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Journal articles on the topic 'Modelling, multi-physics, fuel cell, PEM'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Riccardi, Matteo, Alessandro d’Adamo, Andrea Vaini, Marcello Romagnoli, Massimo Borghi, and Stefano Fontanesi. "Experimental Validation of a 3D-CFD Model of a PEM Fuel Cell." E3S Web of Conferences 197 (2020): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019705004.

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The growing energy demand is inevitably accompanied by a strong increase in greenhouse gas emissions, primarily carbon dioxide. The adoption of new energy vectors is therefore seen as the most promising countermeasure. In this context, hydrogen is an extremely interesting energy carrier, since it can be used as a fuel in both conventional energy systems (internal combustion engines, turbines) and in Fuel Cells (FC). In particular, PEM (Polymeric Electrolyte Membrane) FC are given growing attention in the transportation sector as a Life-Cycle viable solution to sustainable mobility. The use of 3D CFD analysis of for the development of efficient FC architectures is extremely interesting since it can provide a fast development tool for design exploration and optimization. The designer can therefore take advantage of a robust and accurate modelling in order to define and develop fuel cell systems in a more time-efficient and cost-efficient way, to optimize their performance and to lower their production costs. So far, studies available in the scientific literature lack of quantitative validation of the CFD simulations of complete PEM fuel cells against experimental evidence. The proposed study presents a quantitative validation of a multi-physics model of a Clearpak PEM cell. The chemistry and physics implemented in the methodology allow the authors to obtain both thermal and electrical results, characterizing the performance of each component of the PEM. The results obtained, compared with the experimental polarization curve, show that the model is not only numerically stable and robust in terms of boundary conditions, but also capable to accurately characterize the performance of the PEM cell over almost its entire polarization range.

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2

d’Adamo, Alessandro, Maximilian Haslinger, Giuseppe Corda, Johannes Höflinger, Stefano Fontanesi, and Thomas Lauer. "Modelling Methods and Validation Techniques for CFD Simulations of PEM Fuel Cells." Processes 9, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040688.

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The large-scale adoption of fuel cells system for sustainable power generation will require the combined use of both multidimensional models and of dedicated testing techniques, in order to evolve the current technology beyond its present status. This requires an unprecedented understanding of concurrent and interacting fluid dynamics, material and electrochemical processes. In this review article, Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) are analysed. In the first part, the most common approaches for multi-phase/multi-physics modelling are presented in their governing equations, inherent limitations and accurate materials characterisation for diffusion layers, membrane and catalyst layers. This provides a thorough overview of key aspects to be included in multidimensional CFD models. In the second part, advanced diagnostic techniques are surveyed, indicating testing practices to accurately characterise the cell operation. These can be used to validate models, complementing the conventional observation of the current–voltage curve with key operating parameters, thus defining a joint modelling/testing environment. The two sections complement each other in portraying a unified framework of interrelated physical/chemical processes, laying the foundation of a robust and complete understanding of PEMFC. This is needed to advance the current technology and to consciously use the ever-growing availability of computational resources in the next future.

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d’Adamo, Alessandro, Matteo Riccardi, Massimo Borghi, and Stefano Fontanesi. "CFD Modelling of a Hydrogen/Air PEM Fuel Cell with a Serpentine Gas Distributor." Processes 9, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9030564.

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Hydrogen-fueled fuel cells are considered one of the key strategies to tackle the achievement of fully-sustainable mobility. The transportation sector is paying significant attention to the development and industrialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) to be introduced alongside batteries, reaching the goal of complete de-carbonization. In this paper a multi-phase, multi-component, and non-isothermal 3D-CFD model is presented to simulate the fluid, heat, and charge transport processes developing inside a hydrogen/air PEMFC with a serpentine-type gas distributor. Model results are compared against experimental data in terms of polarization and power density curves, including an improved formulation of exchange current density at the cathode catalyst layer, improving the simulation results’ accuracy in the activation-dominated region. Then, 3D-CFD fields of reactants’ delivery to the active electrochemical surface, reaction rates, temperature distributions, and liquid water formation are analyzed, and critical aspects of the current design are commented, i.e., the inhomogeneous use of the active surface for reactions, limiting the produced current and inducing gradients in thermal and reaction rate distribution. The study shows how a complete multi-dimensional framework for physical and chemical processes of PEMFC can be used to understand limiting processes and to guide future development.

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4

IONESCU, Viorel. "Water and hydrogen transport modelling through the membrane-electrode assembly of a PEM fuel cell." Physica Scripta 95, no. 3 (February 6, 2020): 034006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ab51ee.

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5

Bouaicha, Arafet, Hatem Allagui, El-Hassane Aglzim, Amar Rouane, and Adelkader Mami. "Validation of a methodology for determining the PEM fuel cell complex impedance modelling parameters." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42, no. 17 (April 2017): 12738–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.114.

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6

Prasad, Devendra, G. Naga Srinivasulu, Ajaya Bharti, Naveen Kumar, Venkateswarlu Velisala, and Akhilesh Kumar Chauhan. "Numerical Modelling and Simulation to Investigate the Effect of Flow Field Pattern on the Performance of PEM Fuel Cells." Materials Science Forum 1065 (June 30, 2022): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-b5lka8.

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The Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) performance is improved by flow field channel design. The flow field reactant distribution geometry on PEMFCs is primarily influenced by the perceived effect of pressure and transmission characteristics of reactant flow fields on the efficiency of fuel cells. Nutrients distributed in the biological branching structures systems found their optimum arrangement have more efficiently in each part. The flow fields design channels in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells serve the same roles as nutrient transport systems in plants and animals, so bio-inspired flow fields design with a similar could maximize reactant transport efficiency and improve fuel cell performance. In this analysis, the lung channel design of a humane lung and a tree leaf bio-inspired flow field design is used for the flow fields of the anode and cathode bipolar plates. SOLIDWORKS produces a 3-D numerical CFD design for four new flow field pattern designs: leaf design, lung design, single-serpentine, and triple-serpentine. The model is simulated using ANSYS FLUENT-15.0 software to obtain pressure distributions in the flow field, concentration profiles of hydrogen on anode and oxygen on cathode channel, current flux density on the membrane, water concentration on the membrane, water generating in a cathode channel, the polarization curve and the power curve. It is observed that bio-inspired leaf and lung design performs better than serpentine flow field channels. So, leaf and lung design can be used in mopeds and automobiles to enhance electrical efficiency and at the same time reduce fuel consumption.

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7

Guo, Qing, Fang Ye, Hang Guo, and Chong Fang Ma. "Gas/Water and Heat Management of PEM-Based Fuel Cell and Electrolyzer Systems for Space Applications." Microgravity Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (November 23, 2016): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12217-016-9525-6.

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8

Vudata, Sai, Yifan Wang, James M. Fenton, and Paul Brooker. "Transient Modeling and Optimization of a PEM Electrolyzer for Solar Photovoltaic Power Smoothing." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 39 (July 7, 2022): 1728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01391728mtgabs.

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While renewable energy fuel has always had no cost, in the past the cost of the energy conversion technology was prohibitive. Today, due to improved efficiency in the technology and substantial increases in manufacturing volume the cost to generate electricity from the renewables and the cost to store this electricity in lithium-ion batteries for four hours has made these technologies more than competitive with traditional sources. As higher renewable energy penetrations occur the variability and intermittent nature of solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity can cause steep ramping of conventional power plants, so longer term energy storage (days, weeks, instead of hours) will be needed to increase the reliability of grid operation. In Florida cloud cover of a PV field can cause rapid fluctuations of PV output requiring a fast response to smooth out the PV electric power output. A polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzer can serve as a utility controllable load that can be available at all times and the produced hydrogen can be sold or converted back into electricity directly through a PEM fuel cell. To study the integration of renewable solar with hydrogen for increasing grid reliability, a multi-software power control method and a transient thermal electrochemical PEM electrolyzer model has been developed. One-dimensional ("through-plane") and two-dimensional ("through-plane" and "in-plane") un-steady state models using gPROMS 2.1.1. were developed. The model considers mass, energy, momentum and current balance equations. The thermal energy balance considers the heat transfer through the backing layer, the flowfield plates and the gas and liquid flows. Kinetic parameters used in the model were determined using parameter estimation of single cell steady state polarization curves [1]. The single cell unsteady state models were extended to a stack model by adding cells in series and parallel. Real-time PV data taken from a 8.9 MWAC solar farm from Orlando Utilities Commission’s Stanton Energy Center was scaled up to 75 MWAC to design the electrolyzer that would be sized with the typical utility PV installation in Florida. The 75 MW PV data was smoothed using a power control strategy developed in MATLAB. The developed multi-software power control method and the electrochemical dynamic stack model shows the effectiveness of an electrolyzer in smoothing the PV signal to increase the grid stability and flexibility. Results are presented of different size electrolyzers to minimize short term cloud cover spikes in power while maximizing hydrogen production and the effectiveness of the electrolyzer. [1] Vincenzo Liso, Giorgio Savoia, Samuel Simon Araya, Giovanni Cinti and Søren Knudsen Kær, “Modelling and Experimental Analysis of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolysis Cell at Different Operating Temperatures”, Energies, 11 (2018) 3272. doi:10.3390/en11123273

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9

Obayopo, S. O., T. Bello-Ochende, and J. P. Meyer. "Modelling and optimization of reactant gas transport in a PEM fuel cell with a transverse pin fin insert in channel flow." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37, no. 13 (July 2012): 10286–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.03.150.

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10

Vijayaraghavan, V., Jacob F. N. Dethan, and A. Garg. "Tensile loading characteristics of hydrogen stored carbon nanotubes in PEM fuel cell operating conditions using molecular dynamics simulation." Molecular Simulation 44, no. 9 (February 27, 2018): 736–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927022.2018.1445246.

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11

d’Adamo, Alessandro, Giuseppe Corda, Stefano Fontanesi, and Massimo Borghi. "On the Effect of Complex Permeability and Thermal Material Properties for 3D-CFD Simulation of PEM Fuel Cells." TECNICA ITALIANA-Italian Journal of Engineering Science 65, no. 2-4 (July 30, 2021): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ti-ijes.652-435.

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Fuel cells are considered a key technology to decarbonize the power generation sector, thanks to the absence of pollutants emissions related to the direct chemical-electric energy conversion, their high global efficiency, and the possibility for on-board electricity production, overcoming the storage limits of batteries. An example of the renewed interest towards fuel cells is the research in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) in the automotive sector, as a candidate alternative to fossil fuels-fed internal combustion engines (ICEs). The complex interplay of electrochemical and physical phenomena concurring in PEMFC makes their understanding and optimization a challenging task. This is a field of active research thanks to the development of advanced CAE tools, e.g., 3D-CFD simulations of non-isothermal reactive flows, in which all the relevant physics is numerically solved, allowing to identify governing mechanisms as well as system bottlenecks. Among the multiple complex aspects, the material property characterization of PEMFC components is one of the major modelling challenges for modern CAE tools. This is usually provided as a set of boundary conditions for the numerical model, having a large impact on the simulated results which is often motivated by an oversimplification of materials characteristics. Examples of commonly overlooked aspects are direction-independent thermal/flow properties for fibrous materials, the neglection on the deformed (compressed) status, and the simplified contact approach. All of these might alter the key parameters (e.g., water management) and mislead designers’ conclusions on PEMFC optimization. In this paper three-dimensional CFD simulations are used to weight the impact of orthotropic diffusion layer properties on both flow distribution and heat transfer. In the first part, a simplified test case from literature is created and used to investigate the flow convection/diffusion balance in the gas diffusion layer considering the orthotropic permeability typical of pressed fibrous layers. Differences with respect to the still widely used isotropic permeability will be assessed, and implications on channel bypass and mass transport to the catalyst layer will be provided. In the second part, the analysis moves to the use of orthotropic thermal conductivity for the fibrous gas diffusion layers, which is another commonly discarded aspect despite being well documented in literature. A critical analysis of heat transfer routes between parts of different heat capacity (membrane, diffusion layers, solid plates) and thermal field for all the components will be assessed. Finally, thermal contact resistance between adjacent pressed materials will be applied. The altered thermal pathways for heat removal will be critically analyzed, as well as the differences in temperature distribution and their implication on electricity production and water management. This hierarchical flow/thermal analysis will provide guidelines for more accurate 3D-CFD models for a deeper understanding of flow and heat dynamics in PEMFC.

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12

Rosso, L., V. Fernicola, and F. Pedrazzo. "Multi-channel Optical Fiber Thermometer for PEM Fuel-Cell Applications." International Journal of Thermophysics 32, no. 7-8 (April 28, 2011): 1440–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-011-0976-0.

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13

Vasilyev, A., J. Andrews, L. M. Jackson, S. J. Dunnett, and B. Davies. "Component-based modelling of PEM fuel cells with bond graphs." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42, no. 49 (December 2017): 29406–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.09.004.

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14

Schmid, Michal, Petr Tomek, and Petr Hanus. "Multi-physical contact simulation in Vehicle applications." Production Engineering Archives 28, no. 4 (October 21, 2022): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2022.28.45.

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Abstract Multi-physical contact behaviour is important in multiple disciplines related to the automotive industry. Nowadays battery-electric vehicles' (BEV) thermal management systems deal with contact between bodies where mechanical, electric, and thermal interaction occurs. The battery thermal management itself is crucial for cell life, safety, and everyday vehicle performance. Thus, comprehensive and accurate simulation of the multi-physical contact is a vital part of vehicle development. The multi-physical contact is represented by two or more bodies under applied mechanical load and a current or heat conducted throughout the realized contact area. The amount of conducted current/heat or generated Joule heat is the function of the contact area as well as contact pressure, thus the structural simulation should be essential for such thermal management system simulations Most of the current full vehicle battery pack CFD cooling simulations simplified the multi-physical contact as ideal. Detailed contact modelling is time-consuming, hence not applicable for the full vehicle modelling. In this work, a feasible approach based on contact resistance curves was implemented. Furthermore, the work demonstrates the necessity of correct structural contact prediction for a joule heating and thermal solution.

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15

Devrim, Yılser, and Elif Damla Arıca. "Multi-walled carbon nanotubes decorated by platinum catalyst for high temperature PEM fuel cell." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44, no. 34 (July 2019): 18951–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.01.051.

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16

Li, Yuting, Jingliang Bi, Miao Tang, and Gui Lu. "Snowflake Bionic Flow Channel Design to Optimize the Pressure Drop and Flow Uniform of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells." Micromachines 13, no. 5 (April 24, 2022): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13050665.

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The flow channel design of bipolar plates plays a significant role in the proton exchange membrane fuel cells operation, particularly in thermal and water management. The pursuit of low-pressure drop supply and flow field uniformity in PEM fuel cells has not stopped, resulting in numerous new bipolar plate flow channel designs. The biomimetic leaf vein shape-based flow channel and lung flow channel designs can significantly improve gas supply uniformity and reduce pressure drop. Therefore, we propose a snowflake-shaped bionic channel design by integrating the advantages of the leaf vein shape and lung shape channel. A 3D multi-physics fuel cell model is used to verify the feasibility and superiority of the bionic snowflake design in improving fuel cell performance, especially in reducing the pumping work. The local pressure distribution, oxygen distribution, water distribution, and current density distribution are used to reveal the enhancement mechanism of the new snowflake flow channel. The flow uniformity is further enhanced by using multi-objective (13 target parameters) and multi-parameter (18 independent variables) genetic algorithm optimization. The general goal of this work is to provide a new strategy for the thermal and water management of PEM fuel cells.

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17

Zhang, Guobin, Zhiming Bao, Biao Xie, Yun Wang, and Kui Jiao. "Three-dimensional multi-phase simulation of PEM fuel cell considering the full morphology of metal foam flow field." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46, no. 3 (January 2021): 2978–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.05.263.

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18

Kanchan, Brajesh Kumar, Pitambar Randive, and Sukumar Pati. "Numerical investigation of multi-layered porosity in the gas diffusion layer on the performance of a PEM fuel cell." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45, no. 41 (August 2020): 21836–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.05.218.

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19

Yang, Yu, Hao Zhang, Ping Yan, and Kittisak Jermsittiparsert. "Multi-objective optimization for efficient modeling and improvement of the high temperature PEM fuel cell based Micro-CHP system." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45, no. 11 (February 2020): 6970–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.189.

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20

Li, Chuan-Tien, Sheng-Ju Wu, and Wei-Lung Yu. "Parameter design on the multi-objectives of PEM fuel cell stack using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and genetic algorithms." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39, no. 9 (March 2014): 4502–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.01.034.

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21

Meng, Hua. "Multi-dimensional liquid water transport in the cathode of a PEM fuel cell with consideration of the micro-porous layer (MPL)." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34, no. 13 (July 2009): 5488–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.04.067.

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22

Wu, Peng, and Richard Bucknall. "Hybrid fuel cell and battery propulsion system modelling and multi-objective optimisation for a coastal ferry." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45, no. 4 (January 2020): 3193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.11.152.

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23

Lobato, Justo, Pablo Cañizares, Manuel A. Rodrigo, Ciprian-George Piuleac, Silvia Curteanu, and José J. Linares. "Direct and inverse neural networks modelling applied to study the influence of the gas diffusion layer properties on PBI-based PEM fuel cells." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 35, no. 15 (August 2010): 7889–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.05.065.

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24

Grzesiak, Wojciech, Krzysztof Witek, Ewa Klugmann-Radziemska, and Paweł Grzesiak. "An interactive system for remote modelling and design validation of hybrid photovoltaic systems." Microelectronics International 31, no. 3 (August 4, 2014): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-11-2013-0071.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report the system solution expressed in the form of a block diagram. In this paper, a multi-functional demonstrator of the interactive system designed to modelling, monitoring and validation of hybrid photovoltaic (PV) systems assisted by fuel cells and thermoelectric generators is presented. Technical parameters of demonstrator components such as: silicon PV modules, fuel cells, thermoelectric generators, gel batteries, control and monitoring systems are described. Design/methodology/approach – The design shows the implementation of PV system modelling by four universal PV module simulators supported by two 65 W fuel cell and 12 modules, 6 W thermoelectric generators battery. Findings – The paper provides practical proof that the combination of PV technology with both thermoelecric generators and fuel cells technologies shows promising results for the development of hybrid PV systems with increased effectiveness and efficiency. Research limitations/implications – The design idea can be developed for many applications gaining electricity from many distributed sources of wasted energy. Practical implications – In practice, hybrid systems can be used to support the operation of classic PV systems, for example, working in various climatic conditions. Originality/value – The proposed model demonstrates new technical solution leading to the enlargement of the PV systems application.

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25

Fortin, Patrick. "Zero-Emission Solutions for MW-Scale Energy Systems." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-011134mtgabs.

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The overall aim of this project is to establish a generic modelling platform for the design and operation of zero-emission MW-scale hybrid electric energy systems, with a particular focus on maritime transport applications. The project seeks to integrate battery and fuel cell degradation models with operating strategy models to minimize the total cost of ownership (TCO) of hybrid battery/fuel cell systems. The modelling approach used here, to simulate battery and fuel cell degradation, takes advantage of empirical modelling methods already established in the scientific literature. This approach offers three distinct advantages over alternative multi-physics models, in that empirical degradation models are (i) computationally efficient, (ii) can be integrated into other modelling frameworks, and (iii) can support the quick parameterization of different systems. Real-life battery and fuel cell degradation data, collected using state-of-the-art materials, was used to quantify the model parameters and validate the proposed degradation models. A variety of advanced in-situ electrochemical characterization methods have been employed to quantify the relevant parameters at the beginning-of-life and again after various stages of ageing to determine degradation rates of the relevant parameters. The second aspect of this project is the implementation of a technoeconomic optimization model that combines the data-driven degradation models with additional inputs such as operating conditions, operational profile (i.e., drive cycle), cost of hydrogen, cost of electricity, etc. to design optimal hybrid battery/fuel cell systems and determine optimal control strategies to minimize degradation and total cost of ownership over the system lifetime. This talk will focus on the advanced in-situ electrochemical techniques that have been used to extract fuel cell degradation parameters and provide an overview of both the empirical degradation and technoeconomical models. Finally, we will present the optimization results obtained using our platform for the implementation of a hybrid energy system in a coastal Norwegian ferry.

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26

Pitakthapanaphong, S., and E. P. Busso. "Finite element analysis of the fracture behaviour of multi-layered systems used in solid oxide fuel cell applications." Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 13, no. 4 (April 11, 2005): 531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/13/4/004.

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Fang, Yin-Ying, Chi-Fang Chen, and Sheng-Ju Wu. "Feature identification using acoustic signature of Ocean Researcher III (ORIII) of Taiwan." ANZIAM Journal 59 (July 25, 2019): C318—C357. http://dx.doi.org/10.21914/anziamj.v59i0.12655.

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Underwater acoustic signature identification has been employed as a technique for detecting underwater vehicles, such as in anti-submarine warfare or harbour security systems. The underwater sound channel, however, has interference due to spatial variations in topography or sea state conditions and temporal variations in water column properties, which cause multipath and scattering in acoustic propagation. Thus, acoustic data quality control can be very challenging. One of challenges for an identification system is how to recognise the same target signature from measurements under different temporal and spatial settings. This paper deals with the above challenges by establishing an identification system composed of feature extraction, classification algorithms, and feature selection with two approaches to recognise the target signature of underwater radiated noise from a research vessel, Ocean Researcher III, with a bottom mounted hydrophone in five cruises in 2016 and 2017. The fundamental frequency and its power spectral density are known as significant features for classification. In feature extraction, we extract the features before deciding which is more significant from the two aforementioned features. The first approach utilises Polynomial Regression (PR) classifiers and feature selection by Taguchi method and analysis of variance under a different combination of factors and levels. The second approach utilises Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) selecting the optimised parameters of classifier via genetic algorithm. The real-time classifier of PR model is robust and superior to the RBFNN model in this paper. This suggests that the Automatic Identification System for Vehicles using Acoustic Signature developed here can be carried out by utilising harmonic frequency features extracted from unmasking the frequency bandwidth for ship noises and proves that feature extraction is appropriate for our targets. 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Automatic classification of active sonar echoes for improved target identification. Douglas C Montgomery. Design and analysis of experiments. John wiley and sons, 2017. doi:10.1002/9781118147634. G Taguchi. Off-line and on-line quality control systems. In Proceedings of International Conference on Quality Control, 1978. Sheng-Ju Wu, Sheau-Wen Shiah, and Wei-Lung Yu. Parametric analysis of proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance by using the taguchi method and a neural network. Renewable Energy, 34(1):135144, 2009. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2008.03.006. Genichi Taguchi. Introduction to quality engineering: designing quality into products and processes. Technical report, 1986. doi:10.1002/qre.4680040216. Richard Horvath, Gyula Matyasi, and Agota Dregelyi-Kiss. Optimization of machining parameters for fine turning operations based on the response surface method. ANZIAM Journal, 55:250265, 2014. doi:10.21914/anziamj.v55i0.7865. Chuan-Tien Li, Sheng-Ju Wu, and Wei-Lung Yu. Parameter design on the multi-objectives of pem fuel cell stack using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and genetic algorithms. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(9):45024515, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.01.034. Antoine Guisan, Thomas C Edwards Jr, and Trevor Hastie. Generalized linear and generalized additive models in studies of species distributions: setting the scene. Ecological modelling, 157(2-3):89100, 2002. doi:10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00204-1. Sheng Chen, Colin FN Cowan, and Peter M Grant. Orthogonal least squares learning algorithm for radial basis function networks. IEEE Transactions on neural networks, 2(2):302309, 1991. doi:10.1109/72.80341. Howard Demuth and Mark Beale. Neural network toolbox for use with matlab-user's guide verion 4.0. 1993. Janice Gaffney, Charles Pearce, and David Green. Binary versus real coding for genetic algorithms: A false dichotomy? ANZIAM Journal, 51:347359, 2010. doi:10.21914/anziamj.v51i0.2776. 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Ruan, Zhenglin, and Haibing Guo. "A HIGH-FIDELITY SIMULATION OF THE C5G7 BENCHMARK BY USING THE PARALLEL ENTER CODE." EPJ Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 06023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124706023.

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In simulation of advanced nuclear reactors, requirements like high precision, high efficiency and convenient to multi-physics coupling are putting forward. The deterministic transport method has the advantage of high efficiency, capable of obtaining detailed flux distribution and efficient in multi-physics coupling, but its accuracy is limited by the homogenized reaction cross-section data and core modelling exactness. The traditional two-steps homogenization strategy may introduce substantial deviation during the assembly calculation. It is possible to conduct a whole core deterministic transport simulation pin-by-pin to achieve higher accuracy, which eliminates the assembly homogenization process. The C5G7 benchmarks were proposed to test the ability of a modern deterministic transport code in analyzing whole core reactor problems without spatial homogenization. Different deterministic code that developed by different methods were applied to the benchmark simulation and some of them solved the benchmark accurately. However, there still exist some drawbacks in the given calculation processes which carried out by some other deterministic transport codes and we could find that the fuel pin cell in the assembly were not exactly geometrically modelled owing to the limit of the code. Consequently, the calculation precision could be improved by utilizing a high-fidelity geometry modelling. In this paper, the C5G7 benchmarks with different control rod position and different configuration were calculated by the finite element SN neutron transport code ENTER [1], and the results were presented after massively parallel computation on TIANHE-II supercomputer. By introducing a large scale high-fidelity unstructured meshes, high fidelity distributions of power and neutron flux were gained and compared with the results from other codes, excellent consistency were observed. To sum up, the ENTER code can meet those new requirements in simulation of advanced nuclear reactors and more works and researches will be implemented for a further improvement.

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Maleki Bagherabadi, Kamyar, Stian Skjong, and Eilif Pedersen. "Dynamic modelling of PEM fuel cell system for simulation and sizing of marine power systems." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.03.247.

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McKinlay, CJ, P. Manias, SR Turnock, and DA Hudson. "DYNAMIC MODELLING OF AMMONIA CRACKERS AND HYDROGEN PEM FUEL CELLS FOR SHIPPING APPLICATIONS." ICCAS 2022, September 15, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.iccas.2022.22.

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The pathway towards sustainable maritime propulsion is unclear. One concept is using ammonia as a fuel. This study investigated using an ammonia cracker (a device to convert ammonia to hydrogen) and a Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell. This requires a hydrogen buffer tank and purification, each process has been dynamically modelled. Simulations show the power demand for different vessel types (cargo and survey) for several routes. This enabled analysis of ammonia demand and system requirements during: in port; manoeuvring; cruising; surveying. The same simulations ran for other potential setups to facilitate a fair comparison of the technical challenges, storage requirements, and support system requirements (e.g. batteries). Results showed that the total system plus fuel for this concept for a case study cargo voyage would weigh 150 tonnes and require 586 m3 of volume. For comparison, a liquid hydrogen system for the same voyage weighed 35 tonnes and required 222 m3 .

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Steinhorst, Maximilian, Michael Auinger, Teja Roch, and Christoph Leyens. "Modelling and corrosion of coated stainless steel substrates for bipolar plates at different temperatures." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, February 17, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-023-01855-6.

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Abstract The corrosion behaviour of coated stainless steel as bipolar plate material in PEM fuel cell applications and its improvement through the surface modifications was investigated. A commercial SS316L stainless steel grade was deposited with thin multi-layer coatings, consisting of a carbon top layer and a chromium interlayer of two different thicknesses. Interfacial contact resistance measurements revealed that the applied Cr/C coatings are highly conductive and surpass the ICR criteria, suggested by the U.S. Department of Energy. Corrosion resistance was thoroughly analysed by potentiodynamic polarisation and cyclic voltammetry in 0.5 M $${\hbox {H}_2{\text{SO}}_4}$$ H 2 SO 4 at room temperature and 80 °C, respectively, combined with numerical modelling. Electrochemical results agree well with numerical modelling, including the dissolution of metallic species, local pH-shifts and changes of electrolyte conductivity. Furthermore, the study shows that the application of a Cr/C coating significantly reduces the current density in the passive region during potentiodynamic polarisation and lowering the corrosion rate of the steel substrate by at least a factor of two. Graphical abstract

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Litkohi, Hajar Rajaei, Ali Bahari, and Reza Ojani. "Synthesis of Pt-Ni-Fe/CNT/CP nanocomposite as an electrocatalytic electrode for PEM fuel cell cathode." Journal of Nanoparticle Research 19, no. 8 (August 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-017-3969-5.

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"Multi-Physics HPC Simulations for PEM Fuel Cell with the Open-Source Code TRUST." ECS Meeting Abstracts, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2019-02/33/1465.

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Zuo, Yang, Chaohua Dai, Chao Tan, Tianyang Zhan, and Weirong Chen. "Virtual cloud computing–based and 3D multi-physics simulation for local oxygen starvation in PEM fuel cell." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.08.255.

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Wang, Ying Da, Quentin Meyer, Kunning Tang, James E. McClure, Robin T. White, Stephen T. Kelly, Matthew M. Crawford, et al. "Large-scale physically accurate modelling of real proton exchange membrane fuel cell with deep learning." Nature Communications 14, no. 1 (February 14, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-35973-8.

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AbstractProton exchange membrane fuel cells, consuming hydrogen and oxygen to generate clean electricity and water, suffer acute liquid water challenges. Accurate liquid water modelling is inherently challenging due to the multi-phase, multi-component, reactive dynamics within multi-scale, multi-layered porous media. In addition, currently inadequate imaging and modelling capabilities are limiting simulations to small areas (<1 mm2) or simplified architectures. Herein, an advancement in water modelling is achieved using X-ray micro-computed tomography, deep learned super-resolution, multi-label segmentation, and direct multi-phase simulation. The resulting image is the most resolved domain (16 mm2 with 700 nm voxel resolution) and the largest direct multi-phase flow simulation of a fuel cell. This generalisable approach unveils multi-scale water clustering and transport mechanisms over large dry and flooded areas in the gas diffusion layer and flow fields, paving the way for next generation proton exchange membrane fuel cells with optimised structures and wettabilities.

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Zhao, Jian, Xianguo Li, Chris Shum, and John McPhee. "A computationally efficient and high-fidelity 1D steady-state performance model for PEM fuel cells." Journal of Physics: Energy, January 3, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/acafa3.

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Abstract The performance of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell is determined by many factors, including operating conditions, component specifications, and system design, making it challenging to predict its performance over a wide range of operating conditions. Existing fuel cell models can be complex and computationally demanding or may be over-simplified by neglecting many transport phenomena. Therefore, a high-fidelity and computationally efficient model is urgently needed for the model-based control of fuel cells. In this study, semi-implicit multi-physics numerical models have been established, taking the mass, momentum, reactants, liquid water, membrane water, electrons, ions, and energy in all fuel cell components into account. The developed 1D model is of high fidelity by incorporating the two-phase flow, non-isothermal effect, and convection, and is still computationally efficient. These models are validated against data from an auto manufacturer with good agreements, and the computing efficiency is evaluated on a modest laptop computer. The modeling results suggest that the two-phase flow model exhibits better prediction accuracy than the single-phase flow model when reactants are fully humidified, while under low humidity conditions, the two models present equivalent performance as liquid water does not exist in the fuel cell components. The results also suggest that the maximum convective/diffusive ratio of H2, O2, and vapor mass fluxes can be 12%, 5.3%, and 35%, respectively, which are ignored in most diffusion-dominant models. The developed models are computationally efficient, requiring only 0.56 s and 0.26 s to simulate a steady-state operation of fuel cells for the two- and single-phase flow models, respectively. This implies that the developed models are suitable for the control of PEM fuel cells.

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Ahmed, Saad, Zhengyuan Tao, Hao Zhang, Naveed Ahmed, Haroon Gulzar, and Jianli Wang. "Tuning the Performance of Nanofiller Reinforced Phosphorylated Chitosan-Based Proton Exchange Membrane." Journal of The Electrochemical Society, January 25, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acb613.

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Abstract A one-step method was enforced for the phosphorylation of chitosan (CS) using ATMP, and later amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-NH2) were used for the fabrication of PCS/N-MWCNTs membranes. The phosphorylation of CS and later PCS/N-MWCNTs nanocomposite membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. They were also evaluated for their mechanical properties, water uptake, area swelling ratio, ion-exchange capacity (IEC), and proton conductivity. Interfacial interaction among an -NH2 group of MWCNTs and -phosphonic acid as well as the -NH2 group of PCS provided extra sites for proton transfer, thus improving the proton conductivity of PCS/N-MWCNTs membranes. These results revealed that the incorporation of N-MWCNTs into PCS chains lowers PCS chain mobility and ultimately improved the thermal and mechanical properties of the composite membranes. The proton conductivity of the composite membrane with 5 wt. % of N-MWCNTs at 80°C was 0.045 S.cm−1. Thus, PCS/N-MWCNTs nanocomposite membranes as a PEM can be used in fuel cells. With this advantage, the N-MWCNTs-filled hydrogen fuel cell outperforms compared to PCS filled membrane.

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