Relevant bibliographies by topics / Models and representations of scientific theories

Academic literature on the topic 'Models and representations of scientific theories'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Models and representations of scientific theories"

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Winsberg, Eric. "Sanctioning Models: The Epistemology of Simulation." Science in Context 12, no. 2 (1999): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700003422.

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The ArgumentIn its reconstruction of scientific practice, philosophy of science has traditionally placed scientific theories in a central role, and has reduced the problem of mediating between theories and the world to formal considerations. Many applications of scientific theories, however, involve complex mathematical models whose constitutive equations are analytically unsolvable. The study of these applications often consists in developing representations of the underlying physics on a computer, and using the techniques of computer simulation in order to learn about the behavior of these systems. In many instances, these computer simulations are not simple number-crunching techniques. They involve a complex chain of inferences that serve to transform theoretical structures into specific concrete knowledge of physical systems. In this paper I argue that this process of transformation has its own epistemology. I also argue that this kind of epistemology is unfamiliar to most philosophy of science, which has traditionally concerned itself with the justification of theories, not with their application. Finally, I urge that the nature of this epistemology suggests that the end results of some simulations do not bear a simple, straightforward relation to the theories from which they stem.
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Bandyopadhyay, Grunska, Dcruz, and Greenwood. "Are Scientific Models of Life Testable? A Lesson from Simpson’s Paradox." Sci 1, no. 2 (September 16, 2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci1020054.

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We address the need for a model by considering two competing theories regarding the origin of life: (i) the Metabolism First theory and (ii) the RNA World theory. We discuss two inter-related points. (I) Models are valuable tools in understanding both the processes and intricacies of the origin of life issues. (II) Insights from models also help us to evaluate the core objection to origin of life theories called “the inefficiency objection” commonly raised by proponents of both the Metabolism First theory and the RNA World theory against each other. We use Simpson’s paradox as a tool for challenging this objection. We will use models in various senses ranging from taking them as representations of reality to treating them as theories/accounts that provide heuristics for probing reality. In this paper, we will frequently use models and theories interchangeably. Additionally, we investigate Conway’s Game of Life and contrast it with our Simpson’s Paradox (SP)-based approach to emergence of life issues. Finally, we discuss some of the consequences of our view. A scientific model is testable in three senses: (i) a logical sense, (ii) a nomological sense, and (iii) a current technological sense. The SP-based model is testable in the logical sense. It is also testable nomologically. However, it is not currently feasible to test it.
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Bandyopadhyay, Prasanta S., Nolan Grunska, Don Dcruz, and Mark C. Greenwood. "Are Scientific Models of Life Testable? A Lesson from Simpson’s Paradox." Sci 2, no. 3 (September 18, 2020): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci2030073.

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We address the need for a model by considering two competing theories regarding the origin of life: (i) the Metabolism First theory and (ii) the RNA World theory. We discuss two inter-related points. (I) Models are valuable tools in understanding both the processes and intricacies of the origin of life issues. (II) Insights from models also help us to evaluate the core objection to origin of life theories called “the inefficiency objection” commonly raised by proponents of both the Metabolism First theory and the RNA World theory against each other. We use Simpson’s paradox as a tool for challenging this objection. We will use models in various senses ranging from taking them as representations of reality to treating them as theories/accounts that provide heuristics for probing reality. In this paper, we will frequently use models and theories interchangeably. Additionally, we investigate Conway’s Game of Life and contrast it with our Simpson’s Paradox (SP)-based approach to emergence of life issues. Finally, we discuss some of the consequences of our view. A scientific model is testable in three senses: (i) a logical sense, (ii) a nomological sense, and (iii) a current technological sense. The SP-based model is testable in the logical sense. It is also testable nomologically. However, it is not currently feasible to test it.
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Bandyopadhyay, Prasanta S., Nolan Grunska, Don Dcruz, and Mark C. Greenwood. "Are Scientific Models of Life Testable? A Lesson from Simpson’s Paradox." Sci 3, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci3010002.

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We address the need for a model by considering two competing theories regarding the origin of life: (i) the Metabolism First theory, and (ii) the RNA World theory. We discuss two interrelated points, namely: (i) Models are valuable tools for understanding both the processes and intricacies of origin-of-life issues, and (ii) Insights from models also help us to evaluate the core objection to origin-of-life theories, called “the inefficiency objection”, which is commonly raised by proponents of both the Metabolism First theory and the RNA World theory against each other. We use Simpson’s Paradox (SP) as a tool for challenging this objection. We will use models in various senses, ranging from taking them as representations of reality to treating them as theories/accounts that provide heuristics for probing reality. In this paper, we will frequently use models and theories interchangeably. Additionally, we investigate Conway’s Game of Life and contrast it with our SP-based approach to emergence-of-life issues. Finally, we discuss some of the consequences of our view. A scientific model is testable in three senses: (i) a logical sense, (ii) a nomological sense, and (iii) a current technological sense. The SP-based model is testable in the first two senses but it is not feasible to test it using current technology.
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Pedditzi, Maria L., and Marcello Nonnis. "Pre-service Teachers' Representations About Children's Learning: A Pilot Study." Open Psychology Journal 13, no. 1 (November 13, 2020): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874350102013010315.

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Background:Research on teachers' representations of children's learning is currently ongoing. Social representations are common-sense theories built and shared in everyday interactions. Their analysis can detect the possible differences between teachers’ naïve beliefs and scientific learning theories. Objective: The objective of this pilot study is to analyse the beliefs about children’s learning of a group of teachers. The beliefs will be related to the most acknowledged learning theories. Methods: A mixed methods research was employed to analyse 100 pre-service teachers’ representations of the origins of learning and the psychological processes involved. Results: It emerged from the results that the teachers interviewed consider children’s learning mainly as culturally acquired, which reveals the prevailing constructivist conception of learning. Many pre-service primary school teachers, however, tend to see learning as mere ‘transfer of information’; many pre-service kindergarten teachers perceive learning as ‘behaviour modification’. The most considered psychological aspects are ‘knowledge’ and ‘acquisition’, while emotions are barely considered. Conclusion: Linking implicit theories and disciplinary theories could support pre-service teachers in integrating the theory and the practice of learning so as to understand the way their models influence their educational choices.
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Miłkowski, Marcin. "Cognitive Artifacts and Their Virtues in Scientific Practice." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 67, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2022-0012.

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Abstract One of the critical issues in the philosophy of science is to understand scientific knowledge. This paper proposes a novel approach to the study of reflection on science, called “cognitive metascience”. In particular, it offers a new understanding of scientific knowledge as constituted by various kinds of scientific representations, framed as cognitive artifacts. It introduces a novel functional taxonomy of cognitive artifacts prevalent in scientific practice, covering a huge diversity of their formats, vehicles, and functions. As a consequence, toolboxes, conceptual frameworks, theories, models, and individual hypotheses can be understood as artifacts supporting our cognitive performance. It is also shown that by empirically studying how artifacts function, we may discover hitherto undiscussed virtues and vices of these scientific representations. This paper relies on the use of language technology to analyze scientific discourse empirically, which allows us to uncover the metascientific views of researchers. This, in turn, can become part of normative considerations concerning virtues and vices of cognitive artifacts.
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Shevchenko, A. A. "Abstractions and Idealizations in Normative Models." Siberian Journal of Philosophy 16, no. 3 (2018): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2541-7517-2018-16-3-38-48.

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The article explores the use of philosophical techniques of abstraction and idealization in the creation of normative theoretical models. It shows the difficulties related to distinguishing abstractions from idealizations in scientific research, as well as their common functional features, the main of which is the representation of the object under study in a form that would meet the goals and objectives of the researcher. The paper also demonstrates the ongoing popularity of ideal normative theories in the social field and explicates the problems that provoke criticism of ideal theories from various theoretical positions. It is concluded that it is necessary to strengthen such normative models by distinguishing between heuristically «good» and «bad» idealizations within the framework of the general ideal theory, and also providing methods of transition from an ideal theoretical model to the one that could be applied in practice.
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Kuzmin, Sergey Sergeevich. "Systematization of the theories of corporate growth on the basis of the methodology of paradigms." Финансы и управление, no. 1 (January 2021): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7802.2021.1.35489.

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Multiple theories and models that examine different aspects of corporate growth can be systematized on the basis of the methodology of paradigms. For this purpose, the author determines the three dominant paradigms of growth (causal, paradigm of the results of growth, and process paradigm); each of them forms the methodological principles of growth research and original representation on the process of corporate growth. The methodology of causal paradigm is based on orientation towards determining causal relations (laws) responsible for the growth. Paradigm of the results synthesizes the theories and models of growth that study the life cycle of the companies and changes taking place on different stages. The concepts of process paradigm of growth view the company as a complex, self-organizing system, and follow the organizational changes that emerge as a result of growth. The present time marks the establishment of integration paradigm, which describes growth as a process of integrating companies into supra-organizational structures. This article attempts to systematize the theoretical approaches towards understanding the mechanisms and distinctive features of corporate growth based on the general scientific methodology of paradigms. The author believes that the fundamental difference between the proposed typology consists in  the focus on “natural” systematization, which is based not on the highlighted characteristics, analogies, isomorphic manifestations of growth essential for classification, but on homologies, i.e. characteristics based on the theoretical and methodological grounds shared by one or another group of theories, which set the general vector of research and representations on the peculiarities of the object of study — corporate growth. Such general principles of research comprise the core of a particular paradigm that encompasses a group of concepts of corporate growth.
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Brewer, William F. "Perceptual symbols: The power and limitations of a theory of dynamic imagery and structured frames." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 4 (August 1999): 611–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99242148.

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The perceptual symbol approach to knowledge representation combines structured frames and dynamic imagery. The perceptual symbol approach provides a good account of the representation of scientific models, of some types of naive theories held by children and adults, and of certain reconstructive memory phenomena. The ontological status of perceptual symbols is unclear and this form of representation does not succeed in accounting for all forms of human knowledge.
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Curir, Anna. "Cosmology between two wars. Einstein's revolution and alternative models of the Universe." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, S260 (January 2009): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921311002274.

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AbstractThe personality of Edward Milne is examined, deepening the historical period in which his Cosmological theory was produced. Is suggested that Milne's kinematical Cosmology can be regarded as a kind of ‘resistance’ to the scientific revolution deriving from the new Einstein's theory of gravitation. Is investigated the deep philosophical meaning of the metrics on curved manifolds as far as the representation of the universe is concerned, and the importance of the cosmological theories in the epistemology and in the evolution of science is stressed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Models and representations of scientific theories"

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Portides, Demetris Panayiotis. "Representation models as devices for scientific theory applications vs. the semantic view of scientific theories : the case of models of the nuclear structure." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2000. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1572/.

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Analyses of the nature and structure of scientific theories have predominantly focused on formalisation. The Received View of scientific theories considers theories as axiomatised sets of sentences. In Hilbert-style formalisation theories are considered formal axiomatic calculi to which interpretation is supplied by a set of correspondence rules. The Received View has long been abandoned. The Semantic View of scientific theories also considers theories as formal systems. In the Semantic conception, a theory is identified with the class of intended models of the formal language, if the theory were to be given such linguistic form. The proponents of the Semantic View, however, hold that this class of models can be directly defined without recourse to a formal language. Just like its predecessor, the Semantic View is also not free of untenable implications. The uniting feature of the arguments m this work is the topic of theoretical representation of phenomena. The Semantic View implies that theoretical representation conies about by the use of some model, which belongs to the class that constitutes the theory. However, this is not what we see when we scrutinise the features of actual representation models in physics. In this work particular emphasis is given to how representation models are constructed in Classical Mechanics and Nuclear Physics and what conceptual resources are used in their construction. The characteristics that these models demonstrate instruct us that to regard them as families of theoretical models, as the Semantic View purports, is to obscure how they are constructed, what is used for their construction, how they function and how they relate to the theory. For instance, representation models are devices that frequently postulate physical mechanisms for which the theory does not provide explanations. Thus it seems more appropriate to claim that these representation devices mediate between theory and experiment, and at the same time possess a partial independence from theory. Furthermore, when we focus our attention to the ways by which representation models are constructed we discern that they are the result of the processes of abstraction and concretisation. These processes are operative in theoretical representation and they demand our attention if we are to explicate how theories represent phenomena in their domains.
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Huth, Brian R. "MODELS, PERSPECTIVES, AND SCIENTIFIC REALISM: ON RONALD GIERE’S PERSPECTIVAL REALISM." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1397572435.

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Coleman, Mark. "Realist and anti-realist approaches in philosophy of science: perspective and representational pluralism in scientific discovery." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/103722.

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This work traces a thread from what might be called a standard account of scientific realism and anti-realism, through Bas van Fraassen’s influential alternative anti-realist accounts of his constructive empiricism and later empiricist structuralism, expressed in his writings that have stimulated vigorous and extended reactions over many years. Via an examination of structural realism, the thread has lead me away from the focus on microphysics, so prevalent in much of the writing in this debate, to a consideration of the problem of complexity in the special sciences, a response from the point of view of biology in particular, where I assert that the complexity of this discipline is incompatible with the idea that biological representation can be usefully mathematized, up to isomorphic description, one of the central tenets of van Fraassen’s structuralist thesis. I argue that understanding scientific models only in terms of mathematical structures is too restrictive and is inappropriate for understanding the diverse phenomenal models prevalent in biology. I discuss alternative, less constrained, more pluralistic ways of matching representation to the world, and separately consider the difficulties of dealing with the ‘disorder of nature’ including the problem of definition of natural kinds, and the associated implications for realism, ending with the question ‘realism about what?’ I conclude with a tentative advocacy for a moderate, perspectival, epistemic realism, similar to Giere’s constructive realism or a species of entity realism, consonant with Paul Churchland’s suggestion that our best grasp on the real resides in the representations provided by our best scientific theories.
Thesis (M.Phil.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2016.
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Kadiyala, Aparna. "Botswana student teachers' views on the nature of science and scientific method: a critical reflection." Diss., 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2523.

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The assumption of the present study is that teachers should possess an adequate understanding of the nature of science and scientific method and hence this aspect was investigated. The empirical research carried out with Secondary School teacher trainees at Botswana colleges of education showed the following: Subjects possess an adequate understanding of some aspects of the nature of science and several aspects of the scientific method. They however do not have an adequate understanding on certain aspects of the nature of science. An association was found between the nature of science, type of educational institution attended, years of study and majoring in science. A positive association was found between scientific method and years spent studying. The present study recommended the inclusion of history, philosophy and sociology of science in the curriculum of teacher education.
Educational Studies
M. Ed. (with specialisation in Natural Science Education)
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Books on the topic "Models and representations of scientific theories"

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Boven, Erica, and Marieke Winkler, eds. The Construction and Dynamics of Cultural Icons. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463728225.

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Departing from the present need for cultural models within the public debate, this volume offers a new contribution to the study of cultural icons. From the traditional religious icon to the modern mass media icon, from the recognizable visual icon to the complex entanglement of image and collective narratives: The Construction and Dynamics of Cultural Icons offers an overview of existing theories, compares different definitions and proposes a comprehensive view on the icon and the iconic. Focusing in particular on the making of iconic representations and their changing social-cultural meanings through time, scholars from cultural memory studies, art history and literary studies present concrete operationalizations of the ways different types of cultural icons can be studied.
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Balackiy, Evgeniy, Natal'ya Ekimova, Aleksandr Rudnev, and Aleksandr Gusev. New approaches to modeling economic development. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1862597.

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The monograph presents new results of the authors' long-term research on various topical issues of economic development. All the proposed new approaches are given in the broad context of already existing theories and models, as well as illustrated by numerous vivid examples from the history of different countries. Most of the topics covered belong to the category of the most burning social issues of our time, which gives the work an element of scientific "freshness" and discussion. All the fundamental theses are accompanied by the necessary models, equations, formulas, graphs and figures, but in general the material is not overloaded with technical details, which makes it quite accessible to any interested reader. The peculiarity of the monograph is that all its sections are based on the "paradox principle", the essence of which is to formulate the original problem in the most acute form, taking the form of a logical paradox. The range of topics under consideration covers the history of mankind from antiquity to the modern state. For example, why did humanity, which had been vegetating in the Malthusian trap for 10 thousand years, break out of it at the turn of the XVII and XVIII centuries? What is needed so that the economic growth that has begun does not "choke" in a short time and does not degenerate again into prolonged stagnation? How are economic growth and return on capital related? How are income inequality and the country's investment activity related? How to measure and in practice link the dialectical properties of institutions that presuppose order and freedom? Is it possible to diagnose "failures" in the regulatory activities of central banks? How to explain the transcendent technological creativity of Russian researchers and engineers with Russia's systematic technological lag behind Western countries? Does Russia have a chance to join the club of the most developed and prosperous countries in the world and what is needed for this? And much, much more. It is addressed to both professional specialists and everyone interested in modern problems of human development.
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Healey, Richard. Theories, Models, and Representation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714057.003.0008.

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Quantum theory involves a novel, indirect use of models to further the aims of fundamental science. It is revolutionary because of the way it improves our use and understanding of representations of the universe we could offer without it. The so-called semantic approach takes a scientific theory to supply a collection of models to be used to represent phenomena: but models of quantum theory are applied more indirectly to provide good advice on the significance and credibility of claims about physical things whose existence is assumable here. Inferentialism takes these claims to derive their content through inferential links to others. They are objective, as are the probabilities they are assigned, and some are objectively true.
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French, Steven. There Are No Such Things As Theories. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848158.001.0001.

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What is a scientific theory? Is it a set of propositions? Or a family of models? Or is it some kind of abstract artefact? These options are examined in the context of a comparison between theories and artworks. On the one hand, theories are said to be like certain kinds of paintings, in that they play a representational role; on the other, they are compared to musical works, insofar as they can be multiply presented. I shall argue that such comparisons should be treated with care and that all of the above options face problems. Instead, I suggest, we should adopt a form of eliminativism towards theories, in the sense that a theory should not be regarded as any thing. Nevertheless, we can still talk about them and attribute certain qualities to them, where that talk is understood to be made true by certain practices. This shift to practices as truth-makers for theory talk then has certain implications for how we regard theories in the realism debate and in the context of the nature and role of representation in science.
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Krause, Decio, and Jonas R. B. Arenhart. Logical Foundations of Scientific Theories: Languages, Structures, and Models. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Krause, Decio, and Jonas R. B. Arenhart. Logical Foundations of Scientific Theories: Languages, Structures, and Models. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Krause, Decio, and Jonas R. B. Arenhart. Logical Foundations of Scientific Theories: Languages, Structures, and Models. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Logical Foundations of Scientific Theories: Languages, Structures, and Models. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Krause, Decio, and Jonas R. B. Arenhart. Logical Foundations of Scientific Theories: Languages, Structures, and Models. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Krause, Decio, and Jonas R. B. Arenhart. Logical Foundations of Scientific Theories: Languages, Structures, and Models. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Book chapters on the topic "Models and representations of scientific theories"

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Boniolo, Giovanni. "Theories, Models, Thought Experiments and Counterfactuals." In On Scientific Representations, 170–218. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230206571_3.

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Suárez, Mauricio. "Theories,Models,and Representations." In Model-Based Reasoning in Scientific Discovery, 75–83. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4813-3_5.

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Cassini, Alejandro, and Juan Redmond. "Introduction: Theories, Models, and Scientific Representations." In Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science, 1–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65802-1_1.

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Bueno, Otávio. "Models and Scientific Representations." In New Waves in Philosophy of Science, 94–111. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-29719-7_6.

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Wójcicki, Ryszard. "Theories and Theoretical Models." In Patrick Suppes: Scientific Philosopher, 125–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0776-1_6.

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Hendry, Robin Findlay. "Theories and Models: the Interactive View." In Visual Representations and Interpretations, 121–30. London: Springer London, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0563-3_12.

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Harrison, Andrew. "Realism and Representation: Pictures, Models and Theories." In Visual Representations and Interpretations, 11–20. London: Springer London, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0563-3_2.

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Sen, Syamal K., and Ravi P. Agarwal. "Perusing the Minds Behind Scientific Discoveries." In Models and Theories in Social Systems, 3–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00084-4_1.

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Schurz, Gerhard. "Models of the Development of Scientific Theories." In Introduction to Formal Philosophy, 469–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77434-3_25.

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Meunier, Jean-Guy. "Theories and Models: Realism and Objectivity in Cognitive Science." In Varieties of Scientific Realism, 331–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51608-0_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Models and representations of scientific theories"

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Somogyi, Ferenc Attila. "Merging Textual Representations of Software Models." In MultiScience - XXX. microCAD International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference. University of Miskolc, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.26649/musci.2016.060.

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Sagi, Gabor, and Ramon Horvath. "Non-computable models of certain first order theories." In 2017 IEEE 14th International Scientific Conference on Informatics. IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/informatics.2017.8327265.

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Ovodova, Svetlana. "Representation of Cultural Traumas in Contemporary Public Discourse: “New Frankness” of Meta-Modernism." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-04.

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The prerequisites for this study are criticism of postmodernism by theorists and philosophers of culture, and the actualisation of metamodernism as one of the most popular theories of postmodernism. The relevance of the study is determined by the appearance of a ‘new sensitivity’ having arisen from geopolitical events of the 2000s. Metamodernism theory authors declare the new structure of sensation to be different from the dominants of postmodernism and modernism. The article describes the transformation of the representation of cultural traumas in public discourse with the consideration of ideas of metamodernism and a new frankness. The article covers the methodological capabilities for using postmodernism and metamodernism discourses for analysing the principles of representation of cultural trauma within public discourse. Distinguishing features of new frankness are highlighted. Immortal Regiment action is analysed as an example of actualisation of personal experience and family history in public discourse. The concept of ‘new frankness’ increases the role and significance of the witness. The examples of works of contemporary mass culture and media resources are used to trace the actualisation of the witness’s narrative of cultural trauma. Warmth, depth, and affect, characteristic of metamodernism, actualise the demand for plausibility and personal experience of an event. An indirect effect of these hypotheses consists in that narratives on cultural trauma are multivariate as manifested in criticism of the conventional image of a historic event. Re-evaluating historical events from different points of view triggers mechanisms of latent trauma, potentially making almost any historical event a cultural trauma. The study resulted in the revelation of accentuation of sensitivity in narratives of cultural traumas, as opposed to manners prevailing in modernism and postmodernism discourses, i.e. practices of stigmatisation, suppression, and the commodification of cultural traumas.
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Hejsek, Lukas. "LITERACY IN RELATION TO COGNITIVE THEORIES AND MODELS OF INFORMATION PROCESSING." In 2nd International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2015/b12/s3.079.

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Vakili, V., I. Chiu, L. H. Shu, D. A. McAdams, and R. B. Stone. "Including Functional Models of Biological Phenomena as Design Stimuli." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35776.

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This work explores the representation of biological phenomena as stimuli to designers for biomimetic design. We describe a study where participants were asked to solve a micro-assembly problem given a set of biological representations of leaf abscission for inspiration. The visual aids presented to the designers are investigated, and the use of functional models of biological phenomena in particular is critiqued. The designs resulting from the study are classified and theories drawn as to possible influences of the biological representations. Observations, retrospective conversations with participants, and analogical reasoning classifications are used to determine positive qualities as well as areas for improvement in representation of the biological domain. Findings suggest that designers need an explicit list of all possible inherent biological strategies, previously extracted using function structures with objective graph grammar rules. Challenges specific to this type of study are discussed, and possible improvement of representative aids are outlined.
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6

Bauriedel, Stephan. "The Digital Disruption of Ubiquitous Economic Theories." In EDAMBA 2021 : 24th International Scientific Conference for Doctoral Students and Post-Doctoral Scholars. University of Economics in Bratislava, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53465/edamba.2021.9788022549301.16-28.

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Digitalisation demands new economic theories because the old laws are losing their validity. They were established to describe the business interrelationships in an analogue world. Now digital business models are breaking the boundaries and taking learned knowledge ad absurdum. New economic theories are emerging from the literature to explain how digitalisation works. The author finds that the new assumptions conflict with some ubiquitous economic theories. The inconsistencies were collected, reviewed, and evaluated. It turns out that at least five doctrines are no longer applicable in the digital world, as their parameters shift elementarily. Using a contrasting example from the music industry, the results were examined and confirmed by way of example. The result is that certain economic theories - from Porter to Pareto - no longer apply in the digital world. The rules must be rewritten so that order can emerge again from the growing chaos.
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Ferreira, João, Manuel de Sousa Ribeiro, Ricardo Gonçalves, and João Leite. "Looking Inside the Black-Box: Logic-based Explanations for Neural Networks." In 19th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2022}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2022/45.

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Deep neural network-based methods have recently enjoyed great popularity due to their effectiveness in solving difficult tasks. Requiring minimal human effort, they have turned into an almost ubiquitous solution in multiple domains. However, due to the size and complexity of typical neural network models' architectures, as well as the sub-symbolical nature of the representations generated by their neuronal activations, neural networks are essentially opaque, making it nearly impossible to explain to humans the reasoning behind their decisions. We address this issue by developing a procedure to induce human-understandable logic-based theories that attempt to represent the classification process of a given neural network model, based on the idea of establishing mappings from the values of the activations produced by the neurons of that model to human-defined concepts to be used in the induced logic-based theory. Exploring the setting of a synthetic image classification task, we provide empirical results to assess the quality of the developed theories for different neural network models, compare them to existing theories on that task, and give evidence that the theories developed through our method are faithful to the representations learned by the neural networks that they are built to describe.
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Rodriguez, Ivan D., Blai Bonet, Javier Romero, and Hector Geffner. "Learning First-Order Representations for Planning from Black Box States: New Results." In 18th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2021}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2021/51.

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Recently Bonet and Geffner have shown that first-order representations for planning domains can be learned from the structure of the state space without any prior knowledge about the action schemas or domain predicates. For this, the learning problem is formulated as the search for a simplest first-order domain description D that along with information about instances I_i (number of objects and initial state) determine state space graphs G(P_i) that match the observed state graphs G_i where P_i = (D, I_i). The search is cast and solved approximately by means of a SAT solver that is called over a large family of propositional theories that differ just in the parameters encoding the possible number of action schemas and domain predicates, their arities, and the number of objects. In this work, we push the limits of these learners by moving to an answer set programming (ASP) encoding using the CLINGO system. The new encodings are more transparent and concise, extending the range of possible models while facilitating their exploration. We show that the domains introduced by Bonet and Geffner can be solved more efficiently in the new approach, often optimally, and furthermore, that the approach can be easily extended to handle partial information about the state graphs as well as noise that prevents some states from being distinguished.
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Guseynov, Aleksandr, and Viktoriya Shipovskaya. "Development of scientific images about radicalization of protest activity of personality." In Safety psychology and psychological safety: problems of interaction between theorists and practitioners. «Publishing company «World of science», LLC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15862/53mnnpk20-02.

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The analysis of theories and models of radicalization existing in psychology and sociology is given. The complexity and transitivity of the world, the emerging methodological trends in psychology, the change of postmodern discourse to metamodernism require new psychological approaches to a research of this phenomenon, which can take into account the role of cultural factors and anthropological turn, as well as space and time as ontological constants of reality. Theoretical: theoretical and methodological analysis of scientific literature, comparison, generalization, interpretation. The paper summarizes a number of empirical studies of the authors related to the problems of extremism. The goal is to consider the evolution of ideas about the radicalization of protest activity and substantiate the high relevance of the subject-being approach to explain the problem of extremism. The authors distinguish six main theories and models that reveal the nature of radicalization: the theory of anomy (R. Merton), the theory of "relative deprivation" (T. Garr), the concept of an authoritarian personality (A. Adorno), a model of social identity in collective activity (M. Van Zomeren ), the model of radicalization (R. Borum), the model of radicalization (F. Mohaddam). The authors note the demand for a metamodern methodological strategy, which makes it possible to record personal transformations and construct new images of a person. The authors come to the conclusion that the substantive differences in approaches lie in the influence quantity of external determinants causing the emergence of radical attitudes. In the development of the theme of extremism, the main ones are the principle of the unity of the personality and its being, the methodological principle of subjectivity and the principle of uncertainty, which reveal additional nuances of the phenomenon that increases cognitive capabilities. The conditions of the subject-being approach are considered and the concept of protest activity is presented, based on the notions of "existential personal identity", "subjective activity", "subjectivity", revealing the reasons for negative transformation of personality, considering extremism as a violation of the developing configuration of identity. The subject-being approach to the personality is recognized as the most efficient theoretical and methodological basis for researching this problem, since it allows us to overcome the deficiency of the content given by the deterministic interpretation of radicalization.
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Kiriyama, Takashi, Tetsuo Tomiyama, and Hiroyuki Yoshikawa. "The Use of Qualitative Physics for Integrated Design Object Modeling." In ASME 1991 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1991-0030.

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Abstract This paper discusses a theory and its implementation of integrated design object modeling for intelligent CAD. Models from different aspects must be correlated at the level of their background theories, so that the system can derive relationships among models from knowledge about the physical world. The metamodel concept proposed in this paper is a framework for integrating design object models in this manner. In order to implement the metamodel, we need representations of concepts about physical phenomena and a method for reasoning out the relationships among the concepts. Qualitative physics plays two roles for this purpose. The first role is to serve as a representation framework of concepts and their relationships. The second role is to serve as a reasoning method for generating aspect models and deriving qualitative behaviors from the aspect models. The idea of the metamodel is demonstrated by a design system, which provides the designer with physical features to build a primary model, helps to generate aspect models from the primary model, and maintains consistency among the aspect models.
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Reports on the topic "Models and representations of scientific theories"

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Semerikov, Serhiy O., Illia O. Teplytskyi, Yuliia V. Yechkalo, and Arnold E. Kiv. Computer Simulation of Neural Networks Using Spreadsheets: The Dawn of the Age of Camelot. [б. в.], November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/2648.

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The article substantiates the necessity to develop training methods of computer simulation of neural networks in the spreadsheet environment. The systematic review of their application to simulating artificial neural networks is performed. The authors distinguish basic approaches to solving the problem of network computer simulation training in the spreadsheet environment, joint application of spreadsheets and tools of neural network simulation, application of third-party add-ins to spreadsheets, development of macros using the embedded languages of spreadsheets; use of standard spreadsheet add-ins for non-linear optimization, creation of neural networks in the spreadsheet environment without add-ins and macros. After analyzing a collection of writings of 1890-1950, the research determines the role of the scientific journal “Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics”, its founder Nicolas Rashevsky and the scientific community around the journal in creating and developing models and methods of computational neuroscience. There are identified psychophysical basics of creating neural networks, mathematical foundations of neural computing and methods of neuroengineering (image recognition, in particular). The role of Walter Pitts in combining the descriptive and quantitative theories of training is discussed. It is shown that to acquire neural simulation competences in the spreadsheet environment, one should master the models based on the historical and genetic approach. It is indicated that there are three groups of models, which are promising in terms of developing corresponding methods – the continuous two-factor model of Rashevsky, the discrete model of McCulloch and Pitts, and the discrete-continuous models of Householder and Landahl.
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Hillestad, Torgeir Martin. The Metapsychology of Evil: Main Theoretical Perspectives Causes, Consequences and Critique. University of Stavanger, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.224.

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The purpose of this text or dissertation is to throw some basic light on a fundamental problem concerning manhood, namely the question of evil, its main sources, dynamics and importance for human attitudes and behaviour. The perspective behind the analysis itself is that of psychology. Somebody, or many, may feel at bit nervous by the word “evil” itself. It may very well be seen as too connected to religion, myth and even superstition. Yet those who are motivated to lose oneself in the subject retain a deep interest in human destructiveness, malevolence and hate, significant themes pointing at threatening prospects for mankind. The text is organized or divided into four main ordinary chapters, the three first of them organized or divided into continuous and numbered sections. A crucial point or question is of cause how to define evil itself. It can of cause be done both intentional, instrumental and by consequence. Other theorists however have stated that the concept of evil exclusively rests on a myth originated in the Judean-Christian conception of Satan and ultimate evil. This last argument presupposes evil itself as non-existent in the real rational world. It seems however a fact that most people attach certain basic meaning to the concept, mainly that it represents ultimately bad and terrible actions and behaviour directed toward common people for the purpose of bringing upon them ultimate pain and suffer. However, there is no room for essentialism here, meaning that we simply can look “inside” some original matter to get to know what it “really” is. Rather, a phenomenon gets its identity from the constituted meaning operating within a certain human communities and contexts loaded with intentionality and inter-subjective meaning. As mentioned above, the concept of evil can be interpreted both instrumental and intentional, the first being the broadest of them. Here evil stands for behaviour and human deeds having terrifying or fatal consequences for subjects and people or in general, regardless of the intentions behind. The intentional interpretation however, links the concept to certain predispositions, characteristics and even strong motives in subjects, groups and sometimes political systems and nations. I will keep in mind and clear the way for both these perspectives for the discussion in prospect. This essay represents a psychological perspective on evil, but makes it clear that a more or less complete account of such a psychological view also should include a thorough understanding or integration of some basic social and even biological assumptions. However, I consider a social psychological position of significant importance, especially because in my opinion it represents some sort of coordination of knowledge and theoretical perspectives inherent in the subject or problem itself, the main task here being to integrate perspectives of a psychological as well as social and biological kind. Since humans are essential social creatures, the way itself to present knowledge concerning the human condition, must be social of some sort and kind, however not referring to some kind of reductionism where social models of explanation possess or holds monopoly. Social and social psychological perspectives itself represents parts of the whole matter regarding understanding and explanation of human evil. The fact that humans present, or has to represent themselves as humans among other humans, means that basically a social language is required both to explain and describe human manners and ways of being. This then truly represents its own way or, more correctly, level or standard of explanation, which makes social psychology some sort of significant, though not sufficient. More substantial, the vision itself of integrating different ontological and theoretical levels and objects of science for the purpose of manifesting or make real a full-fledged psychological perspective on evil, should be considered or characterized a meta-psychological perspective. The text is partially constructed as a review of existing theories and theorists concerning the matter of evil and logically associated themes such as violence, mass murder, genocide, antisocial behaviour in general, aggression, hate and cruelty. However, the demands of making a theoretical distinction between these themes, although connected, is stressed. Above all, an integral perspective combining different scientific disciplines is aimed at.
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