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1
Lorenzi, F. "Breve Storia del Metodo Gemellare 2 - Le Attuali Formulazioni del Metodo." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 47, no. 1 (January 1998): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001566000000386.
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Il termine LISREL e l'acronimo di LInear Structural RELationship ed è nato inizialmente come nome di un software messo a punto dallo svedese Karl Joreskog e dai suoi collaboratori nei primi anni '70 per stimare, col metodo della massima verosimiglianza, i coefficienti strutturali dei modelli basati su sistemi di equazioni strutturali.Tali modelli, nella elaborazione tramite il LISREL, rappresentano la sistemazione logica, prima ancora che statistica o computeristica, di tecniche di analisi multivariata le cui prime proposte risalgono all'ininzio del secolo; riconducendo ad un unico modello che ne costituisce una geniale sintesi, approcci ed itinerari scientifici fino ad allora distinti e non comunicanti, quali l'analisi fattoriale, i modelli causali e i modelli di misurazione. In particolare rappresentano in questo momento la più completa e sistematica risposta al problema di operazionalizzare in termini di ricerca e di verifica empirica, nel campo delle scienze sociali, la controversa, ma non per questo meno fondamentale, nozione di causalità. Essi sono quindi la reinterpretazione, sistemazione e soprattutto generalizzazione di quelli che negli anni '60 venivano chiamati i modelli causali e che nella prima metà degli anni '70 avevano conosciuto una notevole popolarità fra i sociologi soprattutto attraverso la tecnica della path analysis.
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Thomae, Helmut, and Horst Kaechele. "La psicoanalisi comparata sulla base di una nuova forma di trascrizione del trattamento. Il caso Amalia X." SETTING, no. 30 (June 2012): 5–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/set2010-030001.
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In questo articolo sosteniamo che č fondamentale, per capire come l'analista applica le sue conoscenze nella situazione analitica, indagare il processo analitico e sviluppare modelli di ricerca per la valutazione delle ipotesi cliniche Partiamo dalla premessa che la teoria dell'analista influenza la tecnica e che l'esame di un'analisi implica un processo interattivo. Ci chiediamo: "Come comprendere il legame inscindibile tra terapia e ricerca?". Sosteniamo che la comprensione che si sviluppa nel corso di una psicoanalisi non č ricerca: perché abbia luogo la ricerca, č necessaria un'esplorazione delle connessioni causali che comprenda le osservazioni e il pensiero dell'analista nel corso dell'analisi, passibili di valutazione da parte di osservatori indipendenti. Viene descritto e dimostrato un modello di ricerca basato sulla trascrizione delle audio-registrazioni e dei commenti annotati dall'analista per fornire a osservatori indipendenti la possibilitŕ di valutare le sue osservazioni e il suo pensiero.
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Kremling, Alexander. "Handlungstheoretischer Interventionismus und Modelle." KRITERION – Journal of Philosophy 1, no. 28 (January 1, 2014): 98–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/krt-2014-012808.
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Abstract The “model argument” against action-theories of causation is a reply to a strategy for avoiding the “argument of unmanipulable causes”. The critics follow the action-theorists in a certain shift of topic - leaving the explication debate towards one of justified assertion of causal claims - and end up at a wrong position concerning the role of practical knowledge for justifying causal claims about events that are not under technical control. Following them the justification would take the form of “analogy arguments“, which can not guarantee the truth of the conclusion in a non-circular way. Contrary to their position I present a reconstruction of causal inference in which practical knowledge about manipulation does play the role of a necessary condition for justifiying causal claims about unmanipulable relations
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De Benedittis, Giuseppe. "La Fisica Quantistica incontra l'ipnosi. Dai fondamenti teorici alla pratica clinica Parte prima." IPNOSI, no. 2 (December 2020): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ipn2020-002001.
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Il modello dualistico mente-corpo risulta da tempo inadeguato sul piano sia epistemologico che clinico. Per superare la dicotomia tra mente e corpo, viene proposto un nuovo paradigma basato sulla teoria dei sistemi complessi caotici e sulla meccanica quantistica. In questa prospettiva, l'interfaccia mente-corpo rappresenta un sistema caotico, governato dal principio di probabilità, come evidenziato nella fisica subatomica e nella meccanica quantistica, piuttosto che dal principio de-terministico di causalità. Patterns di comportamento caotico possono essere riscontrati nell'attività neuronale e l'applicazione di modelli caotici sembra essere rilevante per la ricerca mente-corpo e il processo di trance. È stata proposta una teoria della coscienza quantistica, in gran parte controversa, poiché la Fisica Quan-tistica si applica al mondo subatomico e non alle macrostrutture, come il cervello. La cognizione quantica è una disciplina emergente che applica il formalismo matematico della teoria quantistica per esplorare e modellare fenomeni cognitivi, come l'elaborazione delle informazioni da parte del cervello umano, supera i limiti e le carenze del dualismo cartesiano e la teoria generale quantistica. Poiché l'ipnosi è uno stato speciale di coscienza, la cognizione quantica si applica al funzionamento cognitivo ipnotico piuttosto che alla struttura ipnotica.
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De Benedittis, Giuseppe. "La Fisica Quantistica incontra l'Ipnosi. Dai fondamenti teorici alla pratica clinica Parte seconda." IPNOSI, no. 1 (July 2021): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ipn2021-001001.
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Il modello dualistico mente-corpo risulta da tempo inadeguato sul piano sia epistemologico che clinico. Per superare la dicotomia tra mente e corpo, viene pro-posto un nuovo paradigma basato sulla teoria dei sistemi complessi caotici e sulla meccanica quantistica. In questa prospettiva, l'interfàcie Mente/Corpo rappresen-ta un sistema caotico, governato dal principio di probabilità, come evidenziato nel-la fisica subatomica e nella meccanica quantistica, piuttosto che dal principio de-terministico di causalità. Patterns di comportamento caotico possono essere ri-scontrati nell'attività neuronale e l'applicazione di modelli caotici sembra essere rilevante per la ricerca mente-corpo e il processo di trance. È stata proposta una teoria della Coscienza Quantistica, in gran parte controversa, poiché la Fisica Quantistica si applica al mondo subatomico e non alle macrostrutture, come il cervello. La cognizione quantica è una disciplina emergente che applica il formali-smo matematico della teoria quantistica per esplorare e modellare fenomeni co-gnitivi, come l'elaborazione delle informazioni da parte del cervello umano, supera i limiti e le carenze del dualismo cartesiano e la teoria generale quantistica. Poiché l'ipnosi è uno stato speciale di coscienza, la cognizione quantica si applica al fun-zionamento cognitivo ipnotico piuttosto che alla struttura ipnotica.
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Rothman, Philip, Dick van Dijk, and Philip Hans. "MULTIVARIATE STAR ANALYSIS OF MONEY–OUTPUT RELATIONSHIP." Macroeconomic Dynamics 5, no. 4 (September 2001): 506–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100501023045.
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This paper investigates the potential for nonlinear Granger causality from money to output. Using a standard four-variable linear (subset) vector error-correction model (VECM), we first show that the null hypothesis of linearity can be rejected against the alternative of smooth-transition autoregressive nonlinearity. An interesting result from this stage of the analysis is that the yearly growth rate of money is identified as one of the variables that may govern the switching between regimes. Smooth-transition VECM's (STVECM's) are then used to examine whether there is nonlinear Granger causality in the money–output relationship in the sense that lagged values of money enter the model's output equation as regressors. We evaluate this type of nonlinear Granger causality with both in-sample and out-of-sample analyses. For the in-sample analysis, we compare alternative models using the Akaike information criteria, which can be interpreted as a predictive accuracy test. The results show that allowing for both nonlinearity and for money–output causality leads to considerable improvement in model's in-sample performance. By contrast, the out-of-sample forecasting results do not suggest that money is nonlinearly Granger causal for output. They also show that, according to several criteria, the linear VECM's dominate the STVECM's. However, these forecast improvements seldomly are statistically significant at conventional levels.
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Giarelli, Guido. "Modelli esplicativi delle disuguaglianze di salute: una riflessione sociologica." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 1 (March 2009): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2009-001003.
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- This essay offers a sociological reading of the different explanatory models of social inequalities in health, through Ardigň's "quadrilateral" scheme, which identifies four types of causal factors of inequalities. Failure to remove such causes generates the so-called paradox of health inequalities, that persist even in the face of overall improvement of health status in post-industrial societies. Keywords: health inequalities, social inequalities, explanatory models, aetiological pathways, social stratification, sociology of health. Parole chiave: disuguaglianze di salute, disuguaglianze sociali, modelli esplicativi, percorsi eziologici, stratificazione sociale, sociologia della salute.
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Dennis, John L., and Aldo Stella. "Priming dei concetti di attivitŕ/passivitŕ: la valorizzazione dell'intenzionalitŕ nella codifica e nella interpretazione di eventi/comportamenti." RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA, no. 3 (January 2012): 341–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rip2010-003002.
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La presente ricerca si occupa del processo di attribuzione causale e, in particolare, della spiegazione di azioni e di comportamenti secondo un modello intenzionale o secondo un modello meccanico. In due studi, che sono stati effettuati utilizzando il priming dei concetti di attivita e di passivita, e emerso che l'innesco del concetto di attivita favorisce interpretazioni piu astratte degli eventi e interpretazioni intenzionali di azioni e comportamenti. Di contro, l'utilizzo del priming della passivita non ha avuto significative influenze sui processi interpretativi e cio ci ha indotto a formulare l'ipotesi che il priming concettuale configura una disposizione asimmetrica del ruolo del soggetto a fronte del ruolo dei fattori meccanici e ambientali.
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Li, Shouwei. "Does Diversification Affect Banking Systemic Risk?" Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2967830.
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This paper contributes to the understanding of the linear and nonlinear causal linkage from diversification to banking systemic risk. Employing data from China, within both linear and nonlinear causality frameworks, we find that diversification does not embody significant predictive power with respect to banking systemic risk.
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Skapinakis, Petros, and Glyn Lewis. "Epidemiology in community psychiatric research: common uses and methodological issues." Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 10, no. 1 (March 2001): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00008502.
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RIASSUNTOScopo – I principi epidemiologici sono alia base di molte ricerche mediche, in particolare di quelle concernenti la pianificazione e la valutazione dei servizi sanitari, comprese le ricerche di psichiatria sociale e di comunità. Scopo di questo lavoro è quello di effettuare una revisione relativa ad alcune comuni utilizzazioni dell'epidemiologia nelle ricerche di psichiatria di comunità e di discutere alcune questioni metodologiche che si presentano frequentemente nelle ricerche epidemiologiche relative ai setting comunitari. Metodo – Questa è una review della letteratura rilevante e delle ricerche in corso nel Dipartimento di Psicologia Medica dell'Università del Galles, Facoltà di Medicina. Risultati – Tra le varie utilizzazioni dell'epidemiologia nella sanità, quattro sono particolarmente rilevanti nei setting comunitari: l'accertamento dei bisogni di salute mentale della popolazione (vengono descritti quattro approcci: la raccolta di dati di routine, rilevamento dei pazienti esistenti, il rilevamento nella popolazione generale ed i modelli statistici), l'identificazione dei fattori di rischio della malattia, il contributo della prevenzione e la valutazione dell'efficacia clinica degli interventi di cura. Le questioni metodologiche più importanti includono l'inferenza di tipo causale, che in epidemiologia comporta la spiegazione dell'associazione tra esposizione e malattia (caso, bias, fattori confondenti, causalità inversa e causalità), la questione dei fattori confondenti e come tener conto di essi e questioni che sorgono nel contesto di specifici disegni di studio. Conclusioni – L'epidemiologia à divenuta un insieme di metodi utilizzati per rispondere ad un ampio settore di domande cliniche. La ricerca basata sulla popolazione è una parte senziale della ricerca clinica, ma le conoscenze epidemiologiche sono necessarie ai clinici per valutare e interpretare la letteratura scientifica.
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Gao, Xiue, Wenxue Xie, Zumin Wang, Bo Chen, and Shengbin Zhou. "Improved Functional Causal Likelihood-Based Causal Discovery Method for Diabetes Risk Factors." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2021 (May 14, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5552085.
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Diabetes mellitus is a disease that has reached epidemic proportions globally in recent years. Consequently, the prevention and treatment of diabetes have become key social challenges. Most of the research on diabetes risk factors has focused on correlation analysis with little investigation into the causality of these risk factors. However, understanding the causality is also essential to preventing the disease. In this study, a causal discovery method for diabetes risk factors was developed based on an improved functional causal likelihood (IFCL) model. Firstly, the issue of excessive redundant and false edges in functional causal likelihood structures was resolved through the construction of an IFCL model using an adjustment threshold value. On this basis, an IFCL-based causal discovery algorithm was designed, and a simulation experiment was performed with the developed algorithm. The experimental results revealed that the causal structure generated using a dataset with a sample size of 2000 provided more information than that produced using a dataset with a sample size of 768. In addition, the causal structures obtained with the developed algorithm had fewer redundant and false edges. The following six causal relationships were identified: insulin→plasma glucose concentration, plasma glucose concentration→body mass index (BMI), triceps skin fold thickness→BMI and age, diastolic blood pressure→BMI, and number of times pregnant→age. Furthermore, the reasonableness of these causal relationships was investigated. The algorithm developed in this study enables the discovery of causal relationships among various diabetes risk factors and can serve as a reference for future causality studies on diabetes risk factors.
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Biswas, Shreyan, Lorenzo Corti, Stefan Buijsman, and Jie Yang. "CHIME: Causal Human-in-the-Loop Model Explanations." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing 10, no. 1 (October 14, 2022): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/hcomp.v10i1.21985.
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Explaining the behaviour of Artificial Intelligence models has become a necessity. Their opaqueness and fragility are not tolerable in high-stakes domains especially. Although considerable progress is being made in the field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence, scholars have demonstrated limits and flaws of existing approaches: explanations requiring further interpretation, non-standardised explanatory format, and overall fragility. In light of this fragmentation, we turn to the field of philosophy of science to understand what constitutes a good explanation, that is, a generalisation that covers both the actual outcome and, possibly multiple, counterfactual outcomes. Inspired by this, we propose CHIME: a human-in-the-loop, post-hoc approach focused on creating such explanations by establishing the causal features in the input. We first elicit people's cognitive abilities to understand what parts of the input the model might be attending to. Then, through Causal Discovery we uncover the underlying causal graph relating the different concepts. Finally, with such a structure, we compute the causal effects different concepts have towards a model's outcome. We evaluate the Fidelity, Coherence, and Accuracy of the explanations obtained with CHIME with respect to two state-of-the-art Computer Vision models trained on real-world image data sets. We found evidence that the explanations reflect the causal concepts tied to a model's prediction, both in terms of causal strength and accuracy.
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Solinas, Marco. "Vite svuotate. Per una critica dell'impatto psicosociale del capitalismo contemporaneo." COSTRUZIONI PSICOANALITICHE, no. 20 (December 2010): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/cost2010-020005.
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Il saggio mira a individuare e delucidare alcuni nessi causali tra il concomitante incremento dei fenomeni depressivi, non solo in senso strettamente clinico, e l'affermazione del nuovo modello capitalistico avvenuti nei paesi occidentali dai primi anni settanta ad oggi. Oltre che sul meccanismo della flessibilitŕ del mercato del lavoro, si insiste in particolare sulle dinamiche paradossali delle istanze etiche e morali della nuova configurazione ideologica. Ricorrendo anche alla categoria di egemonia, vengono da ultimo approntati degli strumenti teorici finalizzati a riattivare i potenziali emancipativi frustrati nella sofferenza sociale di natura depressiva e regressiva.
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Alpa, Guido. "Quale modello di governo dell'economia in Italia?" ECONOMIA E DIRITTO DEL TERZIARIO, no. 1 (October 2011): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ed2011-001001.
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Le ragioni della crisi che ha investito l'economia globale, e quindi anche il sistema italiano, sono state identificate con una certa approssimazione, ma la discussione č ancora in corso; occorrerŕ ancora tempo per comprendere appieno il fenomeno. In ogni caso, le prime analisi denunciano una sequenza nella quale hanno avuto effetto causale , tra gli altri, alcuni fattori: la crisi del mercato immobiliare negli Stati Uniti, la conclusione di mutui "subprime", la diffusione di contratti derivati e prodotti finanziari ad alto rischio, l'inattendibilitŕ dei criteri di rating, e, piů in generale, la progressiva prevalenza dell'economia finanziaria sulla economia reale Gli orientamenti delle autoritŕ nazionali si sono divisi in tre diversi modi di operare: l'intervento ad adiuvandum delle imprese in crisi e a sostegno del sistema finanziario; l'astensione da qualsiasi interferenza con la naturale evoluzione della situazione, ritenendosi sufficiente la smithiana "mano invisibile" a porre rimedio alla crisi; l'assenza di decisioni e quindi di provvedimenti, posizione che si avvicina alla soluzione astensionista, ma che si connota per la carenza di una valutazione complessiva delle cause e dei possibili rimedi. In questo contesto appare opportuno un ripensamento di tutte le componenti del sistema economico, e tra esse le tipologie di governance delle societŕ.
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Wu, Tao, Xiangyun Gao, Sufang An, and Siyao Liu. "Diverse Causality Inference in Foreign Exchange Markets." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 31, no. 05 (April 2021): 2150070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812742150070x.
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The relationship between currencies in foreign exchange markets has been a topic of significance in economics. Previous studies have focused more on correlations between currencies. However, the detection of causality can reveal their inherent laws. Although the traditional Granger causality test can identify causality, it cannot take into account the nature and intensity of the causality. Thus, the objective of this paper is to identify the causalities of currencies from the perspective of dynamics. In this paper, we select 25 currencies (with the US dollar (USD) as the numeraire) from foreign exchange markets, as they occupy large shares in their regions. To detect the causalities of the foreign exchange markets, we combine PC (pattern causality) theory and complex networks to construct directed and weighted causality networks, in which the nodes represent the currencies and the directed edges represent the causal intensities. Furthermore, we study the symmetry of each causality and quantify the symmetry degree. The results demonstrate that causalities exist between currencies that differ in terms of nature and intensity. The positive causality network exhibits substantial robustness, which can be regarded as the dominant causal relationship in the foreign exchange markets, although a few exceptions are encountered, such as the dominant negative and disordered causalities between currency pairs. In addition, the dominant causalities between most currencies are symmetric in terms of nature, and they also exhibit symmetry in terms of intensity. Furthermore, by gradually deleting the network by thresholding according to the edge weights, we identify the important driving currencies of the markets. This paper may provide valuable information for investors and supervisory departments.
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Bonavita, Paolo, and Augusto Vigna Taglianti. "Ocydromus subg. Nepha Motschulsky, 1864: revisione tassonomica, filogenesi e biogeografia (Coleoptera Carabidae)." Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana 89, no. 1 (June 30, 2010): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/memoriesei.2010.7.
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La revisione del subg. <em>Nepha</em> Motschulsky, 1864 (Carabidae, Bembidiina, gen. <em>Ocydromus</em> Clairville, 1806), basata sullo studio di un ricco materiale (oltre 7000 esemplari delle collezioni di 29 istituzioni pubbliche e di 37 privati) ha implicato numerosi cambiamenti nomenclatoriali e tassonomici. Dei 64 nomi di taxa presi in considerazione, riferiti a <em>Nepha</em>, 23 sono validi a livello specifico (di essi 2 sono ridenominazioni per omonimia), e 12 a livello sottospecifico (di essi 3 sono ridenominazioni per omonimia), mentre i rimanenti 24 sono semplici sinonimi. Nel presente lavoro vengono inoltre descritte 3 nuove specie e 3 nuove sottospecie. Sulla base di questa revisione, <em>Ocydromus</em> (<em>Nepha</em>) comprende 26 specie, di cui 22 monotipiche e 4 politipiche (una con 8 sottospecie, una con tre e due con quattro sottospecie). Vengono forniti sia il catalogo delle specie che una chiave dicotomica di identificazione. Ai fini della ricostruzione filogenetica sono stati studiati numerosi caratteri morfologici e la loro possibile evoluzione: 31 caratteri sono stati presi in considerazione per l’analisi cladistica, utilizzando il software Paup 4.0. Come sister group è stato inviduato il subg. <em>Testediolum</em> Ganglbauer, 1891, rappresentato esclusivamente da specie europee. Le specie asiatiche ad esso attribuite da altri autori, vengono considerate appartenenti al subg. <em>Peryphidium</em> Tschitschérine, 1895, che qui viene rivalutato. Dal punto di vista dell’analisi cladistica, <em>Nepha</em> non risulterebbe monofiletico, in quanto il clado <em>armeniacus-pinkeri</em> viene a porsi come sister group sia di Testediolum che delle altre specie di <em>Nepha</em>, che presentano come unica sinapomorfia l’assenza della stria apicale, con conseguente isolamento della setola apicale. La variabilità di questo carattere e l’analisi dei dati di distribuzione di <em>Nepha</em> e di <em>Testediolum</em> ci permette però di includere anche il clado <em>armeniacus-pinkeri</em> nel sottogenere <em>Nepha</em>. Il gruppo caucasicus è formato dalle specie basali di <em>Nepha</em>, mentre i gruppi <em>callosus</em>, <em>ibericus</em> e <em>tetragrammus</em> risultano essere quelli di origine più recente. L’elaborazione dei modelli di distribuzione di <em>Nepha</em> ci fa ritenere che l’area di origine di questo sottogenere sia rappresentata dal Ponto orientale. Quest’area presenta infatti il maggior numero di specie, con maggiore diversità morfologica ed ecologica, appartenenti sia ai gruppi basali (gr. <em>caucasicus</em>) sia a quelli più specializzati (gr. <em>menetriesii</em> e gr. <em>tetragrammus</em>). È possibile ipotizzare la presenza del progenitore del clado <em>Testediolum</em> + <em>Nepha</em> nell’Egeide (Balcani + Anatolia), tra i 13 ed i 14 Myr, quando l’Egeide non era in contatto con il Caucaso e il suo lembo N-occidentale si prolungava nelle Alpi. La presenza di un maggior numero di taxa nel Ponto orientale, e non nel Caucaso, potrebbe essere un indizio dell’origine e presenza di Nepha nella zolla egeica prima della sua connessione con la catena caucasica, avvenuta soltanto 6-5.5 Myr, nel Miocene superiore. In base alle attuali conoscenze non si può risalire agli eventi causali dell’origine delle specie del gr. caucasicus e di rufimacula e retipennis. I due gruppi composti da <em>Ocydromus menetriesii</em>,<em> O. hauserianus, O. syropalaestinus</em> e <em>O. delia</em>e il primo, ed <em>O. ibericus</em>, <em>O. grisvardi </em>e <em>O. fortunatus </em>il secondo, sarebbero invece il risultato di eventi cladogenetici pleistocenici, verificatisi durante uno o più periodi glaciali, a partire da un comune antenato presente in Anatolia per il primo gruppo e in Europa occidentale per il secondo. I progenitori del gruppo callosus sarebbero stati i primi a colonizzare l’Europa, ed i loro attuali discendenti (<em>O. callosus </em>e <em>O. schmidti</em>) presentano un’ampia distribuzione nell’area mediterranea, comunque fortemente rimodellata dagli eventi pleistocenici. Infine, il gruppo <em>tetragrammus</em> si sarebbe insediato in Europa più recentemente, colonizzandola attraverso due differenti strade; a N del mar Nero con <em>O. genei</em> e lungo le coste del Mediterraneo orientale con <em>O. vseteckai.</em>
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Zheng, Qiuhong, and Liangrong Song. "Dynamic Contagion of Systemic Risks on Global Main Equity Markets Based on Granger Causality Networks." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2018 (August 7, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9461870.
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A total of 156 Granger causal networks of stock markets are constructed by using the Granger causality test and time series sliding window based on stock index data of 34 major stock markets in the world from 2004 to 2017. The topological structures and evolution characteristics of the Granger causal networks are analyzed from the perspective of complex network theory. Empirical results demonstrate that the network topology has a significant difference during the global financial crisis and other periods. The causal relationships among different global stock markets exhibit a jump growth when each major crisis occurs. The contagion path is also short. A causal relationship between any two stock markets can usually be established with one stock market on average, not by using more than five stock markets. For risk contagion, the American stock markets exerted the largest influence in 12 years, followed by the European stock markets. Stock markets with high intermediate contagion ability play an important role in systemic risk contagion. Despite the crucial markets in Europe and America (e.g., USA, Brazil, and Mexico), stock markets with weak network correlation and strong media ability (e.g., the markets of Japan, Korea, Australia, and New Zealand) play a critical role in risk contagion.
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Burke, W. Warner, and George H. Litwin. "A Causal Model of Organizational Performance and Change." Journal of Management 18, no. 3 (September 1992): 523–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639201800306.
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To provide a model of organizational performance and change, at least two lines of theorizing need to be explored-organizationalfunctioning and organizational change. The authors go beyond description and suggest causal linkages that hypothesize how performance is affected and how effective change occurs. Change is depicted in terms of both process and content, with particular emphasis on transformational as compared with transactional factors. Transformational change occurs as a response to the external environment and directly affects organizational mission and strategy, the organization 's leadership, and culture. In turn, the transactionalfactors are affected-structure, systems, management practices, and climate. These transformational and transactional factors together affect motivation, which, in turn, affects performance. In support of the model's potential validity, theory and research as well as practice are cited.
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KLEIN, JONATHAN I. "IN DEFENSE OF CAUSALITY: THE UTILITY OF CAUSAL MODELING IN SOCIAL SYSTEM ANALYSIS." International Journal of General Systems 16, no. 3 (March 1990): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081079008935078.
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Gallego, Raquel, Nicolás Barbieri, and Sheila González. "Explaining cross-regional policy variation in public sector reform: Institutions and change actors in the health sector in Spain." Public Policy and Administration 32, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 24–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952076716637897.
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How can we explain cross-regional policy variation? That is, how can we understand different policy outcomes within similar institutional and organizational settings? Scholars have recently reflected on the new institutionalist explanatory pitfall involved in assuming a causality link between institutional factors and policy outcomes and argue that such link needs to rely on evidence from policy variables. On this line, recent contributions have built a causal model that links types of institutional change to types of actors' roles and strategies, within particular contextual and organizational scenarios that favor or hinder their emergence. This paper pursues this explanatory interest by applying this model to the analysis of how decision-making by two regional governments in Spain has led to different institutional and policy change outcomes in the same policy sector, namely, public management reform in healthcare. This study confirms the explanatory relevance of the model's key variables, but provides evidence of how some of them may be reinterpreted to provide a dynamic explanation of their influence on the process and outcome of institutional and policy change.
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Osei, Prince Mensah, Reginald Djimatey, and Anokye M. Adam. "Economic Policy Uncertainty Linkages among Asian Countries: Evidence from Threshold Cointegration Approach." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (January 31, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6656176.
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This paper employs the threshold cointegration methodology to assess the long- and short-run dynamics of asymmetric adjustment between economic policy uncertainty (EPU) of China-India, China-Japan, China-Korea, India-Japan, India-Korea, and Japan-Korea pairs using monthly EPU data ranging from January 1997 to April 2020. The relationship between the EPU pairs is examined in terms of Engle-Granger and threshold cointegrations. The findings provide evidence of long-run threshold cointegration and that the adjustments towards the long-run equilibrium position are asymmetric in the short run for the China-India and India-Japan EPU pairs in M-TAR specification with nonzero threshold values. Also, the results suggest a unidirectional causal relationship between China-India, China-Japan, and India-Korea EPU pairs in the long and short run using the spectral frequency domain causality approach. However, a bidirectional causal relationship between China-Korea, India-Japan, and Japan-Korea pairs exists in the long and short run. Therefore, the findings provide some clues to economic policymakers within the Asian subregion for possible policy uncertainty synergies and spillovers among the Asian countries.
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Stella, Aldo, John L. Dennis, and Chiara Nucci. "La spiegazione psico-logica di un comportamento: riflessioni su un possibile modello." RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA, no. 4 (March 2012): 479–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rip2010-004001.
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La ricerca si incentra sulla spiegazione delle azioni e dei comportamenti e si propone l'obiettivo di confrontare la spiegazione meccanicista, da molti considerata l'unica spiegazione scientifica, con la spiegazione ermeneutica, che comprende anche la spiegazione intenzionale, fondantesi su ragioni, piuttosto che su cause. Se il sillogismo pratico esplicita la ragione, che sta alla base di un'azione e che e indicata nelle premesse, allora il pensiero esprime il suo potere causale in ordine al configurarsi dei comportamenti. Si viene cosi a delineare una spiegazione che, poiche rende manifeste inferenze, presenta il rigore della logica e si esprime nella forma di sillogismi condizionali. Tuttavia, poiche ha a che fare con ragioni e significati, che giustificano le azioni intenzionali, non si riduce alla semplice spiegazione meccanicista. Quando compaiono i significati, i processi di elaborazione cessano di essere solo automatici ed entra in gioco la soggettivita. La dimensione formale e sintattica viene integrata dalla dimensione semantica e la funzione cognitiva diventa funzione ermeneutica, che e frutto del pensiero cosciente e si esprime mediante la lingua naturale. Quest'ultima, nel suo valere come meta-linguaggio, consente di formulare la spiegazione come un discorso, il quale, adeguatamente rigorizzato, configura la "spiegazione psico-logica", che emerge oltre le spiegazioni meccaniciste e fisicaliste, pur conservandone la scientificita
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Elster, Jon. "La democrazia deliberativa." SOCIETÀ DEGLI INDIVIDUI (LA), no. 36 (January 2010): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/las2009-036004.
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- L'articolo esamina le qualitÀ della democrazia deliberativa a partire dal riferimento a espressioni storiche di questa: nelle istituzioni ateniesi del quinto-quarto secolo a. C., nella Convenzione Federale statunitense del 1788, negli Stati Generali della Rivoluzione francese, in varie esperienze locali odierne. Stabiliti tre modelli di democrazia (diretta, rappresentativa, del sorteggio) e tre criteri per la deliberazione (moralitÀ, causalitÀ, probabilitÀ), la questione da affrontare č se la forma deliberativa di democrazia sia un buon sistema politico. La risposta č sě, purché si verifichino tre condizioni: intensitÀ della motivazione nei partecipanti, orientamento al bene pubblico della motivazione stessa, corretta informazione dei partecipanti. Ma si tratta di una conclusione ipotetica, che tiene conto della complessitÀ e molteplicitÀ dei fattori in gioco, e dunque del fatto che nessuna proprietÀ dei processi decisionali collettivi č desiderabile incondizionatamente.
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Barani, Azio. "COVID-19, impatto sul contesto socio-economico italiano e strategie per lo sviluppo sostenibile: il contributo dell'Agenda 2030 e modelli etico-valutativi per un'ipotesi di mappa metodologica." QUADERNI DI ECONOMIA DEL LAVORO, no. 111 (February 2021): 11–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/qua2020-111002.
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Questo lavoro intende avanzare un'ipotesi di processo strategico per lo svilup-po sostenibile, dopo aver fotografato l'attuale contesto italiano alla luce dei cam-biamenti causati dalla pandemia COVID-19, con particolare riferimento all'impat-to che questa ha prodotto sui 17 Obiettivi che compongono l'Agenda 2030 pro-mossa dall'ONU nel 2015, per arrivare a un'ipotesi di mappa metodologica di va-lutazione.
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Колесник Марина Олександрівна. "ФОРМУВАННЯ У СТУДЕНТІВ ПРИРОДНИЧИХ СПЕЦІАЛЬНОСТЕЙ ПЕДАГОГІЧНИХ ЗАКЛАДІВ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ ЦІЛІСНОГО УЯВЛЕННЯ ПРО ПРИРОДУ." International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science, no. 4(25) (May 31, 2020): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijitss/31052020/7059.
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The article tackles the issue of construing the educational content from the standpoint of interdisciplinary causative-systemic approach and previously introduced pattern of shaping pedagogical universities' students' universal scientific worldview (USW). The paper discusses theoretical premises of forming future natural sciences' teachers' integral image of Nature. The suggested approach advocates the integration of data from diverse fields of science in the process of modeling educational content, discusses the notion of the "image of the world" and allocates it in the structure of natural- scientific education. Construing respective academic courses' content encompasses the focal idea of natural causality. The article presents the results of the suggested USW model's analysis and dwells on the results of implementing an experimental course into a curriculum. The paper highlights the said model's axiological potential.
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Cormier, Susan M., Glenn W. Suter, and Susan B. Norton. "Causal Characteristics for Ecoepidemiology." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 16, no. 1 (February 2010): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10807030903459320.
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Zámečník, Lukáš. "Causal and non-causal explanations in code biology." Biosystems 209 (November 2021): 104499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104499.
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Gebhardt, Marcel. "Market Intelligence: erklären oder prognostizieren?" Der Betriebswirt: Volume 61, Issue 3 61, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/dbw.61.3.185.
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Summary In market intelligence practice, there is a certain lack of clarity regarding the differences and use of the concepts of (causal) explanation and (empirical) prediction. It is often assumed that models with a high explanatory power are suitable for prediction as well. This paper tries to question this understanding by discussing the differences between explanation and prediction. Zusammenfassung In der Market Intelligence-Praxis ist eine gewisse Unklarheit hinsichtlich der Unterschiede und der Verwendung der Konzepte der (kausalen) Erklärung und (empirischen) Prognose festzustellen. Häufig wird angenommen, dass Modelle mit einer hohen Erklärungskraft auch per se für die Prognose geeignet sind; d.h. häufig wird kausale Erklärung mit empirischer Prognose gleichgesetzt. Dieses Verständnis versucht der Beitrag durch Diskussion der Unterschiede zwischen Erklärung und Prognose in Frage zu stellen und herauszustellen, weshalb eine differenzierte Behandlung beider Zielrichtungen in der Praxis häufig von zentraler Bedeutung sein kann.
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Tait, D. E., and K. V. Jahraus. "The contrast in stand dynamics as revealed by comparing parameter estimates for a general stand growth model." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 1479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-227.
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A general stand model is fitted to and used to describe the pattern of stand dynamics for six different species of conifers. The species considered are Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.), western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.), white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss), and red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.). The model, a causal process model, uses two difference equations and six species-specific parameters to generate changes in stand volume and density as a function of volume, density, and site quality. In a simulation framework, the model represents a variable-density, variable-site yield equation. The model's structural equations are invariant from species to species. The differences in species stand dynamics are thus reflected by differences in the species-specific parameter values. The variation in species dynamics is accounted for by variation in only three of the model's parameters. The first of these three parameters reflects the site-determined growth potential of the species, the second reflects the reduction in growth that results from stand crowding, and the third corresponds to a density-independent mortality rate.
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Besserve, Michel, Remy Sun, Dominik Janzing, and Bernhard Schölkopf. "A Theory of Independent Mechanisms for Extrapolation in Generative Models." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 8 (May 18, 2021): 6741–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i8.16833.
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Generative models can be trained to emulate complex empirical data, but are they useful to make predictions in the context of previously unobserved environments? An intuitive idea to promote such extrapolation capabilities is to have the architecture of such model reflect a causal graph of the true data generating process, such that one can intervene on each node independently of the others. However, the nodes of this graph are usually unobserved, leading to overparameterization and lack of identifiability of the causal structure. We develop a theoretical framework to address this challenging situation by defining a weaker form of identifiability, based on the principle of independence of mechanisms. We demonstrate on toy examples that classical stochastic gradient descent can hinder the model's extrapolation capabilities, suggesting independence of mechanisms should be enforced explicitly during training. Experiments on deep generative models trained on real world data support these insights and illustrate how the extrapolation capabilities of such models can be leveraged.
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Burta, Simona, Ana-Cristina Nicolescu, Sorana Vătavu, Emilia Bozga, and Oana-Ramona Lobonț. "Modelling framework of the Tandem Supply Chain Efficiency and Sustainable Financial Performance in the Automotive Industry." Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci: časopis za ekonomsku teoriju i praksu/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics: Journal of Economics and Business 40, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 201–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18045/zbefri.2022.1.20.
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The research examines the causal relationship between supply chain efficiency and sustainable financial performance based on the evidence from the literature dealing with a transition from financial decision-making based on the financial outcome, including financial rationale in supply chain design, operations, and management. The case study has included 100 companies selected from the automotive production sector over ten years, from 2010 to 2019. Methodologically, the study includes statistically fixed and random effects models, considering within the model parameters as dependent variables asset and efficiency-based ratios and as independent variables financial performance ratios related to returns on assets, equity, capital expenses, and sales. The selection of the fixed or random- effects model is accomplished by performing the Hausman test. The results of panel analysis indicate a causal relationship for the proposed models, highlighting the importance of efficiency ratios such as Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio, Total Assets Turnover Ratio, and Fixed Assets Turnover. From practitioners` perspective, the models` construction and the paper’s results gain insight into strategic supply chain areas that can be prioritised for increased efficiency and corporate competitiveness, promoting sustainable financial performance through asset structure, asset efficiency, and inventory management.
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Lu, Jonathan, Bianca Dumitrascu, Ian C. McDowell, Brian Jo, Alejandro Barrera, Linda K. Hong, Sarah M. Leichter, Timothy E. Reddy, and Barbara E. Engelhardt. "Causal network inference from gene transcriptional time-series response to glucocorticoids." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): e1008223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008223.
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Gene regulatory network inference is essential to uncover complex relationships among gene pathways and inform downstream experiments, ultimately enabling regulatory network re-engineering. Network inference from transcriptional time-series data requires accurate, interpretable, and efficient determination of causal relationships among thousands of genes. Here, we develop Bootstrap Elastic net regression from Time Series (BETS), a statistical framework based on Granger causality for the recovery of a directed gene network from transcriptional time-series data. BETS uses elastic net regression and stability selection from bootstrapped samples to infer causal relationships among genes. BETS is highly parallelized, enabling efficient analysis of large transcriptional data sets. We show competitive accuracy on a community benchmark, the DREAM4 100-gene network inference challenge, where BETS is one of the fastest among methods of similar performance and additionally infers whether causal effects are activating or inhibitory. We apply BETS to transcriptional time-series data of differentially-expressed genes from A549 cells exposed to glucocorticoids over a period of 12 hours. We identify a network of 2768 genes and 31,945 directed edges (FDR ≤ 0.2). We validate inferred causal network edges using two external data sources: Overexpression experiments on the same glucocorticoid system, and genetic variants associated with inferred edges in primary lung tissue in the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) v6 project. BETS is available as an open source software package at https://github.com/lujonathanh/BETS.
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PHILLIPSON, PAUL E., and PETER SCHUSTER. "MAP DYNAMICS OF REPRODUCTION." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 05, no. 02 (April 1995): 381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127495000326.
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One-dimensional return maps characterized by one critical point produce a universal sequence of periodic orbits, the Metropolis, Stein & Stein (MSS) sequence. Iterates of such maps can be regarded as an object whose structure is defined by the MSS sequence. The two critical point mapping [Formula: see text] as the control parameter b varies between [Formula: see text] and 1 is shown to display evolution from a single MSS structure to two identical MSS structures, suggestive of reproduction. The process of reproduction connotes a causal relationship whereby an original structure provides the blueprint for a copy. Here causality is replaced by an omniscient instruction, the mapping, and reproduction is achieved by progressively changing the instruction through variation of the control parameter. Bistability plays a crucial role in map dynamics of reproduction, which is viewed as a holistic process providing an alternative mechanism to digital replication.
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Boonduaylan, Sirinthip, Wannee Deoisres, and Chintana Wacharasin. "A causal model of job stress among Thai nurse-midwives." Frontiers of Nursing 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fon-2022-0016.
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Abstract Objective To test a causal model of job stress among nurse-midwives working in labor and delivery units in Thailand. Methods Random and convenience sampling was used to recruit 282 nurse-midwives with at least 6 months of work experience from 16 regional tertiary hospitals in Thailand. Data were collected from May to December 2020. Research instruments with good internal consistency reliability ranged from 0.83 to 0.91 including the Job Stress Scale and the Thai version of the Job Content Questionnaire (TJCQ). Descriptive statistics and a structural equation model were used for data analysis. Results Job demands were the strongest predictor of job stress. At the theoretical level, high job control plays a crucial role in directly reducing job stress. However, the present research provides contrary evidence to the theoretical predictions. When nurse-midwives perceive high job control, they perceive pressure to meet the expectations of their supervisors and colleagues. Therefore, high job control can contribute to job stress. Likewise, job support had an indirect effect on job stress among nurse-midwives through job control. The modified model fitted the empirical data (χ 2 = 57.76, df = 22, CMIN/df = 2.62, goodness of fit (GFI) =0.96, adjusted goodness of fit (AGFI) =0.91, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.95, and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.07). The effects of job demands, job control, and job support on job stress among Thai nurse-midwives can explain 67% of the model's total variance for job stress. Conclusions Nurse-midwives who encounter high job demands and less control over their work control suffer from job stress. Job support does not directly affect nurse-midwives’ job stress but influences it through perceived job control. Strategies to decrease job stress among Thai nurse-midwives should focus on how to balance job demands, and enhance job control, and job support.
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Chin, Wynne, Jun-Hwa Cheah, Yide Liu, Hiram Ting, Xin-Jean Lim, and Tat Huei Cham. "Demystifying the role of causal-predictive modeling using partial least squares structural equation modeling in information systems research." Industrial Management & Data Systems 120, no. 12 (August 4, 2020): 2161–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-10-2019-0529.
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PurposePartial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) has become popular in the information systems (IS) field for modeling structural relationships between latent variables as measured by manifest variables. However, while researchers using PLS-SEM routinely stress the causal-predictive nature of their analyses, the model evaluation assessment relies exclusively on criteria designed to assess the path model's explanatory power. To take full advantage of the purpose of causal prediction in PLS-SEM, it is imperative for researchers to comprehend the efficacy of various quality criteria, such as traditional PLS-SEM criteria, model fit, PLSpredict, cross-validated predictive ability test (CVPAT) and model selection criteria.Design/methodology/approachA systematic review was conducted to understand empirical studies employing the use of the causal prediction criteria available for PLS-SEM in the database of Industrial Management and Data Systems (IMDS) and Management Information Systems Quarterly (MISQ). Furthermore, this study discusses the details of each of the procedures for the causal prediction criteria available for PLS-SEM, as well as how these criteria should be interpreted. While the focus of the paper is on demystifying the role of causal prediction modeling in PLS-SEM, the overarching aim is to compare the performance of different quality criteria and to select the appropriate causal-predictive model from a cohort of competing models in the IS field.FindingsThe study found that the traditional PLS-SEM criteria (goodness of fit (GoF) by Tenenhaus, R2 and Q2) and model fit have difficulty determining the appropriate causal-predictive model. In contrast, PLSpredict, CVPAT and model selection criteria (i.e. Bayesian information criterion (BIC), BIC weight, Geweke–Meese criterion (GM), GM weight, HQ and HQC) were found to outperform the traditional criteria in determining the appropriate causal-predictive model, because these criteria provided both in-sample and out-of-sample predictions in PLS-SEM.Originality/valueThis research substantiates the use of the PLSpredict, CVPAT and the model selection criteria (i.e. BIC, BIC weight, GM, GM weight, HQ and HQC). It provides IS researchers and practitioners with the knowledge they need to properly assess, report on and interpret PLS-SEM results when the goal is only causal prediction, thereby contributing to safeguarding the goal of using PLS-SEM in IS studies.
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Markus, Keith A. "Structural Equations and Causal Explanations: Some Challenges for Causal SEM." Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 17, no. 4 (October 6, 2010): 654–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2010.510068.
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TORUN, Erdost, and Erhan DEMİRELİ. "Effect Mechanisms of Capital Markets on Housing Prices through Dynamic Causality: The Case of Turkey." Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 334–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1107034.
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Konut piyasaları ve borsalar, servetin önemli bileşenlerinden olmaları nedeniyle sözkonusu piyasalarda meydana gelen dalgalanmalar ekonomik büyümeyi etkileyerek sosyo-ekonomik değişimlere neden olmaktadır. Sözkonusu nedensellik ilişkilerinin zamana bağlı değişiminin incelenmesi, piyasalar arası bilgi akışının doğasının anlaşılması açısından yararlı bilgiler sunması nedeniyle yatırımcı ve politika yapıcılar için zorunluluk halini almıştır. Çalışmanın temel amacı, zamana bağlı değişen nedensellik testlerinin kullanılmasını öngören ampirik yaklaşım aracılığıyla konut fiyatları ve borsa endeksi arasındaki zamana dayalı nedensellik etkisinin zamana ve zaman skalasına göre değişiminin ortaya çıkarılarak ilgili ilişkiye ait teorilerin geçerliliğine dair kanıt bulmak ve sözkonusu teorilerin geçerli olabileceği zaman ve frekans dönemlerini incelemektir. Çalışmada durağan olmayan verilerin analizine izin veren CWTC (Continuous Wavelet Transformantion Based Granger Casuality Test) ve SPH (Shi – Hurn – Phillips (2020) test) testleri kullanılarak, konut piyasası ve borsa endeksi arasındaki nedenselliğin zamana bağlı değiştiği ve zaman skalasına göre değişen dinamiklere sahip olduğuna ilişkin kanıtlar bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte ilgili piyasalarda yapısal kırılmalar meydana geldiğine dair kanıt elde edilmiştir. Nedensellik örüntüsündeki değişimlerin olduğu dönemlerin incelenmesi sonucunda; büyüme modeli, Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası (TCMB) faiz politikası, Amerikan Merkez Bankası (FED) faiz politikası, jeopolitik riskler ve pandemi sürecinin olduğu dönemlerde nedensellik tespit edilmiştir.
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Heavlin, William D. "Designing Experiments for Causal Networks." Technometrics 45, no. 2 (May 2003): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/004017003188618751.
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GARG, Kamlesh, Tomar ASHISH, Satya Pal KATARIA, Mathur AARUSHI, and Raveendranath PERUMAL. "To Study the Pattern, Causality, Severity and Predictability of Adverse Drug Reactions in Patients on Cancer Chemotherapy: Descriptive Research-Qualitative Study." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences 42, no. 2 (2022): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/medsci.2021-87537.
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Shahidi, Niousha, Vesselina Tossan, and Silvia Cacho-Elizondo. "Assessment of A Mobile Educational Coaching App." International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction 14, no. 1 (January 2018): 22–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijthi.2018010102.
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This article explores which antecedents explain intentions to adopt a mobile coaching app. To that end, this study describes a coaching service designed to guide/encourage students throughout their studies in order to validate a new model of planned behavior based on the Technology Acceptance Model and the Goal-Directed Behavioral theory. The methodology included a short qualitative study and an online survey to examine the theoretical model which is based on scales tested in previous studies. The convenience sample is composed of students (Bachelor and Master/MBA) with the results analyzed using structural equation modelling to test the proposed model's causal structure. The results show different adoption patterns by gender and type of school.
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Slavtchev, Viktor, and Simon Wiederhold. "Does the Technological Content of Government Demand Matter for Private R&D? Evidence from US States." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 45–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20130069.
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Governments purchase everything from airplanes to zucchini. This paper investigates the role of the technological content of government procurement in innovation. In a theoretical model, we first show that a shift in the composition of public purchases toward high-tech products translates into higher economy-wide returns to innovation, leading to an increase in the aggregate level of private R&D. Using unique data on federal procurement in US states and performing panel fixed-effects estimations, we find support for the model's prediction of a positive R&D effect of the technological content of government procurement. Instrumental-variable estimations suggest a causal interpretation of our findings. (JEL H57, H76, O31, O32, O38)
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Casile, Antonino, Rose T. Faghih, and Emery N. Brown. "Robust point-process Granger causality analysis in presence of exogenous temporal modulations and trial-by-trial variability in spike trains." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): e1007675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007675.
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Assessing directional influences between neurons is instrumental to understand how brain circuits process information. To this end, Granger causality, a technique originally developed for time-continuous signals, has been extended to discrete spike trains. A fundamental assumption of this technique is that the temporal evolution of neuronal responses must be due only to endogenous interactions between recorded units, including self-interactions. This assumption is however rarely met in neurophysiological studies, where the response of each neuron is modulated by other exogenous causes such as, for example, other unobserved units or slow adaptation processes. Here, we propose a novel point-process Granger causality technique that is robust with respect to the two most common exogenous modulations observed in real neuronal responses: within-trial temporal variations in spiking rate and between-trial variability in their magnitudes. This novel method works by explicitly including both types of modulations into the generalized linear model of the neuronal conditional intensity function (CIF). We then assess the causal influence of neuron i onto neuron j by measuring the relative reduction of neuron j’s point process likelihood obtained considering or removing neuron i. CIF’s hyper-parameters are set on a per-neuron basis by minimizing Akaike’s information criterion. In synthetic data sets, generated by means of random processes or networks of integrate-and-fire units, the proposed method recovered with high accuracy, sensitivity and robustness the underlying ground-truth connectivity pattern. Application of presently available point-process Granger causality techniques produced instead a significant number of false positive connections. In real spiking responses recorded from neurons in the monkey pre-motor cortex (area F5), our method revealed many causal relationships between neurons as well as the temporal structure of their interactions. Given its robustness our method can be effectively applied to real neuronal data. Furthermore, its explicit estimate of the effects of unobserved causes on the recorded neuronal firing patterns can help decomposing their temporal variations into endogenous and exogenous components.
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Vallerand, Robert J. "Antecedents of Self-Related Affects in Sport: Preliminary Evidence on the Intuitive-Reflective Appraisal Model." Journal of Sport Psychology 9, no. 2 (March 1987): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsp.9.2.161.
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In line with various cognitive theories of emotion, Vallerand (1983, 1984) has proposed an intuitive-reflective appraisal model for self-related affects in achievement situations. A fundamental postulate of the model states that it is the cognitive evaluation of events and not events per se that produces emotions. Such cognitive evaluation can be seen as intuitive (almost automatic) and reflective (deliberate) in nature. Whereas the intuitive appraisal is akin to one's almost automatic subjective assessment of performance, the reflective appraisal is hypothesized to include several forms: (a) intellectualization, (b) comparison (self, outcome, and social) processes, (c) mastery-related cognitions, (d) information processing functions, and (e) causal attributions. Two studies tested some of the model's postulates in field (Study 1) and laboratory (Study 2) settings. Results showed support for some of the model's postulates in that both the intuitive and reflective attributional appraisals were found to have important effects on self- and general-type affects. In addition, perceptions of success/failure (the intuitive appraisal of performance) had more potent effects on affects than did objective success/failure. On the other hand, the intellectualization reflective appraisal (task importance) did not have appreciable effects on affects. Results are discussed in light of the intuitive-reflective appraisal model, and implications for future studies on emotion in sport are underscored.
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Ikhouane, Fayçal. "Causal canonical decomposition of hysteresis systems." Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 89 (October 2020): 105278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2020.105278.
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Buseti, Simone, and Bruno Dente. "L'introduzione del performance management nelle Universitŕ italiane." STUDI ORGANIZZATIVI, no. 2 (April 2013): 121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/so2012-002005.
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L'ipotesi centrale del saggio č che gli strumenti di misurazione della performance possono essere un modo efficace per promuovere la professionalizzazione del management delle universitŕ, ma soltanto nel rispetto di due condizioni, entrambe necessarie: che l'introduzione di nuovi sistemi sia parte di una piů ampia azione di sviluppo, e che le strategie di cambiamento rispettino l'eterogeneitŕ delle amministrazioni e siano quindi incrementali e differenziate. Si tratta di due condizioni che il decreto 150/2009 sembra sottovalutare, implicando una semplicitŕ doppiamente erronea: l'omogeneitŕ delle amministrazioni target e la sufficienza di valutazione e misurazione ai fini del miglioramento delle performance. Il saggio presenta una ricerca sui sistemi di management e valutazione, attraverso l'analisi dei risultati di un questionario somministrato a circa un terzo degli atenei italiani. La ricerca ha sostanzialmente smentito tali premesse e ha restituito due risultati: un'analisi dello stato dei sistemi che fotografa il posizionamento degli atenei e un modello di relazione tra le diverse variabili oggetto d'indagine. Per quanto riguarda il primo risultato, il panorama complessivo mostra alcuni elementi generalmente solidi e diffusi (come il quadro organizzativo), elementi diffusi ma solo raramente considerati adeguati (ad esempio il controllo di gestione), elementi sostanzialmente assenti (tra tutti il sistema di gestione dei rischi). D'altra parte, il posizionamento degli atenei rivela uno scenario - oltre che generalmente poco soddisfacente - anche fortemente eterogeneo. Non solo quindi non č possibile immaginare una riforma basata sul principio "one size fits all", ma č necessario tutto al contrario sviluppare diversi approcci al cambiamento. Il saggio presenta tre possibili strategie di implementazione della riforma, che partendo dallo stato di sviluppo dell'amministrazione suggeriscono percorsi di cambiamento differenziato. Infine, l'ultima parte del saggio utilizza i dati della rilevazione per costruire un modello di relazione che conferma il rapporto ipotizzato tra i sistemi di valutazione e alcune precondizioni, individuate nel quadro organizzativo, nei sistemi di supporto e (in minor misura) nei sistemi di gestione del rischio e di presidio della qualitŕ. Il modello non propone un rapporto di stretta causalitŕ tra variabili (il che implicherebbe una sequenza cronologica stretta nei programmi di riforma), ma piuttosto di guardare al management come oggetto complesso, il cui miglioramento necessita di sviluppo armonico e forte integrazione tra le sue diverse parti.
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Bentarzi, M., H. Guerbyenne, and M. Merzougui. "Adaptive Estimation of Causal Periodic Autoregressive Model." Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation 38, no. 8 (July 13, 2009): 1592–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610910903061006.
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Pham, Viet Son. "Lévy-driven causal CARMA random fields." Stochastic Processes and their Applications 130, no. 12 (December 2020): 7547–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spa.2020.08.006.
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Umbach, Eberhard. "Socio-economic systems as causal factors in the dynamics of ecosystems." Ecological Modelling 46, no. 3-4 (August 1989): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(89)90024-0.
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Thomas, R. "Circular causality." IEE Proceedings - Systems Biology 153, no. 4 (2006): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-syb:20050101.
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Ayub, Arslan, Ali Junaid Khan, Tanveer Ahmed, and Muhammad Akbar Ali Ansari. "Examining the Relationship between Ethical Climate and Burnout Using Role Stress Theory." Review of Education, Administration & LAW 5, no. 1 (January 29, 2022): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/real.v5i1.203.
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The current study draws on the role stress theory and assesses the impact of the ethical climate on burnout. The authors addressed a hitherto unexplored causal mechanism through which unethical practices in an organization culminate in exaggerated burnout among employees. The study collected data from 313 respondents working in service organizations in Pakistan. PLS-SEM was used to analyses the data, and the dimension model and operational model were investigated to determine the model's predictive capability. The research indicates that there is an adverse association between moral climate and role vagueness and role clash. In addition, role vagueness and role clash positively influence emotional tiredness and depersonalization. This is the first study that addresses this critical workplace phenomenon. Besides, the study presents several important theoretical and managerial implications.