Academic literature on the topic 'Modelling international development project success'
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Journal articles on the topic "Modelling international development project success"
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Nanthagopan, Yogarajah, Nigel Williams, and Karen Thompson. "Levels and interconnections of project success in development projects by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs)." International Journal of Managing Projects in Business 12, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 487–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmpb-04-2018-0085.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand and identify the nature of evaluation criteria, levels and associations among levels of project success in development projects by NGOs in Sri Lanka. Design/methodology/approach The setting for this study is Sri Lanka, a country currently recovering from civil war and natural disasters and host to a large number of national and international NGOs involved in development projects. Data collection was conducted using a quantitative survey which obtained 447 responses. Multivariate analysis of data was conducted using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling. Findings The study confirmed that overall project success in NGOs could be assessed in three levels: project management (PM) success, project success and NGO success. The results conclude that there are strong associations among the three levels of project success; moreover, PM success and project success are indispensable for achieving NGO success. Originality/value This study extends existing research to confirm the presence of the three levels of project success and the interconnections among them. These findings can support subsequent research on development projects and also support the design of holistic evaluation tools to support project practices in NGOs.
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Dandage, Rahul Vishwanath, Santosh B. Rane, and Shankar S. Mantha. "Modelling human resource dimension of international project risk management." Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing 14, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 261–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgoss-11-2019-0065.
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Purpose Project risk management (PRM) and human resource management (HRM) are the two critical success factors (CSFs) for international project management. This paper aims to correlate these two CSFs, identify the human resource (HR) barriers, develop a hybrid model for risk management and develop strategies to overcome the HR barriers to effective risk management in international projects. Design/methodology/approach In total, 20 key HR barriers have been identified through a literature survey and verified by project professionals. These HR barriers are ranked according to their ability to trigger other barriers by analysing their interactions using the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method. Based on Ulrich’s revised model for HR functions, a hybrid framework for international PRM has been proposed. Findings DEMATEL analysis categorized nine barriers as cause barriers and 11 as affected barriers. The “PROJECTS” model proposed for HR strategy development suggests eight strategies to overcome these nine cause barriers. The hybrid PRM framework developed includes the effect of the HR dimension. Research limitations/implications This paper presents the generalized prioritization of HR barriers to international PRM. For a specific international project, the HR barriers and their prioritization may change slightly. The hybrid framework for PRM and the strategy development model suggested are yet to be validated. Originality/value Correlating two CSFs in international project management, i.e. HRM and PRM and ranking the HR barriers using the DEMATEL method is the uniqueness of this research paper. The hybrid framework developed for PRM based on HR functions in Ulrich’s revised model and the proposed new HR strategy development model “PROJECTS” are unique contributions of this paper.
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Obi, Lovelin Ifeoma, Mohammed Arif, and Dennis J. Kulonda. "Prioritizing cost management system considerations for Nigerian housing projects." Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction 22, no. 2 (August 7, 2017): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmpc-06-2016-0025.
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Purpose This study aims to develop a success factor model to understand and facilitate improved cost management system (CMS) implementation in low-cost housing (LcH) project delivery in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach Literature findings highlight 13 drivers affecting effective implementation within the CMS and uses series of brainstorming sessions and questionnaire surveys to validate the drivers. Factor analysis (FA) identifies possible contextual relationships among the validated drivers and groups them into three success factors. The results of the FA are refined using interpretive structural modelling (ISM). The ISM identifies and models the influential drivers and aids the development of the success factor model. Findings Effective team qualities, information and management actions and a stable operational environment are the three essential success factors for effective CMS implementation. Practical implications The paper highlights effective team qualities as the most important CMS considerations for Nigerian LcH project delivery. This finding creates the needed awareness to guide project sponsors and project managers in the appropriate selection of the project management team (PMT) as well as the procurement system that facilitates their collaboration. Originality/value This study is a novel research using FA and ISM to investigate the influence of success factors needful for effective implementation within the CMS. It further develops a hierarchy model that aids the PMT with better understanding of the drivers and factors interrelationships for use on LcH projects within the Nigerian context.
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van Lith, Jan, Hans Voordijk, Julieta Matos Castano, and Bart Vos. "Assessing maturity development of purchasing management in construction." Benchmarking: An International Journal 22, no. 6 (August 3, 2015): 1033–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-07-2014-0071.
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Purpose – Prime contractors spent a substantial part of their turnover on purchasing. The management of the purchasing function therefore has a large influence on the overall performance of a prime contractor. The more developed the purchasing function is, the greater its contribution to success of the companies. The purpose of this paper is to measure and explain the development in maturity of the purchasing function in construction firms. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a literature review, a theoretical framework for the assessment of purchasing maturity is provided first. Then a longitudinal multiple case study is executed in order to assess the maturity development of the purchasing function in seven construction companies. Results are compared with a historical baseline assessment. Findings – The results demonstrate an increase in the maturity of the purchasing function in general and in particular in the management of strategic relations. The case companies have reached a maturity in which they start to coordinate activities in their supply chains. Increased use of IT solutions enables a more integrated approach of the construction process. Practical implications – IT and in particular Building Information Modelling pave the path towards an integrated supply chain, which in turn enables the reduction of waste in the processes. Nevertheless, companies still struggle with the tension between project-based flexibility and long-term relations with suppliers. Originality/value – The development of purchasing maturity was measured in a baseline measurement and in a second assessment performed five years later by using the exact same model and exact same case companies.
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Stanimirovic, Dalibor, and Mirko Vintar. "Modelling IT Outsourcing Process." International Journal of Information Communication Technologies and Human Development 4, no. 1 (January 2012): 62–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jicthd.2012010105.
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Slovenian government has adopted the utilization of outsourcing as one of the main instruments to tackle national/municipal budget deficit and stimulate cost effectiveness of the public sector. While lacking experience as well as formal regulations and expertise in the field of outsourcing, public sector started straying to the growing and increasingly less justified outsourcing of public services, leading to a completely opposite effect than expected and desired. Being aware of the complex and almost unparalleled role of information technology (IT) in the modern organization, IT sourcing issues could define the main trajectory of public sector action in the future as well as articulate its development strategy and long-term goals of e-government in general. This paper focuses on in-depth analysis of the critical success factors of public sector outsourcing, while employing the international studies and primarily the results of the research from 2010, concerning outsourcing of IT-projects in Slovenian municipalities. This paper provides additional analysis of the material, procedural and other relevant aspects within the process of IT outsourcing, an overview of its potential implications and eventually presents a contextual framework and a set of applicable guidelines for quality management of IT outsourcing process and effective implementation of e-government projects in the public sector.
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Kanova, O. A. "Financial and Analytical Aspects of Making Decisions on Determining the Roles of Participants in Partnership Projects." PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY 3, no. 49 (2021): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2021-3-42-47.
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The article is aimed at forming an analytical basis for making decisions on determining the optimal role played by participants in financing partnership projects for the economic development of a state. The paper outlines the importance of distributing financial support efficiently in order to address problems related to the lack of funding and low efficiency of socially important projects implemented on a partnership basis. Statistical data testifying to the development of projects implemented in Ukraine on a partnership basis are considered. The most common forms of partnership agreements and financial support mechanisms used in partnership projects in Ukraine are also identified. The regions of Ukraine that are leaders and outsiders as for the number of partnership agreements concluded and / or implemented on their territory are identified. The effectiveness of various financial participation forms used by various parties to partnership projects is analyzed. To fulfill the task, the participation of potential investors is generalized by three sources of funding: state budget funds, local budget funds and other sources that include all extrabudgetary financial resources (own resources of program participants, businesses and individuals related to project implementation results, international organizations, as well as sponsorship and charitable funds, borrowed funds, etc.). Regression models have been constructed to determine the impact of the funding sources involved on the successful implementation of partnership projects in different areas (programs in economic, social and environmental areas are considered separately). Based on the modelling results, the elasticity coefficient has been calculated, which shows the extent to which the attraction of an individual funding source influences the success of the program. Conclusions are made on the extent to which the increase (or decrease) of the share of funding from a single source affects the success of the program in a certain area
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Ead, Hamed A., Ahmed Rashed, Waleed Ghoniem, and Mohamed Turk. "Factors affecting students’ intentions toward green entrepreneurship in COVID-19 pandemic times: A case study of Egyptian universities." International Journal of Education and Learning 4, no. 2 (August 10, 2022): 140–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31763/ijele.v4i2.716.
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The impact of government assistance, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, conceptual development support, and educational development support on green entrepreneurial aspirations through university curriculum during the COVID-19 epidemic is explored in this research. It is the first of its kind in Egypt and is based on a sample population of 502 undergraduate students from various faculties at five Egyptian universities (two public, two private, and one institution with international cooperation). It employs structural equation modelling via SmartPLS. This study can assist other Egyptian universities in creating strategic plans for environmental initiatives and ensuring that students are given the necessary skills to succeed. The study aims to evaluate the impact of conceptual development support offered by universities in terms of fostering interest and presenting novel ideas to students to start a new project, government support provided in terms of laws and programs to encourage entrepreneurship, development of university curriculum to promote entrepreneurial self-efficacy through regular courses, postgraduate practices, and networking with entrepreneurs. Academics, especially those in universities in Egypt or other Arab or African nations, as well as policymakers, can gain from this research's potential to build new standards to support green entrepreneurship and sustainable economies.
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Diagne, Christophe, Jane A. Catford, Franz Essl, Martín A. Nuñez, and Franck Courchamp. "What are the economic costs of biological invasions? A complex topic requiring international and interdisciplinary expertise." NeoBiota 63 (November 3, 2020): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.63.55260.
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Biological invasions can cause substantial economic losses and expenses for management, as well as harm biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being. A comprehensive assessment of the economic costs of invasions is a challenging but essential prerequisite for efficient and sustainable management of invasive alien species. Indeed, these costs were shown to be inherently heterogeneous and complex to determine, and substantial knowledge gaps prevent a full understanding of their nature and distribution. Hence, the development of a still-missing global, standard framework for assessing and deciphering invasion costs is essential to identify effective management approaches and optimise legislation. The recent advent of the InvaCost database – the first comprehensive and harmonised compilation of the economic costs associated with biological invasions worldwide – offers unique opportunities to investigate these complex and diverse costs at different scales. Insights provided by such a dataset are likely to be greatest when a diverse range of experience and expertise are combined. For this purpose, an international and multidisciplinary workshop was held from 12th to 15th November 2019 near Paris (France) to launch several project papers based on the data available in InvaCost. Here, we highlight how the innovative research arising from this workshop offers a major step forward in invasion science. We collectively identified five core research opportunities that InvaCost can help to address: (i) decipher how existing costs of invasions are actually distributed in human society; (ii) bridge taxonomic and geographic gaps identified in the costs currently estimated; (iii) harmonise terminology and reporting of costs through a consensual and interdisciplinary framework; (iv) develop innovative methodological approaches to deal with cost estimations and assessments; and (v) provide cost-based information and tools for applied management of invasions. Moreover, we attribute part of the success of the workshop to its consideration of diversity, equity and societal engagement, which increased research efficiency, creativity and productivity. This workshop provides a strong foundation for substantially advancing our knowledge of invasion impacts, fosters the establishment of a dynamic collaborative network on the topic of invasion economics, and highlights new key features for future scientific meetings.
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Parlin, Bradley W., and Mark W. Lusk. "International irrigation development: Factors affecting project success." Society & Natural Resources 1, no. 1 (January 1988): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941928809380647.
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Yamin, Mohamed, and Adriel K. S. Sim. "Critical success factors for international development projects in Maldives." International Journal of Managing Projects in Business 9, no. 3 (June 6, 2016): 481–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmpb-08-2015-0082.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the perceptions of local project teams on critical success factors and project success in the context of international development projects in Maldives. It identifies the critical success factors of international development projects, examines how the success of international development projects in Maldives is perceived by local project team members, and analyzes the relationship between critical success factors and project success from the project teams’ perspective. Design/methodology/approach – A survey questionnaire was used and 41 project team members participated in the study. Correlation analysis and regression analysis were performed to understand the relationship with project success and critical success factors. Findings – The study found out that the levels of success of projects were perceived high among the project teams. The results indicated that monitoring CSF, coordination CSF, design CSF, training CSF, and institutional environment CSF had a significant relationship with project success. However, results of the regression analysis indicated that only monitoring CSF was significant in influencing project success. Research limitations/implications – The limited sample size and optimism bias of respondents were a constraint. Furthermore, further analysis of data may be required to advance analysis. Originality/value – The study looks through the lens of project implementation teams in order to provide insights from their vantage point. The study provides insights based on the Maldivian context which will benefit similar island nation communities implementing similar projects.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Modelling international development project success"
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Adams, Brent Michael, and Thi Bich Van Tran. "Project Manager Competencies in managing International Development Projects : The Project Managers' Perspective." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-130986.
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This research studies the competencies of International Development (ID) project managers from their perspectives, taking into consideration the contextual factors and the challenges that they face when managing ID projects. The study adopts a constructionist ontological viewpoint and an interpretivist epistemological philosophical assumption. The nature of the research is exploratory with an inductive approach, using qualitative research method. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with experienced project managers in International Development projects. Template analysis strategy was used to analyse the data. The findings show that contextual factors have a significant influence on the challenges that ID project managers face when managing projects. Contextual factors are operating environment, large network of stakeholders and intangible goals of ID projects. Five challenges were identified as the results of the context, namely stakeholder management challenge, beneficiary needs analysis challenge, the challenge of balancing strategic and operational views, capacity building and training challenge and sustainable funding challenge. To overcome these challenges, seven ID project manager competencies were identified management skills, personal qualities, interpersonal skills, stakeholder engagement skills, capacity building skills, and change management skills. These competencies are found to be interrelated and complementary. While the role and responsibilities of ID project managers were also uncovered during the research, the findings on contextual factors, challenges and competencies help to better understand the ID project manager role and responsibilities. This study makes the contributions from both theoretical and practical point of view. With regards to theoretical contribution, our findings expanded on ID project manager competencies as well as relating them to the context and challenges in ID projects. The role and responsibilities of ID project manager is another theoretical contribution in this study. From a practical point of view, this thesis’s findings would be useful for various organizations who deliver ID projects, particularly human resources management. In addition, it can act as knowledge sharing with ID project managers and help in designing and enhancing educational programmes in ID project management. Overall, this could result in better delivery and overcoming the challenges of International Development projects.
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Kazhibekova, Ainel, and Vildana Jusufovic. "Critical Success Factors in the Implementation of International Development Projects in Kazakhstan." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-31659.
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International aids, which target socio-development in developing and/or underdeveloped countries, are generally undertaken through projects. These projects, which are named as international development projects (IDPs), are financed mainly by multilateral and bilateral development agencies. However, management of these projects, which have less tangible objectives and deliverables, differ drastically from traditional industrial-commercial project types, that have more tangible objectives and deliverables. Moreover, the intensive investments on IDPs have not yielded the expected progress yet. Therefore, ensuring a successful IDP management through the satisfaction of factors that are critical for project success becomes crucial for both sponsoring bodies and receiving countries. Nevertheless, the current literature provides only a limited number of studies, such as studies conducted by Diallo and Thuiller (2004; 2005), Do and Tun (2008), on this subject area. Then, this study following previous studies by Diallo and Thuiller (2004; 2005), Do and Tun (2008), aims to contribute to this gap in the literature through investigating critical success factors (CSFs) for implementation phase of international development projects (IDPs) in Kazakhstan. Not only the applicability of Do and Tun’s (2008) CSFs for IDP implementation phase to IDPs being implemented in Kazakhstan are tested but also a new set of CSFs is generated for the implementation phase of IDPs being implemented in Kazakhstan.
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Umakanthan, Sujatha, and Ghassan Khoumassi. "Leadership Competency Profiles and their linkage to Project Success : Case-studies in Construction and International Development Projects." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-31370.
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Rohm, Martin. "Modelling critical success factors of international joint ventures in real estate development : perspective of a capital investor." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2017. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/5641/.
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The aim of this dissertation, undertaken between 2012 and 2017, is to contribute towards the improvement of international joint venture (“IJV”) management in real estate development projects by analysing performance and factors, critical for the success of real estate IJVs. The assumption is that a real estate capital investor acts as the international partner of the IJV-construct, while local developers, operators and/or real estate professionals represent the local partner. The thesis focuses on the perspective of the real estate capital investor as a key actor in an IJV. The thesis adopts a systems approach in identifying and discussing the critical success factors of IJVs in the literature review, followed by the development of an integrated, theory-based framework that offers a theoretical conceptualisation of the research problem and key research questions. The methodology and research design were compiled using quantitative (questionnaire survey) and qualitative (focus group and semi-structured interviews) approaches. Data were collected from international capital providers investing as IJV-partners in real estate development using a mixed method approach, the thesis proposes and elaborates on a performance model for IJVs in real estate development, with an aim to ensure empirically valid performance measurement. The focus was to identify and justify determinants and their relationships. The empirical investigation in the thesis supports the notion that the investment process and the selection of the partner are particularly important for a project’s success in real estate development IJVs. In addition, aspects related to the structural and organisational dimension are relevant to the overall IJV performance. Moreover, the model has shown significant relationships between the (1) structural, organisational and investment dimensions on the one hand, and the (2) external, organisational and investment dimensions, on the other hand, for the overall success in the formation-stage. With respect to the post-formation stage, relationships between (1) partner and organisational dimension, (2) partner and investment dimension and (3) investment and organisational dimensions have been proven relevant to improve IJV performance in the context of real estate development IJVs.
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Mazur, Alicia K. "Defence industry projects : investigating the impact of major project manager attributes on stakeholder relationships and project success." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/69932/1/Alicia_Mazur_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis identifies attributes, skills and behaviours that major project managers require for stakeholder relationships competence and project success within a major project environment. It develops valid and reliable measures of internal and external stakeholder relationships competence, tests a complex conceptual model and explores the effectiveness of the QUT Executive Masters of Complex Project Management and Strategic Procurement in developing major project managers' stakeholder relationships competence. Implications of this thesis are for government and industry in identifying factors associated with major project success, as this will lead to better major project outcomes potentially resulting in time and monetary savings of years and billions of dollars.
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Nurchasanah. "Post-project Sustainability Analysis Using Complex System Approach: A Case Study in Microfinance (Revolving Loan Fund Project) in Indonesia." Thesis, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2440/135990.
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Poverty and other human development issues remain a large global problem requiring a solution. The long-term effectiveness of international development projects aiming to address the issues is difficult to achieve. Even for projects that are successful in their implementation phase. One important criterion of long-term project success is sustainability which can provide long-term benefits to society. Microfinance potentially provides enduring solutions for poverty alleviation by providing permanent access to microcredit for the poor, yet it also faces challenges in its sustainability. Further, the complex characteristics of international development projects and their sustainability have created the need for a comprehensive and complex approach to projects. This study involved a post-project sustainability analysis of an international development project (microfinance/revolving loan fund) using a complex systems approach. The analysis resulted in the provision of a sustainability evaluation framework for an international development project and its application in a microfinance project; understanding the sustainability of microfinance projects through a complex systems approach; and exploration of factors that can influence the sustainability of microfinance projects. This study used both qualitative and quantitative approaches with case study design in a microfinance (Revolving Loan Fund) project in Central Java Province, Indonesia. Data were collected through interviews, observation, document review, focus group discussions (FGDs) and a survey. The data collection was conducted in the province from October 2019 to December 2020. SPSS and NVivo software was used to analyse the data. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, a framework to evaluate the sustainability of an international development project is proposed. The framework’s application shows that a complex systems approach is applicable to post-project sustainability evaluation. Moreover, the case study showed that the project is sustainable. The study has implications for project sustainability and microfinance. First, the framework provides more comprehensive information about the sustainability of a project. Second, microfinance programmes can be sustainable without subsidies and can achieve financial and social goals. Second, the results revealed that some issues arose in response to the closure of the project, and actions were taken to cope with those issues. These are related to project governance, accountability, capital and profitability, competition and empowerment. The analysis also showed that the move towards a sustainable project presents characteristics of complex systems, including interconnectedness, adaptive capacity, feedback, self-organisation and emergence (IAFSE). Further, this study’s findings have implications for microfinance sustainability management and programme design. First, they demonstrate the importance of effective stakeholder management, leadership and a network-based governance system. Second, they identify the importance of including flexibility in programme design; planning by the governing body, accountability and control mechanisms after project completion; equipping the community with knowledge and skills; and recruiting the right people. Third, an exploration of factors that may influence the sustainability of microfinance projects showed that project-based microfinance (RLF) sustainability is influenced by local project characteristics, community support and project management. This implies that project implementation and its sustainability are concomitant. Further, project implementation that considers the local community and is supported by project management may play an essential role in the project’s sustainability.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Business School, 2022
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Bartlett, Anthony Grey. "Factors Affecting Success in International Collaborative Forestry Research Projects." Phd thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148563.
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Collaborative research projects are an important component of
research for development programs globally, but there is little
consensus regarding what constitutes project ‘success’, and
little understanding of factors that contribute to or constrain
success. This thesis explores the principle research question:
What constitutes success, and what factors influence it, in
forestry research for development projects? In doing so, it
presents a new approach for evaluating the relative success of
projects, and applies it to case studies of forestry research for
development projects implemented by the Australian Centre for
International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) in Vietnam, Indonesia
and Papua New Guinea (PNG).
While ACIAR evaluates individual projects regularly, it has no
methodology to compare levels of success across large numbers of
projects. The first part of the thesis reviews ACIAR’s forestry
program and evaluation methodologies, and presents a new
methodology for evaluating the relative success of research
projects using existing project records. It places projects into
four categories of success based on scores for achievements and
impacts, which aids understanding of differential success between
projects.
In the second part of the thesis, this methodology is applied to
country-based case studies in Vietnam, Indonesia and PNG. Ten
completed ACIAR forestry projects were evaluated in each country
to identify relative success. There was considerable variation in
the relative success of the projects, in terms of both
achievements and impacts. Interviews with Australian and partner
country project participants were then used to investigate the
factors that affected project success. The number of project
success factors identified varied, with 22, 30, and 37 factors
identified in Vietnam, Indonesia and PNG respectively. In each
country the frequency of identification of these factors and
their apparent relationships with the relative success evaluation
scores of selected projects was investigated.
The third part of the thesis synthesised results from the three
country case studies, and considered how this knowledge could be
used by ACIAR and other international development agencies.
Overall, ACIAR’s forestry programs in Vietnam and Indonesia
have been more successful than its program in PNG. Project
success had little relation to research theme, and successor
projects were not necessarily more successful than their
precursors. Of the 37 success factors identified, seven were
considered to be beyond the control of a project, and a further
15 factors would only apply in some situations. The remaining 15
factors, which relate to aspects of project design and
implementation, and for which there appear to be relationships
with the evaluated level of project success, are therefore
considered to be ‘key success factors’.
This research has made two key contributions to understanding how
to improve research for development projects. The first is a
low-cost method for evaluating relative success between projects.
The second is the identification of 15 widely applicable success
factors that are subject to decisions made by research program
managers and project teams. These insights will help inform
research for development funders and managers about factors
influencing, and strategies for enhancing, project success.
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Chiyangwa, Tawanda Blessing. "Modelling the critical success factors of agile software development projects in South Africa." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/24857.
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There are several critical success factors suggested for why agile software development projects succeed, including organisational and process factors. Although there are an increasing number of identified critical success factors, IT professionals lack the modelling techniques and the theoretical framework to help them meaningfully understand their influences. To solve this problem, this study developed a model by employing the following theories: Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to create a fit model for agile software development projects. The research sought to answer the question: What are the critical success factors that influence the success of agile software development projects?
The literature review considers the continued failure of agile and traditional software development projects which have led to the consideration of, and dispute over, critical success factors — the aspects most vital to a methodology’s success. Though TRA, TPB and UTAUT have previously been applied to agile methodologies, empirical models have not been completely integrated to develop a fit model. This research sought to fill this gap.
Data was collected in South Africa through a web-based survey using structured questionnaires and an interview guide. Face-to-face interviews were done to identify the critical success factors in agile projects. The data was captured and analysed for descriptive statistics, convergent and discriminant validity, composite and internal reliability, and correlation in order to inform the structural equation modelling (SEM). SEM was used to test the research model and hypotheses to answer the research questions.
The results informed development of a comprehensive model that could provide guidelines to the agile community. The study contributes towards understanding the critical success factors for agile projects. It examined direct, indirect and moderating effects, and the findings contribute towards developing a framework to be used by agile professionals.
These key result shows that organisational factors have a great influence on performance expectancy characteristics. To ensure success of agile projects, managers are advised to focus on the effect of the organisation’s environment, culture and policies on performance and effort expectancy.School of Computing
Ph. D. (Computer Science)
Books on the topic "Modelling international development project success"
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Grassini, Maurizio, and Rossella Bardazzi, eds. Structural changes, international trade and multisectoral modelling. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-740-9.
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In September 2007 the national team members of the International Inforum (Interindustry Forecasting Project at the University of Maryland) group held the XV annual World Conference in Truijllo, Spain. Such Conferences offer the participants to report their achievements in the different fields concerning the macroeconomic multisectoral modeling approach and data development. The national partners build their country model based on a common input-output accounting structure and a similar econometric modeling approach for sectoral and macroeconomic variables. In each Conference, the contributions refer to the wide spectrum of research activities carried on within the Inforum system of models.
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Honig, Dan. Tailoring Management to Suit the Task. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672454.003.0007.
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This chapter brings quantitative and qualitative empirics to bear on the relationship among project verifiability, navigation strategy, and international development organization Project Success. It draws on the quantitative Project Performance Database and two pairs of case studies comparing U.S. Agency for International Development and U.K. Department for International Development projects in South Africa. It finds that Navigation by Judgment is associated with relatively better project performance as project verifiability falls. It also highlights that Navigation by Judgment is not always successful; in a case pair in the South African health sector, Navigation by Judgment fares less well than tight top-down target setting and measurement.
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Honig, Dan. Journey without Maps. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672454.003.0006.
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This chapter brings quantitative and qualitative empirics to bear on the relationship between environmental predictability, navigation strategy, and international development organization (IDO) Project Success. The chapter first examines quantitative data on IDO Project Success, as environmental unpredictability varies along with the role that the Navigation by Judgment propensity plays in this relationship. It then turns to qualitative cases, which compare U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and U.K. Department for International Development (DFID) performance in Liberia’s unpredictable environment as both IDOs attempt to achieve similar goals in health and government capacity-building interventions. The discussion draws on the quantitative Project Performance Database and two pairs of case studies comparing USAID and DFID projects in relatively unpredictable Liberia. The chapter finds that Navigation by Judgment is associated with relatively better project performance in unpredictable contexts.
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Honig, Dan. How to Know What Works Better, When. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672454.003.0005.
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This chapter develops testable hypotheses of when Navigation by Judgment will be more or less successful. It develops theory as to why environmental predictability and project external verifiability play important mediating roles in the relationship between navigation strategy and success. The chapter argues that returns to Navigation by Judgment will rise as environmental unpredictability rises and as task verifiability falls. The chapter also introduces the quantitative and qualitative data that will be used in chapters 6 and 7 and discusses quantitative and qualitative data-collection methods at some length. The chapter also operationalizes for quantitative analysis the key variables, including Project Success, the propensity of international development organizations to Navigate by Judgment, and environmental unpredictability.
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Balyshev, Marat. Astronomical research in Kharkiv at the end of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century. “Naukova Dumka”, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/978-966-00-1863-1.
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The main milestones of the formation and development of astronomical science in Kharkiv during 1883–1945 are reconstructed on the example of the activities of the astronomical observatory of Kharkiv University. During this period, the outstanding worldview science in Kharkiv has achieved significant success: the works of Kharkiv astronomers have received world recognition; a well-known scientific planetary school has been established at the Observatory; the scientific community highly appreciated the research on the physics and chemistry of the Moon, the giant and small planets of the Solar System. The primary goal of the research is to inscribe the history of the university Observatory into the European and world context. Its purpose is to summarize the results of a comprehensive historical ad scientific study of the development of astronomical research in Kharkiv at the end of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century and identification of ways of further scientific research. The completed research, which continues the problems of works devoted to the study of the history of astronomical science in Ukraine, focuses on expanding the well-known source base by attracting new retro-information resources. In particular, the monograph used a significant array of archival primary sources from almost twenty archival and library institutions of different countries. Most of them were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, which allowed to determine and specify the sequence of stages of development of astronomical science in Kharkiv during the research period, to clarify and identify the little-known circumstances of the observatory life. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of historism, objectivity and a systematic approach to studying the problem. To solve specific problematic tasks in the monograph, general scientific and specially historical methods were used which allowed to study, analyze and summarize the presented factual material in a complex manner. The main sections of the monograph represent the dynamics of replenishment of the instrumental base of the university observatory, the chronology of the construction of the observatory complex of buildings at the location of the modern Scientific Research Institute of Astronomy of the V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. According to the author’s periodization, the stages of formation of subjects and directions of scientific work of university astronomers have been analyzed, including: seismic observations with the help of horizontal Rebeur-Paschwitz pendulums, research of the activity of the Sun, astrometric observations on the Repsold meridian circle of for the purpose of compiling a catalog of zodiac stars, studying lunar eclipses and meteor showers. The participation of university astronomers in the creation of the plan of the city of Kharkiv and its connection with the general network of precise geometric leveling of the Military Topographic Department of the General Staff; the organization of observations by an expedition of Kharkiv astronomers of the total Solar eclipse of 1914 in Henichesk; the creation of the School-workshop of precision mechanics at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kharkiv University were considered; information on the participation of Kharkiv astronomers in the events of the civil war during the Ukrainian Revolution was documented. The scientific research activity of Kharkiv astronomers during 1920-1930-s which was devoted to carrying out important astrometric works on meridian observations of star declinations by absolute methods and observations of Kopf-Rentz stars according to the programs of the International Astronomical Union; the initiation of the creation of the Catalog of faint stars; research in astrophysics aimed at studying the physical conditions on the Moon and the Sun, planets and the interstellar environment; performing long series of spectrophotometric observations of the Moon, Jupiter, Mars and Saturn under different conditions of observation; study of the kinematics of stellar systems of different order, the physical parameters and evolution of stars, the morphology of the Galaxy, the nature of the stellar subsurfaces and atmospheres, dust and gas nebulae, new stars and the variability of stars have been considered; the directions of solid works carried out in the field of celestial mechanics, devoted to the dynamics of the minor planets of the Jupiter group, the definition and improvement of the orbits of minor planets have been clarified. The development of amateur astronomy in Kharkiv, in particular, the functioning of circles and societies that directed their activities to the dissemination of astronomical knowledge, was highlighted; the participation of their representatives in astronomical observations at the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory was emphasized. Reconstructed the development of historical events in the 1930s related to the involvement of Soviet and Western astronomers in the processes of political confrontation between the USSR and the Western world; investigated the course of circumstances that prevented the implementation of the project of creating a new modern astronomical center of national importance – the central Ukrainian observatory in Kharkiv; the participation of an expedition of Kharkiv astronomers in the observation of the «great Soviet eclipse» – the total solar eclipse of 1936 – in the North Caucasus is highlighted; established the facts of political «purges» and repressions by the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs ( the NKVD) in the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory. The activity of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory has been documented and authentic biographical information about its representatives during the Nazi occupation of 1941–1943, the period of the German-Soviet war, has been presented; the unpopular facts of the forced collaboration of some scientists are highlighted; the process of recovery and reconstruction of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory after the liberation of the city is characterized. With the aim of researching the personal history of Kharkiv astronomy of the studied period, the monograph presents the results of a historical and biographical study of facts of life and scientific heritage of scientists who fully devoted themselves to Science, laid the foundations for the future development of many directions of modern astronomical research, made a significant contribution to the treasury of the national and European astronomical science, whose activities were connected with the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory, in particular: Grigory Levytsky, Ludwig Struve, Mykola Evdokymov, Otto Struve, Mykola Barabashov, Boris Gerasimovich, Vasil Fesenkov, Oleksiy Razdolsky, Boris Ostashchenko-Kudryavtsev, Nicholas Bobrovnikov, Paraskovia Parkhomenko, Mstislav Savron, Boris Semeykin, Kostyantyn Savchenko and others (25 biographical essays are presented). A significant part of the mentioned factual material was also introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. A separate section of the monograph provides chronologically structured information that reflects the sequence of research work of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory employees during the period under study: from astrometric observations of stars and seismic research to spectrohelioscopic and spectroheliographic observations of the Sun and the initiation of the Kharkiv school of planetary science. It is assumed that the materials of the monograph will be used in research work devoted to the study of the process of institutionalization of astronomical research in Kharkiv at the end of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century.
Book chapters on the topic "Modelling international development project success"
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Grünewald, Susanne. "The Development of Modelling Competencies by Year 9 Students: Effects of a Modelling Project." In International Perspectives on the Teaching and Learning of Mathematical Modelling, 185–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6540-5_16.
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Quisumbing, Agnes, Ruth Meinzen-Dick, and Hazel Malapit. "Measuring Women’s Empowerment and Gender Equality Through the Lens of Induced Innovation." In Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies, 343–55. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5542-6_25.
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AbstractUsing the lens of the theory of induced innovation, we reflect on the development of metrics for women’s empowerment and gender equality. The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), launched in 2012, was used to monitor women’s inclusion in agricultural sector growth. Demand by WEAI users and the supply of tools and methods from researchers shaped the ongoing evolution of the tool to a shorter version and to another that reflected what agricultural development projects deemed meaningful to judge project success. Eventual modifications reflected user demand: a greater interest in market inclusion and value chains stimulated the development of specialized modules for market inclusion. WEAI-related metrics have demonstrated the importance of women’s empowerment for development outcomes, helping governments and civil society organizations design and implement gender-sensitive agricultural development programs. Finally, the adoption of SDG5 on women’s empowerment and gender equality created a demand for a measure of women’s empowerment for use by national statistical systems. Whether such a metric will be adopted globally will depend on the demand from, and utility to, stakeholders as well as existing capacity, capacity-building efforts, a belief in the intrinsic value of women’s empowerment, and the commitment of resources to attaining this goal.
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Muradás, Pedro, María Puig, Óscar Ruiz, and Josep María Solé. "Mainstreaming Climate Adaptation in Mozambican Urban Water, Sanitation, and Drainage Sector." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2631–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_132.
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AbstractThe Capacity Development Programme (CDP) is an agreement between the Government of Mozambique and the Nordic Development Fund, to tackle climate variability by planning and the sustainable operations and maintenance of sanitation and drainage infrastructure. The Mozambican Administration of Water and Sanitation Infrastructure (AIAS) is the agency responsible for this project. The international consortium in charge of developing the CDP provided consultancy services to AIAS and the vulnerable cities of Beira and Matola. The assignment included not only capacity building but also institutional strengthening activities, as well as specific studies, mainly based on climate modelling (dynamic downscaling) and mapping exercises. Important results and conclusions were achieved, and further adaptation strategies to increase the resilience of the Mozambican urban water, sanitation, and drainage sector were proposed.
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Maaß, Jürgen. "Professional Mathematical Modelling: What we can Learn about Teaching Real World Mathematics from the Real Application of Mathematics in our World?" In Building on the Past to Prepare for the Future, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of The Mathematics Education for the Future Project, King's College,Cambridge, Aug 8-13, 2022, 325–30. WTM-Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37626/ga9783959872188.0.060.
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lessons, more motivation and a more sustainable learning success. Professional mathematical modelling is an important foundation for modern, technology-based societies. We are all significantly influenced by the results of mathematical modelling. The decisions for lock down, masks and travel restrictions in connection with Corona are a current example. This article drafts what we as teachers & researchers can learn about successful mathematical modelling from professional working mathematicians who are using & applying mathematics in the natural sciences, technology development, medicine, economics, social and humanities research & practice, consultancy for politics, the financial world & other economic sectors). The background for this article is my research on mathematics as a technology, its acceptance as a concept and ways of technology transfer, as well as decades of experience with colleagues from industrial mathematics (https://www.indmath.uni-linz.ac.at/) and the RISC (https://www.jku.at/institutfuer-symbolisches-rechnen-risc/anwendungen/risc-software-gmbh/) who started their work here in Linz a long time ago. As a co-founder and co-organizer, I organized and enjoyed many lectures on mathematics and society, industrial mathematics, etc. at the Johannes Kepler Symposium (https://www.numa.unilinz.ac.at/JKS/2020/
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Galluzzo, Ben, Katie Kavanagh, Karen Bliss, Michelle Montgomery, and Christopher Musco. "Math Modelling: Common Pitfalls and Paths for Student Success." In Building on the Past to Prepare for the Future, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of The Mathematics Education for the Future Project, King's College,Cambridge, Aug 8-13, 2022, 202–7. WTM-Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37626/ga9783959872188.0.037.
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Mathematical modelling refers to the process of creating a mathematical representation of a real-world scenario to make a prediction or provide insight. There is a distinction between applying a formula and the actual creation of a mathematical relationship. Approaching open-ended problems can be challenging for students. In this two part workshop, we first share examples of how students can get off-track while creating models, in particular making choices or assumptions that undermine the solution quality. In the second part, we demonstrate how to facilitate authentic math modelling so that students can be creative and innovative in the modelling process while having ownership over their solution. Participants will assess real student modelling solutions from Mathworks Math Modeling Challenge (M3 Challenge), a program of Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), and discuss ways that they would advise teams towards improvement.
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London, Kerry, Nicola Willand, and Peng Zhang. "Development of a Building Information Modelling Threshold Capability Framework to Enable Global Curriculum Co-Integration." In Handbook of Research on Driving Transformational Change in the Digital Built Environment, 360–83. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6600-8.ch014.
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The construction and project management graduates are entering an ever-changing workforce that will require a smarter way of working. Creation, use, and management of building information modelling (BIM) models is a critical part of this smarter world. The aim of this research is to develop a threshold capability framework within the context of a broader digital construction project management curriculum to enable the global integration of BIM into a construction management curriculum. This chapter reports the evaluation of the framework through an analysis of 21 interviews with key stakeholder groups. Much effort is required to guide Australian construction practitioners to embrace a greater use of BIM in practice. This research identifies that the concept of graduate resilience skills in students is critical for the success of such a transition. Infusing construction management digital literacy is a long term and evolving exercise, and confidence in delivery capability must be simultaneously built.
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Dayyala, Niharika, Kent A. Walstrom, and Kallol K. Bagchi. "Team Characteristics Moderating Effect on Software Project Completion Time." In Research Anthology on Agile Software, Software Development, and Testing, 1342–62. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3702-5.ch065.
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This study highlights the importance of human factors in software projects developed in capability maturity model (CMM) level software development environments. While software process initiatives help streamline the development process, people factors can influence project outcomes. Using data procured from the International Software Benchmarking Standard Group, the effects of team turnover, team heterogeneity, and team member work experience were examined as they moderate project elapsed time for software projects developed in CMM level software development environments. Team member work experience and team functional heterogeneity were found to have significant moderating effects on project elapsed time to completion. The turnover of members on the team did not have a significant moderating effect on project elapsed time to completion. Previous studies have examined the benefits of raising the level of maturity as identified by the capability maturity model. This study identifies the importance of human factors as they moderate project success.
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Barana, Alice, Marina Marchisio, Matteo Sacchet, and Daniela Salusso. "Teaching Online EMI Mathematics Courses." In Handbook of Research on International Approaches and Practices for Gamifying Mathematics, 304–24. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9660-9.ch015.
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Studies show that gamification enhances the mathematics learning experience by increasing student engagement. Gamification can be successfully used in higher education contexts, primarily when it comes to distance learning. It can compensate for the lack of interaction and create a student-centered, customizable, and autonomy-promoting environment. The use of adaptive learning and interactive feedback can be seen as strategies to improve student access and success in open online courses. In particular, a mathematical modelling module for undergraduates developed inside the project start@unito uses such strategies. Moreover, it is taught entirely in English. The Mathematical Modelling course inside the Erasmus+ Project SMART represents another source for research. The purpose of the chapter is to discuss the possibility of combining adaptive learning with gamification techniques to enhance and facilitate the English-mediated learning process while teaching of mathematics, adding the linguistic and STEM education challenge.
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Carolini, Gabriella Y. "Conclusion." In Equity, Evaluation, and International Cooperation, 175–81. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192865489.003.0008.
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Abstract This chapter concludes the book by arguing that geopolitical cooperation labels obscure more than they reveal about what matters for development collaboration at the project level. A project’s Northern, Southern, or trilateral architecture was not an especially robust predictor of cooperation success in material and knowledge terms in the projects presented in this book, nor did it ultimately determine the types of equity pursued and produced in place. Instead, what mattered were other types of partner proximity: whether projects were hierarchical or heterarchical in nature, whether project staff were situated within shared work environments; and whether practitioners valued flexibility and recognized learning from partners as peers. The promises of equity and solidarity heralded in development discourses can come from the combination of these “proximities” with a project evaluation framework that promotes explicit attention to distributive, procedural, and epistemic justice in both the design and implementation of cooperation work.
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Goellner, Mark, Anders Warell, Rodney Adank, Lyn Garrett, and Tony Parker. "Design for Desirability." In Handbook of Research on Trends in Product Design and Development, 328–47. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-617-9.ch017.
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This chapter outlines an innovative and collaborative design research project that connects New Zealand SME manufacturers with advanced design thinking about affective design. This project was developed and implemented by the centre for affective design research (Affect) at Massey University. Design researchers and five NZ companies have collaborated to foster ‘design-for-desirability’ thinking and develop capabilities by means of knowledge sharing, enterprise training and individualised projects. This created visionary product concepts utilizing the perceptual product experience framework (Warell, 2008). The chapter provides a novel model for collaboration between industry and academia that focuses on implementing ‘design-for-desirability’ thinking in SME companies with the aim of improving their international competitiveness. Well-designed, functional products are expected in today’s competitive global markets. Gaining success in global markets requires a step beyond this level of usability in order to develop products that are desirable and appeal to the users on emotional, social and intuitive levels.
Conference papers on the topic "Modelling international development project success"
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Ramaswamy, V., V. Suma, and T. P. Pushphavathi. "An approach to predict software project success by cascading clustering and classification." In International Conference on Software Engineering and Mobile Application Modelling and Development (ICSEMA 2012). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2012.0137.
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Wang, Yu-Ren, Yi-Jao Chen, and C. F. Jeffrey Huang. "Applying Neural Network Ensemble Concepts for Modelling Project Success." In 26th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction. International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC), 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.22260/isarc2009/0015.
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Hotler, David, David Lee, and Jessica Loucks. "DEFINING THE ACT PROJECT: EMPOWERING LEARNERS FOR SUCCESS." In International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2016.0749.
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"Impacts of cultural risk factors on project success in the UAE construction industry." In 22nd International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2017.a5.alhasani.
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Sharipova, Zebo, and Ying Zhang. "Role of Leadership Competence of the Project Managers for Achieving Project Success in Evaluation." In 2016 1st International Symposium on Business Cooperation and Development. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/isbcd-16.2016.54.
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"Documentation in Systems Development: A Significant Criterion for Project Success." In 2009 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2009.167.
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Barry, Philip, and Steven Doskey. "A Sociotechnical Approach to Project Success for Multi-Stakeholder, Dynamic System Development Project Environments." In 2020 IEEE International Systems Conference (SysCon). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/syscon47679.2020.9275925.
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Slavković, Marko, and Marijana Simić. "FACTORS INFLUENCING PROJECT MANAGEMENT SUCCESS: THE RELEVANCE OF DIGITAL COMPETENCES." In 5th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.s.p.2019.87.
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Wörz, Ulrich, and Dietmar Göhlich. "Dominant Success Factors in Product Development." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37136.
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The outcome of product development projects depends on a multitude of different influencing factors. Some of these factors are dominant over others. These Dominant Success Factors not only influence the outcome of product development projects significantly, but also influence other Success Factors to change, which is why they need to be given first and foremost attention by engineering management. This paper illustrates the framework of a comprehensive Empirical Engineering Design Research study, which allowed for the identification of Dominant Success Factors, by applying it to 44 gas turbine component development projects in the industry. The collected data was analyzed using statistical methods, which provided information about the reliability of the results. Four Dominant Success Factors were identified which distinguished successful from less successful development projects: Priority of Project; Experience and Skills of Project Lead; Ratio of new Technology and Technical Complexity of Project; Awareness of Lessons Learned and State of the Art Technology Knowledge.
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Yang, Xuan, Daning Hu, and Davison M. Robert. "How Microblogging Networks Affect Project Success of Open Source Software Development." In 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2013.251.
Full textReports on the topic "Modelling international development project success"
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Russell, H. A. J., and S. K. Frey. Canada One Water: integrated groundwater-surface-water-climate modelling for climate change adaptation. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329092.
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Canada 1 Water is a 3-year governmental multi-department-private-sector-academic collaboration to model the groundwater-surface-water of Canada coupled with historic climate and climate scenario input. To address this challenge continental Canada has been allocated to one of 6 large watershed basins of approximately two million km2. The model domains are based on natural watershed boundaries and include approximately 1 million km2 of the United States. In year one (2020-2021) data assembly and validation of some 20 datasets (layers) is the focus of work along with conceptual model development. To support analysis of the entire water balance the modelling framework consists of three distinct components and modelling software. Land Surface modelling with the Community Land Model will support information needed for both the regional climate modelling using the Weather Research & Forecasting model (WRF), and input to HydroGeoSphere for groundwater-surface-water modelling. The inclusion of the transboundary watersheds will provide a first time assessment of water resources in this critical international domain. Modelling is also being integrated with Remote Sensing datasets, notably the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). GRACE supports regional scale watershed analysis of total water flux. GRACE along with terrestrial time-series data will serve provide validation datasets for model results to ensure that the final project outputs are representative and reliable. The project has an active engagement and collaborative effort underway to try and maximize the long-term benefit of the framework. Much of the supporting model datasets will be published under open access licence to support broad usage and integration.
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Avellán, Leopoldo, Zulima Leal Calderon, and Giulia Lotti. Why do some Development Projects Disburse Funds Faster than Others. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003839.
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The timely disbursement of funds is a necessary condition for the success of international development projects. Disbursements track the progress of projects in completing the products that ultimately will deliver the projects desired outcomes. Moreover, in a world with pressing needs for external financing, project disbursements are an important source of external liquidity for recipient countries. However, some projects start disbursing faster than others and at relatively larger amounts. Hence learning why some projects disburse faster than others is important to understand not only which projects are more likely to achieve development outcomes sooner, but also to assess their value as providers of external liquidity in times of distress. As it has become evident over the past year with the COVID-19 pandemic, multilateral lending has played a crucial role in helping emerging countries face the larger financing needs originated by the crisis. In 2020, Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) disbursements increased 49% over 2019, reaching $13.4 billion, more than doubling the baseline disbursement projection. This paper assesses which observable characteristics of investment loans offered by the IDB are associated with faster disbursements. The results indicate substantial heterogeneity across countries, sectors, and loan modalities. All else constant, results-based loans and loans in the social sector are more likely to disburse within 2 years after being approved. Projects in countries where it takes longer to meet at least some of the clauses to start disbursing are less likely to start disbursing 2 years after approval. Projects that are expected to have longer execution times disburse at slower speeds within 24 months after approval. Overall, country factors seem to play a more relevant role than sectorial factors in explaining the probability that a project will disburse funds quickly. These and other findings in the paper can inform future programming exercises and help optimize the disbursement processes.
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Semerikov, Serhiy, Viacheslav Osadchyi, and Olena Kuzminska. Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Advances in Educational Technology - Volume 2: AET. SciTePress, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/7011.
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Symposium on Advances in Educational Technology (AET) is a peer-reviewed international conference focusing on research advances and applications of combined use of computer hardware, software, and educational theory and practice to facilitate learning. Today, AET is the premier interdisciplinary forum for learning scientists, academicians, researchers, professionals, policymakers, postgraduate students, and practitioners to present their latest research results, ideas, developments, and applications. AET topics of interest are: • Artificial intelligence in education • Augmented reality in education • Cloud-based learning environments • Cloud technologies for mathematics learning • Cloud technologies for informatics learning • Computer simulation in science and mathematics learning • ICT in primary and secondary education • ICT in higher education • Learning environments • Learning technology • Professional training in the digital space • Massive open online courses • Methodology of informatization in education • Modelling systems in education • Psychological safety in the digital educational environment • Soft skills development • STEM education • Virtualization of learning This volume represents the proceedings of the Symposium on Advances in Educational Technology, held in Kyiv, Ukraine, on November 12-13, 2020. It comprises 110 contributed papers that were carefully peer-reviewed and selected from 282 submissions. Each submission was reviewed by at least 3, and on the average 3.1, program committee members. The accepted papers present a state-of-the-art overview of successful cases and provide guidelines for future research. We are thankful to all the authors who submitted papers and the delegates for their participation and their interest in AET as a platform to share their ideas and innovation. Also, we are also thankful to all the program committee members for providing continuous guidance and efforts taken by peer reviewers contributed to improve the quality of papers provided constructive critical comments, improvements and corrections to the authors are gratefully appreciated for their contribution to the success of the workshop. Moreover, we would like to thank the developers of HotCRP, who made it possible for us to use the resources of this excellent and comprehensive conference management system, from the call of papers and inviting reviewers, to handling paper submissions, communicating with the authors, and creating the volume of the workshop proceedings.
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Davies, Will. Improving the engagement of UK armed forces overseas. Royal Institute of International Affairs, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784135010.
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The UK government’s Integrated Review of security, defence, development and foreign policy, published in March 2021 alongside a supporting defence command paper, set a new course for UK national security and highlighted opportunities for an innovative approach to international engagement activity. The Integrated Review focused principally on the state threats posed by China’s increasing power and by competitors – including Russia – armed with nuclear, conventional and hybrid capabilities. It also stressed the continuing risks to global security and resilience due to conflict and instability in weakened and failed states. These threats have the potential to increase poverty and inequality, violent extremism, climate degradation and the forced displacement of people, while presenting authoritarian competitors with opportunities to enhance their geopolitical influence. There are moral, security and economic motives to foster durable peace in conflict-prone and weakened regions through a peacebuilding approach that promotes good governance, addresses the root causes of conflict and prevents violence, while denying opportunities to state competitors. The recent withdrawal from Afghanistan serves to emphasize the complexities and potential pitfalls associated with intervention operations in complex, unstable regions. Success in the future will require the full, sustained and coordinated integration of national, allied and regional levers of power underpinned by a sophisticated understanding of the operating environment. The UK armed forces, with their considerable resources and global network, will contribute to this effort through ‘persistent engagement’. This is a new approach to overseas operations below the threshold of conflict, designed as a pre-emptive complement to warfighting. To achieve this, the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) must develop a capability that can operate effectively in weak, unstable and complex regions prone to violent conflict and crises, not least in the regions on the eastern and southern flanks of the Euro-Atlantic area. The first step must be the development of a cohort of military personnel with enhanced, tailored levels of knowledge, skills and experience. Engagement roles must be filled by operators with specialist knowledge, skills and experience forged beyond the mainstream discipline of combat and warfighting. Only then will individuals develop a genuinely sophisticated understanding of complex, politically driven and sensitive operating environments and be able to infuse the design and delivery of international activities with practical wisdom and insight. Engagement personnel need to be equipped with: An inherent understanding of the human and political dimensions of conflict, the underlying drivers such as inequality and scarcity, and the exacerbating factors such as climate change and migration; - A grounding in social sciences and conflict modelling in order to understand complex human terrain; - Regional expertise enabled by language skills, cultural intelligence and human networks; - Familiarity with a diverse range of partners, allies and local actors and their approaches; - Expertise in building partner capacity and applying defence capabilities to deliver stability and peace; - A grasp of emerging artificial intelligence technology as a tool to understand human terrain; - Reach and insight developed through ‘knowledge networks’ of external experts in academia, think-tanks and NGOs. Successful change will be dependent on strong and overt advocacy by the MOD’s senior leadership and a revised set of personnel policies and procedures for this cohort’s selection, education, training, career management, incentivization, sustainability and support.
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Vaskivskyj, Yurij. Branding in journalism: prospects for operation. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11395.
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The article analyzes the branding process in the context of the development of individual units of journalism. After all, in the current conditions of competition in the Ukrainian information space, it is important to apply and master new technologies for the development and promotion of media resources in the media market. The history of branding is presented and it is noted that branding is the key to the success of each media brand in using the necessary tools and technologies, which involves the branding process. It is necessary to know and understand not only the basic laws of branding, but also its possibilities as the main tool of Internet marketing and offline or digital marketing. It is emphasized that the personal brand should be considered as a tool that builds a reputation and a positive image in the information space, as well as allows you to get a variety of resources only using professional skills and knowledge. It is important not only to form your own audience, but also to meet its needs. The GORDON online publication is analyzed, because this media resource is a consequence of the influence of personal brand on the audience and rapid development in the context of promoting a particular media resource, and the main ideologue and co-founder of this publication is an example of how personal brand can affect audiences. and promote the development of a specific business project. It is noted that the reputation of Dmitry Gordon and his odious figure became the basis for the success of this online publication, and attitudes toward him may be different and often ambiguous, but his person is known to everyone in the post-Soviet space. Modern information space needs scandalous and odious personalities, because they are able to arrange a show, give people emotions. The author points out that branding is an extremely promising technology not only in the context of promoting and promoting a particular media resource or personal brand, but also promotes the comprehensive development of journalists as public opinion experts and potential speakers at international conferences not only in journalism, but also internet marketing.
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Biegelbauer, Peter, Christian Hartmann, Wolfgang Polt, Anna Wang, and Matthias Weber. Mission-Oriented Innovation Policies in Austria – a case study for the OECD. JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2020.493.
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In recent years, mission-oriented approaches have received growing interest in science, technology and innovation (STI) policies against the background of two developments. First, while so-called “horizontal” or “generic” approaches to research, technology and innovation policies have largely been successful in improving the general innovation performance or the rate of innovation, there are perceived limitations in terms of insufficiently addressing the direction of technological change and innovation. Second, “grand societal challenges” emerged on policy agendas, such as climate change, security, food and energy supply or ageing populations, which call for thematic orientation and the targeting of research and innovation efforts. In addition, the apparent success of some mission-oriented initiatives in countries like China, South Korea, and the United States in boosting technological development for purposes of strengthening competitiveness contributed to boosting the interest in targeted and directional government interventions in STI. Against the backdrop of this renewed interest in mission-oriented STI policy, the OECD has addressed the growing importance of this topic and launched a project looking into current experiences with Mission-Oriented Innovation Policy (MOIP). The present study on MOIP in Austria was commissioned by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Climate Action, Energy, Mobility, Environment, Innovation and Technologiy (BMK) and comprises the Austrian contributions to this OECD project. The study aims at contributing Austrian experiences to the international debate and to stimulate a national debate on MOIP.
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Aalto, Juha, and Ari Venäläinen, eds. Climate change and forest management affect forest fire risk in Fennoscandia. Finnish Meteorological Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361355.
Full textAbstract:
Forest and wildland fires are a natural part of ecosystems worldwide, but large fires in particular can cause societal, economic and ecological disruption. Fires are an important source of greenhouse gases and black carbon that can further amplify and accelerate climate change. In recent years, large forest fires in Sweden demonstrate that the issue should also be considered in other parts of Fennoscandia. This final report of the project “Forest fires in Fennoscandia under changing climate and forest cover (IBA ForestFires)” funded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, synthesises current knowledge of the occurrence, monitoring, modelling and suppression of forest fires in Fennoscandia. The report also focuses on elaborating the role of forest fires as a source of black carbon (BC) emissions over the Arctic and discussing the importance of international collaboration in tackling forest fires. The report explains the factors regulating fire ignition, spread and intensity in Fennoscandian conditions. It highlights that the climate in Fennoscandia is characterised by large inter-annual variability, which is reflected in forest fire risk. Here, the majority of forest fires are caused by human activities such as careless handling of fire and ignitions related to forest harvesting. In addition to weather and climate, fuel characteristics in forests influence fire ignition, intensity and spread. In the report, long-term fire statistics are presented for Finland, Sweden and the Republic of Karelia. The statistics indicate that the amount of annually burnt forest has decreased in Fennoscandia. However, with the exception of recent large fires in Sweden, during the past 25 years the annually burnt area and number of fires have been fairly stable, which is mainly due to effective fire mitigation. Land surface models were used to investigate how climate change and forest management can influence forest fires in the future. The simulations were conducted using different regional climate models and greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Simulations, extending to 2100, indicate that forest fire risk is likely to increase over the coming decades. The report also highlights that globally, forest fires are a significant source of BC in the Arctic, having adverse health effects and further amplifying climate warming. However, simulations made using an atmospheric dispersion model indicate that the impact of forest fires in Fennoscandia on the environment and air quality is relatively minor and highly seasonal. Efficient forest fire mitigation requires the development of forest fire detection tools including satellites and drones, high spatial resolution modelling of fire risk and fire spreading that account for detailed terrain and weather information. Moreover, increasing the general preparedness and operational efficiency of firefighting is highly important. Forest fires are a large challenge requiring multidisciplinary research and close cooperation between the various administrative operators, e.g. rescue services, weather services, forest organisations and forest owners is required at both the national and international level.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Involvement of the PKA and MAPK signal transduction pathways in sclerotial morphogenesis in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695861.bard.
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The long-term goals of our research are to understand the regulation of sclerotial development and pathogenicity in S. sclerotiorum. The focus in this project is on the elucidation of the signaling events and environmental cues involved in the regulation of these processes, utilizing and continuously developing tools our research groups have established and/or adapted for analysis of S. sclerotiorum. Our stated specific objectives were to: 1. Follow activities and function of S. sclerotiorumPKA. 2. Identify and functionally evaluate effectors of the S. sclerotiorumERK-likeMAPK signaling pathway. 3. Perform structural and functional analysis of genes whose expression is altered under conditions affecting either PKA and/or MAPK. As can be seen below, we have not only met most of the listed goals, but have also expanded our research. We have been working both together and in parallel in order to advance our goals. We have jointly shown how an ERK-likeMAPK is required sclerotia formation. We have analyzed, in parallel, the involvement of PKA in sclerotiogenesis and, interestingly, have reached some overlapping results but each group has provided a slightly different interpretation to the picture obtained. It will be interesting to see how this aspect of the analysis progresses, as we jointly tackle the yet unresloved issues. We have also made progress on the analysis of ser/thr phosphatases (specifically – calcineurin, which has been reported to interact with PKA) and PP2A in S. sclerotiorum as well as the S. sclerotiorum rasgene, which we have cloned and shown induces SMK1, the ERK-like kinase responsible for sclerotia formation. In addition to the time and efforts invested towards reaching the specific goals mentioned, both PIs are actively involved in a major international effort to sequence and annotate the entire S. sclerotiorum genome. Though time consuming (and perhaps requiring divergence of some time and resources from the original workplan), we have given this topic a very high priority to this effort as the long term implications of the success of this venture are enormous.
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Downes, Jane, ed. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research. Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices. Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed. Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data. Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.
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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.
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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.