satisfaction evidenced by those who have advanced professionally to the highest positions within the scientific (or other) system. The hypothesis states that the relation is not linear but inverse. Satisfaction would not increase according to the Professional Status. We consider here, on the one hand, the insufficient Professionalization and the increasing demands from the market; and on the other, the impact structural limits have on the micro level. The methodology used was quanti-qualitative (semi-structured questionnaires, interviews, and hierarchical evocations). The population consisted of doctors (2005-2012) from the National University of Cuyo, in Argentina and the Cnam (France) of different courses of study. The results confirm the hypothesis. As regards what was observed among those who advanced professionally, the increase on the growing market demands along with the lack of institutionalized means in order to reach goals, result in lower satisfaction. This is interpreted from the theory of the author, which involves 3 levels (macro-meso-micro-macro) (Aparicio, 2015 a, b). We also consider the theories of anomie and of the expectancy of valence (Feather - Davenport). Findings along this line were also seen in studies with scientists (Aparicio, 2014). The results propose a revision in the prevailing working conditions and police: satisfaction acts on subsystems and consolidates them.
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Aparicio, Miriam. "Professional Mobility and “Objective” and “Subjective” Satisfaction. a Non- Linear Analysis from the Theory of the Three-Dimensional Spiral of Sense in Population of Doctors." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v6i1.p52-61.
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This work goes along the lines of the author’s research (1995-2016) on professional careers and models bearing causes and effects regarding sustained interaction (core, psychosocial, institutional and structural factors). The aim of this paper was analyze, through the doctors’ social representations, the levels of satisfaction evidenced by those who have advanced professionally to the highest positions within the scientific (or other) system. The hypothesis states that the relation is not linear but inverse. Satisfaction would not increase according to the Professional Status. We consider here, on the one hand, the insufficient Professionalization and the increasing demands from the market; and on the other, the impact structural limits have on the micro level. The methodology used was quanti-qualitative (semi-structured questionnaires, interviews, and hierarchical evocations). The population consisted of doctors (2005-2012) from the National University of Cuyo, in Argentina and the Cnam (France) of different courses of study. The results confirm the hypothesis. As regards what was observed among those who advanced professionally, the increase on the growing market demands along with the lack of institutionalized means in order to reach goals, result in lower satisfaction. This is interpreted from the theory of the author, which involves 3 levels (macro-meso-micro-macro) (Aparicio, 2015 a, b). We also consider the theories of anomie and of the expectancy of valence (Feather - Davenport). Findings along this line were also seen in studies with scientists (Aparicio, 2014). The results propose a revision in the prevailing working conditions and police: satisfaction acts on subsystems and consolidates them.
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Rakonjac, Stevan. "General and concrete phenomena: A conceptual framework for analysis of experiments and models." Theoria, Beograd 62, no. 4 (2019): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1904027r.
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Both experiments and models are crucial in science. In this paper we will focus on the following questions about them: What are experiments and what are models? What is the relationship between them and how are they different? Are experiments and models equally good means for all scientific purposes, or do one of them have advantage over the other in some respects. Here we will offer a conceptual framework for dealing with these questions. First section will deal with Uskali Maki?s understanding of experiments and models, which highlits the concept of representation (Maki 2005). In the second section we will try to show that it is instead better to analyse experiments and models using the concepts of general phenomena and concrete phenomena, which will be introduced, as well as the concept of instantantiation. Using this conceptual framework, in the third section we will analyze experiments and models and make different claims about them than Maki does - Maki concludes that experiments and models are the same kind of thing, while we will point out to a nontrivial distinction between them. The distinction made here between experiments and models is very similar to the one made between them on the basis of the ?materials? of which they are made (Morgan 2005), but stating it in different terms and, we belive, more precisely . We will use our conceptual framework to try to show the adequacy of the distinction based on ?materials? and to show that Wendy Parker does not succeed in proving the opposite by the examples she give (sections 3.2 and 3.3). Using our conceptual framework, in sections 3.4 and 3.5, we will try to show that this difference in ?materials? makes experiments better means for acquiring new knowledge about (unexplored) phenomena and for testing theories than models.
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Liu, Chuang. "Symbolic versus Modelistic Elements in Scientific Modeling." THEORIA. An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science 30, no. 2 (June 20, 2015): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/theoria.12863.
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In this paper, we argue that symbols (or the symbolic) are conventional vehicles whose chief function is denotation, while models (or the modelistic) are epistemic vehicles, and their chief function is to show what their targets are like in the relevant aspects. Although the same object may serve both functions, the two vehicles are <em>conceptually distinct</em> and <em>most</em> models employ both elements. Together with this point we offer an alternative to the deflationary view on scientific models. In addition, we point out there are non-referring models in which symbols label model components. We show how Goodman’s view on pictures of fictional characters provides a way to understand such models and how it further reveal the distinction between the symbolic and the modelistic representation.
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Haddad Haddad and Montero-Martínez. "The ‘Carbon Capture’ Metaphor: An English-Arabic Terminological Case Study." Languages 4, no. 4 (September 26, 2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages4040077.
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The study of metaphorization processes in scientific texts is essential in terminological studies and the conceptual representation of specialized knowledge. It is considered to be a prolific tool in the creation of neologisms. Many cognitive models tried to study metaphorisation processes by drawing on metaphor and metonymy based on linguistic evidence. However, recent studies have highlighted the necessity of carrying out empirical tests in order to provide refined results that go beyond the traditional theories of conceptual metaphor and metonymy. This paper analyzes the underlying metaphor in the ‘carbon capture and sequestration’ event in both English and Arabic. It also discusses the influence of English, the lingua franca, in the transfer of the neologism ‘carbon capture and sequestration’, via translation processes, and its role in the so-called domain loss in the target language. Results were obtained through a corpus-based contrastive terminological analysis, extracted from specialized texts in English and Arabic in the subdomain of climate change. Data analysis was approached from the perspective of Frame-Based Terminology and Conceptual Complexes.
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Shevkun, Eleonora. "Phenomenological Consciousness as a Topos of Human Existence Sense Variation in the World (Based on Plural Derivatives of The Theme + Suffix “Ada” Structural Type of the Spanish Word-Building Subsystem)." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 37 (2020): 83–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2020.37.06.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of constitution and regular reproduction of the Spanish word-building models based on the reconstruction of invariance / means of explicitness topoi and distinguishing various abstractions of consciousness: phenomenological, empirical and socio-genesis. The description and analysis into the noematic senses constituting the topological field of phenomenological consciousness as a form of human existence world knowledge were made. The acts of noematic meaning prospectivization into means of intelligibility / context of sense-invariants of discrete intentionality were analyzed.The cognitive approach in modern linguistics focuses on the isolation of knowledge representation structures in their linguistic forms, conceptual organization of knowledge in the processes of understanding and generation of messages. At the same time, its attention is riveted to the question of what structures of consciousness the word corresponds to, and which role it plays in human speech and thinking.Nowadays, reflection on the facts of language tends to deploy the interparadigmatic method of study, combining theories and directions of scientific cognition, found far away from each other. The greatest challenge for the researcher is to determine the range and boundaries of interparadigmality in terms of likelihood / adequacy of its application to the specifics of language material. Furthermore, in our view, the value of linguistic research also determines the "feedback" factor, under which analysis of the linguistic material may serve as a specific argument for confirming / refuting the propositions of several philosophical theories and function as "Ariadne‘s thread of " bringing together philosophy and linguistic reflection.
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Petrenko, M. G., O. V. Palagin, M. O. Boyko, and S. M. Matveyshyn. "Knowledge-Oriented Tool Complex for Developing Databases of Scientific Publications and Taking into account Semantic Web Technology." Control Systems and Computers, no. 3 (299) (2022): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/csc.2022.03.011.
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Introduction. The development of theories, methods, and algorithms for the discovery and formation of new knowledge has always occupied one of the central places for any researcher, especially if he is actively working on the creation of new scientific publications. It is known that there is no universal language for the formal description of concepts (knowledge) and systemology of transdisciplinary scientific research. And therefore, scientists face a number of priority problems, including the problem of significantly accelerating the receipt by a researcher of the cognitively structured information he needs from his sources. The tool complex for processing databases of scientific publications is oriented in this way to a researcher who has published from several tens to hundreds of scientific papers. We are not aware of search engines that could provide such information to a researcher in the shortest possible time. The toolkit implements Information Retrieval and Knowledge Discovery in Databases technologies with an emphasis on Semantic Web and cognitive graphics technologies and tools. The development of such a tool complex involves three stages: at the first stage, tools for implementing the complex, methods and algorithms for the interaction of the “User – Knowledge Engineer – Remote Endpoint” system and filling it with data are created; the second stage, the tasks of multimedia representation of figurative-conceptual structures are solved, which are described in scientific documents, and at the third stage — the solution of the problem of extracting new knowledge. Purpose. The purpose of our research was to further develop a tool complex for processing databases of scientific publications, which allows a scientist to significantly speed up the receipt of the necessary cognitively structured information from his sources. Methods. The methods and models used in the work are based on the information technologies of the Semantic Web and ontological engineering. Results. A tool complex for processing databases of scientific publications based on a remote endpoint based on the Apachi Jena Fuseki server, basic UML diagrams of functioning and examples of executing user requests have been developed. Conclusion. The article introduced and described the architectural and structural organization of the tool complex, which includes a local network from the user’s PC and the PC of the administrator-knowledge engineer and a remote endpoint based on the Apachi Jena Fuseki server, the main UML diagrams of the tool complex functioning and examples of executing user requests.
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Naranjo Llupart, María Rosa. "Theoretical Model for the Analysis of Community-Based Tourism: Contribution to Sustainable Development." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 26, 2022): 10635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710635.
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This work aims to show a theoretical model of community-based tourism, to explain its component subsystems, to provide its theoretical–methodological foundation and to discuss the indications of its practical instrumentation in facing the changes that tourism of the future imposes and will impose. The research was carried out in the tourist context of Ecuador, for which the deductive method was applied, which allowed for examining the problem, and the more general theories related to tourist activity, which allowed for identifying the premises and objectives of the work to reach accurate conclusions on the subject studied. This was a mixed investigation that allowed for integrating the contributions of qualitative and quantitative analyses in the treatment and processing of information. The results included achieving systematization of the theoretical models linked to community-based tourism and, from a practical point of view, obtaining a new model of community-based tourism, a graphic representation of the subsystems that form this model, and its arguments. The findings show the need to update the community-based tourism model as a contribution to the scientific development of tourism as well as the systemic nature of its components from a new perspective of analysis that considers the need for changes as a developmental factor.
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MEINHOLD, G., and A. M. CELÂL ŞENGÖR. "A historical account of how continental drift and plate tectonics provided the framework for our current understanding of palaeogeography." Geological Magazine 156, no. 2 (March 19, 2018): 182–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756818000043.
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AbstractPalaeogeography is the cartographic representation of the past distribution of geographic features such as deep oceans, shallow seas, lowlands, rivers, lakes and mountain belts on palinspastically restored plate tectonic base maps. It is closely connected with plate tectonics which grew from an earlier theory of continental drift and is largely responsible for creating and structuring the Earth's lithosphere. Today, palaeogeography is an integral part of the Earth sciences curriculum. Commonly, with some exceptions, only the most recent state of research is presented; the historical aspects of how we actually came to the insights which we take for granted are rarely discussed, if at all. It is remarkable how much was already known about the changing face of the Earth more than three centuries before the theory of plate tectonics, despite the fact that most of our present analytical tools or our models were unavailable then. Here, we aim to present a general conspectus from the dawn of ‘palaeogeography’ in the 16th century onwards. Special emphasis is given to innovative ideas and scientific milestones, supplemented by memorable anecdotes, which helped to advance the theories of continental drift and plate tectonics, and finally led to the establishment of palaeogeography as a recognized discipline of the Earth sciences.
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Smyczek, Sławomir, Giuseppe Festa, Matteo Rossi, and Alberto Mazzoleni. "Contextual complexity in business relationships within the input-output model – evidence of misbehaviour in grocery stores in Poland." British Food Journal 122, no. 11 (May 6, 2020): 3601–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-12-2019-0894.
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PurposeThe emerging disintegrative processes of transitional economies are influencing companies’ business models in terms of consumer behaviour, especially food markets, which offer usual, common and traditional consumer products. Beyond investigating potential consumer misbehaviour, a further aim of this study is the building of a theoretical-descriptive model for consumer misbehaviour in food markets, which could influence the contextual complexity in business relationships, as well as the management of raw materials, services acquisition and final product sales. The research applies the “input-output” model (Ferrero, 1968) to some specific marketing theories, adopting an interdisciplinary approach for understanding the relationships between consumer behaviour and a company’s business model.Design/methodology/approachThe research is both qualitative and quantitative in nature. In the first phase, the research was conducted among representatives of grocery stores using an exploratory approach; thus, an in-depth interview method was used. In the second phase, direct research among consumers was conducted using an online survey. After the verification of correctness, validity and reliability, a final 1,200-questionnaire dataset was analysedFindingsThe most common consumer misbehaviour in food markets concerns the theft of foodstuff or the adoption of bad behaviour towards grocery stores employees. Market and store representatives have highlighted a large scale of pathological consumer misbehaviour, mostly due to psychological conditions at the individual (habits, lifestyle or personality) and collective (family or other social groups) levels. According to previous studies, consumer misbehaviour in food markets seems to be substantially affected by three factors: motivation, capacity and opportunity. These factors strongly impact the input-output model through which the company interacts with the context.Originality/valueThe three-factor model reveals advantages and applications, allowing for a simple explanation of consumer misbehaviour in food markets and stores. It can contribute to scientific theory development (especially theories related to consumer behaviour, customer relationship management, partnership marketing and supply chain management) and generate support for understanding complex relations among consumers, food producers, factories and food stores. In this direction, the management of knowledge about consumers and their behaviour is indispensable.
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Tuay-Sigua, Rosa Nidia. "El Papel De Los Modelos En La Práctica Científica." Revista científica 2, no. 16 (June 26, 2013): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/23448350.4026.
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Dos décadas de discusión en torno a los modelos como base para la investigación y la construcción del conocimiento científico han permitido abrir una ventana en un espacio oscurecido por la prevalecía dada a las teorías en sus importantes aproximaciones en el siglo XX. Este cambio de enfoque se debió, principalmente, a la gran atención que le han dado los filósofos a cómo se practica la ciencia en las múltiples disciplinas en las que los científicos investigan. El propósito de este artículo es hacer una descripción de las diferentes alternativas y posturas sobre las funciones de los modelos como representación y usos más frecuentes, enraizados en la combinación del trabajo conceptual y material que los científicos hacen, lo que permitirá tomar posturas acerca de las condiciones que seanmás adecuadas para abordar las dinámicas de la ciencia y su enseñanza. AbstractTwo decades of discussion about models as a basis for research and scientific knowledge’s advances have allowed to open a new way in an space, which was in darkness due to prevail of theories in its important approximations during XX century. According to this view, there is a big motivation to find new ways about science, not only less dependent of Theoric Physics epistemology, but also more accurate to real practices in physics and also in other sciences. The purpose of this article is to describe different alternatives and positions about model’s functions as representation and its frequently uses, which are established between scientific conceptual and material’s work. This view allows to take a position by the optimal conditions to tackle science’s dynamics and its teaching.ResumoDuas décadas de discussão sobre modelos como base para a pesquisa e construção do conhecimento científico permitiram abrir uma janela num espaço obscurecido pela prevalência dada às teorias nas suas importantes aproximações no século XX. Esta mudança de enfoque se deveu, principalmente, a grande atenção que lhe deram os filósofos a como se pratica a ciência nas suas múltiplas disciplinas que os cientístas investigan.O objetivo deste artigo é fazer uma descrição das diferentes alternativas e posturas sobre as funções dos modelos como representação e seus usos mais frequentes, enraizados na combinação do trabalho conceitual e material que os cientistas fazem, o que permitirá identificar posturas sobre as condições mais adequadas para abordar as dinâmicas da ciência e o seu ensino.
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Alisherova, Cholpon Bazarbekovna. "THE PROBLEM OF THE NATURE AND DIRECTION OF THE CULTURAL-HISTORICAL MOVEMENT." EurasianUnionScientists 2, no. 2(71) (2020): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.2.71.586.
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This article highlights the solution to the problem of the nature and direction of the cultural and historical movement. Different options, concepts are considered. The cultural concepts of Schiller, Herder and others are fected. View on the logic of the development of the cultural and historical process of representation of Soviet culture are revealed in detail. The types of evolutionary concepts of culture, such as single-line volition, are a consideration of the history of culture as the sequential development of various systems (religion, morals, economy e.t.c.) with the identification of general stages in it (E.Taylor, J.Fraser, L. Levy-Bruhl). The second type of evolutionary understanding of the logic of cultural-historical dynamics is the theory of universal evolution. Its essence is to recognize the identity of the development of various ethnic cultures, the denzal of the general stages and the general scheme of movement, but the purpose and meaning, of it is understood by its supporters differently Supporters of this theory are N.Ya Danilevsky, A.Toynbee, V.Solovyov, K. Jaspers, B. Malinvsky and others. Their concepts include the idea of the cultural evolution of mankind, going in different ways to some unity, the idea of polyphonic world culture and recognition the equivalence of all its components. The third type of evolutionary doctrine of culture is theories of multilinear evolution. The views of the representatives of this theory (R.Benedict, M. Herskovitz etc.) affirm the polymerization of the sociocultural space, the intrinsic value of different types and models of culture. Thus, the article gives the basic concepts that offer original solutions to one of the important problems in the philosophy of culture the problems of the logic of the cultural-historical movement. Now, in a period of rapid social rhythm of the development of production and non-production activities, the forecasting of changes in space is becoming especially important/ Taking into account the numerous technical and social consequences of the scientific and technological revolution put forward requirements related to spatial forecasting
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Gooding, David. "Cognition, Construction and Culture: Visual Theories in the Sciences." Journal of Cognition and Culture 4, no. 3-4 (2004): 551–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568537042484896.
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AbstractThis paper presents a study of the generation, manipulation and use of visual representations in different episodes of scientific discovery. The study identifies a common set of transformations of visual representations underlying the distinctive methods and imagery of different scientific fields. The existence of common features behind the diversity of visual representations suggests a common dynamical structure for visual thinking, showing how visual representations facilitate cognitive processes such as pattern-matching and visual inference through the use of tools, technologies and other cultural resources. This dynamical model suggests a way of theorizing the interaction of cognitive, socio-cultural and technological aspects of science without losing sight of the essential contribution each makes to the processes of discovery. Whereas scientific work is often construed epistemically, as having the aim of improving the fit between theories and phenomena or culturally given notions of what counts as reality, this study shows that scientists use transformations to modify visual representations in ways that achieve other kinds of match: between a representation and the cognitive demands of a task (such as pattern matching or mental rotation) or between an emerging representation and the social need to communicate and negotiate new meanings in a context of culturally embedded conventions. By showing how images connect each of the overlapping contexts of scientific work the proposed model negotiates the sometimes contested boundary between cognitive and social aspects of science.
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Krause, Décio, Jonas R. B. Arenhart, and Fernando T. F. Moraes. "Axiomatization and Models of Scientific Theories." Foundations of Science 16, no. 4 (March 8, 2011): 363–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10699-011-9226-y.
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Ryndina, A. S. "The origins of the theory of values in sociology and directions of its development." RUDN Journal of Sociology 21, no. 3 (September 17, 2021): 590–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-3-590-609.
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Since the first stages in the development of society and its scientific models, the term value has become a center of theoretical and applied concepts. On the one hand, in everyday life, we all understand the importance of value diversity; however, on the other hand, it is not clear how this diversity can be combined with the social order. The article presents an attempt to identify those interdisciplinary origins of the theory of values that are the most significant for the conceptual definition of value and for the empirical study of the value system of the contemporary society in sociology. The author identifies two conditional trends in the development of the theory of values, which are fundamentally important for sociology: the first trend is presented by the development of a kind of axiological concept which was originally purely philosophical. As a rule, the origins of this trend are found in the works of I. Kant (morality as duty, its relationship with freedom and natural aspirations, objective goals, absolute values, etc.), since all subsequent philosophical interpretations of values either followed or criticized his transcendental approach. Thus, representatives of neo-Kantianism focused on such concepts as revaluation of values, value devaluation, imaginary values and guiding cultural values, values and estimates. The origins of the classical sociological theories of values are found in the works of E. Durkheim: he believed that values formed a kind of objective reality on which social harmony can and should be based; therefore, the main social phenomena (religion, morality, law, economics, aesthetics) are systems of (very different) values, or social ideals. The evolution of sociological interpretations of values was determined by the gradual departure from purely theoretical concepts to generalized methodological models, which allowed to describe the role of values in the institutionalized performance of the functions of preserving and reproducing a cultural model, and then to empirical-instrumental models based on the terms value orientations and social attitudes. Thus, the second conditional trend in the development of the theory of values in sociology is determined by the introduction of methods for the empirical study of value diversity in the historical and comparative perspectives.
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Krivulya, Natalia G. "DOCUMENTARY ANIMATED: GENESIS AND SPECIFICITY (PREVIEW ARTICLE)." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie, no. 43 (2021): 96–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22220836/43/7.
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Animated documentary is becoming one of the fastest growing phenomena of modern screen art in the post-truth era. The review and analysis of scientific works devoted to animated documentary is seen as relevant both for the further development of scientific thought and the search for new research strategies that expand the problem field, and for the practical sphere. The research was conducted on the basis of a review and analysis of scientific literature (monographs and articles in international journals included in electronic research system international databases Scopus, Web of Science, eLibrary.ru) in English, Spanish and Russian for the period 1997-2019. The novelty of the review article is not only an attempt to present a systematic view of animated documentary as a phenomenon of screen art, but also to identify and systematize the areas in which scientific discussions are conducted. It introduces the reader to theoretical views on the terminology, Genesis, specifics, nature, and classification systems of documentary animation. Animated documentary appeared when the cinema was just taking first steps but its development began in the 1980s. At this time, animation begins to take an interest in reality, inner peace, and socially taboo topics. Since the 1990s, the foundations of animated documentary are laid, narrative strategies are developed, and a new language are actively sought. Interest in animated documentary from the scientific community arose only in the 2000s. On the one hand, it has been manifested by the increasing role of documentation in the art, which has taken on an attraction character since the advent of digital technology; on the other hand, and as a consequence of the convergence of screen arts and the emergence of hybridization trends. The academic community has focused around developing definitions and understanding what can be attributed to the field of documentary animation. By 2010, the scientific literature focused on issues related to the specifics of animated documentary, ways of presenting reality, and indexing. By the mid-2010s, animation is becoming the subject of interdisciplinary study. At this time, there are develop tools for analyzing works of animated documentaries, and its genre system begins to build. One of the main features of animated documentaries is hybridity. Its dual nature is born of fluctuations between the certainty of facts and artistic embodiment. The problems of authenticity and representation of reality become one of the most controversial topics in an animated film. The work provides an overview of theoretical studies on the genesis, history and particularities of animadoc. The theoretical texts identify three approaches that form the main directions in the analysis of animated documentary. The first group of researchers analyzes this phenomenon and its nature based on the theories of documentaries and the transformation with the advent of digital technologies, of the concepts of reality, authenticity and fact (document). The second group of authors considers animation as a phenomenon of modern animation that arose as a result of technological renewal and changes in its role as a socio-cultural practice. A third group of scientists believes that animadoc is a post-postmodern phenomenon that arose as a means of presenting a world in which there is mobility of borders and cyberspace becomes a new reality. The review allows us to conclude that animated documentary is a manifestation of a new mode of postphotographic vision of a reflexive nature, in which the imagination that refracts images of reality becomes of primary importance. Despite the interest in it from the academic community and the emergence of theoretical works, the study of this phenomenon is only at the initial stage. Despite the interest in it from the academic community, there is a small number of deep theoretical works caused by the hybrid nature of the phenomenon itself, the imperfection of working models and methods for analyzing representational strategies, and the problems of forming a conceptual apparatus.
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Portides, Demetris P. "Scientific Models and the Semantic View of Scientific Theories." Philosophy of Science 72, no. 5 (December 2005): 1287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/508125.
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Gopnik, Alison. "Probabilistic models as theories of children's minds." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34, no. 4 (August 2011): 200–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x11000288.
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AbstractMy research program proposes that children have representations and learning mechanisms that can be characterized as causal models of the world – coherent, structured hypotheses with consistent relationships to probabilistic patterns of evidence. We also propose that Bayesian inference is one mechanism by which children learn these models from data. These proposals are straightforward psychological hypotheses and far from “Bayesian Fundamentalism.”
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Winsberg, Eric. "Simulations, Models, and Theories: Complex Physical Systems and Their Representations." Philosophy of Science 68, S3 (September 2001): S442—S454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/392927.
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Lugg, Andrew. "Wittgenstein and Scientific Representation." Wittgenstein-Studien 10, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/witt-2019-0013.
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AbstractScience figured in no small way in Wittgenstein’s philosophy, not least in his remarks about representation. Early and late he regarded theories like Newtonian mechanics as means of representing the world rather than as representations. While the notion of a form of representation looms largest in his early writings, it also informs his later remarks. His appropriation of the mathematical physicist’s conception of representation is as fundamental to Remarks on Colour (1950) as to the Tractatus (1918/1922).
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Grim, Patrick, Frank Seidl, Calum McNamara, Hinton E. Rago, Isabell N. Astor, Caroline Diaso, and Peter Ryner. "Scientific Theories as Bayesian Nets: Structure and Evidence Sensitivity." Philosophy of Science 89, no. 1 (January 2022): 42–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psa.2021.18.
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AbstractWe model scientific theories as Bayesian networks. Nodes carry credences and function as abstract representations of propositions within the structure. Directed links carry conditional probabilities and represent connections between those propositions. Updating is Bayesian across the network as a whole. The impact of evidence at one point within a scientific theory can have a very different impact on the network than does evidence of the same strength at a different point. A Bayesian model allows us to envisage and analyze the differential impact of evidence and credence change at different points within a single network and across different theoretical structures.
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Potehin, Nikolay, and Viktor Potehin. "System-Integral Interdisciplinary Methodology - Qualitatively New Tools of General and Professional Education in the Context of the Second Industrialization of Russia." Scientific Research and Development. Economics of the Firm 10, no. 1 (April 8, 2021): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2306-627x-2021-10-1-85-93.
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The education system is a key element in the progress or degradation of the country's population and economy. Formed in the present education system of Russia according to the Bologna models and the patterns aimed at stupefying the total population, a sharp decline of scientific progress in social production and increased dependence on foreign manufacturers and managers of the domestic financial and resource wealth. The way out of this deadlock circle of problems is in the revival of the advanced positions of the former soviet education system on a qualitatively new scientific basis, theory and system-holistic methodology, providing a full knowledge of the phenomena of nature and society in conditions of certainty. Existing methodologies of partial cognition in conditions of high degree of uncertainty and subjectivity of representation are based on outdated and inadequate theories.
System-holistic interdisciplinary methodology is characterized by a set of necessary and sufficient for objective and complete knowledge of the conceptual tools that allow you to accurately, fully and adequately understand the socio-economic processes, to lead the knowledge immediately from the general to the specific, thereby reducing the multiple time and resources for the process of knowledge. It is based on a qualitatively new scientific basis, objective theory, uses objective units of dimensions of physical quantities (kWh and the like), takes into account in the knowledge and management of the action of an expanded set of universal and socio-economic laws of human development-society in nature. A deeper analysis of the set of laws allowed us to identify the main goal of human development-society and the main socio-economic forms of manifestation of the laws: useful costs-results, useless, harmful, loss of cost-results in the structure of the budget of social time. There are no other socio-economic forms of human activity. Therefore, the main goal of human development-society in nature is to increase the share of useful and reduce the share of useless, harmful, loss of cost-results in the structure of the budget of social time. This is the basis for the preservation of civilization on Earth. The technique, technology, organization, education system used serve only as forms of manifestation of life that contribute to or hinder the progress of mankind. The implementation of the Second industrialization of Russia is aimed at a radical solution to the ever-increasing complex of internal and external problems in modern conditions. A key element of the successful implementation of this large-scale strategic program is the immediate introduction of a fundamentally new education system that ensures high rates of economic growth and well-being of the entire population of Russia.
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Evans, Nick. "Holography of Strongly Coupled Gauge Theories." EPJ Web of Conferences 258 (2022): 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202225808001.
Full textAbstract:
The "periodic table" of strongly coupled gauge theories remains only sketchily understood. Holography has developed to the point where bottom up constructions can describe the spectrum of individual gauge theories (based on assumptions of their running) including quarks in different representations and higher dimension operators. I highlight the method with a "perfected" version of an AdS dual of QCD and results for composite higgs models with two representations of quarks. The method raises questions about the degree to which energy scales can be split in generic gauge theories including whether confinement and chiral symmetry breaking are linked.
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Shaat, M. "Physical and Mathematical Representations of Couple Stress Effects on Micro/Nanosolids." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 07, no. 01 (February 2015): 1550012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825115400128.
Full textAbstract:
In the present paper, for linear elastic materials, effects of couple stresses on micro/nanosolids are physically discussed and mathematically represented in the context of the classical, the modified and the consistent couple–stress theories. Then, an evaluation is provided showing the validity and the limit of applicability of each one of these theories. At first, the possible couple stress effects on mechanics of particles and on continuum mechanics are represented. Then, a reasoning comparison with examples is performed to discuss and evaluate the way that each one of these theories represents the couple stress effects. In the context of the classical couple–stress theory, two higher-order material constants are introduced in addition to the conventional ones to capture the microstructure rigid rotation effects. Recently, two alternative theories, the modified couple–stress and the consistent couple–stress theories, with only one additional material constant are introduced with contradictory points of view. Authors of these two alternative theories gave apparently strong motivations for their opposed points of view. Therefore, through the present paper, it will be convenient to analyze the essential points of view based on which these alternative theories are proposed since they lead to exactly opposed conclusions. Thus their essential points of view are discussed and evaluated showing their consistency with the fundamental concepts of the couple stress effects. It has been shown that the scientific bases of these two alternative theories are not consistent with the representation of the couple–stress effects on micro/nanocontinua. Based on discussions and results through the paper, both the modified theory and the consistent theory represent, only, simplifications for the classical couple–stress theory but they did not able to well represent the possible effects of couple stresses and they are limited for only two categories of linear elastic materials problems. This demolishes the scientific points of view based on which the two theories are proposed.
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EHOLZER, W. "FUSION ALGEBRAS INDUCED BY REPRESENTATIONS OF THE MODULAR GROUP." International Journal of Modern Physics A 08, no. 20 (August 10, 1993): 3495–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x93001405.
Full textAbstract:
Using the representation theory of the subgroups SL 2(ℤp) of the modular group we investigate the induced fusion algebras in some simple examples. Only some of these representations lead to "good" fusion algebras. Furthermore, the conformal dimensions and the central charge of the corresponding rational conformal field theories are calculated. Two series of representations which can be realized by unitary theories are presented. We show that most of the fusion algebras induced by admissible representations are realized in well-known rational models.
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BAKAS, IOANNIS, and ELIAS KIRITSIS. "GRASSMANNIAN COSET MODELS AND UNITARY REPRESENTATIONS OF W∞." Modern Physics Letters A 05, no. 25 (October 10, 1990): 2039–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732390002328.
Full textAbstract:
It is shown that the 2 – d coset models SU (p + 1)N/ SU (p)N ⊗ U (1) provide unitary representations of the chiral operator algebra W∞ in the large level (N → ∞) limit, with central charge c = 2p. For p ≥ 2, the corresponding field theories possess additional symmetries which given rise to a U (p) matrix generalization of W∞, denoted by [Formula: see text]. Its commutation relations are obtained in closed form for all values of p and W∞ is identified with the U(1) trace part of [Formula: see text]. It is also shown that [Formula: see text] at large p is associated with the algebra of symplectic diffeomorphisms in four dimensions.